Phương pháp chẩn đoán hình ảnh (Phần 1)

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medical
image
analysis
methods

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
AND APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING SERIES
Edited by Alexander Poularikas
The Advanced Signal Processing Handbook:
Theory and Implementation for Radar, Sonar,
and Medical Imaging Real-Time Systems
Stergios Stergiopoulos
The Transform and Data Compression Handbook
K.R. Rao and P.C. Yip
Handbook of Multisensor Data Fusion
David Hall and James Llinas
Handbook of Neural Network Signal Processing
Yu Hen Hu and Jenq-Neng Hwang
Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications
Lal Chand Godara
Noise Reduction in Speech Applications
Gillian M. Davis
Signal Processing Noise
Vyacheslav P. Tuzlukov

Digital Signal Processing with Examples in MATLAB®
Samuel Stearns
Applications in Time-Frequency Signal Processing
Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola
The Digital Color Imaging Handbook
Gaurav Sharma
Pattern Recognition in Speech and Language Processing
Wu Chou and Biing-Hwang Juang
Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design
Robert K. Crane
Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing: Theory, Methods, and Applications
Kenneth E. Barner and Gonzalo R. Arce
Smart Antennas
Lal Chand Godara
Mobile Internet: Enabling Technologies and Services
Apostolis K. Salkintzis and Alexander Poularikas
Soft Computing with MATLAB®
Ali Zilouchian
Wireless Internet: Technologies and Applications
Apostolis K. Salkintzis and Alexander Poularikas
Signal and Image Processing in Navigational Systems
Vyacheslav P. Tuzlukov
Medical Image Analysis Methods
Lena Costaridou

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


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THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
AND APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING SERIES

medical
image
analysis
methods
Edited by

Lena Costaridou

Boca Raton London New York Singapore

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


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Published in 2005 by
CRC Press
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© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Preface
A multitude of medical-imaging modalities are used to probe the human body. The
richness of information provided by these techniques combined with the availability
of computational resources have provided the basis for the development of precise
and quantitative image-processing and -analysis methods, aiming to provide valuable
tools in diagnostic medical-image interpretation. Such diagnostic tools can be differentiated into two categories: image-processing methods that enhance visual interpretation of digital images and image-analysis methods that provide automated
quantitative tissue detection, delineation, measurements, and characterization.
This book is intended as a reference tool for medical physicists, biomedical
engineers, computer scientists, electrical engineers, and radiologists involved in
health-care delivery and research. It consists of 12 chapters. Chapters 1 to 5 present
algorithms or aspects of algorithms that analyze images generated by a certain
modality providing detection or diagnostic decisions, termed computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). CAD represents one of the most successful paradigms of medicalimage analysis by incorporating most of the significant developments that have
occurred in enhancement and segmentation of candidate features, in feature extraction and classification, and in reduction or characterization of false positives.
Chapter 6 discusses a wavelet method for image enhancement.
Chapters 7 and 8 focus on segmentation methods. These methods — aimed at
partitioning images into meaningful segments with respect to a certain task of
identification of tissue structure, function, or pathology — are initial steps of automated methods. They also have become essential in imaging modalities providing
volumetric data.
Analysis involving multiple images, such as volumetric or serial imaging,
requires derivation of spatial transformations to provide correspondence between
homologous image points, with emphasis on data-driven optimized methods. A
registration method is presented in Chapter 9.
Paradigms of the analysis methods used in bioinformatics and neurosciences are
provided in Chapters 10 and 11, respectively.
Chapter 12 reviews the methodologies used to evaluate medical-image processing and analysis methods, an issue of critical importance for their optimization,
selection, and clinical acceptance.

I wish to thank Dr. Alexander Poularikas, professor of electrical and computer
engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Alabama for offering me the opportunity to edit this book; Michael Slaughter, CRC Press editor, for his guidance and
patience as well as all members of our project editing team at CRC Press.
I also wish to thank Dr. Athanassios Skodras, professor of digital systems,
Hellenic Open University, Greece, and Dr. Metin Akay, associate professor of engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, for supporting my efforts
at early and late phases of this project.
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My deepest appreciation is extended to chapter authors for contributing their
expertise, as well as for their enthusiasm, patience, and cooperation during initial
manuscript preparation over the Internet.
Special acknowledgment is due my home Department of Medical Physics,
School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece, and especially to the members of
the medical imaging team, headed by Professor George Panayiotakis, who has
encouraged me at all phases of this work. Among colleagues, Dr. Spyros Skiadopoulos has offered constant support to the extensive commuication and information
exchange required.
Finally, thanks to my mother Melpomeni and my daughter Melenia for their
loving support.
Lena Costaridou
Patras, Greece, 2005

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The Editor

Lena Costaridou received a diploma of physics from the Department of Physics of
the University of Patras, Greece, a M.Sc. degree in medical engineering from the
Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Sciences of the George Washington University, Washington, DC, and a Ph.D. degree in medical physics from the
University of Patras, Greece. She is an assistant professor in the Department of
Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras. Her research interests
include medical-image processing and analysis, especially mammographic image
analysis, and evaluation of medical-imaging systems and techniques. She is the
author or coauthor of 30 articles in international peer-reviewed journals and more
than 60 international conference papers.

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Contributors
Carlos Alberola-López
Laboratorio de Procesado de Imagen (LPI), ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad
de Valladolid, Spain
Laura Astolfi
Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, University of "La Sapienza," Roma,
Italia; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italia
Fabio Babiloni
Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italia; Dipartimento di Fisiologia umana e
Farmacologia, University of "La Sapienza," Roma, Italia
Heang-Ping Chan
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.
Christodoulos I. Christodoulou
Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cyprus
Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus

Febo Cincotti
Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italia
Jan Cornelis
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Electronics
and Information Processing, Brussels, Belgium
Luciano da Fontura Costa
Cybernetic and Vision Research Group, Institute of Fysics of São Carlos, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Lena Costaridou
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece
Dimitrios I. Fotiadis
Department of Computer Science, University of Ioannina, Unit of Medical
Technology and Intelligent Information Systems; Biomedical Research InstituteFORTH, Ioannina, Greece

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Lubomir Hadjiiski
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.
Maria Kallergi
Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, U.S.
Antonis Katartzis
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Electronics
and Information Processing, Brussels, Belgium
Efthyvoulos Kyriacou
Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Cyprus

Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
Sarah Lee
Communications and Signal Processing Group, Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K.
Donatella Mattia
Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italia
Slawomir J. Nasuto
Department of Cybernetics, University of Reading, Reading, U.K.
Andrew Nicolaides
Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
George Panayiotakis
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece
Marios Pantziaris
Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
Athanassios N. Papadopoulos
Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Unit of
Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems; Biomedical Research
Institute-FORTH, Ioannina, Greece
Sophie Paquerault
Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
Rockville, MD, U.S.
Constantinos S. Pattichis
Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Marios S. Pattichis

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, NM, U.S.
Nicholas E. Petrick
Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
Rockville, MD, U.S.
Marina E. Plissiti
Department of Computer Science, University of Ioannina, Unit of Medical
Technology and Intelligent Information Systems; Biomedical Research InstituteFORTH, Ioannina, Greece
Ioannis Pratikakis
Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Institute of Informatics and
Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos,"
Athens, Greece
Virginie F. Ruiz
Department of Cybernetics, University of Reading, Reading, U.K.
Juan Ruiz-Alzola
Medical Technology Center, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Berkman Sahiner
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.
Hichem Sahli
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Electronics
and Information Processing, Brussels, Belgium
Philipos Sakellaropoulos
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece
Serenella Salinari
Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, University of "La Sapienza," Roma,
Italia
Spyros Skiadopoulos
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece

Eduardo Suarez-Santana
Department of Signals and Communications, University of Las Palmas, Gran
Canaria, Spain
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Tania Stathaki
Communications and Signal Processing Group, Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K.
Carl-Fredrik Westin
Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's
Hospital, Cambridge, MA, U.S.

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Contents
Chapter 1

Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Heang-Ping Chan, Berkman Sahiner, Nicholas Petrick,
Lubomir Hadjiiski, and Sophie Paquerault

Chapter 2

Medical-Image Processing and Analysis for CAD Systems

Athanassios N. Papadopoulos, Marina E. Plissiti, and
Dimitrios I. Fotiadis

Chapter 3

Texture and Morphological Analysis of Ultrasound Images
of the Carotid Plaque for the Assessment of Stroke
Christodoulos I. Christodoulou, Constantinos S. Pattichis,
Efthyvoulos Kyriacou, Marios S. Pattichis, Marios Pantziaris,
and Andrew Nicolaides

Chapter 4

Biomedical-Image Classification Methods and Techniques
Virginie F. Ruiz and Slawomir J. Nasuto

Chapter 5

Texture Characterization Using Autoregressive Models with
Application to Medical Imaging
Sarah Lee and Tania Stathaki

Chapter 6

Locally Adaptive Wavelet Contrast Enhancement
Lena Costaridou, Philipos Sakellaropoulos,
Spyros Skiadopoulos, and George Panayiotakis

Chapter 7

Three-Dimensional Multiscale Watershed Segmentation
of MR Images
Ioannis Pratikakis, Hichem Sahli, and Jan Cornelis

Chapter 8

A MRF-Based Approach for the Measurement of Skin
Thickness in Mammography
Antonis Katartzis, Hichem Sahli, Jan Cornelis, Lena Costaridou,
and George Panayiotakis

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Chapter 9

Landmark-Based Registration of Medical-Image Data
J. Ruiz-Alzola, E. Suarez-Santana, C. Alberola-Lopez, and
Carl-Fredrik Westin

Chapter 10 Graph-Based Analysis of Amino Acid Sequences
Luciano da Fontura Costa
Chapter 11 Estimation of Human Cortical Connectivity with Multimodal
Integration of fMRI and High-Resolution EEG
Laura Astolfi, Febo Cincotti, Donatella Mattia,
Serenella Salinari, and Fabio Babiloni
Chapter 12 Evaluation Strategies for Medical-Image Analysis and
Processing Methodologies

Maria Kallergi

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC