NGÀNH ĐÓNG THUYỀN VÀ TÀU THUYỀN Ở ĐÀNG TRONG

NGANH DONG THUYEN VA TAU THUYEN
6 DANG TRONG THE KY XVH-XVIH
TRAN DUC ANH SON*

K

hi khao ciiu cac nguon tu lieu lien
quan d^'n nganh dong thuyen va
boat dong cila tau thuyen trong lich sii Viet
Nam, chiing toi nh&n th&'y c6 ba yeu t6' anh
huSng quan trong den sU phat trien ciia
nganh dong thuyen va hoat dong ciia tau
thuyen vao thcii Nguyin. Do la: [1] Sii phat
trien ciia nganh dong thuyen va tau thuyen
cl Dang Trong thdi ky cac chiia Nguyen; [2]
Chien tranh Nguyin - Tay Sdn va vai tro
ciia NguySn Anh do'i vdi sii phat tri^n ciia
ng^nh d6ng thuyen b Nam Bo vao cuo'i the
ky XVIII; va [3] Moi quan he giiJa buon ban
Ilia gao v6i su phat triln ciia nganh d6ng
thuyan b Dang Trong vao gifla the ky

xviu.
Vi the, chiing t6i cho r i n g triidc khi xem
x6t nganh dong thuyen va tau thuyen b
Viet Nam thcfi Nguyen, can quan tam den
sil phat trien cila nganh dong thuyen va
tku thuyen ci Dang Trong trong cac the ky
XVII - XVIII, vi day la tien de quan trong
anh hii^ng den sii phat trien cila nganh
d6ng thuyen va tau thuyen ci Viet Nam thdi

Nguyen.
1. N g a n h d o n g t h u y e n v a t a u t h u y e n
A Bkng T r o n g t h 6 i k y cac chiia Nguyfen
Triidc khi Nguyin Anh (1762-1820) lap
ra viidng trieu Nguygn, Viet Nam da trai

qua mot thcti ky chia c^t va npi chien keo
dai trong gan 2,5 the ky (tii gifla the ky
XVI den cuoi the ky XVIII). Lanh tho Viet
Nam ba'y gicf chia thanh hai vung: phia Bdc
song Gianh (nay thuoc tinh Quang Binh)
trS ra do chinh quyen vua Le - chua Trinh
quan ly, sii sach gpi la Dang Ngoai (1); phia
Nam song Gianh trd vao do ho Nguyen,
mpt the' liic ly khai, do Nguydn Hoang
(1525-1613) (2) khdi dau, rcJi bo Dang Ngoai
di v§" phucJng Nam, md mang bd coi, lap nen
mot viiPng quo'c mdi, sil sach goi la Dang
Trong (3), ton tai trong 220 nam (15581777), trai 9 ddi chua tri vi.
Trong 220 nam cai tri xii Dang Trong,
cac vi chiia Nguyin da md mang hb coi, xay
diing quan doi hung manh, md ciia giao
thiidng vdi ngoai quo'c, phat tnen kinh te
va thiic thi nhieu chinh sach an dan. Nhd
vay, Dang Trong da phat triSn nhanh
chong, an ninh quo'c phong on dinh, kinh te
vflng manh.
Mot trong nhflng chinh sach quan trong
dUdc cac chiia Nguyen thiic thi la thiet lap
che dp cong tiidng de phat trien cac nganh

nghe thii cong nghiep. Nha nudc triing tap
dpi ngfl gom nhuing thp thii cong lanh nghe
tfl cac dia phUPng, dfla ve Phu Xuan bien
che thanh dpi ngfl nhu binh linh, goi la

* TS. Vien Nghien ciiu phat trien kinh te-xa h6i Da Ning


42

Rghien eijm hich si. so 7.2014

va cua bp may nha nfldc b Dang Trong.
Theo Thich Dai San, d§'n cuoi the ky XVII,
giao thong b Dang Trong v i n sii dung
dfldng thuy la chinh: "Cac phu deu khong
CO dUdng Im thdng nhau, mdi phii deu do
mot c6a bien di vao; neu di tfl phii nay sang
khac tilt do dfldng bien" (8). Vi the, can
NhQng ngfldi linh thd nay dyiOc bien che
phai CO nhieu tau thuyen mdi dap flng nhu
theo nhflng nganh nghe rieng, hinh thanh
cau giao thong bang dfldng thuy b Dang*
nhiing td chflc goi la ty hay dgi, lam viec
Trong. Ngoai ra, viec xay dflng Iflc liidng
trong cac quan xiidng hay tiiOng cue do nha
thiiy binh dii manh de chien da'u vdi thuy
niidc quan ly va dieu hanh. "Cac chiia
binh cua hg Trinh d Dang Ngoai cung la
Nguyen co nhflng quan xudng goi la tUdng

mpt ly do khien cac chua Nguyin chu trpng
cuoc (cue), td chflc nhfl quan dpi, liia thd bd phat trien nganh ddng thuyen. Thfl ba la
sung vao de che tao do diing cho nha nfldc. do va'n de phong thii bd bien, xae lap chu
Cac thd a'y dUdc liet vao hang binh linh, an quyen va khai thac hai vat va tim kiem hoa
lfldng hoac dfldc mien xau thue" (4). Che dp vat (9) b nhflng hdn dao va quan dao nam
cdng tiidng nay tdn tai trong suot thdi ky trong quyen kiem soat ciia chinh quyen cac
cac chiia Nguyen tri vi cf Dang Trong, va chiia Nguyin nhfl: Bai Cat Vang (tflc quan
dUdc tiep tuc duy tri dfldi vfldng trieu dao Hoang Sa), Bac Hai (quan dao Trfldng
Nguyen.
Sa), Con L6n (d Nam Bidn Ddng) va cac hon
Thich Dai San (1633-1704), mot vi hoa dao Thd Chu, Phii Quoc (5 vinh Thai Lan)...
thUdng ngudi Trung Quo'c, den Dang Trong v a cud'i cung la do vi^c giao thfldng bang
vao nam 1695, da ghi lai trong tap hdi ky dfldng thiiy gifla cac vung thudc Dang
Hdi ngoai ky sU nhii sau: "Trong nfldc (tflc Trong, Cling nhu viec giao thfldng giiia
d Dang Trong - TDAS), tram thfl thd deu do Dang Trong vdi cac nfldc Dong Nam A,
quan lam. Moi nam vao khoang thang ba, Trung Quo'c, Nhat Ban va Lflu Cau
thang tfl, quan nhdn di ra cac lang, bat dan (Ryukyu) (10), da khien cac chua Nguyin
tiK 16 tuoi trd len, nhflng ngUdi than the tap trung flu tien phat trien nganh dong
cfldng trang, dong gong lai, bang mot cai thuyen tren ta't ca phfldng dien: ky thuat
gong tre... giai ve phii sung quan; vao quan ddng thuyen, so' lfldng va chung loai tau
doi rdi moi ngfldi chuyen hpc mpt nghe..." thuyen.
(5). Theo sach Phu biin tap luc cua Le Quy
Theo phan anh trong cac hdi k^ cua
Don (1726-1784) (6), diidi thdi cac chua
nhflng ngUdi nfldc ngoai tiing den Dang
Nguyin, b Phu Xuan co it nhat 37 tfldng
Trong trong cac the ky XVII - XVIII, nganh
cue, vdi khoang 1.000 linh thd diidc triing
dong thuyen d Dang Trong la mot nganh
tap lam viec. Trong do, cac tfldng cue lien

dpc quyen cua nha nfldc, do cac chua
quan den nhflng nghe ren, diic vu khi, dong
Nguyin dich than kiem scat, chi dao. Cac
thuyen, nung ngoi la nhflng ndi c6 so'lUdng
vi chua Nguyin viia la ngUdi ra lenh ddng
thd ldn nha't (7).
thuyen, vfla la ky sU trfldng chi huy moi
Dac biet, cac chiia Nguyen rat chfl trong hoat dpng lien quan de'n viec ddng thuyen.
phat trien nganh ddng thuyen, trfldc tien la John Barrow, mdt nha budn ngUdi Anh da
de phuc vu cho nhu cau di lai cua phu chua den Dang Trong trong 2 nSm 1792-1793, da
tiiong binh Qinh thd), dam nhiem viec che
tao vii khi, dong siia tau thuyen, san xuat
vat lieu xay diing va che tac nhiJng vat
dung can thiet dap flng nhu c^u kien thiet
phu chiia va cac nhu cau sinh hoat hang
ngay trong phu.


Rganh dong thuyen va tau thuyen..
ghi lai trong hdi ky cua minh: "Chiia la
ngfldi quan ddc cac cang, nhilu kho binh
khi, ky sfl trfldng cua xfldng dong thuyin.
Trong cong viec ddng thuyin thi khong co
mot cai dinh nao dfldc ddng xudng ma lai
khong xin y kien chiia Nguyin tniSc tien"
(11).
Cac chua Nguyin da cho lap nhiing
xfldng dong thuyen do nha nfldc quan ly b
hai ben bd song Hudng b Phu Xuan. Sach
Phu biin tap luc migu ta: "6 thUdng luu va

ha lflu chinh dinh (Phu XuSn - TDAS), nha
quan bay nhfl ban cd. Nhflng nha cua thuy
quan lai d ddi ngan. Xfldng thuyin va kho
thoc thi b cac xa Ha Khe, Tho Khang" (12).
Thd ddng thuyen dUdc huy dpng thd tfl
nhieu dia phfldng trong nudc, tuy thuoc vao
the manh nghe nghiSp cua hp: "Thd xe b xa
Duy Dflc la thao nha't. Thd dong thuyen
ngfldi Dong Hai va Cfl Ha quen ddng
thuyen to; cac xa huygn Khang L6c va
huyen Le Thuy deu cd thd, hay ddng
thuyin nho de chd do budn ban" (13).
Nhflng ngfldi thd thu cong nay sau khi
trflng tap vl Phu Xuan, dfldc bien chd vao
cac ty, dpi chuyen trach viec ddng thuyen
nhfl: ty thd ddng thuyen, ty thd mdc thuyin
chuyen lo xe van de phuc vu viec ddng
thuyen, ty thd lam dinh sSt, ty thd lam mai
ch^o, ty thd lam budm, ty thp hda luan
chuyen ddng tau thiiy c6 ldn... (14).
Ngoai ra, chua Nguyen cdn sii dung mpt
lfldng nhan liic rat ldn de khai thac go lam
nguy§n lieu ddng thuyen. Nam 1729, chiia
Nguyin Phuc Khoat (1714-1765) cho lap
doi mdc than b Trudng Due gdm 195 ngfldi,
chuyen khai thac gd ddng thuyen dem ve
n6p cho phu chiia. Hp dUdc mien thue than
va miln lao dich, nhflng hang nSm phai di
tim kidm, khai thac va giao nop du so' gd
theo dinh mflc. Chua con cfl ngfldi vao tan

vflng Quang Hda (nay thuoc huyen Trang

Bang, tinh Tay Ninh) de khai thac cac loai
gd tdt, chd ve Phii Xuan de ddng thuyen.
Ngoai viec ddng thuyin mdi, cac cdng
xudng ddng thuyen cua cac chua Nguyin
phai dam trach viec tu siia tau thuyen theo
dinh ky. Hang nam, chiia sai Bp Cdng va
cac ddi tieu sai di kham thuyen, danh gia
mflc dp hu hdng theo tflng hang ngach va
dinh ra mflc tiln cin phai dSu tU de tu sfla
cac hang thuyin bi hfl hong, rdi cho dflng
xfldng dd tu sfla: 'Thuyin ldn, thuyen nhd
c^n phai dflng xfldng la 256 sd, xin dinh
lam 4 hang, phan biet ca'p tien theo gia,
mdt sd hang nhat tien 250 quan, hang nhi
200 quan, hang ba 150 quan, hang tii 70
quan" (15).
Vdi chu trfldng Uu tien phat trien nganh
dong thuyen cua cac chda Nguyin, cflng vdi
nhflng chinh sach hdp ly trong viec trUng
dung nhan luc, khai thac vat lieu va tiep
thu kinh nghiem ddng thuyen cua ngudi
Cham (16), nganh ddng thuyin d Dang
Trong trong cac the ky XVII - XVIII da dat
dUdc nhflng thanh tUu ndi bat. Nhd dd, cac
chua Nguyen da cd dUdc mot ddi thuyen
hung hau, dam bao cho cac nhu c^u quo'c
phdng, giao thong va thUdng mai, dang chu
y la nhflng chien thuyen ciia thuy quan.

Alexandre de Rhodes, vi giao si ngfldi
Phap de'n Dang Trong vao nam 1625 (17)
da fldc tinh so' tau thuyen ma chua Nguyin
dung de phdng ve bd bien luc ba'y gid la
khoang 200 chiec: "Trong ba ben d Dang
Trong, mpt ben d vao cfla song ldn, co lan
ngUdi ta dem tdi 68 chiec. Mot bdn khac
rpng ldn hdn b vao gifla lanh thd goi la ke
Cham CO ra't nhilu dflng dd bao ve da't nfldc
va buon ban vdi ngudi Tau thfldng tdi ben
nay. Con ben thfl ba thi d vao gifla bien gidi
nfldc Chiem Thanh. Thuyin cua Dang
Trong rat cd the len tdi con so' it ra hai
tram" (18).


Rghien ciru Uch s^. so 7.2Q14
Theo sach Bai Nam thiic luc, vao thang
3 nam Quy Ty (1653), tai xa An Cflu (d Phii
Xuan) CO cuoc duyet binh ldn. Chua
Nguyin Phuc Tan (1620-1687) da huy ddng
mpt liic lfldng thuy quan dong dao de tham
gia cupc duyet binh nay, vdi hdn 22.740
ngUdi va 377 thuyen dUdc huy ddng (19)
Mot tu lieu khac cho biet de'n nam 1674, Iflc
lUdng thuy quan cua chua Nguyin Phuc
Tin da cd 133 chien thuyin do cac xudng
triic thupc phii chua dong (20).
Theo Thomas Bowyear, mpt nha budn
ngudi Anh de'n Dang Trong trong 2 nam

1695 - 1696, thi Iflc lfldng thuy quan b
Dang Trong dfldi thdi chua Nguyen Phuc
Chu (1675-1725) cd: "200 chien ham, mdi
chide cd tfl 16 de'n 22 khau dai bac, 500
chien thuyin nho tfl 40 den 44 tay cheo.
100 chiec thuyen ldn tii 50 den 75 tay cheo,
3 chiec cua ngfldi Au. Cac thuyen chien
tren deu do xudng ciia phu chua ddng" (21).
Ca Alexandre de Rhodes va Thomas
Bowyear deu nhan dinh rang vao the ky
XVII tuy so' thuyen do ngUdi Dang Trong
dong khong nhieu bang thuyin d Dang
Ngoai, nhUng chat lUdng ky thuat thi
khdng he thua kem. Hp cung danh gia cao
vl trinh do dong thuyen va vu khi trang bi
tren cac loai tau thuyin d Dang Trong.
Giao si Benigne Vachet de'n Dang Trong
vao nam 1671 da mieu ta mot chiec thuyen
cila chua Nguyen nhu sau: "No cd kich c5
cung kha kha nhfl chien thuyin cua chung
ta ve cd ldn va chieu cao, nhiing khong rong
bang; tuy vay ket ca'u co phan khac; dd la
mpt chiec tau, phia trong sdn lang mpt mau
dd tfldi va phia ngoai mot mau den Ide mat;
bao nhieu net hien len deu dan nhau bang
nhflng la vang, tao nen mpt dang ve dl
chiu. Moi ben co ba chuc mai cheo, deu sdn
vang va buoc vao cheo va quay mat v l phia
miii thuyin chu y vao nhflng da'u hieu cua

thuyen trudng dang nhin hp. Lai cd 3 dsti
bac phia miii va 2 khau nhd hai ben" (22).
Thomas Bowyear cung ghi lai hinh anh
mpt doan t h u y i n chien cua chiia Nguyin tfl
Thuan Hda vao Hoi An de "nghenh ddn"
ong: "Ho dan theo ba mUdi chien thuyin
ngay khi dfldc biet tau cua chiing toi dau
ngoai khdi... Ma'y chiec thuyen nay cd chd b
dang trfldc miii mot khau than cdng nho
bang ddng nang tfl 8 den 12 livres. Nhflng
chiec thuyen nay deu cd 50 mai ch^o. Mat
bet cua mai cheo sdn mau trang, ph^n tren
cua mai chdo sdn dd: tfl miii den lai, phan
ndi tren mat nfldc, thuyen sdn bang mdt
dudng sdn do, vao khoang 4 pouces be rdng;
trdn dudng bang do, chien thuyin sdn mau
den, dang lai sdn mau vang va chgm trd 1?
ky" (23).
Nhd vao Iflc lUdng thiiy quan hiing
manh nay ma nam 1644, Nguyin Phiic
Tan, luc ba'y gid con la thd tfl, da chi huy
thiiy quan cila chua Nguyen Phuc Lan
(1600-1648), danh bai mot dpi tau cua H^
Lan (24) d cfla Eo (25).
Ngoai nhflng dpi t h u y i n chidn do chinh
quyen cac chua Nguyin to chflc dong va
tnic tie'p quan ly, cdn cd nhflng loai thuyen
van tai, thuyen buon do ngfldi dan tfl dong
dd phuc vu nhu cau di lai va thfldng mai.
Tham chi, cd y kien cho rang "thuyen cua

nha nudc dUdc hinh thanh trdn cd sd ky
thuat ddng thuyin tu nhan" (26). Cac
xudng ddng thuyin tU nhan nay tap trung
chii yeu b cac dia phfldng ven bien, trai dai
tfl Nam Bo' Chinh (nay la tinh Quang Binh)
cho den Binh Thuan (d cflc Nam Trung Bo)
va d vung chau thd song Me Kong (Nam
Bp). Dac biet, nhflng canh rflng trong lflu
viic song Me Kong chinh la ndi cung cS'p
nhflng loai gd td't nhat dung de dong
thuyin. Theo sach Phu biin tap luc, trong
the' ky XVIII, c6 nhilu thUdng nhan b vung


Rg^nh ddng thuyen va tau thuydn..
Nam Bd Chinh da di tdi vflng ddng bang
sdng Me Kdng de khai thac gd va ddng
thuyen tai cho, rdi dua thuyin v l ban lai b
que hUdng cua minh: "Hp cd the ddng tren
mpt tram chiec thuyen ldn, mdi cai co the
ban hang nghin quan tiln" (27). Day la sd
tien khong nhd, cd the len den ca 100 nghin
quan, b4ng khoang mot phdn tfl tdng thu
nhap tfl thud hang nam cua nha nfldc d
Dang Trong gifla the ky XVIII (28). Nhfl
vay, ddng t h u y i n han la mpt nganh ra't
phat dat d Dang Trong vao thdi ky nay va
chac ehan la c6 ra't nhilu thd thu cong va
khach thfldng da tham gia vao viec ddng
thuyen va kinh doanh tau thuyen nay.

cac chua Nguyen ciing ban hanh chinh
sach quan ly va thu thue do'i vdi tau thuyen
cua tu nhan. Tai cac dia phUdng deu cd
nhflng cai lai, la vidn chflc nha nUdc trdng
coi viec chuyen chd hang hda va khach
bu6n tren cac thuyen tfl nhan, va nhflng
cai triing chuyen trach thu t h u l hoat dong
cua thuyin tu nhan. Nhiem vu cua cac cai
la kiem ddm so' lfldng thuyen tfl, ke bien
vao so sach ciia nha nUdc de quan ly; tien
hanh do dac long thuyen, tinh toan dp dai
rong la bao nhieu de dinh hang thuyen ldn
hay nhd rdi theo do ma thu thue di chuyen.
Ch^ng han, neu long thuyin rong 11 thflde,
chii thuyen phai nop thue di chuyen la 11
quan tien/nam; ne'u long thuyen rpng 9
thflde, thi thue di chuyen la 9 quan
tien/nam; long thuyin rong 4 thudc, la
h^ng nhd nha't thi thud di chuyen la 4 quan
tiln/ngm.
Ngoai hinh thflc nop thud di chuyen, cac
thfldng thuyin tfl nhan cdn bi trflng dung
thuyin de chd hang hda (chu yeu la thoc
g^o) cho nha nudc. Tau thuyen tham gia
chd hang hda cho nha nUdc se dUdc miln
thue di chuyen, ddng thdi cdn dUdc nha
nudc ca'p phat 15 quan tien, goi la tiin kiin

tri, de lam phi tdn sfla chfla tau thuyen.
Thuyen mdi ddng, con tdt thi s d t i l n phi tdn

a'y chi la 10 quan tiln. Ngoai ra, hp con
dUdc ca'p 10 quan tien de lam li cdu phong
trong nhflng l^n chuyen chd hang hda cho
nha nfldc. Nha nUdc sii dung khoan thu tfl
tien thud di chuydn do cac chu thuyen khac
nop de tra tien kidn tri va tiln lara le cau
phong cho cac thuyin tham gia van tai
hang hda cho nha nfldc. Nha nudc cdn quan
ly cac xUdng dong thuyen cua tu nhan bang
each a'n dinh so' lUdng thuyin ddng mdi
(dinh ngach) ciia cac xUdng de thu thue.
Trong vdng 220 nam, cac chua Nguyin
da md mang, khai pha dat Dang Trong va
bien ndi nay thanh mot vUdng qud'c tru phu
va hung manh. Mpt trong nhflng dieu gdp
phan lam nen sU hung manh cua Dang
Trong chinh la viec cac chiia Nguyen da
chu trong phat trien nganh ddng thuyin b
Dang Trong, ca ve ky thuat ddng thuyen,
lan quy md, chung loai va sd lfldng tau
thuyen. Day chinh la tien de quan trpng va
CO nhiing tac dpng tich ciic den sU phat
trien cua nganh ddng thuyin va hoat dong
cila tau thuyin thdi Nguyin sau nay.
2. Chien t r a n h Nguydn - Tay Sdn va
vai t r o cua N g u y i n Anh t r o n g vifc
p h a t t r i i n n g a n h d o n g t h u y e n 6 Nam
Bo cuoi t h e ky XVIII
Nam 1771, ba anh em Nguyen Nhac (? 1793), Nguyen Hue (1753-1792) va Nguyin
LQ (1754-1787), hao kiet d vung Tay Sdn

thUdng dao (nay thuoc tinh Binh Dinh) da
ndi day danh dudi cac quan cai tri d dia
phfldng, md dau cho phong trao Tay Sdn
(1771-1788) chdng lai che dp cai tri cua cac
chua Nguyin d Dang Trong. Phong trao
Tay Sdn nhanh chdng phat trien va lan ra
ca nUdc dan den su sup do cua trieu dinh
vua Le - chua Trinh d Thang Long va sfl ra
ddi cua VUdng trilu Tay Sdn (1788-1801) d


Rghien cuu Ljch si>. sd 7.2014
Phu Xuan, ma Nguyin Hue la vi vua dau
tien, vdi nien hieu la Quang Trung (17881792).
. Nhflng bie'n dong chinh tri trong thdi ky
nay da khien cho Nguyen Anh, hau dud cua
cac chua Nguydn 5 Dang Trong, mdi 17
tudi, phai rdi bo Phu Xuan vao nfldng nau d
Nam Bp. Sau nhilu phen chay tron nhflng
cupc truy duoi cua anh em nha Tay Sdn, ra
tan cac dao Phii Qud^c, Thd Chau de'n nam
1788, Nguyin Anh trd ve Gia Dinh, bat dau
tap hdp Iflc lUdng, gay dflng cd nghiep va
tie'n hanh cupc chie'n tranh ben bi cho^ng lai
anh em Tay Sdn cho dd'n luc gianh thdng
ldi cudi cung vao nam 1801.
Trong nhflng nam dflng ehan tren dat
Nam Bo chuan bi liic lUdng cho cupc chie'n
tranh cho'ng Tay Sdn, Nguyin Anh da thflc
thi nhieu chinh sach tich ciic de phat trien

kinh te, dac biet la nen kinh td' don dien va
kinh t l thu cdng nghiep, ma nganh dong
thuyin la mpt diem sang.
Dd vuc day nganh thii cong nghiep,
Nguyin Anh ap dung che' dp cong tUdng b
Nam Bo gid'ng nhfl cac chiia Nguyin da
tflng thuc thi d Phu Xuan trUdc day. Nam
1791, Nguyin Anh quy hoach cac nganh
nghe thu cong, bien che' thd thuyd'n thanh
nhflng linh thd va bien che hp thanh 62 ty
thd thii eong, dUa theo cac nganh nghi
chuydn biet va phan bd khap cac dinh tran
d Nam Bo. Thd thu cong trong cac ty nay
dfldc coi nhfl binh linh, dUdc tra lUdng va
miln xau thud' (29). Ngoai cac ty, cdn cd cac
doi chuyen trach nhu dpi moc dinh chuyen
khai thac gd de ddng thuyen, dpi biet nap
budm la chuydn di la'y la buong de lam
budm. Thd trong cac dpi dUdc phan lam 3
hang va dfldc td chflc nhfl mpt loai quan dfl
bi. Khi trong nude yen dn thi hp lam dan,
ddng thue sflu bang chinh san pham cua
minh. Khi c6 chie'n tranh ho trd thanh

ngfldi hnh chie'n da'u trong quan dpi cua
Nguyin Anh (30). Ngoai ra con cd nhflng td
chflc cila nhflng ngUdi dan cung lam mot
nghe d nhflng vung heo ianh, dan cU thfla
thdt, goi la cac nau. Nha nUdc cung quan ly
va thu thue dan nau. Ho phai tra thue than

va nop san pha'm thay cho sMu dich (31). Co
nhieu nau hoat dong trong cac linh vUc co
lidn quan ddn n g h i ddng thuyin nhU cac "
nau khai thac ddu rai, dau tram, sdn dem
nop cho chinh quyin cua Nguyen Anh de
phuc vu cho viec sdn, tret, cho'ng tha'm nUdc
tau thuyen.
Nam Bo la vflng da't cua song ngdi, kenh
rach, phUdng tien di lai chii yeu bang ghe
thuyin. Sach Bai Nam nhdt tho'ng chi m6
ta dia the hat Vinh Long nhfl sau: "ndi
bien, ndi song, ndi hd, ndi da't, hinh nhfl
trang sao rai rac, ndu khong ghe thuyen thi
di khong thdng, nen dan b day nhilu ngfldi
biet cheo cho'ng" (32). Cdn sach Gia Binh
thdnh thong chi ciia Trinh Hoai Dflc (1765 1825) thi vid't: "d Gia Dinh chd nao eung co
ghe thuyen. Ghe thuyin chat song ngay
dem qua lai" (33); tra'n Vinh Thanh thi "dia
the each bflc, sdng ngdi lflu thong xen 16n,
khdng nhd ghe thuyin thi khong di dfldc"
(34).
Vdi dia hinh va thien nhien nhfl vay, c^n
phai phat tridn nganh ddng thuyin b Nam
Bp mdi cung flng du phUdng tien di lai cho
quan lai va binh dan. Mat khac, nha Tay
Sdn, do'i thu cua Nguyin Anh da xay dflng
dfldc mdt lUc lfldng thuy quan hung manh
(35). Vi the, mud'n gianh thang ldi, Nguyin
Anh phai "phat trien nganh ddng thuyin va
xay dung liic lUdng thiiy quan dii sflc dUdng

dau vdi thiiy quan Tay Sdn (36).
Chu trfldng phat trien thiiy quan ciia
Nguyin Anh da lam gia tang nhanh chdng
sd lfldng tau thuyin. Theo sach Phu bien
tap luc, vko nam 1768 d Gia Dinh chi cd 7


Rganh dong ttiuy&i va tau Hiuyen..
chiec thuyen cdng dung d l viec chuyen chd
Ifla gao, hang hda va v^t Hdu cho nha nudc
(37). Nhung ddn nam 1776, thi 5 Gia Dinh
da CO hdn 500 tau thuyen do nha nfldc quan
ly. Trong dd, dinh Tra'n Bien co 160 thuyin
chien va 18 ghe bau hai sfl, dinh Phien
Tra'n cd 310 thuyin chien va 18 ghe bau hai
sfl va dinh Long Hd co 75 thuyen chien va
18 ghe bau hai sU (38).
Nam 1778, sau khi trd lai dat Gia Dinh
va dfldc thuoc tudng ton lam Bai nguyin
sodi Nguyin Viidng, Nguyin Anh da cho
ddng ngay 50 chid'n thuyen dau nhpn, goi la
thuyin Long Ldn sung vao thuy quan. Nam
1780, mdt vidn tUdng cua Nguyen Anh la
D5 Thanh Nhdn (?-1781) da sang chd mot
kiiu thuyin, goi la thuyin triidng dd (39),
ra't tien dung trong viec di bidn va danh
tr^n bang thiiy binh. D6 Thanh Nhdn da
"la'y gd nam dd ddng thuyin trfldng da, tren
gac san chidn da'u, hai ben diing phen tre
che thuy binh d dfldi de cho chuydn sflc ma

ch^o, cdn trdn thi bay bp binh dd xung tran
ma danh. Do dd dfldng di bien thuan ldi ma
nghd thuy quan sd trfldng cang tinh them"
(40). Day dfldc xem la mpt budc cai tien
quan trong ve mat ky thuat ciia nganh
dong thuyin b Dang Trong thdi ba'y gid.
Kd' tfl khi trd lai Gia Dinh, Nguyin Anh
da tap trung sflc luc va tri tue cho nganh
dong thuyen. Nam 1793, Nguyin Anh mua
mdt chiec tau cu tfl chau Au, rdi cho thao
rdi ra tflng manh de nghidn cflu, la'y mdu.
Sau dd, cho rap lai theo md hinh cu de tao
thanh mpt chie'e thuyin mdi. Dich than
Nguyen Anh trdng coi viec nay. Bang each
nay, Nguyin Anh da hpc dUdc ky thuat
ddng thuyin ciia phfldng Tay de ddng mdi
thuyen chien, trang bi cho thuy quan cua
minh. Sfl kien nay dfldc Giao sT Le Labouse
ghi lai trong mot bflc thfl d l ngay 24-4-1800
giii Phai bo truyen giao hai ngoai b Paris

47
(Missions etrangeres de Paris): "Khong cd
gi lam xuc dpng hdn canh hang ngan ngUdi
lam viec het sflc hang hai dudi mdt nha vua
(am chi Nguyin Anh - TDAS); ngai chu y
tdi mpi viec, dilu khien ta't ca va cd khi can
than chi bao cho ca kich thudc. Nguyin
Vudng chi dung toan thd gd'c Dang Trong
ma da cd the ddng tau theo kieu Au Tay.

Khdi sU, ngai cho thao rdi tflng manh mpt
chie'e tau cu da mua dUdc. Ngai cho Idp lai
theo dd hinh cu nhflng kheo tdi mflc tau
dep hdn trfldc. Thanh tich dau tien ay da
khich le Nguyen Vfldng ddng mdt chiec tau
mdi va ngai da thanh cdng. Sau dd ngai
ddng thdm hai chie'e nfla. Bdn chiec tau a'y
da dfldng danh ngai d khdp ndi. Nguyen
Vfldng hoan ta't cdng viec ra't mau le.
Khdng qua ba thang da hoan thanh va
thudng cdn dUdc mau xong hdn the. Tuy
nhien tau ldn dep va mang 26 khau dai bac,
so khac mang tdi 36 khdu; mdi chiec cd tren
300 thiiy thu" (41).
Vdi each lam nhu tren, chi trong hai
nam 1793
1794, Nguyin Anh da ddng
dUdc gan 10 chie'e thuyen chien theo ky
thuat chau Au. Dd la cac thuyin: Long
Ngfl, Long Thfldng, Long Hflng, Long Phi,
Bdng Phi, Phung Phi, Hdng Nhi, Loan Phi,
Ung Phi (42). Trong sd'dd, ed ba chiec quan
trong nha't la thuyen Phung Phi do Vannier
(43) chi huy, thuyin U'ng Phi do De
Forcans (44) chi huy va thuyen Long Phi do
Chaigneau (45) chi huy (46). Ngoai ra, cdn
cd mpt thuyin chien mang ten Tran Chau
do dich than Nguyin Anh chi huy (47).
Trong cac nam tiep theo, Nguyin Anh
cho ddng them nhieu thuyin chien khac vdi

so' lfldng ldn. Nam 1796, Nguyin Anh cho
ddng them 15 thuyen chien, deu mang hieu
Gia kdm theo 1 chfl thupc tam tdi (Thien,
Dia, Nhan) hay thdp nhi chi (Ti, Sflu, Ddn,
Mao, Thin, Ti, Ngo, Mfli, Than, Dau, Tuat,


4S

Rghien ciru Ljch sii-. sd 7.2014

Hdi) (48). Nam 1800, Nguyin Anh cho ddng
them 150 thuyen hai dao (thuyen di bien).
Nam 1801, lai cho ddng them 200 thuyen
hai dao cflng cac thuyen chie'n mang tdn:
Anh, Vu, Thudc, Nga, Quyen, Phu, Le,
Dien, Chieu, Ly (49).

thuy quan cua Nguyin Anh (55), nen hp
can them nhieu thuyen chie'n de gia tang
sflc manh quan sU nham gay ap Iflc vdi
qudc gia lang giing Campuchia, va trong
mot chflng mUc nha't dinh, cdn de canh
tranh anh hudng vdi Vidt Nam.

Vdi td'c dp ddng thuyin rat nhanh, "mdi
chiec chi ddng ma't 3 thang, tham chi cd khi
khong ddn 3 thang" (50), nen so' lUdng
thuyen chien cua thiiy quan Nguydn anh
tang len nhanh chdng. Theo hdi ky cua

John Barrow: "Mpt ngudi Anh da tha'y d Sai
Gdn vao nam 1800 mpt ham dpi gdm 1.200
chie'n ham do Nguyen Anh chi huy. Ham
dpi nay nho neo va xuoi dong trong mot
trat tu tuydt doi, chia lam ba dpi va tao
thanh mot dpi hinh san sang flng chien"
(51). Cho den khi cha'm dflt cupc chie'n vdi
Tay Sdn, luc lUdng thiiy quan cua Nguyin
Anh gdm gan 100 chidn ham, 800 phao
ham, 500 ban phao ham (52).

Dd phuc vu cho nganh ddng thuyen b
Nam Bp, Nguyin Anh da lap nhieu xUdng
ddng thuyen b ven cac ddng sdng trong trdn
Gia Dinh. Sit lieu nha Nguyin viet ve cac
xUdng ddng thuyin nay khdng nhilu. Song
theo mdt khao cflu ciia Tdn Nfl Ouynh
Tran, cd it nhat 3 khu xudng vdn cdn ve't
tich d quanh khu viic Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh.
Xfldng thfl nha't nam 5 phia Ddng thanh
Gia Dinh, dpc theo sdng Tan Binh (sdng Sai
Gdn) den bd song Binh Tri (rach Thi Nghi),
dupe thid't lap vao nam 1790, dai den 3
dam. Day cdn la ndi neo dau cila cac chidn
thuyen, thuyin di bidn va cung la kho chfla
dung cu thuy chien. Xfldng thfl hai ndm d
bd song Long Hd, tra'n Vinh Thanh. Xudng
thfl ba la xUdng sfla chfla ghe thuyen, ten
la Trang thuyen tu ndm d bd sdng Tam
Giang Nha Be thupc huydn Phfldc Chinh

(nay thupc quan Nha Be, Thanh phd Hd
Chi Minh). Xfldng nay chuyen sila chfla cac
thuyen budn hi hU hdng, nhflng cung kidm
vide ddng thuyen mdi. NhQng ngUdi thd
ddng va sfla thuyen b day da tap hdp thanh
mpt phudng thd ehuyen mdn, gpi la phudng
ThUdng Da. Xfldng nay hi pha huy trong
mpt cudc ta'n cong cua Tay Sdn (56).

Ngoai vide ddng thuyin de phuc vu cho
nhu eau trong nudc, Nguyin Anh cdn dong
thuyin cho Xiem La (Thai Lan) do mo'i
quan he hen minh gifla Nguyin Anh vdi
Xiem La trong cupc chien tranh cho'ng Tay
Sdn. Theo ghi chep trong sach Bai Nam
thiic luc, vao nam 1789, Nguyin Anh ra
lenh "dong hdn 40 dai chie'n thuyen va hdn
100 ghe bau. Mpi quan lai d Tra'n Bien,
Tran Dinh va Vinh Tra'n nop gd. Cfl 40 linh
nop du gd de ddng mot thuyen. So' thuyin
Long Xuyen phai nop la 10 chide, Kien
Giang 3 chie'e, Tra'n Giang 5 chie'e, Phu
Qudc 8 chiec" (53). Sd thuyen nay da dUde
hoan thanh nam 1791 va da dupe Nguyin
Anh chuyen sang Xidm La sau do. Day la
sd thuyen Nguyin Anh ddng cho Xidm La
nhdm ddi la'y so' vu khi tfl Xiem La de trang
bi cho binh si trong cudc chidn chdng Tay
Sdn (54). Ngfldc lai, do Iflc lUdng thiiy quan
Xiem La bay gid cd it tau thuyin so vdi

Tren phfldng dien ky thuat, ne'u cac
thuyen chie'n eua Nguyin Anh thfldng ddng
theo kieu chau Au, thi cac thuyen budn eua
tu nhan hay thuyen van tai ciia nha nUdc
thfldng ddng theo kieu ghe bdu mien Trung
(Viet Nam), va ghe bau da trd thanh loai
thuyin budn pho bie'n d Nam Bp luc ba'y
gid. Theo mieu ta cua John Barrow, thuyen
budn thdi ky nay cd chieu ngang de'n 4,4m


nganh d6ng tfauygn va tau thuy^..
va dfldc chia thanh cae khoang (thfldng cd 3
khoang: khoang ddc b duoi thuyin, khoang
ldng b gifla thuyen va khoang mdi b miii
thuyen), mdi khoang dai 5,4m. Cac cho
ghSp ndi va each vach ngan gifla cac
khoang deu dfldc xam r^t ky lfldng de tranh
thS^m nudc. Neu mot khoang bi tham nfldc
thi khdng anh hudng gi ddn hang hda d cac
khoang khac (57).
Ngoai vide td chflc ddng mdi, tu siia tau
thuyin dflng trong thiiy quan va van tai
cong, Nguyin Anh cdn td chflc viec dang ky
va quan ly tau t h u y i n cua tu nhan, vfla de
thu thue, vfla dd chdng l^i tinh trang ke
xa'u dflng tau thuyin tien hanh nhflng vu
cUdp bdc trdn cac dong sdng va vung biln d
Nam Bp. Chinh quyin dinh ra phep do long

thuyen va dUa vao dd rdng hep cua long
thuyen dl dinh ra cac hang mflc tiln thue
ma thuyin budn phai nop cho chinh quyin
cua Nguyin Anh. Chinh quyen ciia Nguyin
Anh d Nam Bo cung dinh ra phep tac, luat
1$ trong giao thong dfldng thuy. Thuyin
ndo pham luat se bi xii phat bdi nhflng ehe
tai thich hdp.
Cd the ndi rdng, Nguyin Anh da ed
nhilu cdng lao trong vide dat nen mdng va
phat triln nganh ddng thuyin d Nam Bp,
nh^t la vide ap dung ky thuat ddng thuyin
cua phfldng Tay. Nhd vay ma nganh ddng
thuyen S Nam Bd vao cudi the ky XVIII da
cd nhflng tidn bd dang kl, ca ve ky thuat
ddng thuyin ldn sd lfldng tau thuyin cae
loai. Nguyen Anh cung da ban hanh nhflng
chinh sach phfl hdp trong viec khai thac
nguy§n lieu dd ddng thuyen, tuydn md va
a i dung nhan cdng trong nganh ddng
thuyin, ban hanh nhflng quy dinh de quan
IJ vd thu thue tau thuyen. Nhflng thanh
t^u ndy da tao ra nhflng tien de thuan ldi
cho sM phat trien cila tau thuyin va nganh
ddng thuyin dUdi thdi Nguyin sau nay.

49
3. Moi q u a n h e giu!a b u o n b a n lua
gao vdi n g a n h d o n g t h u y e n d D a n g
T r o n g giflta t h e ky XVIII

Theo mpt khao cflu cua Li Tana, mac du
nghi ddng thuyen d Dang Trong da c6 tfl
lau, nhflng dudng nhfl ed mdt sU bilng nd
dot ngpt cua cdng nghidp ddng thuyen d
day vao gifla thd ky XVIII va dilu nay cd
mdi quan hd mat thiet vdi vide budn ban
lua gao gifla Trung Hoa vdi Viet Nam va
Thai Lan (58).
Tfl nam 1722, nha Thanh (1644-1911) b
Trung Hoa da cd nhiing chinh sach khuydn
khich budn ban lua gao gifla cac nfldc Ddng
Nam A vdi Trung Hoa nhflng chinh sach
nay khdng dUde thfldng nhan quan tam
lam. Nguyen nhan la do lua gao la mot thfl
hang hda cdng kenh, gia van chuyen cao
ndn it sinh ldi. Vi thd, gidi thfldng nhan
budn ban Ifla gao mong mud'n dfldc ddng
thuyen b cac nudc Dong Nam a, vdi gia re
hdn ra't nhieu so vdi thuyin ddng d Trung
Hoa, rdi dflng nhflng chide thuyin mdi ddng
ehd lua gao mua tfl vflng nay dfla vl Trung
Hoa de ban ca lua gao va thuyen. Nguyen
vong nay dfldc nha Thanh ehinh thflc cha'p
thuan vao nam 1747. Dilu nay da khien
cho cac thfldng nhan Trung Hoa tim den
Viet Nam va Thai Lan, thue thd ddng
thuyin dl chd lua gao vl ban d Trung Hoa
(59).
Ddng bdng song Me Kdng va Xidm La la
nhflng trung tam san xua't lua gao chu chd't

b Ddng Nam A trong eac the ky XVII - XIX
(ke ca hien nay). Day cung la ndi cd ngudn
gd tdt, ddi dao, khai thac thuSn tien ndn
cung la ndi cung cap nguydn lidu chinh cho
nganh ddng thuyin trong khu vflc. Tfl t h i
ky XVII, nhflng di dan ngudi Viet Nam ddu
tien ddn dinh cfl b day da bie't khai thac gd
b vflng nay de ddng thuyen. Mot sd sii li?u
cung cho biet tfl cudi the ky XVTI, nhilu


Rghien cuu IJeh siSr. sd 7.2014

50
thfldng nhan Tay Ban Nha da thfldng
xuyen lui tdi Dang Trong de khai thac gd
va ddng thuyen (60).
Chinh sach cho phep thfldng nhan
ngUdi Hoa budn ban lua gao kem theo tau
thuyin ddng mdi b Ddng Nam A da khien
cho vung chau thd Me Kong trd thanh mot
trong hai cong xfldng ddng thuyen nhon
nhip nha't chau A vao the ky XVIII.
Thfldng nhan ngudi Hoa chidu mp ca thd
ddng thuyen ngfldi Viet b Nam Bo ldn thd
ddng t h u y i n ngUdi Hoa tfl Trung Qud'c
sang de ddng thuyen cho hp. Quan chflc
trong bo may chinh quyen Dang Trong
cung bi thu hut vao nganh kinh doanh beo
bd nay (61). Phan ldn thuyen ddng ra deu

la san pham cua cac xudng ddng t h u y i n tfl
nhan hdn la tfl eae xfldng ddng thuyen cua
nha nfldc. Vi the viee thu thud cac thuyen
buon lua gao cua ngfldi Hoa ddng theo
phUdng thfle nay ra't han chd (62) chflng to
chinh quyin khd kiem soat dfldc hoat ddng
ddng thuyen nay, mac du cac xudng ddng
thuyen kieu nay phan bd' rai rac khdp

Nam Bo, tfl Dong Nai, den Sai Gon, xudng
tan Rach Gia, Ha Tidn... (63) va thuyen
dong ra khong chi ban cho thfldng nhan
ngUdi Hoa, ma cho ca thUdng nhan Tay
Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha, la nhflng ngudi
"dfldng nhfl tdi Vilt Nam chi de mua
thuyen" (64).
Cd the tha'y, neu chinh quyin cua cac •
chua Nguyin b Dang Trong trong cac t h i
ky XVII
XVIII va chinh quyen ciia
Nguyen Anh d Nam Bo vao cuo'i the' ky
XVIII tap trung sii chfl y vao vide ddng
thuyen dung cho quan dpi va cho nhu cau
van tai cong, thi cac xUdng ddng thuyen cua
tu nhan lai tap trung ddng thuyin budn lua
gao cho thUdng nhan, dac bidt la thUdng
nhan Trung Hoa va ca thUdng nhan
phfldng TSy. Dilu nay da ddng gdp mdt
phdn quan trpng vao sfl phdt trien nganh
ddng thuyen, ca dan dung ldn quan dung, d

Dang Trong trong cac the ky XVII - XVIII,
tao nen tang thuan ldi cho sfl phat trid'n
cua nganh ddng thuyen dfldi thdi nha
Nguyen.

CHU THICH
(1). Sfl heu Viet Nam goi vung lanh tho phfa

(6). Le Quy Don la mot quan chtrc nha Hau Le,

Bac nay la Dang Ngoai, con cac tai lieu cua

dong thdi la mot nha khoa hpc danh tieng cua Viet

phUdng Tay thUdng chep la: Tonkin, Outer Region

Nam thdi ky nay. Ong dUdc cit den Dang Trong giii

hay Northen

chflc Hiep tran xit Thu^n Hoa ciia chinh quyen Le

Region.

(2). Nguyen Hoang la con trai thfl hai ciia

- Trinh, sau khi quan Trinh chiem Phu Xuan vilo

Nguyin Kim (1468-1545), mot khai quo'c cong than

nam 1775. Tai day, ong da bien soan bp sach noi

cila trieu Le Trung hUng (1533-1789).

tieng Phu bien tap luc, ghi ch6p bau het cac thong

(3). Sfl lieu Viet Nam goi vung lanh thd phia
nam nay la Dang Trong, con cac tai lieu ciia
phutJng

Tay

thUOng

chep

la:

Cochinchina, Inner Region hay Southen

Cochinchine,
Region.

(4). Phan Khoang, Viit sU xd Ddng Trong 1558
- 1777, Nxb. Khai Tri, Sai Gon, 1967, tr. 607.

tin quan trpng ve kinh te va xa hpi cua xii Dang
Trong tii cu6~i the ky XVI den nSm 1776.
(7). Dan theo: Nguyen Van Dang, "V^i net ve
quan xUdng cl Phu Xuan thdi cac chiia Nguyen",

Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich st?, so 1-2010, tr. 65.
(8). Thich Dai San, Hdi ngoai ky sU, sdd, tr.230.

(5). Thich Dai San, Hdi ngoai ky sU. tjy ban

(9). Hoa vat la nhflng vang bac, cua cai, vlit

phien djch sfl lieu Viet Nam, Vien Dai hoc Hue,

dung cua cac tau bi m i c nan bo lai tren cac hon

Hue. 1963, tr. 43.

dao cr ngoai khoi ciia Bien Dong. Nhieu sfl li^u Viet


Rganh d6ng thuyen va tau thuyan...
Nam cho bie't cac chua Nguyen da lap nhiing dpi
thuyin nhU: dpi T h a n h Chfiu, dSi Hai Mon, d6i
Bic Hai de vUdt bien khdi de'n cac hon dao d gifla
Bien Dong nhU: Bai Cat Vang (qu£n dao Hoang
Sa), Bdc Hai (quan dao Tracing Sa), Con Lon d l
thu hoach yen sko, khai thac hai san vk thu nhat
cua cai, chau bau, do dflng do cac t h u y i n buon bi
mac nan bo lai 3 nhflng ndi nky. ChSng han: Trong
Todn tdp An Nam 16 do D 6 Ba tSp hdp va bien
soan vao nam 1686, trong p h i n ban do phu Thang
Hoa va phii Quang Ngai, ngoai bien co ve Bai Cat
V&ng (Hoang Sa) keo dai tfl khoang cfla Dai Chiem
(Hoi An) de'n ciia Sa Ky (Quang Ngai) va ghi chii:

"Bai Cat VSng phong dai 400 dSm, rong 20 d5m, 3
gifla biln khoang tijt cfla biep Dai Chiem keo de'n
cfia biln Quyet Mong. Gio Tay Nam thuyin di
phfa trong se dat lai do. Gio Dong Bdc ma thuyen
cflng bi tdc lai dS.y, d i u hi chet doi, cila cai phai bo
lai. M5i nam den thang cuoi dong (chiia Nguyin)
dua 18 chiec thuyen de'n do nhat vang bac... Tfl
cia Dai Chi§m den bai dao a'y di thuyen mot ng&y
rU3i, tfl cfla Canh Sa di thuyen cung ma't mot ngay
rU3i. O bai d6 cung san sinh loai doi moi". Dan
theo: Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, "Boi canh lich sfl
Vift Nam giai doan 1558 de'n 1802. Phan tranh va
thong nha't", Nghien ciiu Hui', tap 7, Nxb. Thuan
Hoa • Trung tam Nghien cflu Hue, Hul, 2010, tr.
109,
Sach Phu bien tap luc ciia Le Quy Don cung
ghi: "Phii Quy Nhdn thi cac cfla bien Tan Quan,
Thai PhU, Nudc Ngpt, Nudc Man, deu co nhieu
dao, nhilu yIn sao. Lap dpi Thanh Chau de lay";
"Ngoai bien phu Binh Thuan tbi co nui goi la Con
Lon, r5ng ma'y dam, cflng nhieu yen sao. 0 ngoai
nfla cd nui gpi la cfl lao Khoai, trudc co nhilu hai
vat vk h6a vat cua tau, lap dpi Hai Mon d l lay";
"Hp Nguyin lai dat dpi Bdc Hai, khong dinh bao
nhieu sua't. hoac ngUcfi thon Tfl Chinh 3 Binh
Thuan, bo^c ngUdi xa Canh DUdng, ai tinh nguyen
thi c&'p gia'y sai di, miln cho tien sflu cflng cac tien
iuin do, cho di thuyen cau nhd ra cac xfl BSc Hai,
cfl lao Con Lon va cac dao d Ha Tien, tim lu^m vat
ciia tSu va cfic thfl doi mfii, hai ba, bao ngU, hai

sfim. ciing sai dpi Hoang Sa kiem quan. Ching qua
la Itfy cac thfl hai vat, con vang bac cua quy ft khi

Igy dUdc". (Le Quy Don. Phd ban tap luc. D6 Mong
KhUdng. Nguyin Trpng Han vk Nguyin Trpng
Tinh dich. Dao Duy Anh hieu dinh. Nxb. Khoa hpc
xa hpi. Ha Noi, 1977, tr. 116; 120).
(10). Theo mpt khao cflu cua Nguyin Van Kim,
trong 23 nam tfl nam 1715 den nam 1738, da co
485 chiec thuyen manh tfl Quang Nam (tflc Dang
Trong) den Nhat Ban va Lou Cau d l buon ban.
M^c dfl chi huy cac thUdng thuyen nay la ngfldi
Hoa nhflng hang boa va boat dong giao thfldng
nay da dupc thUc hien theo yeu cau cua chinh
quyen Dang Trong, ndi xua't phat cua cac thUdng
mdnh
thuyin nay. (Nguyin Van Kim, Thuyin
Ddng Nam A den Nhdt Ban the ky XVII • XVIII.
Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sH, so 12- 2007, tr. 44-46.
(11). Barrow, John, A Voyage to Cochinchina,
Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975, tr.
289.
(12), (13), (14). (15) Le Qu^ Don, Phu biin tap
luc, sdd, tr. 325; 189-190; 112: 372.
(16). Da't Dang Trong xUa von thuoc Champa.
Khi cac di dan ngUcfi Viet d i n sinh cd lap nghiep d
vung da't nay, ngoai vi6c duy tri nhflng phong tuc,
tap quan, vSn hoa, tin ngfldng cua to tien, ngudi
Viet cdn tiep nhan nhflng anh hudng tfl vSn boa
Champa, hinh thanh nen nhflng sac thai mdi trong

ddi song, sinh boat, v&n boa, tin ngfldng... ciia
minh Ngfldi Cham ra't gidi viec dong ghe bdu, mpt
loai phUdng tien di bien ket hdp truyen thd'ng ciia
thuyen budm Ma Lai vdi nhflng yeu to' thuyen di
biln ciia vung An Dp DUdng - Dia Trung Hai.
Ngudi Viet d Dang Trong da tiep thu ky thuat
ddng ghe bau nay va da hinh thanh nen nhflng
trung tam san xua't ghe hin ndi tieng trai dai tfl
Quang Binh den Binh Thuan.
Trong mot khao cflu ciia Li Tana thi. "Mot so
lUdng ghe bSu. loai thuyen theo kilu Chfim - Ma
Lai prahu, dUdc ddng chii yeu vao giai doan ddu
cua thdi Nguyin Anh dudng nhU gdi y cho tha'y sU
tham gia cua ngUdi ChSm". (Li Tana. Thuyen vd ky
thudt dong thuyin a Ddng Trong cuoi theky XVIII.
ddu the ky XIX. Dflc Hanh dich. Tap chi Nghien
ciiu va Phdt trien, so' 1-2002, tr. 85. Chflng toi tan
thanh quan dilm nay nhUng cho rdng sU tham gia
cua ngUdi Cham vao nganh ddng thuyen cua ngudi


5S

R g h i e n cuTi i J c h siV. s6 7.2Q14

Viet diln ra sdm hdn, tfl thdi cac chua Nguyin. Bdi

Ta thiiy 5 thuyen, hdn 200 ngfldi. Ddn theo:

le, lilc nay cdng dong ngUdi ChSm con hien dien

Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, "Boi canh lich sit Viet

ddng dao 6 Dang Trong va dong ghe thuyen vdn la

Nam giai doain 1558 d I h 1802. P h a n tranh va

the manh cua hp ma cac chua Nguyin cdn t h a m

thong nhat". Tap chi Nghiin

khao de phat t r i l n d$i ngu ghe thuyen cua minh.

tr. 93-94.

ciiu Hue, t^p 7, 2010,

Tren thilc te, nghe ddng ghe bdu ctia i ^ ^ d i Viet

(20). Le Dinh Cai. 34 nam cam quyen cua chua

xua't hifn d Dang Trong tfl gifla t h ^ ky XVI. Tham

Nguyen Phuc Chu (1691-1725). (Hul: Dfing Trinh.

khao them: Nguyin Thanh Ldi, "Ghe bau mien

1971), tr. 98.

Trung", Tap chi Nghien

cihi ud Phdt trien, so 2

(67). 2008, 37-49.

(21). Cadi^re, L et Mir, Mme, "Les Europ^ens
qui ont vu le vieux Hue: Thomas Bowyear 1695 -

(17). Alexandre de Rhodes sinh nam 1591, tai

1696". Bulletin

des Amix

du

Vieux

Hue, Vol.

Avignon, m i l n Nam nfldc Phap, (cd tU lieu ghi nam

2/1920, 183-240. Ddn theo: Nguyin Van Dang,

sinh cua ong la 1593), gia nhap ddng Ten tai Roma

"Vai net ve quan xudng d Phfl Xuan thdi cac chfla

(lo ng&y 24-12-1612. Ong den t r u y i n giao d Dang

Nguyin", Tap chi Nghiin

Trong vao nSm 1625 dudi thdi chfla Nguyin Phuc

tr. 64-69.

Nguy§n (1563-1635) va d Dang Ngoai vao nam

ciiu Lich siC, s3 1-2010,

(22), (23). Cadi^re, L et Mir, Mme, "Lea

1626 dfldi thdi chfla Trinh Trang (1577-1657) tri

Europeens qui ont vu le vieux Hu^: Thomas

vi. Trong vfing 20 nam truyen giao d Vi&t Nam,

Bowyear 1695 • 1696". Ddn theo: Nguyin Hflu

ong bi true xua't den 6 lan. NhUng sau ca 6 lan a'y,

Chau Phan, bdd, tr. 94.

dng d i u tim each trd lai Viet Nam moi khi cd cd

John Barrow cung danh gia rlit cao v l ky thu^t

h§i. Nam 1645, ong bi chfla Nguyin Phiic Tdn

dong thuyen cua ngfldi D i n g Trong thdi kj^ nay;

(1620 - 1687) true xudt vinh vien khdi Viet Nam.

"Nhflng thuyen ch^o tay qua la d?p, dai tfl 15m

6 n g ma't ngay 5-11-1660 d Isfahan

den 24m; n h i l u cai chi gom 5 m a n h van gh^p lai,

(Ba Tu).

( />
).

moi mieng chay tfl ddu nay den ddu kia, mdng
khit khao gdn vdi n h a u bang chot go va budc chat

(18). Alexandre de Rhodes, Lich s& vUcfng quoc

bang lat tre ma khdng cdn phai dflng d i n da go,

Ddng Ngodi. Hdng Nhu? dich. (Thanh phd" Hd Chi

Mfli t h u y i n n a n g len k h a cao, due ch^m thanh

Minh: Uy ban Doan ket Cong giao, 1994), tr. 14-15.

hinh rong rdn va t r a n g tri theo hinh ve hay thip

(19). So binh linh va tau thuyen tham gia cupc

vang. Thuyen cung cd cdt de treo cd va dudi nheo,

d u y | t binh nay gom: Cd Trung h a u 10 thuyen 300

cac loai den hay long d l chflng td dia vi cua ngfldi

ngfldi; Noi bd 60 dpi thuyen, hdn 3.280 ngfldi; 2 cd

t r e n thuyen, va dUdc dflng len d ddu va cuoi

Ta trung va Hflu trung, mdi cd 14 thuyen deu hdn

thuyen. Nhflng t h u y i n dflijc dflng d l budn ban

700 ngudi; Ndi thuy 58 thuyin, 6.419 ngfldi; cd Ta

dpc theo bd bien, di lay to yen 3 ngoai dao Hoang

trung kien 12 thuyen, 600 ngUdi; cd Hflu trung

Sa cd ra't n h i l u k i l u khac nhau, cai thi giong nhfl

kien 10 thuyin, 500 ngUdi; 2 cd Ta trung bp va

t h u y i n tam ban cua T r u n g Hoa, cd mai che \km

Hflu trung bd, moi cd 10 thuyen, deu 450 ngUdi; cd

t h a n h mpt cai n h a de sinh song, cai thi gid'ng nhU

Tiln trung bp 12 dpi, moi cd 5 thuyen, cdng 2.700

thuyen budm Ma Lai. Thfldng n h a n ngoai quoc

ngfldi; 4 cd Ta dUc, Hflu dUc, Tiln dUc, Hau dflc,

thi ddng thuyen nhfl thuyen budn cua ngfldi Tau,

moi Cd 5 thuyen, cpng hdn 1.100 ngUdi; 4 dpi Tien

k i l u each khong thich hdp cho t a u chien, cham

thuy, Hau thiiy, Ta thiiy, Hflu thuy, moi dpi 5

nhflng chdc, chu t i u cung la tai cdng, thiiy thii vk

thuyin, d i u hdn 500 ngfldi; 8 cd Ta noi bd, Hi3u npi

nhflng ghe do chia t h a n h nhieu khoang d l dflng

bp, Tiln npi bp, Hau noi bo, Ta sflng, Hflu sflng,

hang". Ddn theo: Nguyin Duy Chinh, "Phai b^

Tien sung, H^u sflng, moi cd 6 thuyen, cpng hdn

Macartney gh6 Dang Trong", Nghien cvCu HuS', t^p

2.100 ngudi; 4 dpi Tien binh, Hau binh, Ta binh,

6, 2008. t r . l 5 7 .

Hflu binh, moi dpi 4 thuyin, deu hdn 200 ngudi; cd


Hganh d6ng Ifauyfa vt tiu thuydn..
(24). Qucfc sii quan t r i l u Nguyin, Bai Nam
thUc luc, t | p I, Ban djch ciia Vifn Sii hoc, Nxb.
Khoa hoc xa h§i, H i Ndi, 1962, tr. 73-74.
(25). Ciia Eo, ten chfl H a n la Yiu Hdi mdn. thdi
Nguyin doi tSn la Thu&n An hdi khdu. 3 cSch kinh
dd H u l 12km v l phia Ddng. Cuta bien nky da hi lifp
bdi m$t t r | n bao ldn vSo nSm 1904. Cdn bao nay
ding thdi md ra m§t ciia biln mdi, each cfla Eo
khoang 4km v l phia Bde. Tfl dd den nay, cfla biln
mdi nay du^c gpi tdn la cfla ThuHn An thay eho cfla
Eo da bi l^p kin.
(26), (28). Li Tana, Thuyin vd ky thudt dong
thuyin d Ddng Trong cuoi theky XVIII, ddu thi'ky
XZX,bdd,tr.83.
(27). Lg QuJ Don Phu biin tap luc, sdd. D i n
theo: Li Tana, Thuyen vd ky thudt dong thuyin d
Bdng Trong cudi th^ ky XVIII, ddu thi' ky XIX,
bdd, tr.S3.
(29). Quo'c sfl quan trieu Nguyin, Dai
thiic luc (38 t§p), tap II, sdd, 1963, tr. 150.

Nam

(30), (31). Ton NO Q u ^ h Tran, "Vua Gia Long
va ngdnh ddng t h u y i n tai Nam Bd", trong: Nhiing
vdn di lich sd: vi triiu dai cuoi cung d Viit Nam,
Tnmg tam Bao ton Di tich Co" dd Hue - Tap chi
Xiia & Nay xufi't ban, H u l , 2002, tr. 311.
(32), (33), (34). Ddn theo: Tdn Nfl Quynh Tran,
"Vua Gia Long va ngdnh ddng thuyin tai Nam
Bp", trong: Nhiing vd'n de lich sd: vi trieu dai cuoi
ciingdVi4tNam,
sdd, tr. 311-312.
(35). Thuy quSn Tay Sdn cd mot ddi thuyin
chiin rtft m^nh, dUdc ddng vdi ky thuat cao khien
cho ngudi phudng Tay phai kham phue. Theo ghi
nh$n cua John Barrow, thi cac thuyen chien ciia
Tfiy Sdn da dfli?e cai tien phdn than tau chim dfldi
nfldc, nhflng gifl nguyen cfi'u tnic ben tren. Dong
thdi da thay t h i mdt so bd pb^n eua thuyin, v6n
lam bdng gS, da dugc thay the bang tre lam cho
chile thuyin trd nen nhe hdn ma cdng nang van
nhu cfl. Dieu nay khien cho John Barrow phai
thdn phue vd k i t lu^n: "Ngdnh ky nghe diic bift
ma ngay nay cd t h i goi ndi Id ngfldi Ddng Trong
(thdi Tfiy Sdn • TDAS) nd'i trpi hdn ca Id ky thuat
ddng tdu biln: Chdng t h i l u lo^i kich cd ndo cflng
nhu c6 dii cdc lo^i chfl't lfldng go dflng d l ddng tdu
biln...". Ddn theo: Nguyin Duy Chfnh, bdd, 157,

Ngoai ra, T i y Sdn cdn tuyen md cac hai t i c
Trung Hoa de tham gia vdo cac trkn thiiy ehiln

chong lai quan ciia Nguyin Anh. Tham chf, theo
mdt khao cflu ciia Li Tana: Tay Son cdn giao cho
thuyin va danh hiSu cho hai tdc d l danh lai chfla
Nguyin, va sau dd la danh cfldp nhflng thfldng
thuyen d vflng biln Nam Trung Hoa. Nhd Tay
Son, ngfldi bao trd ciia hp se ban chien ldi pham 3
Vi|t Nam vd bon cudp biln se nhfln dfl(?c khoang
20-40% 13i lai chia lai. Thuyen do nhd Tdy Sdn
cung cd'p khdng phai Id loai thuyin thfldng.
"Thuyen Vi|t Nam vdi nhflng cot buom cao hdn 24
m^t, man sfldn dflpe bao vfi b3i cac Idp da bd vd
ludi, ldn vd chdc chdn hdn bdt ky loai thuyen nao
cfldp biln cd t h i tfl kilm dudc" vdi eae lye lUdng
hai t4ic ngfldi Trung Quoc. sfl dung ho trong cac
cudc thuy ehiln chc&ig lai Nguyin Anh. (Li Tana,
Thuyin vd ky thudt dong thuyin d Bdng Trong
cudi th^ky XVIII, ddu thi'ky XIX, bdd, 2002, tr.
81-82).
(36). Tren thflc t l , nhd nhflng chien t h u y i n
dUdc dong 3 Gia Dinh, Nguyin Anh mdi c6 t h i to
chflc nhflng cupc td'n cdng bang dfldng biln, danh
vdo cac cang ehiln Ifl^c cua Tay Sdn nhfl cang
Quy Nhdn vdo cdc ndm 1790, 1797, 1798; cfla
bien Nha Trang vdo ndm 1793; ddc bi§t, ndm
1801, trong trdn danh quylt djnh vdo cang Thj
Nai, Nguyin Anh da huy ddng 4 t h u y i n ldn kilu
chau Au, 40 dai chiin t h u y i n vd trSn 300 t h u y i n
chdo.
(37). Ld Quy Don, Phu biin tap luc, sdd, tr.264.
(38). Tdn Nfl Quynh TrSn, bdd, tr.315.

(39). Theo sach Gia Binh thdnh thdng chi thi
thuyen triidng da la loai thuyin c6 them 1 cdn lai
ddi d l vdn hdnh nhe nhdng hdn khi di biln, trong
khi vdn gifl banh ldi cu hinh trdn d l lai tren sdng.
Do vay, nd cdn dupc goi Id thuyen hai cdn ldi.
(40). Quoc sfl quan trilu Nguyen, Dai
thiic luc (38 tap), tap I, sdd, tr.25.

Nam

(41). Archives des Missions etrangeres de
Paris, Cochinchine, Volume 747. 869-872. Ddn
theo: Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, bdd, tr. 192.
(42). Quoc sfl quan tneu Nguyen, Dai Nam
thUc luc (38 tap), tap II, Nxb. Khoa hpc xd hpi. Ha
Noi, 1963. tr.l63.


Rghien curu Ljch sir. s6 7.2014
(43),

(44),

(45). Vannier,

De

Forcans

va

East Asian Cultural Studies, 1978), 167. Dan theo:

Chaigneau la nhflng si quan ngfldi Phap hdp tac

Li Tana, Thuyin

va phuc vu dfldi quyen ciia Nguyin Anh trong

Trong cum thi ky XVIU, ddu the ky XIX, bdd, tr.

vd ky thudt dong thuyen & Bdng

nhflng nam thang chii'n tranh cho'ng lai ba anh em

86.
(55). Edmund Roberts, mot ngfldi Anh tdi Xiem

Tay Sdn.
(46). Pietri, "Ba loai thuyen budm ven bien

La nam 1832, fldc chflng thuy quan Xiem La luc do

Ddng Dudng it dUdc bilt den". Luu Dinh Tuan

CO khoang 500 t h u y i n chien, 50 d i n 60 thuyin chd

dich. Xua & Nay, so' 134, thang 2-2003, tr. 31.

tfl 3 den 8 sflng dong, chiec ldn nhat khdng qua

(47). Archives
Paris, Cochinchine,

des Missions etrangeres
Volume 747, 869-872

de
Dan

100 ta'n. Trong khi do, theo Moor, mot ngfldi
phfldng Tay khac co mat d Viet Nam vao ndm 1823
thi Iflc lUdng thuy quan cua trieu Nguyin bay gid

theo: Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, bdd, 193.
(48), (49). Qud'c sfl quan trieu Nguyin. Dgi

CO khoang "50 thuyen buom doc 14 sung, 80 phao

Nam thuc luc. Tap II (38 tap), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa

ham, 100 thuyen ldn, khoang 300 t h u y i n chdo tfl

hoi, Ha Noi, 1963, tr. 231; 451.

80 den 100 mai cheo, 500 t h u y i n cheo tfl 40 den 80

(50). Pietri, bdd, tr. 31.

mai chdo. Tai cac tinh, 500 t h u y i n tfl 20 den 100

(51). John Barrow, "Queiques notes sur Gia

mai tao nen tong so'khoang 1.530 chiec". Dan theo;

Dinh par un con tempo rain", Bulletin de la Societe

Ll Tana, Thuyin

des etudes Indochmoises,

Trong cuoi the ky XVIII, ddu the ky XIX, bdd, tr.

1926, 209. Dan theo: Ton

vd ky thudt dong thuyin d Ddng

87.

Nfl Quynh Tran, bdd, tr. 316.

(56). Tdn Nfl Quynh Tran,. "Vua Gia Long va

(52). Theo t h u cua Barisy gfli cho Foulon va
Hue.

nganh ddng t h u y i n tai Nam Bp". NhUng vdn de

1926, 414. Dan theo' Ton Nfl Quynh T r a n , bdd,

hch sii vi triiu dgi cudi ciing d Viet Nam. Trung

Marchini, Bulletin

des Amis

du

Vieux

tam Bao ton Di tich Co' dd Hue - Tap chi XUa &

tr 316.
(53). Quo'c sfl quan trieu Nguyen, Dai

Nam

Nay, Hue. 2001, tr. 316-317.
(57) Barrow, John, A Voyage to

thuc luc, tap I, 1962, sdd, tr 64
(54). Doan ghi chep sau day trong sfl lieu Xiem
La da chflng thUc dieu nay. "Vao ngay dau tien

Cochinchina,

Kuala Lumpur' Oxford University Press, 1975, tr.
290.

thupng tuan thang 11 ta, nam Hdi, vua An Nam

(58), (59), (60). Li Tana, Thuyin

gfli thu de nghi mua 1 000 sflng hda mai va 1.000

dong thuyen d Ddng Trong cuoi theky

hap nang bang sat de lam cau tau. Kera theo thU

thekyXIX,

vd ky thuat
XVIII, ddu

bdd, tr 82-84

la 30 cai vong Viet Nam dupc tang cho nha vua

(61). Theo sach Phu bien tap luc, trong nam

cung vdi 70 chiin thuyen dUdc yeu cau dong trUdc

1786, chi CO 7 thuyen hi thu thue cho viec vdn

do. Thuyin dUdc thu nhan va neo d ban dao Bang-

chuyen lua gao tren tong so 341 thuyen bi trieu

o theo lenh nha vua. Vao thfl nam, ngay thfl hai h a

dinh chua Nguyin thu thue' vkn chuyen trong ca

tuan cua thang 3 ta, nha vua ra lenh gfli 200 hap

nUdc (Le Quy Don, Phd bien tap luc, sdd, 1977, tr.

ndng bang sdt de lam cau tau ya 200 sung lam

41.

tang vat tdi vua An Nam". (Bien men t n e u dinh,

(62). (63), (64). Li Tana, Thuyin

vd ky thudt

thdi dai Bangkok, trieu dai thfl nha't. Thadeus va

dong thuyen d Ddng Trong cuo'i the ky XVIII, dau

Flood dich Tap 1' Van ban. Tokyo: The Center for

thekyXIX,

bdd, tr. 82-84.