Writers choice grammar and composition grade 7

interactive student edition
GLENCOE

Grammar and Composition
Grade 7


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Grateful acknowledgment is given authors, publishers, photographers, museums, and agents for
permission to reprint the following copyrighted material. Every effort has been made to determine
copyright owners. In case of any omissions, the Publisher will be pleased to make suitable
acknowledgments in future editions.
Acknowledgments continued on page 830.
The Standardized Test Practice pages in this book were written by
The Princeton Review, the nation’s leader in test preparation.
Through its association with McGraw-Hill, The Princeton Review
offers the best way to help students excel on standardized assessments.
The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University or Educational Testing Service.

The Facing the Blank Page feature in this book was prepared in collaboration
with the writers and editors of Time magazine.

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ii


PROGRAM CONSULTANTS
Mark Lester is Professor of English at Eastern Washington University. He formerly served
as Chair of the Department of English as a Second Language, University of Hawaii. He is the
author of Grammar in the Classroom (Macmillan, 1990) and of numerous other professional
books and articles.
Sharon O’Neal is Assistant Professor at the College of Education, Southwest Texas State
University, where she teaches courses in reading instruction. She formerly served as Director
of Reading and Language Arts of the Texas Education Agency and has authored, and
contributed to, numerous articles and books on reading instruction and teacher education.
Jacqueline Jones Royster is Associate Professor of English at The Ohio State University.
She is also on the faculty at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College in
Middlebury, Vermont. In addition to the teaching of writing, Dr. Royster’s professional
interests include the rhetorical history of African American women and the social and
cultural implications of literate practices.
Jeffrey Wilhelm, a former English and reading teacher, is currently an assistant professor
at the University of Maine, where he teaches courses in middle and secondary level literacy.
Author of several books and articles on the teaching of reading and the use of technology,
he also works with local schools as part of the Adolescent Literacy Project.
Denny Wolfe, a former high school English teacher and department chair, is Professor of

English Education, Director of the Tidewater Virginia Writing Project, and Director of the
Center for Urban Education at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. Author of more
than seventy-five articles and books on teaching English, Dr. Wolfe is a frequent consultant
to schools and colleges on the teaching of English language arts.

iii


Advisors
Philip M. Anderson
Associate Professor of
Secondary Education and
Youth Services, and
Director, English
Education Program
Queens College,
City University of New York

Beverly Ann Chin
Professor of English and
Co-Director, English
Teaching Program
University of Montana

Charleen Silva Delfino
District English Coordinator
East Side Union High School
District
San Jose, California
Director, Writing Project

San Jose University

Ronne Hartfield
Executive Director of
Museum Education
Art Institute of Chicago

Diana McNeil
Pillans Middle School
Mobile, Alabama

Evelyn Niles
Boys and Girls High School
Brooklyn, New York

Linda Miller
Lake Travis Middle School
Austin, Texas

Kathleen Oldfield
Main Street School
Waterloo, New York

Nadine Mouser
St. Thomas More School
Houston, Texas

Janet E. Ring
Dundee School District 300
Carpentersville, Illinois

Educational Reviewers
Toni Elaine Allison
Meridian Middle School
Meridian, Idaho
Janice Brown
Houston ISD
Houston, Texas
Amy Burton
Sterling Middle School
Fairfax, Virginia
Mary-Ann Evans-Patrick
University of Wisconsin,
Oshkosh
Oshkosh, Wisconsin

Marie Hammerle
Oak Creek Elementary
School
Cornville, Arizona
Randy Hanson
Maplewood Middle School
Menasha, Wisconsin
Geraldine Jackson
Mountain Gap Middle School
Huntsville, Alabama
Jeanne Kruger
Blair Middle School
Norfolk, Virginia

Roslyn Newman
Woodland Middle School
East Meadow, New York

Student Advisory Board
The Student Advisory Board was formed in an effort to ensure student involvement in the development of
Writer’s Choice. The editors wish to thank members of the board for their enthusiasm and dedication to the
project. The editors also wish to thank the many student writers whose models appear in this book.

iv


BOOK OVERVIEW
Part 1 Composition
Unit 1 Personal Writing. . . . . . . 2

Unit 5 Expository Writing . . . . . 194

Unit 2 The Writing Process . . . . . 40

Unit 6 Persuasive Writing

Facing the Blank Page . . . . 97
Unit 3 Descriptive Writing. . . . . 108

. . . .

256

Unit 7 Troubleshooter . . . . . . 304

Business and Technical Writing

. . . . 328

Unit 4 Narrative Writing . . . . . 150

Part 2 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics
Unit 8 Subjects, Predicates, and
Sentences . . . . . . . . 356

Unit 15 Verbals . . . . . . . . . 520

Unit 9 Nouns . . . . . . . . . 378

Unit 17 Glossary of Special
Usage Problems . . . . . .

Unit 10 Verbs

. . . . . . . . . 398

Unit 16 Subject-Verb Agreement . . . 534
552

Unit 11 Pronouns . . . . . . . . 428

Unit 18 Diagraming Sentences

Unit 12 Adjectives and Adverbs . . . 450

Unit 19 Capitalization

Unit 13 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and
Interjections . . . . . . . 478

Unit 20 Punctuation . . . . . . . 588

Unit 14 Clauses and Complex Sentences 500

618

. . . 562

. . . . . . 572

Unit 21 Grammar Through
Sentence Combining . . . .

Part 3 Resources and Skills
Unit 22 Library and Reference

Unit 25 Taking Tests . . . . . . . 705

Resources . . . . . . . . 630
Unit 23 Vocabulary and Spelling . . .

Unit 26 Listening and Speaking . . . 742

653

Unit 27 Viewing and Representing . . 764

Unit 24 Study Skills . . . . . . . 684

Unit 28 Electronic Resources . . . . 781

Writing and Language Glossary . . .

797

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

Spanish Glossary. . . . . . . . . 806

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . 830
v


CONTENTS

Part 1 Composition
UNIT

1

Personal Writing
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
“Come Dance by the Ocean”
Song by Ella Jenkins

Instruction and Practice

1.1 Writing About What’s Important to You . . . . . . . . 8
Write a Letter; Cross-Curricular Activity; Listening
and Speaking; Grammar Link
1.2 Collecting Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Write a Learning Log; Viewing and Representing;
Using Computers; Grammar Link
1.3 Writing to Celebrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Write an Invitation; Listening and Speaking;
Spelling Hints; Grammar Link
1.4 Writing About Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Write About an Experience; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

1.5 Responding to a Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Write a Letter; Listening and Speaking; Using Computers;
Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Personal Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Write about a special day in your life.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

vi

from The Diary of Latoya Hunter by Latoya Hunter . . . . 32


Linking Writing and Literature
UNIT

1 Review

Exploring Latoya Hunter’s diary entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

UNIT

2

The Writing Process
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
from “Smart, Cool and on the Air”
Newspaper Feature by Maisha Maurant

Instruction and Practice

2.1 Using the Writing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Write a Paragraph; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

2.2 Prewriting: Finding and Exploring a Topic . . . . . 50
Collect Topic Ideas; Listening and Speaking; Viewing
and Representing; Grammar Link
2.3 Prewriting: Determining Purpose
and Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Identify Purpose and Audience; Listening and
Speaking; Using Computers; Grammar Link
2.4 Prewriting: Ordering Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Make a Plan for Your Writing; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
2.5 Drafting: Getting It in Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Write a Draft; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
2.6 Revising: Evaluating a Draft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Evaluate a Draft; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Using Computers; Grammar Link
2.7 Revising: Making Paragraphs Effective . . . . . . . 70
Revise for Effective Paragraph; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
vii


2.8 Revising: Creating Sentence Variety . . . . . . . . . 74
Vary Sentence Lengths; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link
2.9 Editing/Proofreading: Making
Final Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Edit Your Writing; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
2.10 Publishing/Presenting: Sharing Your Writing . . 82

Present Your Writing; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Writing Process Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Write a brief profile of a courageous person.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from The Clay Marble by Minfong Ho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Linking Writing and Literature

Analyzing Minfong Ho’s approach to storytelling . . . . . . . . . 95

UNIT

2 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Facing the Blank Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Writing for TIME • Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

viii


UNIT

3

Descriptive Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 110
from Song of the Gargoyle
Fantasy by Zilpha Keatley Snyder

Instruction and Practice

3.1 Writing to Show, Not Tell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Write a Description of an Object; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
3.2 Combining Observation and Imagination . . . . 118
Write About an Imaginary Place; Viewing and
Representing; Using Computers; Grammar Link
3.3 Choosing Details to Create a Mood . . . . . . . . . . 122
Write a Descriptive Paragraph; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
3.4 Organizing Details in a Description . . . . . . . . . 126
Write a Painting Description; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
3.5 Describing a Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Write a Character Description; Viewing and
Representing; Using Computers; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

3.6 Relating a Poem to Your Experience . . . . . . . . . 134
Write a Poem; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Descriptive Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Write an article describing a place—real or imagined.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from The Gathering by Virginia Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Linking Writing and Literature

Examining Virginia Hamilton’s descriptive techniques . . . . . 148

UNIT

3 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
ix

UNIT

4

Narrative Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 152
from “User Friendly”
Short Story by T. Ernesto Bethancourt

Instruction and Practice

4.1 Telling a Good Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Write a Children’s Story; Listening and Speaking;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link
4.2 Exploring Story Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Write a Narrative Message; Listening and Speaking;
Using Computers; Grammar Link
4.3 Using Time Order in a Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Write a Personal Narrative; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
4.4 Writing Dialogue to Develop Characters . . . . . . 168
Write a Dialogue; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
4.5 Drafting a Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Write a Tall Tale; Listening and Speaking; Viewing
and Representing; Grammar Link
4.6 Evaluating a Story Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Write a Story Opening; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

4.7 Responding to a Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Write a Response; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Narrative Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Write a story focusing on a special person.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

x

Literature Model

“A Huge Black Umbrella” by Majorie Agosin . . . . . . . . 188

Linking Writing and Literature

Exploring Marjorie Agosin’s narrative techniques . . . . . . . . 192


UNIT

4 Review

Reflecting on the Unit

Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

UNIT

5

Expository Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Wolf-eel
Signs and Labels by Judy Rand

Instruction and Practice

5.1 Giving Information and Explanations . . . . . . . 200
Write Procedures; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
5.2 Organizing Informative Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Write an Explanation; Using Computers; Viewing
and Representing; Grammar Link
5.3 Writing About Similarities and Differences . . . 208
Write a Comparison-Contrast Letter; Cross-Curricular
Activity; Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
5.4 Explaining How Something Works . . . . . . . . . . 212
Write an Explanation; Listening and Speaking; Using
Computers; Grammar Link
5.5 Identifying Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Write a Cause-and-Effect Letter; Cross-Curricular
Activity; Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
5.6 Reports: Narrowing a Topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Choose and Narrow a Topic; Listening and Speaking;
Using Computers; Grammar Link
5.7 Reports: Turning to Helpful Sources. . . . . . . . . 224
Begin Your Research; Using Computers; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link
5.8 Reports: Conducting an Interview . . . . . . . . . . 228
Conduct an Interview; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
xi


5.9 Reports: Organizing and Drafting . . . . . . . . . 232
Outline and Draft; Journal Writing Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
5.10 Reports: Revising and Presenting . . . . . . . . . . 236
Revise, Edit, and Share Your Report; Listening and
Speaking; Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

5.11 Comparing Two People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Write a Comparison-and-Contrast; Listening and
Speaking; Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Expository Writing Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Write a brochure about your community.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from Living Treasure by Laurence Pringle . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Linking Writing and Literature

Analyzing Laurence Pringle’s expository writing . . . . . . . . . 254

UNIT

5 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

UNIT

6

Persuasive Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Carson Delivers a Wake-up Call
Persuasive Speech by Dr. Benjamin S. Carson

Instruction and Practice

6.1 Using Persuasive Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Create a Poster; Cross-Curricular Activity; Viewing

and Representing; Grammar Link
6.2 Forming an Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Write a Paragraph; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

xii


6.3 Gathering Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Write a Proposal; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
6.4 Developing an Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Write an Editorial; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
6.5 Polishing an Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Create a Leaflet; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link
6.6 Writing Publicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Write an Advertisement; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
6.7 Writing a Letter of Complaint . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Write a Complaint Letter; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

6.8 Writing a Movie Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Write a Review; Speaking and Listening; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Persuasive Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Write a persuasive piece about America’s way of life.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Kathy Jakobsen, Circus Parade, 1979

xiii


Literature Model

“The Liberry” by Bel Kaufman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Linking Writing and Literature

Examining Bel Kaufman’s persuasive techniques . . . . . . . . 302

UNIT

6 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

UNIT

7

Troubleshooter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Problems and Solutions

7.1 Sentence Fragment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
7.2 Run-on Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.3 Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . 310
7.4 Incorrect Verb Tense or Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
7.5 Incorrect Use of Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.6 Incorrect Use of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.7 Incorrect Use of Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.8 Incorrect Use of Apostrophes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.9 Incorrect Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Business and Technical Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Instruction and Practice

xiv

Business Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Multimedia Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349


Part 2 Grammar, Usage,

and Mechanics
UNIT

8

Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Instruction and Practice

8.1 Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.2 Sentences and Sentence Fragments . . . . . . . . . 359
8.3 Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
8.4 Identifying the Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
8.5 Compound Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . 365
8.6 Simple and Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . 367

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

UNIT

9

Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
from Water Sky by Jean Craighead George
Sentence Types in Writing; Techniques with Sentence Types;
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Instruction and Practice

9.1 Kinds of Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
9.2 Compound Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
9.3 Possessive Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.4 Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and
Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
9.5 Collective Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
9.6 Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Grammar Review

Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
xv


Literature Model

Writing Application

from Earth Shine by Anne Morrow Lindbergh
Nouns in Writing; Techniques with Nouns; Practice . . . . . . . 397

UNIT

10

Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Instruction and Practice

10.1 Action Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
10.2 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs . . . . . . . . . 401
10.3 Verbs with Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
10.4 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words. . . . . . . . 405
10.5 Present, Past, and Future Tenses . . . . . . . . . . 407
10.6 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . 409
10.7 Progressive Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10.8 Perfect Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
10.9 Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
10.10 More Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

11

Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
from Dandelion Wine by Ray Bradbury
Verbs in Writing; Techniques with Verbs; Practice . . . . . . . . 427

Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Instruction and Practice

11.1 Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
11.2 Pronouns and Antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
11.3 Using Pronouns Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
11.4 Possessive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
11.5 Indefinite Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
11.6 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . 439
11.7 Interrogative Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

xvi


Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

12

Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
from “Phaethon” by Edith Hamilton
Pronouns in Writing; Techniques with Pronouns; Practice . . . 449

Adjectives and Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

Instruction and Practice

12.1 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
12.2 Articles and Proper Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . 453
12.3 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives . . . . 455

12.4 More Comparative and

Superlative Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
12.5 Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
12.6 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
12.7 Intensifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
12.8 Comparative and Superlative Adverbs . . . . . . 465
12.9 Using Adverbs and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
12.10 Avoiding Double Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

13

Adjectives and Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
from Mummies, Tombs, and Treasure by Lila Perl
Adjectives in Writing; Techniques with Adjectives; Practice . . 477

Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections . . . . . 478

Instruction and Practice

13.1 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases . . . . 479
13.2 Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions . . . . . . . 481
13.3 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives
and Adverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

13.4 Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
xvii


13.5 Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
13.6 Finding All the Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

UNIT

14

Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections . . . . . 491
from “The Magical Horse” by Laurence Yep
Prepositions in Writing; Techniques with Prepositions;
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Clauses and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Instruction and Practice

14.1 Sentences and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
14.2 Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
14.3 Adjective Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
14.4 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
14.5 Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

xviii

Clauses and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
from The Pearl by John Steinbeck
Sentence Variety in Writing; Techniques in Sentence
Variety; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519


UNIT

15

Verbals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Instruction and Practice

15.1 Participles and Participial Phrases . . . . . . . . 521
15.2 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
15.3 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . 525

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

UNIT

16

Verbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
from Amelia Earhart: First Lady of Flight by Peggy Mann
Phrases in Writing; Techniques with Phrases; Practice . . . . . 533

Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Instruction and Practice

16.1 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree . . . . . . . . . 535
16.2 Problems with Locating the Subject . . . . . . . . 537
16.3 Collective Nouns and Other Special Subjects

539

16.4 Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . 541
16.5 Agreement with Compound Subjects . . . . . . . 543

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
from “Robert Frost: Visit to a Poet” by Octavio Paz
Subject-Verb Agreement in Writing; Techniques with
Subject-Verb Agreement; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

UNIT

17

Glossary of Special Usage Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

Instruction and Practice

17.1 Using Troublesome Words I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
17.2 Using Troublesome Words II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Glossary of Special Usage Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
from The Clay Marble by Minfong Ho
Usage in Writing; Techniques with Usage; Practice . . . . . . . . 561
xix


UNIT

18

Diagraming Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Instruction and Practice

18.1 Diagraming Simple Subjects and Simple
Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
18.2 Diagraming the Four Kinds of Sentences . . . . 564
18.3 Diagraming Direct and Indirect Objects . . . . . 565
18.4 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs . . . . . . . . 566
18.5 Diagraming Predicate Nouns and Predicate
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
18.6 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . 568
18.7 Diagraming Compound Sentence Parts . . . . . 569
18.8 Diagraming Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . 570
18.9 Diagraming Complex Sentences with
Adjective and Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

UNIT

19

Capitalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

Instruction and Practice

19.1 Capitalizing Sentences, Quotations, and
Letter Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
19.2 Capitalizing People’s Names and Titles . . . . . 575
19.3 Capitalizing Place Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
19.4 Capitalizing Other Proper Nouns
and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Grammar Review

Literature Model

Writing Application
xx

Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
from “The Pomegranate Trees” by William Saroyan
Capitalization in Writing; Techniques with
Capitalization; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587


UNIT

20

Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Instruction and Practice

20.1 Using the Period and Other End Marks . . . . . 589
20.2 Using Commas I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
20.3 Using Commas II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
20.4 Using Commas III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
20.5 Using Semicolons and Colons . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
20.6 Using Quotation Marks and Italics . . . . . . . . 599
20.7 Using Apostrophes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
20.8 Using Hyphens, Dashes, and Parentheses . . . 603
20.9 Using Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
20.10 Writing Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

UNIT

21

Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
from “The Third Level” by Jack Finney
Quotation Marks in Writing; Techniques with
Quotation Marks; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Grammar Through Sentence Combining . . . . . . . . . . 618

Instruction and Practice

21.1 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
21.2 Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
21.3 Adjective Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
21.4 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

xxi


Part 3 Resources and Skills
UNIT

22

Library and Reference Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Instruction and Practice

22.1 The Arrangement of a Library . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
22.2 The Dewey Decimal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
22.3 Using a Library Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
22.4 Basic Reference Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
22.5 Other Library Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
22.6 Searching for Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
22.7 The Dictionary and the Thesaurus . . . . . . . . . 647
22.8 Using a Dictionary Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

UNIT

23

Vocabulary and Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

Instruction and Practice

23.1 Borrowed Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
wordworks

L A N G U A G E F A M I L I E S . . . . . . 657

23.2 Using Context Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

wordworks

P I C T O G R A P H I C W R I T I N G . . . 660

23.3 Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
wordworks

C O M P O U N D W O R D S . . . . . . . 665

23.4 Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
wordworks

S L A N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

23.5 Homonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
wordworks

H O M O P H O N E S . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

23.6 Spelling Rules I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
wordworks

xxii

ORIGINS OF SILENT
L E T T E R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676


23.7 Spelling Rules II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
23.8 Spelling Problem Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

UNIT

24

Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

Instruction and Practice

24.1 The Parts of a Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
24.2 Reading Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
24.3 Writing Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
24.4 Making a Study Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
24.5 Using the SQ3R Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
24.6 Taking Notes and Outlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
24.7 Understanding Graphic
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
24.8 Using Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

UNIT

25

Taking Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

Instruction and Practice

25.1 Test-Taking Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
25.2 Types of Test Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
25.3 Standardized Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
25.4 Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

UNIT

26

Listening and Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742

Instruction and Practice

26.1 How to Listen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
26.2 Interviewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
26.3 Speaking Informally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
26.4 Speaking Formally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
26.5 Presenting a Dramatic Interpretation . . . . . . . 762
xxiii


UNIT

27

Viewing and Representing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Instruction and Practice

27.1 Interpreting Visual Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
27.2 Analyzing Media Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
27.3 Producing Media Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

UNIT

28

Electronic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

Instruction and Practice

28.1 The Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
28.2 Using the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
28.3 Using E-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
28.4 Selecting and Evaluating Internet Sources . . . 791
28.5 CD-ROMs and Other Electronic Resources . . . 793

Writing and Language Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

xxiv


L I T E R AT U R E M O D E L S
Composition Models

Skill Models

Each literature selection is an extended example
of the mode of writing taught in the unit.

Excerpts from outstanding works of fiction and

nonfiction exemplify specific writing skills.

Latoya Hunter, from The Diary of
Latoya Hunter 32
Minfong Ho, from The Clay Marble 90
Virginia Hamilton, from The Gathering 142
Marjorie Agosín,“A Huge Black Umbrella” 188
Laurence Pringle, from Living Treasure 248
Bel Kaufman,“The Liberry” 298

Farley Mowat, Never Cry Wolf 20
Katherine Paterson, Jacob Have I Loved 24
Jean Little, Little by Little 26
N. Scott Momaday, The Names 70
Mary Q. Steele, Journey Outside 114
Willa Cather, My Ántonia 119
Susan Cooper, Over Sea, Under Stone 122
Scott O’Dell, Island of the Blue
Dolphins 126
Mildred D. Taylor, Roll of Thunder,
Hear My Cry 128
Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club 131
Gary Soto,“Ode to la Tortilla” 134
Madeleine L’Engle, A Wind in the Door 157
Gloria Gonzalez, The Glad Man 162
Alvin Schwartz,“A Pot of Beans” 166
Nicholasa Mohr,“Mr. Mendelsohn” 169
Nancy Bond, A String in the Harp 169
Jamake Highwater, The Sun, He Dies 170
Laurence Yep, Dragon of the Lost Sea 172

Isaac Asimov,“Marooned off Vesta” 176
Joan Aiken,“A Leg Full of Rubies” 180
David Macaulay,“Running Shoe,”
How Things Work 200
R. F. Symes, Rocks and Minerals 202
“Mercury,” The World Book
Encyclopedia 206
Lucy Daniel, Edward Paul Ortleb, Alton Biggs,
Merrill Life Science 210
xxv