CÁC THƯƠNG CẢNG VÙNG NGHỆ TĨNH VÀ GIAO THƯƠNG KHU VỰC THẾ KỶ XI XIV

CflC THiraNG C^NG VUNG NGHl - TINH Vfl
GIflO THCraNG KHd VCTC THE KY XI-XIV

NGUYEN VAN K I M '

S

au khi phue hiing diipc ngn dfic l^p
dan tfic vdo the ky X, vdi B\^ X&C l^p
quyi'n lUc cua vufdng tri^u LJ (1009-1225)
va trieu Trfin (1226-1400), Dai Vidt da mau
chdng viidn len thdnh mdt qudc gia cUdng
thinh d khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Nam 6 vi tri
trpng y^u trong h§ thdng giao lUu, thUdng
mai Dfing A, chi'nh quyd'n Th&ng Long da
chu dpng du nhap vko nhi^u hoat dpng cua
he tho'ng giao thUdng khu v\fc. Cung vdi
ndng nghiep, thti cong nghi$p va cac ngSnh
khai thdc, thUdng nghiep da sdm dUdc coi
la n g i n h kinh tl^ quan trpng, hdp thanh sdc
manh qudc gia.
Trong budi ddu tham gia vdo hd thSng
giao thUdng chSu A, vdi vai trd dieu phoi
cua kinh do Thang Long, cdng vdi cac Bgc
dich triidng, ehp dUdng biln trai dpc vdng
bien gidi phia Bac va trung tam kinh tl' doi
ngoai cl vung biin dao Ddng B4C (ma trpng
tam \k thUdng cang Van Don) (1), cac cang
ven biln Bac Trung Bd utng ddng vai trd
quan trpng trong viec ndi ket cac hoat dpng
giao thUdng khu vUc Dong A. Hoat ddng

cua cac thUdng cang, tuyS^n giao thUdng
tren vdng da't nky da thuc day mdi giao lUu
kinh t^, khai thdc tidm ndng giiia cdc
khdng gian kinh t^, giiia biln va luc dia,
giQa Dai Vidt vdi Champa, Ai Lao, Chan
Lap ciing nhU mfit s6 qufi'c gia khac trong

khu vyc. Vdi D^i Viet, vdng Nghi An - Ha
Tinh dupc coi \k phen dau, dia ban chil'n
lUdc trong h§ thdng bao v$ da't nUdc vk
Kinh dd Thdng Long,
Dya t r i n nhulng nguon tU Ii$u trong
nUdc, qudc te kl't hdp vdi vi^c khai thac c^c
k^t qua nghiin cCfu khao c^ hpc vd khao sat
thiic te, bai viSt cd gang phac dUng leti didn
mao, lam ro vai trd, tfim quan trpng cua cac
thUdng cang Nghe - Tinh trong hd thdng
giao thUdng khu viic. Bai vil^t cung se tap
trung phan tich nguydn nh§n, dpng lUc dfin
d^n sg. hUng thinh cua v^ng Nghe - T^nh
ddng thdi trinh bay mdt sd nh^n thdc mdi
vg ckc thUdng cang Bac Trung Bfi, ca'u true
ciing nhu cac mdi bang giao, giao lUu kinh
te gifla vung Ngh§ - 'Hnh, mdt trung tam
kinh tl" doi ngoEii quan trpng b phUdng
Nam cua nUdc ta, vdi cac qudc gia khu vUc
t h ^ k y XI-XIV (2).
1. Vi thS" va suT htAig khdi cua mpt vung
kinh t&
Sau khang chil'n chd'ng Minh (14071427) th^ng ldi, vdi tfim nhin cua mot nha

van hda dong thdi la nha chil'n lUdc qudn
stt, tii Kinh dd Thfing Long, Nguyen Trai
(1380-1442) da nghi suy vg vi thg, vai trd
cua Thfing Long ttt trfi'n vfi cac viing bien
vien. Trong tU duy chien liJpc cua dng, vdng
Ngh§ - H n h "la p h i n dau thii ba ci phUdng

• PGS.TS. Tnidng Dai hpc KHXH&NV - Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi


Rghian eOru J^jcn su. no i^.^w.,B
Nam" (3). Doi theo nhQng bi^n thiin cua
lich stt, tfic gia Dt/ dia chi vigt: "Ngh§ An
xQa la b§ Hodi Hoan, sau d^i lfim qu^n
Nhat Nam, lai gpi lfi Hoan Chau; thdi Dinh
vfi thdi L l la tr^i, thdi L^ d6i gpi lfi Ngh$
An. Ddng vfi bfic gidp Hai Nam, Thanh
Hda, t i y va nam giap Thu$n Hda, Ai Lao.
Cd 9 Id phu, 25 thupc huy^n, 3 chfiu, 479
xa" (4). Theo dd, td Hoan chfiu thdi Dinh,
Le dgn chfiu Nghg An thoi Lf Thfii Tdng
(1030), 16 Diln Chfiu, trfi'n Nghd An thdi
Trfin, thiia tuyin Nghd An thdi L l sd
(1428-1527)... Vdng dfi't dd da bao gdm dia
gidi cd ban cua hai tinh Nghg An vfi Hfi
Tinh. Dd lfi mdt vdng dfi't c^, cd chigu sfiu
vfin hda, lfi ndi hdi giao giQa Van hda Ddng
Son vdi Van hda Sa Hu^nh, Chfimpa... vfi
tQ the ky X trd di, la giQa vfin hda Dai Vidt
vdi cac nen vfin hda khfic trong khu vUc (5).

Vfio thdi Ly - Trfin (1009-1400), mfic dQ
cd nhGng bign ddng ve khdng gian lanh thd
nhUng Dign Chau - Hoan Chfiu (Ngh$ An)
ludn la mien biin vign, trpng tra'n phUOng
Nam cua quo'c gia Dai Vidt (6). Trong thg
doi diin, ddi thoai hang xuydn vdi cac qudc
gia lang gigng khu vUc Nghi - Tinh Id dgi
dien, ddng thdi Id tuyen ddu, dia ban chien
lugc trong viec bdo vi an ninh; thii't lap, md
rdng quan he vdi the gidi bin ngodi. Vdi vi
thg dd, trong nhigu thdi diem lich stt, Nghd
- 'Hnh da phai dUdng dfiu trUc tiep vdi cac
thg luc phUdng Bfic khi de chg nay mud'n
lien ke't vdi Chfimpa, Chfin Lap... de tao
ngn fip lUc chfnh tri, qufin sU tU phia nara
Dai Vilt. Trong khoang 4 the ky, Nghg "Hnh vQa lfi dia bfin tfch hpp nhieu mau
thufin khu vuc vQa lfi ndi hdi tu nhQng
nhan to'phfit triin mdi. Vi thg, chinh quygn
Thfing Long ludn danh sii quan tfim dfic
bidt dd'i vdi vung dfi't nfiy.
Trong thg di l§n cua mot dan tdc tii
cudng, Dai Viet chu trUdng Qng doi khoan

hda vdi phUdng B^c nhiing ludn tU khfing
djnh minh lfi m^t qud'c gia cUdng thinh cl
phUdng Nam. Trai qua n h i l u thg ky, cdng
vdi vi^c khdng ngQng hoan thi§n bd mfiy
chfnh trj, cung cd sQc manh cua chinh t h i
qufin chu, h u n diic tinh thfin dfin tpc vfi J
thUc van hda, tfing cUdng sQc m^nh kinh

tg,.. chfnh quyin Thang Long da khdng
ngQng md rdng tfim anh hudng dOi vdi, cfic
qudc gia lang giing khu viic. Chu trUdng dd
dupc dfit ra trong hd'i canh 5 phUdng Bfic
cfic trilu dai nhU Tong (960-1279), Mdng Nguyin (1206-1368) d i u lfi cfic d l c h l ldn,
Vdi phUdng Nam, cfic qud'c gia nhU
Champa, Chan Lap, Ai Lao.,, cung dang d
vfio thdi k^ cudrig thinh. D l phfit triin, cfic
qud'c gia nfiy cung mudn md rpng pham vi
anh hudng, t h i i t Ifip cfic t u y i n thUdng mai,
khai thfic tfii nguyen khu vttc, Nhu cfiu vl
lanh thd, tfii nguyen... cua cfic d l c h l vdng
(regional empire) cung nhU de chg tilu
vung (sub-regional empire) lfi rSft ldn (7). Vi
thg', viec xac lap pham vi anh hudng, tign
tdi lfim chu, khai thac cac ngudn ldi kinh t l
tren mpt cUdng vUc lanh thd ngdy cfing
rpng ldn lfi mdt trong nhQng muc tieu chu
dao cua chinh quyen Thfing Long. Dieu cd
t h i thfi'y dupc la, xu thg xung dot va hdp
tac ludn di§n tign xen cai trong moi quan
hg giQa cfic qudc gia khu viic. Vile xtt \f
thfinh cdng hay khdng thfinh cdng cfic moi
xung ddt, hpp tac dd la mdt trong nhQng
nhfin td quan trpng, khfing dinh vi thg cua
moi quo'c gia trong bSi canh chi'nh tri khu
viic thdi bfi'y gid,
Trgn phUdng di$n kinh te doi ngoai,
Nghg - T^nh lfi ndi hdi lUu ciia cac tuyen
giao thUdng tren dfi't liln va tren biln. Thdi

Ly • Trdn, ddng chdy kinh ti'cua Nghi Tinh khdng chi tii bac xud'ng md cbn cd tii
phia nam lin, tii trin nui xud'ng vd tit bien
v^. Sau khi nha Dudng (618-907) chinh
thdc thigt lap, cClng vdi "Con dUdng to lua


e6e thtfcfng cing yung Rgh6-Tinh...
tren da't h i n " (Mainland silk road), "Con
dudng td lua t r i n biln" (Maritime silk
road), khong chi dUpc md rpng mfi cdn cd
nhilu sii hung khdi. Vdi "Con dudng td lua
tren bien", hoat ddng cua cfic thUdng nhfin
khu vUc ngay cfing mang tfnh qudc tg,
Nhilu thuyin budn tQ cfic tinh phfa nam
Trung Qudc nhu Quang Chfiu (Canton),
Phue Kig'n (Fukien), Hai Nam (Hainan),., da
tnic tiep den budn bfin vdi cfic thUdng cang
viing biln Ddng Bfic, Bfic Trung Bd cua nUdc
ta dl rdi tQ dd, theo dudng biln, nguIn hfing
lai tigp tuc dupc lufin chuyen den Chfimpa,
cfic qudc gia hai dao phUdng Nam hay theo
cfic tuyen sdng, giao Id lin vung thUdng
ngudn, den Ai Lao, Chan Lap...
Trong khi dd, vdi cfic qudc gia khu vUc,
viec t h i i t lap mang lUdi giao thUdng t r i n
dfi^t lien lai cd nhigu diln tien phdc tap. Lfi
mpt trong nhQng 16i thofit ra bien cua
mang lUdi kinh tg Trung Hoa luc dia, sau
khi gifinh dUdc ddc Ifip, chinh quyen Thfing
Long mudn md rpng t h i m h i thdng giao

thuong cua minh vfio sfiu cfic vung npi dia
nhu mien tfiy Nghe An va tim dudng sang
cao nguyen Korat (8). Tuy nhien, cac qud'c
gia d phia Tay Nam vung Ddng Nam A bfin
dao nhu Chfimpa, Chfin L^p, Ai Lao cung
nuoi tham vpng md nhQng con dudng tign
v l phia Ddng ddng thdi khai thdng tuyin
giao thuong tren biln d l k i t ndi tnic tigp
vdi thi trUdng Trung Qudc, Vi thd, trong
sudt 4 thd ky, giQa cac qudc gia khu vUc da
dien ra nhidu cudc xung ddt, chign tranh
quy md ldn. Tuy chiu nhilu td'n thfi't nhUng
den khoang thg ky XII-XIII "Ngudi Khmer
da tao dUng dupc mdt mang lUdi ndi dia bao
gdm cao nguygn Korat, nhQng cao nguyen
tren dfi't Campuchia, vQng ndi d ha vfi
Trung Lfio, vdng phfa bfic ban dao
Malacca, Dfiy lfi nhQng trung tam san xug^t
lfim thd san. Sau dd hfing hda dUdc t^p
trung ve Angkor. Tonlesap trd thanh mdt

cang quan trpng, Mang lUdi nfiy dUdc hinh
thfinh vfio ntta dfiu thg ky XIII vfi ngn tang
cua nd lfi nhQng cU dfin ndi tieng Khmer
vdi tdn gifio hon hpp giQa An Dd gifio vfi
Ph^t giao Dai thQa" (9).
Phfin tfch moi lidn h$ gifla cfic trung
tfim kinh td khu vUc Ddng Nam A ban dao,
nhfi nghign cQu ngUdi My K.R. Hall dfi rfi't
cd IJ khi cho r4ng, D^i Vi$t da chu d^ng

thigt Ifip tuygn budn bfin "xuyin luc dia"
thdng qua cac cang vdng Nghd - t i n h lln
Nam Lfio vfi vQng dfi't truydn thdng cua
Lyc Chan Lap. Dua vfio ngudn tU liiu khai
thfic dUdc cl Phum Mien, K.R.Hall cho r^ng,
vfio cudi thg ky X, tQ Ngh$ An, thUdng
nhfin Dai Viet da qua ai Hfi Trai d day
Khai TrUdng (mfi An Nam chi nguyin gpi lfi
nui Khai Mdn - cd the lfi ctia khfiu Cfiu
Treo hidn nay) theo dUdng sdng Mekong
xudng Bfin That dl di vfio Kinh do Angkor
cua Chfin Lap. Cfic ho^t dpng giao thUdng
dd da bao dam ngudn cung cfi'p hfing hda
cho Chan Lap va vQng ha chau thd
Mekong. Dilu dd cung cd nghla rfing, vi thd
kinh te, chinh tri cOia Champa bi de dpa
nghiem trpng (10). Trong boi canh dd,
Champa vQa t h / b i l n minh nhU mpt cUdng
qudc khu vUc, vQa mudn dUa vfio uy liic cua
Trung Hoa d l kh^ng dinh vi thg, tim kigm
cfic lpi ich chfnh tri, kinh te vQa theo dudi
mdt chu trUOng ddi ngoai nhieu mfit vdi cfic
nudc lfing gieng Ddng Nam A (11).
Hilu rd tfim quan trpng cua Nghd
"nnh, sudt thg ky XI-XII, nhfi Ly da td chdc
nhigu cudc hfinh binh vfio Dien Chfiu,
Hoan Chau d l tr^n fip cfic cupc noi dfiy, xac
Ifip quygn lyc cua chfnh quyin trung Udng
(12). Thang 4 nam 1036, vua Ly Thfii Tdng
(cq: 1028-1054) da cho dUng hfinh cung 5

Hoan Chau nhfin dd doi t i n lfi chfiu Nghe
An (13). Thfing chap nfim 1101, vua L;^
Nhfin Tdng (cq: 1072-1128) lai tiep tuc


Rghien curu Ii|eh stf. so iz.aUiii
nfing Hoan Chfiu l&n thfinh phu Ngh$ An
(14)... Thttc td, hilm cd vClng ddt nfio mfi
nhQng ngudi dQng dfiu chfnh quyin trung
Udng l^i dfinh nhilu si^ quan tfim ddn nhU
v8iy. Trong sudt thdi Lf vfi thdi Trfin, trilu
dinh Thfing Long dfi ctt nhilu qu^ t^c cao
cfi'p, vo tudng tfii danh din tn;tc tilp cai
quan, bao dam an ninh vdng Hoan, Diln
(15). NhQng ngUdi cd cdng trong vi§c xfiy
dyng, phfit triin vQng bien viln phUdng
Nam, l$p dupc cdng tfch trong vi§c ngfin
ch$n sy xfim Ifi'n cua Chfimpa, Chfin Lap...
diu dupc ban thudng ldn (16), Cfic vua hf,
Trfin cung nhilu Ifin thfin v l kinh dinh
vQng dfi't nfiy.

nQa, ndu nhU Ngh$ - Tinh lfi dilm hdi nhfip
thidt y l u cua Chfin Lap ra khu viic Biln
Ddng (d§c bi$t lfi mjgn Bfic Lfio vfi Thai
Lan ngfiy nay), thi thUdng nhfin Trung
Qudc ddn Ngh$ - "Hnh budn bfin khdng chi
vdi D^i Vi§t mfi cdn vdi ca Chfimpa vfi
Chfin L^p. Gia djnh nfiy ndu lfi chfnh xfic
B6 gdp phfin giai thfch vi sao cfic vua

Khmer dfi ctt phfii bd sang D^i Vi^t thuiing
xuyin hdn (19 Ifin) trong khi dd chi dgn
nha Tdng 5 Ifin" (18),

La vQng dfiTt giau tai nguyin, chUa cd
nhilu 81^ khai pha, vi§c tfip trung cfic
thuyin budn Trung Hoa d i n Nghd • Hnh
cung la nhfin td cudn hiit cfic dofin thUdng
Trdn phUdng di$n kinh t l , sau khi dii thuyin, thUdng nhfin Ddng Nam A, Tfiy
Hoan Chfiu thfinh chfiu Nghd An, nfim Nam A ddn tu v l cfic thUdng cang Diln
1037, tQc 28 nfim sau khi trilu Lf dUpc Chfiu, Hoan Chfiu. Cung cfin phai ndi them
thidt lap, vua Ly Thfii Tdng da "Xudng rfing, vi nhilu nguydn nhfin, sU dich
chieu cho chfiu Nghd An dUng cac kho d chuyin trung tfim chfnh tri tQ cd dd Hoa Lu
trong chfiu nhU Tu Thfinh, Lpi Nhfin, Vinh (968-1009), mdt vQng kinh tg thinh dat cua
budi dfiu ti^ chu, ve Thfing Long da dfin dgn
Phong, ta't ca 50 sd" (17). Khao cCtu Viet s^
vile tfip trung cfic nguon liic cua ddt nUdc
Iliac, An Nam chi liidc, Dgi Viit su" ky todn
vg trung tam chfiu tho sdng Hdng. Dd
thu,... chung ta thfi'y, khdng cd dia phUdng
khdng phai lfi sU chuyen dich gian ddn, ddn
nfio mfi chfnh quyIn trung Udng l^i cho
tuydn mfi la sU thay ddi can ban v l quy mo
di^tng nhilu kho chQa hfing hda va t h u l ddn
va tinh ehfi't, Trong mdt tdm thd mdi.
nhu vfiy. Dilu dang chii f lfi, phai den nam
Thdng Long khdng chi ldm chu mat trung
sau, tUc nfim 1038 nhfi vua mdi cho dUng
tdm ndng nghiip ldn nhat md nguon lUc
Kho ngU d Kinh dd Thang Long. Mac du

kinh te, tdi chinh cua dat ntidc cdn do
Viet SI? liige vfi Todn thii ludn ghi lai nhflng nhiiu hogt ddng kink te' khdc, trong do cd
thdng tin vg vile phat hien dUpc kim loai ngogi thuang dem lgi (19). Ndi each khac,
quj, mo vfing, md bac, ngpc tran chfiu sd vung dfi't nudc nhUng hfiu nhU ft thfi'y cd Thfing Long (mfi gid dfiy lfi Hfi Npi), D?i
vile cho Ifip kho 5 cfic dia phuong,
Vi$t da thyc hign nhQng cfich thUc gidng
Cd t h i cho rfing, vfio thdi Ly
Trfin nhu Angkor vfi Pagan da lfim. Dai Vidt da
ngudn cua cai, tilm nfing kinh te cua vdng chiu anh hudng ciia nen thUdng mai Trung
Nghg - Tinh lfi rfi't ldn. "Ro rang lfi, ndu Dai Hoa sdm hdn vfi manh me hdn cfic qudc gia
Vidt khdng t h i quan If vung phfa Nam nay lfing gieng phia tay" (20). Do vfiy, cdng vdi
thi vai trd budn ban trung gian vdi nhilu chu trUdng md thdng cfic c i a ngo bien gidi
ldi fch gifla Trung Qudc vdi cfic nudc d l thuc dfiy hoat ddng kinh tg dw ngoai vdi
phuong Nam khd cd t h i dUdc duy trt n l u vung Hoa Nam, nhfi Ly cung sdm chu f dgn
nhu khdng phai lfi ma't ta't ca.,. Hdn the vdng biln dao Ddng Bfic de rdi nfim 1149,


eac thutmg cAng vung Rghe-'Hnh..
dflc Ly Anh Tdng (cq: 1138-1175) da chfnh
thQc khai md trang Vfin Ddn, Quydt dinh
dd t h i hign tfim nhin khu vUc, ban Hnh
vUdn ra biln va chu trUdng ddi ngoai tfch
cUccuaDaiVi§t(21).
Lfim chu mpt khdng gian lanh t h i vfi
vQng lanh hai rdng ldn, m^t each tU nhidn,
vi the dia - chien lupc cua Dai Vidt da sdm
tao ngn nhQng dilu ki^n thufin ldi cho si;t
hinh thfinh nhQng trung tfim luan chuyin
hfing hda giQa hai khu vUc Ddng Bfic A vfi

Ddng Nam A. Vdi cfic nUdc Ddng Nam A,
vigc thiet Ifip mdi quan hd mfit thidt vdi Dai
Vi§t lfi nhfin td thidt ygu trong vide duy tri,
md rdng cac moi giao Ittu vdi thi trUdng
Ddng Bac A gifiu tiem nfing, Thdi bfi'y gid,
ngoai trQ mpt sd tuydn giao thUdng dUdng
bd, phfin ldn cac sQ dofin, thUdng dofin
Ddng Nam A khi ddn Trung Qudc dgu di
theo dudng bien va dgu phai tufin thu theo
mdt trong hai tuygn chfnh cua h i thdng
thuong mai Bien Ddng. Sii dan xen giQa
cac nhdm ldi ich trong hoat dpng doi ngoai
quan phUdng, phi quan phUdng cung nhu
tinh trang khd minh dinh giQa viec bao
dam ldi fch chung (cua trieu dinh) vdi tim
kiim cac ngudn lpi rieng (cua sQ dofin vfi cfi
nhfin nhQng ngUdi tham gia)... da tao n i n
su phdn vinh cho cfic ho^t ddng bang giao,
giao lUu thUdng mai khu vuc Ddng A trong
sudt nhieu thdky.
Cung can phai ndi thgm rfing, trong
quan he bang giao khu vUc, cQng vdi vi$c cd
gfing duy trt, cung cd moi quan h§ vdi cfic
trilu (Knh phong kien phUdng Bfic, dfic bi§t
lfi nhfi Tdng (960-1279), theo ghi chip cua
Dgi Viet s& ky todn thii vk Dgi Viet si? /Wcte,
vfio thdi Ly - Trfin, trilu dinh nhilu qudc
gia lfing gieng khu vUc da cut sCt thfin sang
Dai Vi§t d l thigt Ifip quan hg bang giao.
Theo dd, Chfimpa lfi 45 Ifin, Chan Lap: 24

Ifin, cfic nUdc NgUu Hdng, Ai Lao, Xfch Ma

Tfch diu cvl sit thfin ddn cdng (22). Cac bd
chfnh SLt thudng hay nhdn m^nh den tam
t h i "thfin phue" cua cac qudc gia lfing giing
khi ddn thidt Ifip quan h$ bang giao vdi
nUdc ta. Trong nhfin quan khu vi^c, cl nhilu
thdi dilm, Dai Vi§t da ty xfic Ifip vj thg cua
minh nhQ mdt "Dl c h l tilu vdng" (Subregion empire) (23) vdi rfi't nhidu uy lyc.
Trin thue tg, thdi Lf - Trfin, Dai Vigt dfi trd
thfinh mdt thyc t h i kinh td - chinh tri cd
nhigu anh hUdng d Ddng Nam A. Vi thd,
khi din Dai Vi§t, cfic qudc gia khu vyc
khdng chi mudn thidt l^p quan hg bang
giao, thUdng m^i vdi nUdc ta mfi qua dd cdn
mudn duy tri moi bang giao mfit thigt vdi
Trung Qudc ddng thdi theo duoi nhidu myc
tigu ehinh tri, xa hdi, vfin hda khac. Trong
quan h$ vdi cfic quoc gia Ddng Nam A, vdi
Dai Viit dd khdng phai lfi moi quan h i mdt
chigu. Vide thiit Ifip quan hg thUdng mai,
bang giao da dang vdi phUdng Nam cdn xufi't
phfit tQ nhu cfiu phfit triin ndi tai cua dfi^t
nUdc (24). Khao cQu Td'ng si? vfi cae nguon tU
liiu Hfin ngQ khfic, hpc gia Momoki Shiro
cho rfing, trong suot thdi Tdng, sd lUpng vfi
gia tri cdng phfim mfi Dai Viet dem din
tridu (Hnh Trung Hoa lfi rfi't ldn, Trong sddd,
cdng vdi cac kim loai qu;^ cdn cd nhigu san
vfit dfic thd cua phUdng Nam nhu trfim

hUdng, ngfi voi, sQng te, ngpc trai ciing
nhieu loai vai lua, hUdng hfiu... (25). Hfin lfi,
nhilu san vat fi'y lfi kdt qua cua qua trinh
khai thac, giao lUu thUdng mai vdi cfic qudc
gia lfing giing khu vUc (26).
Cdng vdi nhQng nhfin to chfnh tri, kinh
td n l u tren, sii hUng khdi cua cac thUdng
cang Nghe - Tinh cdn lfi do tilm nang kinh
t l phong phli cua vQng dfi't nfiy. Dfin sfich
Giao chdu ky cua Luu Han K^, tfic gia An
Nam chi Itidc cho rfing, Nhfit Nam vdn san
xufi't nhilu tam td: "Mdt nfim tam IQa tam,
tiim san xufi't h Nhfit Nam, dau thi cd ldn
nho hai gidng, gidng dfiu nho trdng v l


Rghien curu Lieh sdr. so I2.zuia
thfing gieng, cfinh lfi sum sg. TQ thfing ba
den thfing tam d i u nuoi tfim Ifi'y td d$t lya"
(27), Ngofii ra, "Nhfit Nam cd nghin mfiu
rQng sinh g5 thdm rfi't qu^. Sfich Nam Vi^t
chi chip: Giao Chfiu cd cfiy hUdng mdc,
mud'n Ifi'y thi dd'n xudng, chd Ifiu nfim cho
vd muc rdi Ifi'y rudt vfi mfit cfiy, thQ nfio
cQng, den, bd xud'ng nUdc chim, gpi "trfim
hUdng", nd'i thi gpi lfi "kg edt hay bfin thuy",
thQ thd gpi "s^n hUdng" (28). Trong ljch stt,
td lya, trfim hUdng lfi nhQng san phfim
khdng chi dupc ya ehudng trong nUdc mfi
edn lfi ngudn thUdng phfim xufi't khfiu cd

gifi tri cao trdn thi trUdng thg gidi,
Vg tfii nguyen cua vung Ngh§ - "Hnh,
trong Du dia chi, Nguyin Trai cung cd
nhQng ghi chu rfi't dfing chii f: "b vQng fi'y
dfi't thi mim, hdp vdi cau; rudng thi vfio
hang thupng trung. Hd tieu, muoi bien rfi't
tdt. Nam Nhung cd vai thUa. Thaeh Hfi cd
the mong. Ngpc Ma cd rfing voi, da thii.
Qu^ Chau cd long chim, long thii. Trfi'n
Ninh cd sam, que. Kf Hoa cd cfi thdc ttt, Ai
Lao cd chfin sfic sd. Do cdng cd voi, sap,
chieng dong" (29). Sfich Nghi An ky ciia
Bui DUdng Lich cung cho bidt them: cl nui
Dai Hfim, huyen Hudng Sdn "Niii nay cd
Sdng Phd vk Sdng La vdng quanh giao lai,
Trong rQng cd rfi't nhidu chim cdng, Sach
Thuy kinh chd chgp rfing: "Dfi't Ham Hoan
trd vfio phia Nam, hUdu nai dfiy mii, chung
keu la, kdo dan kdo lu fim i ddng npi.
NhQng dfin cdng bay lUpn rpp trdi, khfip
nui" (30). Trong tac phfim Vdn dai logi ngQ,
nhfi bfic hpc Le Quy Ddn cung cho bie't:
"Dan d bd bien, dfiy du gao, ca, muoi biln
ngon ngpt, lai cd lpi trdng cdi, lac; trai sd
ngon tUdi, Ay chUa k l dgn thug hd, ao,
sdng, dfim, Phia Ddng phu Kinh Mdn vfi lp
Yen Quang, lai cd nhieu cfi, muoi, gd lat,
chau ngpc, ddi moi; thuyin bd tu ca cl dfi'y,
hfing hoa ngoai dUdng budn ban giao thong
tign ldi, du thay cho td thud (thud rudng).

Phfa Bfic lfi phu Lang Giang vfi xQ Lang
Sdn, nhilu Id nung ddt, rudng dfi't cung Ifiy
tdt. Phfa tfiy nam lfi hai trfi'n Thanh Hofi vfi
Ngh$ An, san xudt g6 lim, gd sdn, go tfiu,
qui, trfim, dfin hUdng, tQc hUdng, eau, da
tg, ngfi voi, vfing, b^c, ddng, sfit, Phfa tfiy
trfi'n Ngh$ An thdng sang cfic nU6c Bdn
Man, Lao Qua, Cao Mien. Dfin cfic nude fi'y
dem trfiu, bd sang bfin cho ta" (31),
CQng vdi nhQng san vfit ngu trin, Ngh?
An ky eung cd nhQng md ta sinh ddng vl
mdt ngudn tfii nguygn quy d mpt sddao ven
biln Ngh§
Tinh, Theo tfic gia, d dao
Qu^nh Nhai, huypn Nghi Xuan "Trgn mii
cd gidng da nUdc ngon ngpt; lUng chQng mii
lai cd con sudi vpt chay xudng bien vg phfa
tay nui. NhQng ngUdi di b i l n thudng Ifi'y
nUdc sudi a'y de udng" (32), Thdm vfio dd, 6
phfa nam nui Nam Gidi "cd suoi Hau Hau
nUdc rfi^t ngpt. Trong nhQng thang h i , dfin
quanh vQng ghg t h u y i n vfio chfin mii bfic
mfing tre, dfin nUdc vfio t h u y i n ehd di ban"
(33). Dieu chfic chfin lfi, cQng vdi td lua,
gdm sQ, hUdng ligu... nhQng ngudn nUdc
dfic bigt dd lfi "thuong phfim" ddi dfio, cd gifi
tri ddng thdi cung hgt sQc cfin thidt vdi cac
thuong nhfin, ngUdi di b i l n trong nUdc,
qudc tg khi di qua vQng biln Nghg - 'Hnh,

Nhu vfiy, cQng vdi nhQng moi tigp giao
truyin thdng vdi phUdng Bfic, Dai Vigt cdn
chu ddng t h i i t Ifip quan h i giao thUdng vdi
mdt sd qude gia lang gieng phUdng Nara.
Do nhQng digu kien thufin lpi ve vi tri dia
ly, ngudn tai nguyen, Nghi - l i n h da ndi
len nhu mdt trung tam kinh tg dSi ngoai
trpng ylu. D l md rdng giao thUdng, cfic
cang etta sdng, tuyen budn ban da dUpc
thidt Ifip ndi ke't Dai Viet vdi cac qudc gia
lfing gigng vfi mpt so trung tam kinh td ldn
cua khu VUc. Khao cQu cac bd cd sxt, tfii hdu
dia chf ket hpp vdi khao sat thUc td, nghien
cQu khao cd hpc, nghidn cQu dia danh cung


Cae thu-qng cAng vung Rghfl-TInh..
nhQng dfi'u tieh cdn lUu lai cl vQng Nghd An
- Hfi Tinh... cho phep chdng ta bUde dfiu
phac dung lai hoat ddng vfi vai trd cua m^t
trung tam kinh tg dSi ngoai quan trpng cua
dfi:t nudc ta the ky XI-XIV.
2. Cac tuydn giao tht^ctog vung, lien vung
Trong lich stt, quan h$ giao thUdng cua
Dai Vigt cung nhU cua vQng Nghd - Tinh
chu ye'u diln ra trdn biln. Dfic dilm ehung
eua cfic thuong cang 6 dfiy diu lfi cfic cang
c i a bien hay hinh thfinh d vQng ctta sdng.
Do khdng cd nhflng chau thd ldn, lanh tho
hep dfin vg phia nam ngn mach lign kgt

gifla biln vdi mil rQng lfi he't sQc mfit thidt.
Khu vUc ddm, tQc vdng trung du, cd khdng
gian tUdng doi hep. Vdi dia thg ddc vfi
tUdng ddi hep fi'y, cfic ddng song diu chay
xiet va cd thd do ra dai dQdng bang nhieu
ctta khae nhau. Do nhQng dfic tinh kidn tao
vfi tac dpng thudng xuydn cua digu kidn tu
nhign, dign mao cu.a cac ddng sdng, cac
cang ctta sdng ludn cd nhQng bidn ddi. Cdu
true cua dUdng bd bien Nghe - Tinh thd ky
XI-XIV cd nhilu khfic bidt so vdi hidn nay
(34). Ben canh do, nhd cd nhflng day nui
vQdn ra dai dUdng mfi d Nghd - Tinh cd mpt
sd cang bien nUdc sau, kin gid rfi't thufin
tidn cho viec tranh bao, neo dfiu thuyen,
trao ddi hfing hda. Do vfiy, sU thinh suy cua
nhieu thUdng cang khdng chi do cfic ydu td
xa hdi, kinh t l ma cdn do nhflng dieu kidn
tu nhien quy dinh.
Theo Nghi An ky cua Bui Duong Lich
(1757-1828), vung Nghe - Tinh cd 12 ctta
bien: 1. C&a Cdn (cdn gpi \k Cfin Hai, Cfin
Hai, Ctta Trap) cl phfa bac gidi phfin huygn
Quynh LUu, phu Diln Chfiu do sdng Hofing
Mai dd ra; 2. C&a Quen (Quyen Hai), huygn
Qu^nh LUu, cd sdng Hofing Mai vfi sdng
Ngpc Dl chay ra; 3. Ci?a Thai (Thai Hai),
gifip gidi hai huygn Ddng Thfinh vfi Quynh
LUu, cd sdng Giat chay ra; 4. Ci?a Vgn

Phdn (Ctta Van, Bfch Hai), huygn Ddng
Thfinh, lfi ctta cua sdng BQng; 5. Ci?a Hien
(Ctta Lfi'p), gifip hai huygn HUng Nguyen
vfi Ddng Thfinh, cd sdng La Hofing vfi Khe
N l chay ra; 6. Ci?a Xd (Ctfa Xfi), gifip hai
huygn Hung Nguygn vfi Chfin Phdc, lfi ct(a
sdng Ca'm; 7. Ci?o Hpi (Hpi Hai), gifip hai
huy$n Nghi Xuan vfi Chfin Phue, do nUdc
sdng Lam t^o thfinh; 8. Ciia Ciidng Gidn
(CUdng Gifin, Dpng Kdn), gifip hai huygn
Nghi Xufin vfi Thidn Lpc, do cfic con sudi tQ
Khe Vyc, ndi Hong Linh chay ra; 9. Ci?a S6t
(Nam Gidi), gifip hai huygn Thifin Lpc vfi
Thaeh Hfi, nUde sdng Hofing Hfi d.6 ve; 10.
Ci?a Nhugng Bgn QLf La), huyfin K;^ Hoa, cd
nUde sdng Hp (Hp) vfi sdng Rfic (Lac Ha)
chay ra; 11. Ci?a Khau (Hai Khfiu), cl huygn
Kj'' Hoa, do nUdc sdng Tri vfi sdng Dinh tao
thanh; 12. Ci?a Xich Ld (Xfch L 5 Hai), d phfa
nam huygn K;^ Hoa, do nudc cua ba khe
Hofinh Sdn, Ha Bd va Du Di dd vfio (35).
Thdi Ly - Trfin, cl nhQng mQc dd khac
nhau, cac cang biln - c i a sdng dd deu tien
hfinh cac boat dpng giao iQu, thUdng mai.
Trong sd dd, ndi len 7 ctta biln ldn ddng
thdi cung lfi nhiJng thUdng cang chinh, gdm
3 cang thudc Nghg An lfi: Cda Cdn (Ke Trfio,
Quynh Luu), cizta Xd (Ke Gom, Nghi Lpc) vfi
ciia Hgi (Hpi Thong, Nghi Xuan); 4 cang
thupc Hfi Tinh lfi: Cda Sdt (Nam Gidi, Thaeh

Hfi), cda Nhugng Bgn Qif La, Kf Hoa), cda
Khdu (Hai Khfiu, Loan NUdng, K;^ Hoa) vfi
ci?a Xich Lo (Xich Lo Hai, K^ Hoa). Su khfic
bidt giQa cfic vung thUdng cang lfi d cho, d
Nghe An phfin ldn lfi cfic cang ctta sdng
trong khi dd d Hfi Tinh lai chu yg'u lfi eac
cang bien. Todn thii tQng ghi nhfin (nam
1349) nhflng hoat ddng nhdn nhip cua cac
thUdng cang viing Dign Chfiu: "TrUdc day,
thdi nha Ly, thuyen budn tdi thi vfio tfl cae
ctta biln Tha, Vien cl chfiu Dien" (36). Cda
Tha ehinh lfi ci?a Thai cdn cda Vien hay
Hoa Vien chinh lfi cda Cdn (Cfin Hai). Vdi


Hghian cihi Ljch siSr. s6 t2.Z0lz
Hfi Tinh, theo BQi DUdng Ljch thi cda Sot
ed "cia biln sfiu rdng. Ngfiy trUdc, cfic
thuyin budn cua ngudi Tfiu sang ta diu
vfio c i a fi'y" (37). Khao ta ky hon v l cang
nfiy, cfic tfic gia Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi
xfic dinh: "cia biln rdng 37 trUpng, thuy
trilu ldn sfiu 8 thudc, thuy trilu xudng sfiu
5 t h u d c , trUde kia, thuyin phUdng Bfic
sang nU6c ta thudng dS cl dfiy" (38). Mfic dQ
da cd nhilu biln dd'i nhung d i n nay e i a Sdt
vfin mang nhilu dfing vfi c i a m^t trung
tfim giao thUdng ldn cua Ngh$ - Tinh.
Vdi nhQng dilu ki^n xa hpi, ty nhign
thufin lpi dd, tQ t h i ky XI, cfic thUdng cang

vQng Nghg - Tinh da cd nhQng phat triin
trdi vUdt, Do quy md vfi sQ xufi't lp eua cfic
loai hinh hign vfit mfi chu ylu lfi gdra sQ cd
t h i khfing dinh rfing, cang Hpi Thdng cl
vQng c i a sdng Lam lfi cang thi ldn nhdt d
vQng Nghg - Tinh. Trgn thyc td, cl vdng e i a
sdng nfiy ed ba dia dilm cdn xufi't Id kha
nhigu dfi'u vgt cua mdt thdi hUng thinh. Cd
t h i xfic dinh vi tri cua cac khu vUc nfiy lfi:
Dgn Huygn, Xufin Phd, Hdi Thdng. Ca 3 dia
dilm ddu phfin bd dpc theo bd nam. Didu
dang chu y lfi, cae cudc khai qufit tai ba dia
dilm nfiy diu phat hien dUdc nhilu hi$n
vfit gdm sQ thdi Ly, Trfin, Lg sd cung nhU
gdm s i Trung Qud'c cd nien dai tUdng ddng.
NhUng cd le vi tri quan trpng nhfi't dm vdi
thUdng mai khu vUc thdi L^ - Trfin ehinh lfi
dia diem Din Huydn. Qua 5 Ifin khai qufit
(trong cfic nfim 1976, 1990, 1991, 1994 vfi
1997) efic nhfi khao ed da xfic dinh dUpc di
chi Din Huygn gdm cd tri sd, ndi cU trd vfi
rapt ben cang ldn dUpc thfinh Ifip tQ thdi
L^, "cang sdng nay phat trien lign tuc tQ
t h i ky IX-X dgn thg ky XIX. Gdm sQ 6 dfiy
ehu ylu lfi Vigt Nam vfi sau dd lfi Trung
Qud'c. Cung qua tfii ligu gdm sQ, ta cd the
thfi'y nhip dd trao ddi budn ban c i a cang
Din Huyen tUdng tU nhU tofin bd tien trinh
giao thUdng c i a Vigt Nam vd'n dUpc dfiy

m^nh tit cu6i thdi Bfic thudc, phat triin
dudi thdi Ly vfi dfic bigt phfit triin tQ t h i
ky XIV trd di" (39).
Vdi ty 1§ cfic hi$n vfit cd cung nien dai
thu dupc giQa cfic dia dilm, cd t h i cho rfing
vQng D i n Huy§n lfi cang bdn chfnh cua Hpi
Thdng thdi Trfin. D i n cfic thd ky sau, vai
trd c i a Xufin Phd vfi Hoi Thdng dudng nhU
cd phfin ndi tr^i hdn vdi trj s i c i a huy^n
Nghi Xufin ddng tai Xufin Phd vfi stt cd mfit
cua dinh Hdi Thdng vfio thd ky XVI. Tuy
di§n mao c i a D i n Huygn xUa da cd nhilu
bidn ddi nhUng vdi nhQng hign vfit gdm sQ
ed nidn dai thd ky XVI-XVIH chiing ta
tha'y, sau t h i i Lf - Trfin vfi Lg sd cac boat
ddng giao thUOng vfin tilp tuc diln ra cl
vQng thUdng cang nfiy (40). NhU vfiy, ed thi
coi Hgi Thd'ng Id mgt phiic hi cdc cdng bin.
GiQa 3 dia diem viia co hogt dgng dong thdi
vQa cd su chuyin dich vi tri trung tdm theo
thdi gian.
Ket qua khao sat c h i n g to ddu fi^n Ljr •
Trfin cl eac thUdng cang vQng Ngh$ - Tinh
lfi rfi't sfiu dfim. Su phfin bd c i a cfic san
phfira gdm sQ tQ nhQng lfing nghg t h i cdng
vQng chfiu thd sdng Hdng ddn cac cang thi
thude v i n g bien viSn phUdng Nam gdi md
nhilu suy tudng v l tfim anh h u i n g chfnh
trj, vfin hda e i a chinh quyin Thfing Long,
s i c phfit triin kinh t l cung nhU dfic tning

eua cfic san phfim thu cdng Dai Viet thdi k^
nfiy, Bgn canh dd, sU hifn dign cua gdm
Trung Qud'c thdi Tdng, Nguyen vfi gdm Dai
Vipt thdi Trfin trgn cQng mpt khu vyc Ifi
nhQng chi bao quan trpng v l sii tham gia
tich cue c i a go'm men thdi Trfin vfio cfic
tuyg'n budn ban gdm s i qudc td qua he
thdng thQdng cang Nghg - "nnh,
Hfin lfi, vfio thdi Lf - Trfin mdi lign hd
bfic - nam giQa efie cang bien - e i a sdng
dude duy tri thudng xuygn vdi nhilu hoat
dpng da dang, Su tUdng ddng giQa cfic hien


e ac thuong cAng vung Rghe-TOih,,
vfit gdm s i la cd s i cho vide dUa ra nhQng
nhfin xdt dd. Sfich Ngh^ An ky cung tQng
vidt v l cfic thUdng nhfin vQng Ngh$ - Tinh
thudng ra mua gao viing Sdn Nara trong
nhiing nfim mfi't mQa, lut ldi. Ddng thdi, t i
eac cang b i n nay, cd t h i da hinh thanh ndn
tuydn budn ban nd lg eua Chfimpa. Theo dd,
tuygn budn bfin nfiy da chia lfim hai nhfinh:
Nhfinh thQ nhfi't vUpt qua eon dudng phia
tfiy sang Ai Lao, Chfin Lap trong khi dd
nhfinh thQ hai, ed quy rad ldn vfi dn dinh
hdn da chay ngitpc Ign phfa bfic, qua ving
vinh Bfic Bd din cac thUdng cang ving Hoa
Nara (41). Nhu vfiy, qua efic thdi ky lich s i ,
cfic cang bien - c i a sdng Dai Viet (trong do'

cd Nghg - Tinh), dfi nhfin dUdc cae ngudn
hfing hda theo ca bd'n phUdng thQc: Thu le
cd'ng ngp, Dgc quyin thu mua hdng hoa, Dgt
mua theo yiu cdu vk ThUdng mgi tUdo (42).
Nhu vfiy, ct Nghe - Tinh, boat ddng cua
cfic cang bgn vQng e i a sdng da tao nen mdt
hg thdng cac cang vdng duygn hai. Cfic
cang nfiy cd cfi'u tnic theo chilu dpc, trai
dfii tQ bfic ddn nam trong dd ndi len vi thd
cua mpt sd cang ldn, trung tam nhU Hpi
Thdng, e i a Sdt, c i a Nhupng. Cfic cang nfiy
da tao ngn tuygn thU nhfi't cua vQng kinh td
Nghg - Tinh; Tuye'n cdc cdng bien - cda
sdng. Tuyen budn bfin nfiy cd vi trf dfic bidt
quan trpng, giQ vai trd kdp, tQc v i a giQ
nhip cfic quan hg kinh td trong nUde v i a lfi
dfiu mdi m i rdng giao thUOng qudc te.
Song song vdi cac hoat dpng dd, cfic cang
biln Nghe - Tinh cdn dUpc sU hd trd tich
cUc c i a mang ludi giao thdng thuy thiet Ifip
tQ thd ky IX vfi dfin hofin thi$n trong sudt
thdi Ly - Trfin, Khao cQu cfic nguon tU H§u,
hpc gia Dfio Duy Anh vidt: "Lg Hofin di
danh Chigm Thanh nfim 892, thfi'y di
dudng n i i tQ mii Ddng Cd (tren sdng Ma,
thudc lfing Dan Ng huy$n Ygn Dinh, tinh
Thanh Hda) trd vfio nui ghenh vfi't va mfi

dudng biln thi edng gid hilm nghdo, bdn
sai dfio dudng kgnh ddn sdng Bfi Hda di cd

t h i di dudng sdng cho tign, Xa Bfi Hda (43)
nay lfi xa Ddng Hda 6 phfa nam huy§n
Tinh Gia, tinh Thanh Hda. Dudng kgnh
dfiy chfic lfi dudng kgnh tQ song Ma vfio
phfa nam tinh Thanh Hda d l tilp vdi kenh
Xude (phfa nam huygn Tinh Gia) vfi kgnh
Sfit (thupc huygn Diln Chfiu, tinh Ngh$
An) mfi vfio dfi't Nghd An, Nfim 922, dng lai
sai phu qudc Ngd T i Anh dem 3.000 ngfldi
dfip doan dUdng bp tQ Nam Gidi ddn Hofinh
Sdn. Nfim 1003, Lg Hofin lai sai dfio kdnh
Da Cai (nay lfi xa HUdng Cfii, huy^n HUng
Nguyfin, tinh Nghfi An) de noi dudng kenh
tQ Thanh Hda vao vdi sdng Lam, HUng
Nguyen, tinh Nghe An" (44). Nfim 1231, nhfi
Trfin tigp tuc cho dfio vdt kenh Trfim vk
kdnh Hfio tQ p h i Thanh Hda ddn phfa nam
Dign Chau (45). Nam 1374, Trfin Duf Tdng
da huy ddng cU dan Thanh Hda, Nghg An
dao kenh noi vdi kenh Lac d K^ Anh, Cdm
Xuyen, chay qua nhilu dia phUPng dgn c i a
NhUdng vfi c i a Khfiu (Hfi Hoa). Nfim sau,
vua Tran lai cho dao doan ndi kenh Na (tQ
Cfim Xuyen) vdi kenh Lae (d Ky Anh).
Nhu vfiy, dgn cudi thg ky XIV, tren vung
da't Nghe - Tinh "da hinh thfinh mdt con
dudng t h i y ndi lien eac huydn tfl Hudng
Sdn (sdng Phd) qua DQc Thp (sdng La) ddn
Can Ldc (sdng Minh LUdng) qua bgn Nghdn
vao sdng Hfi Hofing (Thaeh Ha) rdi theo

sdng Phu vao Cam Xuyen; qua kgnh Na
vfio kenh Lac vfi ra C i a Khfiu thudc Ky
Anh" (46). Qua he thong kgnh dao, viec
giao thUdng giQa vung phfa nam chau tho
sdng Hdng vdi cfic dia phUdng Thanh Hda,
vQng Dien Chfiu, Hoan Chfiu dUdc thdng
sudt. Cae kenh dao nfiy cdn cd vai trd ndi
kgt giQa cfic trung tam hanh chinh, kinh te
npi dia vdi cae thUdng cang vfi he thdng
giao thUdng diln ra tren dai dUdng. Trong


Rghien cihi Lich sQ. sO ia,zoiz
dilu kign thdi tidt vfi tinh hinh an ninh
dudng biln khdng thufin lpi thi ho^t ddng
c i a tuydn giao thdng ndi t h i y vfin diln ra.
Dfiy chfnh lfi thg manh, dilra dfic thQ trong
efic ho^t ddng giao thUdng c i a vQng Ngh$ Tinh, Do cd nhQng Uu thd tr^i vQpt, tuydn
giao thupng nfiy da tidp ti;ic dUpc md rdng,
duy tri trong nhilu thd ky sau dd.
Dya vfio nhQng dfic t h i vfi ylu td thufin
lpi c i a dieu ki$n tu nhign, sU hinh thanh
va hoat ddng cua cfic kgnh dfio tQ Thanh
Hda ddn Dign Chau, Hoan Chfiu (Nghg An
- Hfi Tinh) da tao ngn tuygn giao thQdng
thQ hai cho vQng Nghf - Tinh: Tuye'n giao
thuang ngi thuy. Tuygn giao thUdng nfiy cd
y nghia hd trd, bao dam an tofin cho tuydn
t h i nhfi't dupc boat ddng hieu qua, thudng
xuyen. Cung nhu tuydn t h i nhfi't, Tuyi'n

giao thiidng noi thuy ed cfi'u true theo chidu
dpc. NhUng, chung ludn cd radi lign kdt
ngang vdi eac cang biln vdng c i a song vfi
efie ddng sdng chay theo hudng tfiy bfic ddng nam, Dieu kien ty nhign thufin ldi vfi
nhQng no lUc cua cfic trigu dai Ly, Trfin
trong vigc khai md he thdng kgnh dfio,
dudng giao thdng dfi gdp phfin tao nen mdi
lign ket nay.
CQng vdi sU hign dign c i a hai tuydn
giao thUdng v i n g duyen hai vfi ndi thiy,
efie hoat ddng giao thUdng cua vQng Nghg Tinh cdn thudng xuyen ddn nhfin nhQng
tae dpng nhilu m^t c i a quan hf kinh td,
bang giao khu vUc. Trong dilu kifn di biln
thdi bfi'y gid, cac ddng hai lUu vfi ludng gid
chfnh d vQng vinh Bfic Bp dUdng nhU da
phfin nfio han c h l cfic thUdng thuyin Trung
Qud'c tilp cfin chau tho sdng Hdng tQ phfa
ddng. Thdi Ly
Trfin, thuyen budn tQ
phUdng Bae thudng d i n phUdng Nam theo
rapt trong hai tuyen chinh: Thd nhdt, lfi di
qua phia bfic dao Hai Nam rdi vfio vinh Bfic
Bp. Nhu vfiy, dia dilm thufin ldi cho vigc

budn bfin lfi thUdng cang Van Ddn; Thd
hai, lfi tidn xudng phfa nam dao Hai Nam
dl ddn thfing efie cfing v i n g Nghg - Tinh
(47). Thdi Ly - Trfin, phfin ldn efic thuyin
budn phUdng Bfic d i u tfip trung b c i a Diln
Chfiu (bic Nghg An) vfi Tha Vign (Hoa

Vidn, huyfn HUng Nguygn) hay Ky Hoa
(huygn Ky Anh) ngfiy nay. Thdi bfi'y gid,
t h u y i n budn qua v i n g b i l n Nghf An" diu
Ifi'y dao Song NgU ngofii khdi c i a Hdi va
niii Hai Vai ( K l Sdn), i xa Nguyin Xa,
huyfn Ddng Thfinh, lam chufin,
Nhu vfiy, t i t h i ky X-XI t r i di, cfic cang
thi khu vUc Nghf - Tinh da t r i thfinh mdt
trong nhflng dilm quan trpng trong hai
trinh budn bfin c i a cac thUdng thuyin
Trung Qudc khi di xudng vung biln phia
nam. Theo dd, vifc tidp cfin c i a thuyin
manh Trung Hoa vfio khu viic nfiy ed thi
nhfim hai muc dfch: Thd nhdt, s i dung cfic
thuong cang nfiy nhU mpt dilm diing ehfin,
tidp nUde ngpt vfi lUdng thiie eho eac cupc
hfinh trinh dfii ngfiy xudng phia nam. Thd
hai, true tidp tim kidm cfic ngudn lpi thdng
qua hoat dpng thUdng m^i thudng xuyen
vdi vQng lanh tho cUc nara Dai Vigt,
Chfimpa vfi xa hon nfla, vUdn v l phfa tay,
dd'n cfic qudc gia Ai Lao, Chfin Lap (48)..,
Lfi mpt trung tfim kinh t l ldn cua
phuong Ddng, trUde khi nhfi Minh thyc
hifn chinh sfich "cdm hdi" (1371), dUdc sU
hfiu thufin manh me vg chfnh tri bii cac
mdi quan hf, bang giao thfin thudc, efic
thuyin budn Trung Hoa da toa ra, thiit Ifip
quan hf giao thUdng vdi nhilu qudc gia
chau A, Tren thUc td, cac hoat ddng giao

thUdng dd da dem lai mdt difn m^o mdi cho
nhilu n i n kinh te khu vi^c trong dd cd cac
thQdng cang vung Nghe - Tinh, Mfit khae,
hoat dpng cua cfic ehinh quyin, thUdng
nhfin ban dia eung da gdp phfin tao ngn
nhiing sfic thai va sinh lyc mdi cho cac mra
quan hf kinh td, bang giao khu vUc.


c a e thirong c&ng vung Rgh^-Tinh..
CQng vdi cfic dofin thUdng thuydn t i
phuong Bfic (mfi chu ydu lfi tQ efic thUdng
cang miin nam Trung Qudc), dilu chfic
chfin la, trong lich s i , cac thUOng cang
vQng Nghf - Tinh edn lfi dilm den thudng
xuygn c i a cfic s i dofin, thUdng dofin tQ cfic
qudc gia Ddng Nam a nhU Chfimpa, Chfin
Lap, Xigm La, Chfi Vfi (Java),., Hfin la,
trong tfim nhin e i a Chfimpa vk Chfin Lap,
cfic cang vQng Nghf - Tinh ed vai trd h i t
sQc quan trpng. Dilu ed t h i thfi'y dUpc lfi,
khi cfic tuyg'n dudng tQ Nghf - Tinh chay vl
phfa tay, bfing qua bfic Chan Lap, da de
doa nghiem trpng vi thd kinh td, chfnh tri
eua vUPng qude nfiy. Dilu dd ly giai vi sao,
cfic cude cudp phfi e i a nhQng tofin "giac gid
sdng" mfi Todn thu tQng ghi lai (chfie ban
nhfim d l chi cUdp biln Chfimpa, Chfin Lap)
vfio khu vUe Nghf - Tinh trong nhflng nfim
1120-1130 vfi sau dd cudi thdi Trfin, da

dien ra thudng xuygn vfi ngfiy cfing cd mic
dd nghidm trpng (49). Nhfin x6t v l Xiem
La, Nguyin Trai tQng cho rfing "Tue nUdc
fi'y thfch cUdp bdc". Vdi Chfimpa, I/c Trai
nhfin xdt: "Dfi't nUdc fi'y cd ft rudng, thara
dfi't rafiu md b Nhfit Nam cua ta, mudn eUdp
la'y, cho ngn thudng xfim la'n, qufi'y nhilu"
(50). Mdt efieh tU nhign, sU phdn thinh cua
trung tfim kinh tg Nghf - Tinh dfi kich
thfch tham vpng cua efie qud'c gia khu vttc
mudn chigm doat, lfim c h i cfic thUdng cang,
ngudn eua cai cl vQng bien viln giau cd nfiy.
Mfit khfic, hfin lfi Chfimpa, Chan Lap eung
mudn phfi bd rfio can Dai Vift d l khai
thong tuydn giao thUdng 'Tay dUdng chara
Id" tnic tidp vdi Trung Hoa.
Trong sudt thd ky XI-XIV, cfic cang biln
- c i a sdng vung Nghf - Tinh da trd thfinh
dilm hdi giao c i a cae tuyin giao thUdng
khu vUc. Dfiy chinh lfi didu kifn, ddng thdi
la tiln d l cho vifc hinh thanh rapt tuyen
giao thUdng thQ ba b v i n g Nghe - Tinh:
Tuyen giao thUdng biin hay Tiiyih giao

13
thUdng dgi dUdng. Tuydn giao thUdng nay
den Nghf - Tinh tQ phfa ddng bfic vfi ddng
nara, giao hda vdi cfic cang biln - c i a sdng,
ndi k i t vdi cae trung tfira giao lUu, lufin
chuyin hfing hda c i a Tuydn giao thiidng

ndi thuy rdi tQ dd, theo hUdng chay c i a cfic
ddng sdng, tig'p tue ngUdc len phfa tfiy, din
vQng niii cao vfi cac qudc gia lfing giing
khu vyc.
Khao cQu cfic mach sdng nui, cd t h i
phfic diing hudng chay eua cfic ddng sdng
trgn dfi't Nghg - Tinh. Theo dd, mdi lidn hf
giQa vQng duyfin hai vdi cfic vQng mii eao
vfi giQa vung nui Nghf - Tinh vdi cfic qude
gia lfing gieng lfi h i t sQc mfit thiit. Phfa
tfiy Nghe - Tinh lfi cfic day nui ldn, phfa
ddng giap biln ca. Kidn tao cua cfic day nui
va hudng chay c i a cac ddng sdng deu theo
hudng tfiy bfic - ddng nam. Theo hpe gia
BQi Duong Lich, nui Quynh Lam cl phia bfic
kdo dai dgn Dao Bien; nui Tru Hai chay ve
nam lfim thfinh cfic nui Lfin Son, PhUdng
Sdn, Quy Sdn, NgUu Sdn tao nen c i a Qudn;
day Dai Hoach vdi nui Dfiu Rdng (Long
Thu) h phia nam lfim nen c i a Xa; ndi
Hofinh Son vdi Deo Ngang cl xa Hofing Le,
huyen Ky Hoa "Ifi nui d i n g trfi'n trong
huyen. Mot dai tQ phfa tfiy lai, chfin ngang
dudng biln, cfiy cdi um tdm, ngay trUde Ifi
ndi xung ygu gifla Giao Chau vdi Chiem
Thfinh" (51). Day Hofinh Sdn chay v l Ddng
tao nen Dao En, e i a Khfiu; nui Vpng Lifu
chay v l phfa bac tao ngn nui An Tfim vdi
c i a Nhupng; nui Kinh Thdc chay xudng
ddng bfing tao ngn nui Nara Gidi vdi e i a

Sdt; nui Dai Huf vdi raaeh Quy Chau, chay
ra biln thfinh dao Song NgU, phia bfic cd
sdng Gang (CUdng Giang) do vao sdng Lam;
nui Trfi Sdn chay ve phfa ddng tao ngn day
Hong Linh, dao Quynh Nhai. TUdng
truygn, Hdng Linh ed 99 ngpn ed sdng Lam,
song Hoang bao quanh, an ngQ c i a Hdi,
c i a CUdng Gian, c i a Spt, 'Thia tay ngUdc


14
din tfin ngudn, phfa ddng chay den tfin c i a
biln, phfa bfie thdng vdi p h i Diln Chfiu, lfi
ndi thuyin bd xe ngya, dUdng thuy dUctng
bf nhdm hpp. Thyc la mpt canh dd hfi cua
tinh Nghf An" (52).
Theo Nghi An ky thi phfa trUdc n i i Lam
Thfinh, ndi s8ng La cl huyfn Thidn Lfc
chay vfio, chl ngfi ba sdng Minh LUdng hda
vdi sdng Lam cd bin PhQ Th^ch. Vfio cudi
thd ky XIV, b i n PhQ Thaeh lfi ndi trao dd'i,
budn bfin ndi tiing c i a dfi't La Sdn (Die
Thp). Sang cac t h i ky sau, PhQ Thaeh da
thfinh phd, vdi nhidu Hoa thUdng lUu tru,
budn bfin (53). " 6 dfiu ben cd ngUdi Tfiu cU
tru budn ban, nhfi ngdi san sat, thuydn bg
tu tfip, gpi lfi phd PhQ Th^ch" (54). Thdm
vfio dd, b nui Nghgn xa Trao Nha cd ehp
Nghen; nui Cam xfi Dai Nai, huyfn Thaeh
Hfi ed chd Nfii; ndi Hdi xa Vfin Phong,

huyen Ky Hoa, cd ehp Hpi. Cac vung nfiy
ddu la nhQng ndi dd hdi, tfip trung nhilu
san vfit trgn r i n g , dudi biln (55).
Trong eac day nui b mien tay Nghe Tinh, ndi Giang Mfin (Khai TrUdng) thudc
dia gidi hai p h i Ngpc Ma vfi Lam An (phfa
tfiy huyfn HUdng Sdn) lfi day nui ndi tidng
bdi sii trdng difp, huyen nhifm ddng thdi
la c i a ngo luu thdng giQa Deii Vift vdi efic
qudc gia lfing giing khu vyc. Phfa bfie day
Khai TrUdng lfi ndi bfit ngudn sdng Phd,
phfa Tay cd dUdng thdng ddn phu Trfi Lan,
phu Trfi'n Ninh vfi efie mUdng c i a vUdng
qudc Ai Lao "Nude Ai Lao sang cd'ng nUdc
ta vfin di dydng nfiy" (56), Phfa dong nui cd
sdng Tiem, phia tfiy cd dudng thdng sang
mUdng Lac Hdn (Ai Lao). Theo BQi DUdng
Lich thi day cung lfi con dQdng mfi trilu
dinh Ai Lao vfin hay c i sQ .thfin sang cdng
(57). Cu dfin chfiu Quy Hpp cung theo
dudng nfiy dem trau, Ipn ddn chd phign
trao ddi. TQ Khai TrUdng, phfa tay sdng
Ngfin Phd cd dUdng thong sang p h i Lac

Rghl&n cun liich sir, so la.ama
Bidn, " P h i nfiy ed n i i Vg Thfi'p (Vu Quang
- TG). S i chdp rfing, ngUii Chfin Lap do
nui Vy Thfi'p vfio cudp Nghf An t i c lfi nui
nfiy, trUdc cd ddn Quy Hpp phdng t h i " (58).
Vigt v l 5 p h i kimi c i a tinh Nghf An,
Dgi Nam nhdt thd'ng chi eho rfing, tQ p h i

Trfi'n Ninh di 3 ngfiy thi d i n nu6e Nam
ChUdng, di 10 ngfiy thi d i n Van Tupng.
Khao c i u sfich NgU Nam phong th6k:f cua
Ngd Cao Lang, cfic s i gia trilu NguySn
vidt: Cu dfin p h i Trtfn Ninh "sQng dao
Phfit, tin ma quy.., tim dupe sa nhfin, te
gific hofie ngfi voi thi dem ndp p h i , khdng
phai ndp t h u l khac nQa... Sue vfit cd nhidu
ngya, tha trong rting, k l cd hfing trfim;
nudi nhilu trfiu vfi Ipn, gia t&t re, T h i san
thi cd sfit sdng, chi, digm tigu, lUu hofing,
cfinh kiln, sa nhfin, mfit ong, sap vfing"
(59). Ben canh dd, p h i Lac Bign c i a Nghf
An "phia tfiy ddn dia gidi Xfiy Nha B6 Ly
nUdc Van Tupng, phfa nam dgn dia gidi
man Ca San nude Xiem La, phfa bfie dgn bcl
sdng Khung dia gidi huyfn Cam Linh, phu
Trfi'n Dinh, phfa tfiy bfie ddn thfinh Van
Tupng dudng di 20 ngfiy, phia ddng nam
ddn dia gidi nUdc Xigm La dudng di 1
ngfiy... di vd phfa dong qua chQa Chuyen
Nam, qua Mue Da Hfin vfi Nga Mang 6
Pha Nga ( t i e Dfi Mang) den thfing Cao
Mign" (60). Cung theo cfic s i gia trieu
Nguyin thi cl dfiy dfi't rpng, ngUdi thUa, cU
dfin nudi nhigu trfiu vfi voi, lfim nghi nfi'u
mudi thu dupc ngudn lpi ldn (61).
Trong tac phfim Du dia chi, Nguyen Trai
eung eho biet: "Nudc Chigm, nUdc Xiem,
nude Chan Lap ed nhung phue. Do edng c6

ddi mdi, voi trfing, hoa chi, kidn chin tfic"
(62). Dd la ba linh vfit, cac trilu thudng
dung vfio vifc td "Giao". Trong nhfin thic
eua ong, "Bay gid, bp lac rdt nhilu, cl dfiu
cQng ed, d i u gpi lfi "Lfio". NhUng Ifi'y vai sfic
sd qufi'n minh, gpi ca keu chira, canh rfin


CAc thirong c&ng vimg Rgh6-Tinh..
com voi, lanh minh b chia, phong tyc tfip
dai khfii gidng nhau, Nudc nfiy cd tg, voi,
sfip trfing, vai ldng, chigng ddng tdt nhfi't"
(63), Ngh^ An ky e i a BQi Dudng Lich tQng
ghi nhfin: "Trong chfin riing lai cd lo^i
ngudi Lao, hp (khdng cd nhfi cia), chi b cfic
bai cd, nfim sUdng, khdng biit trdng trpt cfiy
cfi^y, nhiing bidt Ifi'y c i nfiu (vQ dU lUdng), bfit
cfi khe, bfin t h i r i n g lfim thflc fin. Hp ed vp
con, ngudi khde manh, sdng Ifiu vfi gioi nghi
bfin no bfing tgn tfira thudc dfc. Hp thudng
dera efic t h i trfim hUdng, s i n g tg, ngfi voi,
gae hUdu ddi cho ngUdi dfin thudng eia ta
ldy efie thQ dd ding" (64). Cfic san vfit dd
cung thudng dUde cac s i dofin Chfimpa, Chfin
Lap, Ai Lao dem sang nUdc ta tridu cdng (65).
Viit sd liidc Cling cho bigt mdt thdng tin quy
diln ra nfim 1072 khi vua Ly Nhfin Tdng
quydt dinh "Tha thud vai spi trfing cia Chigm
Thfinh" (66).
Cfic ngudn tU Uf u trich dfin tren ciing cho

thfi'y, cQng vdi ngfi voi, rfing voi, sttng te, trfim
hUdng, cae loai hUdng Hfu..., chfic ehfin Dai
Vift cdn nhfip vg vai hoa, da thu, chieng ddng
tQ Lfio, Chfin Lap... Nhu vfiy, ed thi khang
dinh rfing, song song vdi quan hf bang giao trilu edng, giQa Dai Vift vdi cac quoc gia khu
vyc edn thUdng xuygn ed trao doi, budn bfin.
Thdng qua cae mdi quan hf da dang dd,
nhieu san phfim dfic thQ da dUdc dya din
nUdc ta, Cfic hoat ddng giao thUdng dd da tao
thfinh tuydn giao thUdng thQ tQ b Nghf Tinh; Tuydn giao thUdng luc dia hay Tuyen
giao thiidng dong - tdy. Tuyen giao thuong
nfiy hinh thfinh vfi t r i ngn thinh dat nhd
vifc khai thfic eac ngudn tfii nguyen e i a
r i n g mii, ch?y xuygn qua cfic day ndi miin
tfiy, noi k i t vdi eac qudc gia lfing giing khu
vyc,
Nhu vfiy, eQng vdi Tuyen giao thUcJng
cdng biin - cda sdng vfi Tuye'n giao thuang
ndi thuy, Tuyi'n giao thucmg dgi dUdng,
boat ddng kinh t l c i a vQng Nghe - Tinh cdn

ed vai trd quan trpng eua Tuyin giao thiidng
luc dia, tao ndn mach ndi liln k i t giQa biln
vdi cfic v i n g mii cao phfa tfiy vfi cfic qu6c gia
lfing gidng khu vyc. Ciing vdi hoat df ng cua
eac tuydn giao thQdng ndi trgn, hoat dfng
c i a Tuyen giao thiidng luc dia dfi tao ngn 3
dfic tning cd ban cua trung tfim kinh t l
Nghf - Tinh thd ky XI-XIV lfi: Rdng ldn ui
quy md; Da dgng vi nguSn hdng vfi cd Tinh

cMt khu vite nii bdt.
Trgn mdt binh difn rpng ldn hOn, dfit
trung tfim kinh td Nghf - Tinh trong mra
Hen hf vdi cfic trung tam kinh td, c i a ngo
giao iQu qudc td khfic e i a qudc gia Dai Vift
thdi Ly - Trfin chiing ta thfi'y, thdi bfi'y gid
bfing nhidu con dUdng, cfich thQc khfic nhau,
ehinh quyin Thfing Long da thiit Ifip dUpc
efie Tuyin thiicfng mgi dUdng ddi (Long
distant trades) vdi nhilu qudc gia, khu vyc b
chau A (67). Vdi vai trd dilu tidt c i a Kinh dd
Thfing Long, trdn ca nUdc dfi thiic sU hinh
thfinh mdt Hi thdng kinh ti ddi ngogi gdm:
1. Viing kinh te bien gidi phia bdc (gifip
Trung Qudc vdi cfic ehp dudng bign, b^c dich
trUcfng); 2. Viing kinh tebien ddo Ddng Bac
(mfi trpng tfim Ifi thUdng cang Vfin Ddn); 3.
Hi thdng cdng bien - cda sdng viing Nghi Tinh; vfi 4. Vung kinh teTdy Nam (gifip Lfio,
Chfin Lap, Chiem Thfinh), NhU vfiy, Nghf Tinh la ndi gfip gd ddng thdi cQng la dia bfin
thudng xuyen dien ra cae boat dpng e i a hai
trong sdbdn trung tfim hay Td gidc kinh te
ddi ngogi c i a Dai Vift, Dd chfnh lfi dilu
kifn ddng thdi lfi ddng lyc dl tao ndn raft
Chu trinh hay Vdng lu&n chuyen hdng hda
vQa cd tfnh ehfi't vQng v i a mang tfnh ehfi't
khu vUe rd rft. Cd the gpi dd lfi "Vdng ludn
chuyen thUctng mgi Nghi - Tinh" (Nghe Tinh commercial circle). Tren thUc td, vdng
lufin ehuyen nfiy da dem lai nhieu nhfin to
mdi, sinh liic phfit trien trdi vUdt cho qud'c
gia Dai Vift.

(Cbn nQa)


R g H i e n c u u iijen .»u.

16

CHU THtCH
C*). B i i vilt t h a m gia Hfi thao Qufic t l v l Vi^t

Dinh Xufin Lfim, P h a n Huy Lfi, Hft Vftn Tfi'n...,

Nam hpc lfin thfl tu; "Viit Nam trin dUdng hpi

Lich sdMd

nh^p vd, phdt triin bin vOn^,

Hft N$i, 2000; N g u y i n M^nh Thfing, Lfi Ngpc

Ha N$i, thSng 11-

Ttnh, Tfip 1, Nxb. Chfnh tri Qufic gia,

Hfing, Chu M^nh Quyin; KH qud khai quat di chi

2012.
(1). 06 thfi xem c&c chuyfin khao v l thUdng

Bai C

Bfio tftng Ljch sfl

cang Vfin Dtn vk quan h^ thUdng m^i D$i Vi^t

Vi§t Nam - Thfing bfio Khoa hpc nftm 2011, Hft

theti Ly - Trfin trong: TrUdng D^i hi?c Khoa hoc Xa

N f i , 2 0 1 1 , t r . 47-70.

hfi vfi Nhfin vftn, DHQG HN: Vi^t Nam trong h$
th&ng thucmg mai chdu A thi ky XVI-XVII,

Nxb.

(6), Nftm 1069, sau khi Chifim Thftnh* dang 3
chftu Dja Lf, Ma Linh, Bd Chinh tUdng flng vfii

T h ^ Gidi, Hft N5i, 2007; Ban quan \f cfic di tfch

Quang Binh vfi bfic Quang Tri ngfty nay cho nhft

trQng dilm Quang Ninh: Dt tich lich sd • vin hoa

hf vft sau dfi nilm 1306, t i l p tyc dfing 2 chfiu 6, Lf

thuang cdng Vdn DSn, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xft h6i, Hft

cho nhft Trfin, tuy bifin gidi phfa nam cua Dai Vi§t

N§i, 2010.

khfing cfin 1ft dtft Ngh^ - H n h niJa nhUng dfiy vSn

(2). Trong cac chuyl'n khao sdt thUdng cang

1ft dia bftn chifi'n lUdc, ndi dU trfl, cung cfi'p quan

viing Bfic Trung Bo nhflng nfim 1997-2003, cftc

lUdng dfing thdi vfin 1ft muc tifiu tft'n cfing chu ylu

nhft nghien cflu cua D^i h<;ic Nfl thi^c ChiSu Hoa

cua cftc t h i lyc khu vyc.

(Nhftt Ban), Trung tftm H^Jp tfic Nghien cflu Vi§t
Nam (nay 1ft Vien Vi^t Nam h9c vft Khoa hpc phat
trien)

vft

Khoa

Lich

sd,

TrUdng

D^i

hoc

(7). Kenneth R, Hall: Maritime
Development

in Early Southeast

Trade and State
Asia,

University

of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1985, pp. 169-193.

KHXH&NV, DHQGHN da nhfiin dUpc sy giiip da
tftn tinh cua chinh quyen cac dia phUOng; cftc vi
lgnh dao, chuySn vien S3 Vfin h6a - Thfing tin. Ban
Quan ly di tich, Bao tfing cftc tinh Thanh H6a,
Ngh§ An, Hft Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri.
(3). NguySn Trai: Du dia chi; trong: Nguyen
Trdi todn tap tdn biSn. T|ip 2, Nxb. Vftn hoc Trung tfim Nghign cflu Qufi'c hoc, Hft N6i, 2001, tr.
471. Tac gia cho rfing, viing Hai DUdng (Dfing Bfic)

(8). Sakurai Yumio: Thd phdc dUng cdu true
lich sd cua khu wyt Ddng Nam A (Thdng qua mm
liin hi giQa biin vd luc dia). Tap chi Nghiin ciht
Ddng Nam A, sfi* 4, 199ft tr, 44.

(9). Sakurai Yumio: Thd phdc dUng cd'u triic
lich sd eUa khu vUc Ddng Nam A..., da d i n , tr. 47.
(10). Kenneth R. Hall: Maritime
State Development

in Early Southeast

Trade and
Asia, 1985,

1ft trQng trfi'n thfl nhft't trong hfi'n kinh trft'n, dflng

pp.184; NguySn Vfin Kim: Vdn minh vd di che •

dfiu phfin d|iu phfa Dfing; Sdn Tfiy 1ft trft'n thfl hai,

Nhin

dflng dfiu phfin dftu phia Tfiy; Sdn Nam Ift trft'n thfl

Bdng A. Tap chi Nghiin

ba, dflng dfiu phen dfiu phfa Nam. Trong dfi,

3-19.

Thanh H6a 1ft phen dftu thfl hai vft Nghf An 1ft
phen d | u thfl ba d phUdng Nam; Kinh Bfic 1ft trft'n
thfl tu, dflng dfiu phfin dftu phfa Bfic.
(4). Nguyin Trai: Dud}a chi, sdd, tr. 471. Xem

lai con dUdng phdt

triin cua cdc quoc gia

cihi Lich sd, sfi 2 (406), tr.

(11). Cfi t h i xem cftc ngu6n tU hfu Trung Qufic
nhU: To'ng sd, Nguyin

sd, Minh sd lugc, hay Minh

thuc l^tc - Quan hi Trung Qu6c - Viet Nam
XrV-XVII,

theky

3 Tftp, Nxb. Hft Nfii, Hft Npi, 2010; vft

them phfin hi§u dfnh vft chu thfch cua GS. Hft Vftn

cftc bp s i Vi§t N a m n h u Viit sd lUOc, Dai Viit sd

Tfi'n, tr. 553-559.

ky todn

(5), Xem Hft Vfin Tft'n (Chu bien); Khdo ci hoc

thu...

(12). Viit sd lugc cho hilt, chi 2 nfim sau dinh

Viit Nam, 3 Tftp, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi, Hft Nfii,

do 6 Thfing Long, dich thfin Ly Thai To' da phai

1998, 1999 & 2002, Dfing Duy Bau (Chu bien),

thiui chinh di d a n h D i l n Chftu, nfim 1026 sai Thfti


Cac mu-ong cflng xnung Rghe-Tinh..

n

tfl Khai Thifin VUdng (tflc vua L^ Thfti Tfing) vfto

Vi^t sd lU(^ vft Todn thu, sdd, b cfic trilu vua vfi

gifl yfin chftu DiSn. Nfim 1031, vua Lf Thfti Tfing

nifin d^i nfii trfin.

1 ^ thftn di bao v$ an ninh vflng Hoan Chftu. Xem
Viit sd lu^

(16). Tifiu b i l u 1ft trU&ng hpp LJ Thudng Kift.

(ban djch cua GS. TrSn Qufic Vupng),

Ong khfing chi cfi cfing khftng Td'ng mft cfin binh

Nxb. Thufin Hfia - Trung tftm Vftn h6a Ngfin ngfl

Chigm. Do cfi n h i l u cfing lao, fing dUpc phong d i n

Dfing Tfty, Hft Nf i, 2005, tr. 76-77, 80.

Phy qufic thgi phfi, Thupng try quflc, Thifin tfl

(13), Ngfi S^ Lifin vft sfl thftn nhft Lfi: D(fi Vi^t

nghia d§, Thfti uy. Thdi L J Hu? Tfing, sau hai lfin

sd ky todn thU, Nxb. Khoa hpc xft hfii, T$p 1, Hft

dftnh tan qufin Chifim Thftnh, Chftn L^p d i n cUfip

Nfii, 1993, tr. 258. Hftnh dinh do trft'n thu Ngh§

chftu Nghf An. chftu bg lg L^ Bfit Nhilm danh tan

An 1ft Uy Minh hfiu Nhftt Quang thiit l^p, trfing

dupc, tfing tudc h i u , ban thflc ft'p 7.500 hfi, thflc

gifl. Dfiy chfnh 1ft cftn cfl hfi't sflc quan trpng cua

phong 1.500 hfi. Todn thU, T^p 1, sdd, tr.337.

nhft Ly trong cftc cufic hftnh binh vft bio v$ bifin

(17). Dai Viit sd ky todn thU, T&p 1, add, tr.258.

gifii phfa nam. Do cfi cfing lao trong cufc binh
Chifim nftm 1044, md mang dft't dai, thifi^t l$p cftc
ddn v) hftnh chfnh, Nh^t Quang dUQc phong tufic
vUdng vft dUQc vua LJ Thai Tfing hfi't sflc sung 6i,
tin dflng. Xem Dai Viet sic ky todn thU, T|ip 1, sdd,
tr. 266.

(18). Momoki Shiro: DBiin Ddng tQ theky

X din th^ky XV. Tham luftn

trinh bfty tai Hoi thao lfin thfl XIII cua Hifip hpi
Qufic t l cftc Nhft sfl hpc chfiu A, Dai hpc Sophia,
Tokyo,

1994.

In

Interdisciplinary

trong:

Journal

Crossroads:

of

Southeast

An
Asian

(14). Vi^t sd luac, sdd, tr.109.

Studies,

(15). Thftng 4-1069, thcli Ly Thanh Tfing nhft

Dai hpc KHXH & NY, DHQGHN: Bdng A - Bdng

Illinoa University, 1998.

vua sai Nguyfin softi Ly ThU&ng Ki^t di chinh ph^t

Nam A: Nhihig

phUdng Nam, b i t dupc Dp Cu (Rudravarman III) d

The Gidi, Hft Nfii, 2004, tr.318.

bign gidi Chan Laip. T h i n g 8-1131 khi Chgn L^p,
Chiem Thftnh d i n cUfip chau Nghfi An, vua Ly

Thftn Tfing da sai Thai fly DUdng Anh Nhi di dftnh.
Nftm 1136, khi quftn Chfin Lap I ^ den cUfip chftu
Nghp An nhft vua da sai Thai phfi Nguyen Cfing
Binh di chinh phat. Mua Dong, thang 11-1041 vua
LJ Thfti TSng cfl Minh Uy hSu Nhftt Quang di coi

Xem: TrUdng

v^n di lich sd vd hiin tai. Nxb.

(19). Cfi t h i t h a m khao nhieu cfing trinh k h i o
cflu cfi gift tri trong: T^y ban Nhfin dfin Tp. Hft Nfii:
Ky y l u Hoi thao khoa hpc "1000 nam vUUng triiu
Ly vd kinh dd Thdng Long',

Nxb. The Gidi, Hft

Nfii, 2009.
(20). John K. Whitmore: The Rise of the Coast:

chfiu Ngh§ An. Nfim 1073, nhft Lj- lai cfl thfa sU Lf

Trade.

Dao Thftnh vfto Iftm tri chftu Ngh§ An. Nfim 1131

Journal

State

and

Culture

vua L^ T h i n Tfing cd gian nghi d^i phu M$u Du

February 2006, pp.103.

of Southeast

in Early

Asian

Bgi

ViU,

Studies, 37 (1),

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(21). Nguyin Vftn Kim: ThUOng cdng Vdn Bon

cU ngudi hp Ly 1ft Ly Bfit Nhiem giQ chflc chftu bft

vd quan hi ngogi thUOng thti Ly, trong Nguyin

Nghi An. Thftng 11-1161 khi sai Tfi Hiin Thftnh

Quang Ngpc (Chu bifin): Va
Vft D§ An Di dem 2 van quan di tufin cftc ndi ven

1225). Nxb. Hft Nfii, Hft Npi, 2010, tr. 918-958;

biln Tgy Nam, vua Ly Anh Tfing thgn di tiln din

Tinh hi thd'ng vd quy md cua thUOng cdng Vdn

cfla T h i n Phfl mfii quay v l . Nftm 1203, thdi vua Ly

Bdn - Nhgn

Cao Tfing, Dipn tien chi huy sfl Do Thanh da dUpc

thuang cdng. Tap chf Nghiin

cfl di coi chftu Nghf An. Th6i T r i n , cfic quy tfc

(401), 2009, tr. 3-19.

thfin vUdng nhu T r i n Quang Khai, Trfin Qufi'c
Khang d i u dUpc cfl d i n coi chftu Nghg An. Xem

thQc vi vai trb vd vi thi ciia mgt
cihi Lich sd, sfi" 9

(22). Theo Viit su" lupc, c6 tft't ca 45 l l n Chfimpa
sang trilu cong D^i Vifit ho$c di sfl sang Dai Vifit,

IS

Hgtuen ciru iijmi au.

trong khi dfi D^i Vift khfing mft l l n nfto sang

(29). Nguyin Trfii: Dudfa

Chftmpa, Nhung theo Todn tkU, cfi tflit ca 41 l l n

(30), Bfli DUdng Ljch: Nghi An *y, Nxb. Khoa

d i l n ra quan hf gifla D^i Vift vft Chftmpa, Trong
dfi, cfi 6 l l n D^i Vift sang Chfimpa. Khfing chi cftc
sfl t h i n mft c i Thupng hoftng cua nhft T r i n cung
sang nudc nfty. NhU vfiy, sfi' l l n D^ti Vift sang
Chftmpa chilm 14,6%, Trong khi dd Chfimpa sang
trilu ctfng D^i Vift tdi 35 l l n , chilm 85,4%. ThSi
L^, D^i Vift sang Chftmpa 2 l l n , Chftmpa sang
D ^ Vift 18 l l n , chilm ty If 1ft 90%. Thdi T r i n ,
Chftmpa sang D^i Vift 17 l l n (chilm 80,9%), aS
l l n D^i Vift sang Chftmpa n h i l u hdn h&n thdi Ly,
chilm 19,1% vft chilm tfii 66,7% trong sufi't thdi Ly
-Trfin.

chi, sdd, tr.472.

hpc xfi hfi, Hft Nfi, 1993, tr.66.

(31). Lfi Qu^ Dfin: Vdn ddi logi nga. Tfip I, Nxb.
Vftn hfia, Hft Nfi, 1962, t r . l 5 6 . Todn thu cho biit,
nfim 1048 vua hf Thfii Tfing sai tudng qufin 1ft
Phflng Trf Nfing di dftnh Ai Lao, hit A\S(fc ngUdi vft
gia sflc rft't n h i l u dem v l . Til'p dfi, nfim 11S9
"Ngtfu Hfi'ng vft Ai Lao Iftm phan, (Lf Anh Tong)
aai Tfi H i i n Thftnh di dftnh, b i t d u ^ ngUdi vft
trfiu, ngfla, voi ciing vftng b^ic chftu bgu rtCt nhilu".
Xem Bgi Vi^t sd ky todn thU, Tfip 1, Sdd, tr.268 &
323, Theo GS. NguySn Dflc Nghinh, gifla D^ii Vift
vfii Ai Lao cd t r u y i n th^ng bufin b i n gia sue quy

(23), Nguyin Vgn Kim: V&n minh vd di chff •

mfi ldn. " H i u h i t cgc trung tftm bufin bftn gia sue

Nhin lgi con duitng phdt triin cda cdc gu6c gia

lfin d i u tftp trung d Nghf An vft th] trUdng ldn

Ddng A, T^p chf Nghiin cUu Lich sd, sfi" 2 (406), tr.

nhftft khu vflc nfty 1ft huyfn Nghi Lfc. Gia sflc cfi

3-19.

t h i dfi dupc vfin chuyin bling cftc l o ^ bfi tfl Lfto,

(24), Nguyin Thi PhUdng Chi, Nguyin Tiln

dpc theo sfing Ca d l tfii cftc th} trUdng n ^ trin

Dung: vi cdc moi giao thUOng cua qu&c gia Dgi

vflng duyen hai trUfic khi dUa d i n chfiu thd sfing

XI-XIV); trong; Viit Nam

Hfing. Sau dd, bfi l^i dua v l nhflng binh gfi'm cfi ldn

trong hi thong thuOng mgi chdu A thi ky XVI-

- s i n p h i m dgc trUng dUt)c s i n xuftt d chftu th^.

Viet thdi Dy. Trdn (thiky

XVII, Nxb. T h ^ Gifii, Hft Nfi, 2007, tr. 433-452.
(25). Momoki Shiro: Dgi Vi$t vd thUtfng jngi
Biin Bdng tit theky

X den thiky

XV, sdd, tr.314-

Xem Nguyin Dflc Nghinh: Markets and Villages,
in T h e Traditional village in Vietnam", Prof.
P h a n Huy Le (Ed.) Worid Publisher, Hft Nfii, 1993,
pp.324-325.

321.

(26). Trong cfing trinh nghifin cflu cua minh,
hpc gia Wang Gungwu cho r^ng: "Vfto t h f ky II

(32), (33), (35), (37). Bfli DUdng Lich: Nghi An
ky, sdd, tr. 158, 156, 196-207, 199.

sau Cfing nguyfin, trong nS lflc d i u tifin cua ngUdi
La Ma nhfim t h i i t Iftp cac moi quan hf hftng h i i
vdi Trung

Qufic,

hoftng

d l Marcus

Aurelius

AntoniuB da cfl mpt phfti doftn sang Trung Hoa.
Cfi'ng vfit dfing len vua trieu Hftn gfim cfi ngft voi,
sflng tg, dfii mfii. Tft't c i nhflng vft p h i m fiy d i u lg
san vfit d i l n hinh cua m i i n Trung Vift Nam thdi
k j dfi", Xem G.Wang: The Nanhai

Trade - The

Early History of Chinese Trade in the South

(34). H I Trung Dung: Vj tri cda Nghi - Tinh
trong h4 thd'ng thUUng mgi khu u(jfc thiti Ly - Trdn,

Khda lufin ttft nghidp ngftnh Ljch sfl, Khoa Ljch
sfl, Trufing D^i hpc KHXH & NV, DHQGHN, Hft
Nfi, 2008. t r . l 4 .
(36). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Tftp 2, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hfi, Hft Nfii, 1993, t r . l 3 1 ,

China

(38). Qufic sfl quftn t r i l u Nguyin: Dai Nam

Sea, Singapore - Times Academic Press, 1998,

nh^t thd'ng chi, Tfip 2, Nxb, Thuftn Hfia • Hul,

pp.2.

1997, tr.181,

(27), (28). Lfi Tfic: An Nam

chi lUOc, Nxb.

(39). Hft Vfin Tfi'n (Chu bifin); Khdo cohgc lich

Thuftn Hfia - Trung tam Vfin hda Ngfin ngfl Dfing

sd Viit Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hfii, Hft Nfii, 2002,

Tay, Hft Nfii, 2002, tr. 278, 280.

tr.116.


IS

cae thuxmg cAng vung Rghf-TOrii...
cihgc

(48), N g u y i n Vfin Kim • Nguyin M&nh Dung:

mdt s& thuang cdng co viing biin miin Bdc Viit

Truyin th&ng vd hogt dpng thUOng mqi cua ngUifi

Nam tu thiky

Viit - Thgc tilfch

(40). Trjnh Cao TuSng: Nghiin

cOu khdo

IX - XVII. D l tfti khoa hpc cfip U;^

ban, Vif n Khao c l hoc, 2002.
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Vi4t vX

biin,

sd vd nhdn thUc; trong: NgUdi

Nxb. T h i Gidi, Hft Nfi. 2011,

tr,ll6,

on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast, in

(49). Ciing vfii sfl cUdp bfic thufing xuyfin cua

'Journal of Southeast Asian Studies", 37 (1),

Chifim Thgnh, thftng 1-1128 Chftn L^p da huy

pp.86-87.

dfng 2 V9n quftn d i n cUdp b i n Ba D i u 5 chftu

(42). Xem Sakurai 'Yumio: Thd phdc dipig ciS'o

Nghf An. Tilp dfi, t h i n g 8 Chftn L^p l^i huy dfng

true lich sd cua khu vgc Ddng Nam A, da din,

700 chile t h u y i n d i n cUfip hUdng DS Gia (HUdng

tr.41.

Sdn), Nghf An. Thftng 8-1132, Chftmpa vft Chfin

(43). Vi4t dan u linh viit: "Khi dfi, Thfii Tfing
mufi'n dfinh Chifim Thftnh sai VUdng (Lf Hoang,
con thfl tfim cua Ly Thanh Tfing - TG) Iftm mft
hftnh doanh gpi 1ft trai Bft Hoa, cfi't sao cho dU^c
h i l m trd, kign co', bd'n m$t dfto h i m sftu dgp Ifly

L^p l^i cflng d i n cUfip chftu Nghf An... Dfi lfi
nhflng cufc tfin cfing quy mfi ldn. Xem Todn thU,
Tfp 1, sdd, tr. 264, 299-301, 306.
(50), (62), (63), NguySn Trfii: DU dia chi, sdd,
tr. 476, 476, 472.

cao, d trong tr^i dfit rpng cfi t h i chfla dupc ba b i n

(51), (52), (54), (55), (56), (57), (64). Bfli DUdng

van quftn, kho tftng t i l n lUdng du dflng ba nftm.

Lich: Ngh4 An ky, sdd, tr. 84-85, 100, 120, 134-

D i n khi vua di dftnh phUdng Nam qua nhifin

135, 66, 65, 66.

t h i n g to", hf T l Xuyfin: Viet dien u Unh, Nxb. Vftn
hpc, Hft Nfi, 2001, tr.60.

(58), (59), (60), (61), Dgi Nam nh&t th&ng chi.
sdd, tr. 153-154, 132, 142-143, 144.

(44). Dfto Duy Anh: Dat nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc

(65). Todn thU chfip; Mfla xufin, thftng 2 nftm

ddi, Nxb. Thufn Hda, H u l , 1997, tr. 114. Xem

Dinh Mfli (1067) "cftc nUdc NgUu Hfi'ng, Ai Lao

thfim Hft M^nh Khoa: Sdng ddo d Thanh Hda (the

dfing vftng bac, t r i m hUdng, sflng tfi, ngft voi vfi cfic

ky X - th£ky XIX). Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hfii, Hft Nfi,

thfl san vfit dja phUdng", Xem Bgi Viit sd ky todn

2002.

thu, Tftp 1, sdd, tr, 274.

(45). Dgi Viit sdky todn tkU, Tgp 2, sdd, tr.13.

(66). ViitsdliMc,

(46), (53). Dgng Duy Bau (Chu bifin)..,: L}ch sd

(67).

Hd Tinh, sdd, t r . l 3 5 , 133-134.

(47). Momoki Shiro: Dgi Viit vd thUOng mgi
Biin Ddng tU thi'ky Xd^n theky XV, sdd, tr.316.

John

sdd, tr. 99.
Stevenson

and

John

Vietnamese

Ceramics in Intenuitional

Vietnamese

Ceramics - A Separate Tradition,

Guy;

Trade; in:

Media Resources with Avery Press, pp.47-60.

Art