THĂNG LONG HÀ NỘI VỊ THẾ LỊCH SỬ VÀ DI SẢN VĂN HÓA

THfING LONG-Hfl NQI
VI THE UCH S(]r V^ Dl SflN V^N HOd
PHAN HUY Lfi

1. Trung t a m cua ba ky nguyen van
minh trong lich sii dan toe
Qua ti^n trinh lich sii lau dii, kl iiC khi
con ngudi xuS't hien tren vung da't Uh Noi,
nha't la ti( khi dinh do ThSng Long nfim
1010 cho den nay, Thang Long • Ha Ngi dd
CO mat vOi vi thi' trung tdm cua ba ky
nguyan vdn minh ldn cua lich sikddn toe.
Trong thdi dai diing na6c, tren nS^n tang
cua ky thuSt luy$n kim ma dinh cao la vin
hoa Dong Sdn, ngUdi Viet co da sang 14p
nen nen vdn minh co dai va hinh thanh
nha nu6c sd khai VSn Lang - Au Lac. Da'y
li Ky nguyen vdn minh vd dUng niidc cua
ngUcfi Viet cd. Nen tang ciaa ky nguySn nSy
la vfin minh lua niiflc phat trien cao v6i
cong cu san xua't bSng dong, sfit vk cd ca'u
xa hoi cong dong x6m lang tren dia ban chii
yeu cua chau tho song Hong. Thu6 do, dlTt
Thang Long - H& Noi la mot vung kinh te,
xa hoi tru phu trong cai noi cua nen vfin
minh lua nU6c vung chau thd song Hong.
Tren hau khSp vung da't nfiy, cac di tich
Vfin hoa Dong Sdn phan bo kha day, tap
trung nh^t Ifi vung Co Loa. Tren mot di^n
tich hep, khao co hoc da phat hi^n nhieu di
tich, di vat tieu biiu cua Vfin hoa Dong Sdn

nha trong dong, lU3i cay dong, mui ten

• GS.VS. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi

dong va nhiiu c6ng cu san xua't, d6 dung,
vii khi, do trang siic phong phU. Tiep noi
nU6c Vfin Lang thdi Hung VUdng ma trung
tam la vung Viet Tri tren dinh tam giac
chau song Hdng, nUdc Au Lac ddi An
Dudng Vudng da chuyen do ve Co Loa nhm
giiia vung thiidng chau thd song Hdng, tren
bcl song Hoang Giang noi lien h§ thong
song Hdng v6i song Thai Binh, Day la lin
dau tien trong lich sit, thanh Co Loa tren
vung da^t Ha Ngi da trS thfinh trung tam
chinh tri, quan sii, kinh t^, vfin hoa cua
vUdng quoc Au Lac. Ba vong thanh tren
mfit dfi't cung vcli cac di tich, di vat mfi khao
cd hgc phat hi$n tit trong long dfi't cho tha'y
day la mgt toa thanh qui mo ldn dat din
trinh do kie'n tnic va quan sU cao trong
binh di$n phat trien ciia vfin minh Dong
Nam A thdi d6. Clfu true ba vong thanh dai
tren 16km, ngoai thanh co hao thong vdi
song Hofing Giang cung vdi h§ tho'ng cac
luy phong v^ ben ngoai vl cac u dfi't dfip
nho ra ciia thfinh Noi nhil nhQng vong gac
(g£n nhu cong sU kieu "dich lau" trong kien
true thanh cua Trung Quoc), chdng minh
Co Loa la mdt ki§'n true quan sU kien cd

xay dUng tren cd scl tfin dung dia hinh tU
nhien, kit hijp rS^t chat giiia thuy va bg.


Rghl6n curu Ljch sir, stf 8.2012
giiia phdng ngU vfi tfi'n cdng. Hang van mui cung 06* chfnh quyin trung Udng, dfkp tan
ten ddng tim tha'y 5 C^u Vi^c ciing vdi h^ cu$c xflm IU(?c lin thCt nha't ciia nhfi Tdng,
thdng 16 ddc mui tfin ddng phfit I^ trong gifl viing chu quyin qudc gia. Da'y la thfing
thanh Ndi vi truydn thuydt "nd thfin" cang l(;i to ldn trdn con dudng d^y thach thflc
phan anh nhu cfiu qufin si^ cao ciia nUdc Au ciia nha nU6c ddc l$p non tr^ gianh lai sau
Lac, tfnh Uu vi^t ciia loai vu khi nfty. tham hoa Bfic thu^c hdn nghin nfim, kh^ng
NhUng trdm ldn ta't ca, nUdc Au Lac ra ddi djnh Biic m^nh cua dan tdc vfi chu^n bi
tren su hen kit c^ng ddng cao hdn cua nhflng tiln dl cho cdng cu^c phuc hUng dSn
ngUdi Lac Vi^t va Au Vi6t, md r^ng dia ban tdc, xay dUng mgt qud'c gia ddc lap va thinh
cua dfl't nUdc va chuyen do vc gifla viing vxicfng. Chinh trdn cd BCt nhflng tien de lich
chau thd, xfiy thanh Cd Loa ki§n cd. Dd la sil dd, nfim 1010, vua Thfii Td LJ Cdng Uln
chi tieu phan anh m^t bu6c phat tridn mdi da thUc hi§n mgt quyit dinh trgng dai: dtii
ciia td chiic nha nUdc vfi nin vfin minh ciia dd tijf Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh) vl thfinh Dai La
ngUdi Vi^t cd. Trong dicu ki|n chinh tr}, (Ha Ndi) va ddi tdn la thSnh Thfing Long.
kinh te, xa hdi thdi dd, do thfinh Cd Loa ndi Trong bidu tUc?ng Rdng bay len vita tran
bat lin nhu mot tda thfinh phdng v^ kien cd d^y khi t h i vfi sfle sdng, vfla chfla dUng
ciia mdt trung tam chinh tri qudc gia, vfi ben dfi'u dn cpi ngudn con Rdng chau Tien cua
ngoai la vung cU trd tUdng doi tflp trung cua huyin thoai dan gian, vUdng trieu Ly
cac xdm Ifing cU dan Ifim nghi ndng, nghi (1009-1225), rdi vUdng trilu Tr^n (1226thii cdng, nghi chii lUdi danh bSt thuy san 1400), Hd (1400-1407) vfi Ld sd (1428-1527)
ven sdng. Dd Ifi ke't cfi'u nfing vl mot quan da thuc hidn thanh cdng sU nghidp phuc
thfinh, cdn vl kinh te', cS'u phin cua dd thi hUng dfin toe, dfiy manh cdng cudc xay
dUng va bao v? dfi't nUdc, sang Ifip nen Ky
mdi hinh thanh cdn mang tinh sd khai.
Tiep do, trong hdn nghin nfim Bfic nguyen van minh Dai Viet.
thuoc, the ky X da ghi vao lich sxi nhU mot

Dd Ifi ky nguyen vfin minh thfl hai trong
budc ngoat trong cudc da'u tranh ket thiic lich sii Vigt Nam vdi nhflng thfinh tUu rUc
thdi Bfic thugc gianh lai ddc Ifip hoan tofin. rd trong phat tridn kinh te, chfin hUng vfin
Khiic Thtfa Du ndi day gifinh lai chu hda va nhflng vu cong hao hiing trong
quyin, Dudng Dinh Ngh6 danh bai cudc chdng ngoai xfim, bao v^ dS^t nude. Cong
xam lUdc lin thiit nha't cua Nam Hfin, giii cudc phuc hUng dan tgc nfiy mang tinh dac
viing chu quyin vfi Ngd Quyin Ifip n§n dai thu cua lich axl Vi?t Nam, dUdc thuc hign
thfing Bach Dfing ddp tan cudc xflm luge thfinh cdng sau khi da't nUdc da vUdt qua
lin ihxt hai cua nha Nam Han. Do Ifi nhflng hdn nghin nfim Bfic thuoc, da khfic phuc
su kicn danh difu budc trudng thanh cua dui?c nguy cd bi ngoai bang ddng hda, de
phong trfio dan tdc va nliflng bUdc di tie'n tim lai sfle manli cua cdi ngudn ma xay
tdi cha'm dfit hofin toan nen dd ho nudc dUng vfi phat triin dfi't nudc. Nudc Dai Viet
ngoai. Ngd Quydn xUng vUdng tiic la cdng trd thanh mgt qudc gia dan tdc ddc Ifip,
khai xSc lap nen ddc Ifip, dinh dd 6 Cd Loa; thd'ng nh^t, van minh va cUdng thinh eua
Dmh Bd Linh rdi Le Hoan xUng de, xay viing Ddng Nam A. Tfl niia sau thd ky
dung dd thanh Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh) khing XVIII nhin vl qua khfl, vdi sU suy nglm, so
dinh chii quyen quoc gia, bieu thi y thttc sanh vdi thd gidi Ddng A trong vdn kiln
xay dUng mdt nha nUdc ddc ISp. Cac vUdng thflc uyen bac cua minh, nha bac hgc Le
trilu nay da danh bai cac the luc cat cii. Quy Ddn da nhfin x6t: "Nudc Nam, hai


Thang Long - Tih R6i..
trieu dai nhd Ly, nhd Trdn c6 tieng Id vdn
hien" (1). Nen vfin minh Dai Vi?t thdi LJf,
Trin, Ld di^a tren cd sd ndng nghidp liia
nUdc phfit trien cao vdi nhflng cdng trinh dd
song, de bien va thuy lOi do nhfi nUdc vfi dia
phUOng xay dUng, kit hi?p vdi cfic nghi thii
cdng va quan h? hfing hda tiln t§ md mang.
Thanh Thfing Long trong thdi L;^, Tr^n, Le,

(cuoi TrSn tfl nfim 1397 ddi ten Ifi thanh
Ddng Dd cho den het thdi Hd, thdi Le sd Ifi
thanh Ddng Kinh), dugc xay dUng vfi tu tao,
md rgng, dat qui md ldn nha't vao thdi Le
Thanh Tdng, li€n tuc Ifi kinh dd cua nUdc
Dai Vidt, ddng thdi ciing Ifi trung tam hdi tu
va tda sang ciia nen van minh Dai Vidt.
Tfl the ky XVI-XVII, nin vfin minh Dai
Viet tiep tuc phat triin trong boi canh mdi
ciia nin thUOng mai A chau khi quan he
mSu dich phUdng Ddng phat trien trong moi
quan hg vdi phUdng Tfiy vfi sU hinh thanh
thi trUdng thd' gidi. Nudc Dai Viet md rdng
quan h0 giao thUdng vdi nhieu nUdc Ddng
Nam A, Dong A, Nam A, TSy A va ca mot sd
nudc phUdng Tay nhu Bd Dao Nha, H i Lan,
Anh, Phap... Nhiiu cang thi vflng ciia bien,
ven sdng ra ddi va thinh dat trong thdi dai
mau dich phat dat nay. Dien mao Kinh
thfinh Thfing Long cua nUdc Dai Vidt cung
CO nhiiu biln ddi, khdng nhflng phat trien
vl qui md, kiln tnic, the che chinh tri ma ca
ve ket ca'u kinh tl, xa hgi, vfin hda. Trung
tam quyin lUc chinh tri khong chi tfip trung
trong Hofing Thanh (vua Le) ma cdn xu^t
hien mdt trung tfim mdi la phu Chiia T4nh
ngoai Hofing Thfinh. Trong vimg "thi" ciia
kinh thfinh vfi ca vung ngoai vi, ben canh
nhflng xdm lang ndng nghidp da phdt trien
mdt hf thdng lang nghi, pho" nghi thu

cdng, mdt mang ludi cac ch^-bln, phdphudng ma trung tam s^m ufi't nha't Ifi khu
vi^c phia dong Hofing Thanh cho din ciia
sdng Td, dge sdng Hdng nhu mdt hinh tam
giac ma dinh Ifi Ctia Ddng ciia Hoang

Thfinh, c^nh nllm Ifi bd sdng Hdng. Ngofii cU
ddn trong nudc, da cd mgt sd cU dfin nUdc
ngofii din budn ban sinh sdng nhu ngudi
Chfim, ngudi Hdi, ngUdi Hoa, ngUdi Nhfit vfi
tfl thd ky XVII cd ca thUdng didm ngUdi Anh,
ngUdi Hfi Lan... Thfing Ijong - Ke Chtrien thfinh mdt dd thi s^m ufi't vfi cung Ifi
mpt trung tfim m$u dich mang tinh qudc td
Idn nha't ciia ca nUdc.
Trong ky nguyen vfin minh Dai Viet,
Thfing Long la Kinh dd, la trung tam chinh
tri qudc gia, Ifi trung tfim kinh td vfi vfin
hda tidu biiu ciia ca dSTt nudc.
Tfl nam 1788, khi vua Quang Trung !en
ngdi Hoang dl, dinh dd b Phu Xuan, rdi
nam 1802 nhfi Nguyin xay dUng Kinh
thfinh Phii Xuan • Hue, Thfing Long khdng
cdn gifl vi tri trung tam chinh tri qudc gia
nhUng vIn Ifi mdt trung tam kinh tl, vfin
hda ldn va ndi tie'ng cua dat nUdc. Nhin
chung tren pham vi thd gidi, tfl the ky
XVII-XVIII, trung tam vfin mmh thi gidi
da chuyln dich sang phUdng Tay dUpc
danh dfi'u bfing thfing Idi ciia each mang tU
san vfi sU ra ddi cua nin vfin minh cdng

nghiep. PhUdng Ddng vfin mmh cua thdi cd
dai va trung dai, trd thfinh ddi tUdng xam
lUdc va khai thac cua chii nghia thUc dan
phUdng Tay. Trong bdi canh dd, sau cugc
khang chiin chdng Phap thfit bai do nha
Nguyin lanh dao, tfl nfim 1884, Viet Nam
trd thfinh thuoc dia cua chii nghia thUe dfin
Phap. Trong bdi canh dd. Ha Ndi hi thuc
dan Phap xam chiem tfl nfim 1882, rdi trd
thfinh thu phu cua Dong DUdng thude
Phap, la trung tam quyen lUc ciia chii
nghia thuc dSn. Dudi sU thdng tri cua chii
nghia thi^e dan, qui hoach dd thi, kdt ca'u
kinh tl, xa hdi ciia Ha Ndi chuyln ddi d^n
theo hudng do thi hda kilu phUdng Tdy. Ha
Ngi tiep nhfin nhieu anh hudng vfin hda
Phap vfi phUdng Tay, nhfi't la tu tUdng dfin
chii, cac loai hinh vfin hgc nghg thuat, bao


Rghian cim Ljch air. a6 8.2012
chi, k j thufit fi'n loat, ngh^ thu§t kiln
true... Ha Ngi Ifi mdt trung tfim sdi dong
trong giao thoa vfin hda, d^u tranh gifla cdi
cu vfi cdi mdi, la ndi di dfku trong tiip biln
vfin hda, trong tid'p thu vfi dung hda nhiiu
tu tUdng, vfin hda tidn tien ciia thd gidi.
Nhung Ha Ndi v5n bao tdn vfi gin gifl dugc
nhflng gia tri ciia di san tfl ngfin xUa ciia
vfin hda Thfing Long vfi cung Ifi trung tfim

ciia nhiiu phong trao ydu nUdc vfi each
m^ng sdi ndi, nhfi't la tfl khi Dang Cdng san
Vi$t Nam thanh Ifip.
Nfim 1945, each mang thang Tfim
thanh cdng b Ha Ndi va tren ph^m vi ca
nUde. Quang trudng Ba Dinh b Ha Ngi Ifi
ndi da vang ldn ban Tuyin ngdn ddc Idp
eiia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, khai sinh mdt
qudc gia - dan tdc dde Ifip sau gin mdt t h i
ky hi chii nghia thuc dan xam lUpc vfi dd
ho, md ra mdt ky nguyen mdi trong Hch s\i
dan tdc: Ky nguyen doc Idp tU do, tien len
van minh hien dai. Ha Ndi dUdc khdi phue
vi tri Thu do ciia nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu
Cdng hda tfl nfim 1945 rdi nUde Cgng hda
xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam tfl nfim 1976.
Trong ky nguyen mdi, Hfi Ndi cung ca nUdc
da tidn hfinh mdt cuoc trudng chinh 30
nfim vdi hai cudc khang chiin chdng Phap,
chdng My, hofin thfinh sU nghiep giai
phdng dan tdc, gifinh l?i ddc Ifip dan tgc,
chii quyin qudc gia va thong nha't To qudc.
Dd Ifi mdt thanh tuu vi dai dUa Vi^t Nam
len vi tri tien phong ciia phong trfio dfi'u
tranh chdng chii nghia thuc dfin, giai
phdng dan tdc tren pham vi the gidi. Ha
Ndi da trai qua nhflng nfim thang cUc kjf
gian nan trong nhflng nfim d^u gifinh vfi
gifl chinh quyen each mang, da dfi'u tranh
oanh li$t chdng fich chilm ddng cua thiic

dan dan Phap va da chi vidn sfle ngUdi siic
cua cho tiln tuyen ldn mien Nam, da danh
bai chiin tranh pha hoai b^ng khong quan
cua My, Ifip nen chiin cdng "Dien Bidn Phii

trdn khdng" cufii nam 1972. Sau khi dfft
nUdc thdtig nhfi't, Hfi Ndi tiip tyc cdrg vi§c
khfic phyc h$u qua chiin tranh, xfiy dUng
thu dd. Dfic bi§t tfl nam 1986, Hfi N^i cung
ca nUdc thUc hl§n si^ nghidp Ddi mdi, ra sfle
xda bd tinh trang nghdo nfin lac hflu, tflng
budc thuc hi^n cdng nghidp hda, hi^n dai
hda vfi h^i nh^p qudc td. Nfim cu6i ciia
th$p ky dfiu ciia t h i ky XXI, dfft nUdc da
vUpt qua gidi h^n ciia nhflng nfldc nghto,
dupc xlp vfio hfing cfic nUdc cd mflc thu
nh$p binh qufin lo^i trung binh trdn thi
gidi. Tiip theo sau thfing lgi ciia sU nghidp
giai phdng dfin t^c, gifinh lai ddc Ifip vfi
thdng nhfTt qudc gia, day Ifi mdt thanh tUu
to ldn cua da't nudc, trong dd Hfi Ngi vfla Ifi
trung tfim chinh tri Qudc gia gifl vai trd
lanh d^o da't nUdc, vfla la dia ban di dSu
trdn nhiiu linh vUc. Trdn nin tang nay, Ha
Ndi dang cung ca nUdc dfi'y mpnh edng cu^c
cdng nghidp hda, hi^n dai hda, gifl gin vfi
phat huy ban sfic van hda dan tgc, thyc
hign muc tieu dfin giau nUdc manh, xa hdi
dan chu, cdng bfing, vfin minh.
Ky nguyen dge Idp tU do, tiln len vfin

minh hifn dai dang tiip tyc. Trong ky
nguyen mdi, Thii dd Hfi Ndi ludn ludn giQ
vflng vfi phat huy vai trd trung tfim chinh
tri qudc gia, trung tfim vfin hda, khoa hgc,
gido dye tieu biiu, trung tfim kinh t l tien
tidn cua dfi't nUdc.
Nhu vfly Ifi trong ba ky nguyen vfin
minh ldn cua lich sii dfin tdc, Thfing Long •
Hfi Ndi dfi kd tyc trung tSm Phong Chfiu
cua nUdc Vfin Lang dl vudn len Kinh thfinh
Co Loa cua nudc Au Lac thdi dung nUdc, rdi
trung tfim chinh tri, kinh td, vfin hda tiiu
bieu cua ky nguyen vfin minh Dai Vi^t vdi
vai trd Kinh thfinh Thfing Long - Ddng Dd Ddng Kinh trong gin 8 t h i ky lidn tyc vfi tfl
nfim 1945 ddn nay Ifi Thu dd Hfi Ndi, trung
tfim chinh tri, kinh tl', van hda, khoa hgc,
giao due ciia nUdc Vidt Nam thdi dai Hd


Thang Long-ItaRQi..
Chi Minh. Dfiy la vi t h i hch sii dfic bi|t cua
Thfing Long - Hfi Ngi trong tofin bg tiln
trinh cua lich sif dfin toe mfi khdng cd mgt
do thi, mdt kinh thanh nao khac ciia Vi$t
Nam cd thi sanh du^c vfi cung Ifi trudng
hdp hi hflu trdn t h i gidl.
2. M9t di san v&n h6a do so, vo gifi
Vai trd trung tfim chinh tri, vfin hda Ifiu
dfii dd khdng nhflng da d^t ndn nhflng
trang sii vfing mfi cdn dl lai cho Thfing

Long • Hfi Ngi mgt di san van hda vd gia.
Chi tinh tfl khi vua Ly Thdi To dinh dd
Thfing Long din nay, trong nghin nfim lich
sit, Thfing Long • Hfi Ndi dfi gifl vai trd
Kinh dd eiia dfi't nfldc gin nhU lien tuc, ehi
trfl thdi Tdy Son ddng dd 6 Phii Xuan
(1788-1802) vd thdi Nguyen ddng dd S Phii
Xufin - H u l (1802-1945). NhUng thdi Tfiy
Sdn vfi diu thdi Nguyin (cho ddn nfim
1831), Thfing Long khdng nhflng la mdt dd
thi ldn mfi cdn Ifi thu phii eiia Bac Thanh
(vung Bfic Bg). Thdi Phap thugc, Hfi Ndi Ifi
thii phu ciia ca Ddng DUdng thugc Phap. Tfl
thfing Idi ciia Cach mang thang Tam nfim
1945 din nay, Hfi Ndi la Thii dd cua nUdc
Viet Nam hidn dai. Nhu vay, tinh todn cu
thd trong nghin nfim, tinh tfl 1010 cho den
2010, Thfing Long - Hfi Ndi ludn ludn la mdt
trung tam quyin lUc trong dd cd 843 nfim Ifi
kinh dd cua nUdc Dai Vidt (tfl 1010 den
1788) vfi nUdc Viet Nam (tfl 1945 den 2010).
Dfiy Ifi mdt dfic dilm nii bfit vl vi t h i Hch
sit ciia Thfing Long - Hfi Ndi.
Chinh lich sii Ifiu ddi, vai trd trung tam
cua ba ky nguyen vfin minh ldn vfi nhlft Ifi
vi tri trung tam quyin lUc, vi tri kinh
thfinh gin nhU lien tyc trong nghin nfim
dd, da tao nen b l dfiy hch sut, vfin hda dfic
thu cua vung d^t Thfing Long - Hfi Ngi, de
lai mdt di san vfin hda vd cflng phong phU,

da dang vdi nhflng gia tri mang tinh hdi tu,
chfit Igc, klit tinh, tieu biiu va toa sang ciia
lich sii, vfin hda dfin tgc.

Di san vfin hda Thfing Long - Hd Ndi
bao gdm hai loai hinh tao thfinh, theo thuat
ngfl cua Ludt di sdn vdn hoa, la di san vat
the va di san phi vfit thi. Day Id each phan
loai tUdng ddi vi trong di san vfit thi cung
chfla dUng di san phi vfit the va di san phi
vat thi cung bao tdn va lUu truyin qua cac
hinh thai vfit thi, kl ca cdc thd h§ con
ngudi va cac kenh vdt the.
Di sdn v^t thi tren mat dfi^t trai qua thii
thdch cua thdi gian, cua ehiln tranh vfi cdc
bidn thidn Uch sit, trong dd ed sU pha hiiy
ciia con ngUdi, cdn bao tdn cho den nay
khdng cdn nhiiu. Di tich kinh dd chi cdn lai
ba vdng thfinh Cd Loa, mdt sd doan La
Thfinh, Hodng Thanh, nen dien Kinh
Thien, cila Doan Mdn trong Ca'm Thanh
Thfing Long. Phu Chiia Trinh nguy nga
ben hd Hofin Kiem da hi Le Chieu Thdng
ddt chay nfim 1787. Thanh Ha Ngi bi ehinh
quyin thuc ddn Phap pha huy gin nhU san
bfing nfim 1895-1897 vfi chi cdn lai Cila Bfic
(Chinh Bac Mdn) va Ky Dfii (Cot Cd).
Thfinh Md Linh cua nha nUdc TrUng
VUdng, thanh Van Xuan ciia nha nUdc Van
Xuan chi de lai da'u fin qua mdt sddia danh

va vet tich md... Theo chinh sit va cac tai
lidu dia chi, biet bao cung dien, chua qudn,
dinh den da xay dUng tren manh da't Kinh
thanh da bi phd hiiy hoan toan hofic trai
qua nhiiu lin triing tu va yiu td gdc cdn lai
khdng nhiiu. Chiia Khai Qudc do Ly Nam
De xdy dUng la ngdi chua cd nhfit ciia viing
da't Ha Ndi bdn sdng Hdng dUdc chuyen vl
vj tri chua Trfi^n Qude ciing da qua bao Iln
trflng tu. Thap Bao Thien vdi dinh thdp
bSng ddng Id mgt trong "tfl dai khi" bi san
phfing. Chiia Mgt Cdt (Dien Hflu) noi tilng
Cling qua nhiiu lin tu tao vfi ngdi ehua
hidn nay mdi dUng lai nfim 1955, td't nhien
theo md hinh cu. Chua Bao An mdi xdy
dUng vfio gifla the ky XIX vdi qui md khd
do sd ben ho Hodn Kiem cung hi san bfing


Rghlgn cdu Ljeh si>. stf 8.2012
cudi the ky XIX mfi dfi'u tich duy nhfit cdn
Iai Id thdp Hda Phong bdn bd hd. Trong
tinh trang di san v^t thi trdn m$t dd't bj
ton h^i nghiem trgng nhU t h i thi nhflng gi
cdn lai din nay Ifi vd ciing qujf gia vfi cin
dUdc bao tdn, triing tu mdt cdch hd't sfle
nghidm ehinh dl gifl Ipi nhflng yd'^u td glc
cho mai sau. Mdt sd di tich kidn true ed
truyin cd gid tri tidu biiu, cd thi kl, vl
Nho giao Ifi Vfin Midu; vl Phdt gido Id chfla

Trfi'n Qudc (ben Hd Tfiy), chfla Mgt Cgt,
chfla L;/ Qudc Su (50 phd L^ Qudc SU),
chfla Bd Dd (hay Linh Quang tU, 3 phd
Nhd Thd). chfla Lang (phd Chfla Ldng); vl
Dao giao Ifi quan Trfi'n Vu; vl dinh, din cd
dinh Yen Thdi, din Hai Bfi TrUng, din
Ngoc Sdn, din Phfl Dong...
Hdu het cac di tich vdt the cdn lai tUdng
ddi nguyen gd'c va todn ven ddn nay Ifi mgt
sd kien triic thdi Phap thuoc vfi cac di tich
each mang vfi khdng chie'n. Thdi Phap
thugc de lai mgt sd kiln true cd gid tri
mang phong each co dien, tan cd dien ciia
phUdng Tdy vd xu hudng kit hdp Ddng Tdy thich nghi vdi dilu kidn tU nhien, khi
hfiu nhiet ddi, mdi trUdng vfin hda ban xfl.
Trong di san ndy cd nhflng cdng trinh dd sg
cd gia tri kiln true, ngh^ thudt cao nhU
Phu Todn quyen (nay Id Phu Chii tich),
Phu Thdng sfl Bfic K^ (nay Id Bg Lao ddng ThUdng binh • Xa hdi vd Nha khdch Chinh
phii), Nhfi hat thdnh phi, Dai hgc Ddng
DUdng (nay Ifi Dai hgc qudc gia Hfi Ngi),
Bao tfing Louis Finot (nay Ifi Bao tfing Lich
sii Vigt Nam), Sd Tdi chinh Ddng DUdng
(nay Ifi Bd Ngoai giao), Ngfin hfing Ddng
Duong (nay Id Ngan hfing Nhfi nfldc), clu
Paul Doumer (nay Id cdu Long Bien). Ngodi
ra cdn nhflng kiln tnic nhfi cl khu phd Tfiy
(d qufin Hai Bfi TrUng, thudng ggi Id khu
phd cu) vd cfic biet thU (tap trung 5 quan
Ddng Da) (2). Tfl t h i ky XIX, khi dao Thien

ehua truyin ba vao Hfi Ndi, xufTt hidn mdt

sd kiln tnic mdi Id Nhfi thd Cdng gido, tidu
biiu la Nha thd Chinh tda, quen ggi la Nha
thd Ldn (40 phd Nhfi Chung), nhfi thd Cila
B^c (56 phd Phan Dinh Phflng).
Cdc di tich cdch mang vfi khdng chiin cd
265 di tich gfin liln vdi cdc eU ki^n I6n
trong thdi kj^ cdch mang vfi khdng chiin,
trong sd dd cd 38 di tfch da xlp hpng c^p
qudc gia vd ed'p Thfinh phd. Loai hinh di
tfch nfiy tfip trung nhtft cl qufin Hofin Kiim
cd 49 di tfch, qu§n Ddng Anh cd 43 di tfch,
qufin Ba Dinh cd 25 di tfch, qufin Hai Bfi
TrUng cd 25 di tich, qu§n Ding Da cd 12 di
tich. Nhflng cdng trinh cd gid tri tieu biiu
Id Nha so 90 phd Thp Nhudm, ndi Tong BI
thu Trdn Phu soan Luan cUOng cdch mang
tu sdn ddn quyin thang 10-1930; NhaBd48
phd Hang Ngang, ndi Chii tich Hd Chi
Minh viit Tuyin ngdn doc lap, Khu nhfi
sfin vfi ndi Ifim vigc ciia Chii tich Hd Chi
Minh, Nha him D67, tdng hfinh dinh Quan
dgi nhfin dan Vidt Nam trong khdng chien
giai phdng mien Nam thong nhd't To quoc.
Nhd CO truyin trong dd thi pho biln la
kilu nhd diig trong Khu pho cd, nhd d dan
gian vfi ede di tich kiln true mang tinh tdn
gido, tin ngUdng nhU ehua thdp, dinh mieu
thi khd phd biln trong cdc ldng xa vung

ngoai vi vd mdt sd phd phudng vflng ngi
thanh. Cum kiln tnic tin ngUdng phd bien
ciia ddn vi thdn/phUdng Ifi dinh - chfla din, mieu.
Theo phan loai ciia Ludt di sdn vdn hoa
(Dilu 28), cdc di tich vfin hda vfit thi nay
gdm di tich Uch SLI vfin hda, cdng trinh kiln
true ngh^ thu^t vfi di tich khao cd hgc. Cho
din diu nfim 2010, vflng Hfi Ndi chUa rab
rgng cd 549 di tfch d\l<}c xd'p hang di tich
cl'p qudc gia (3), dflng diu ca nfldc vl sd
lU(?ng cdc di tfch qudc gia. Them vfio dd Ifi
219 di tfch dUdc xlp h^ng ca'p Thanh phd.
D^c bi^t, trong sd cac di tich trdn cd 2 di
tfch nSm trong B6 10 di tich quoc gia dac


Thang Long-IjaRdl...
biet dUdc xep hang lin diu tien vao nfim
2009. Dd la Khu di tich Trung tfim Hodng
thfinh Thfing Long va Khu di tieh Chii tich
Hd Chi Minh trong Phu Chu Ueh.
Dfl bi pha huy, hU hai nhiiu qua thdi
gian, sd lUdng, mfit dg phfin bd cung nhU
gia tri lich sil, vfin hda ciia cfie di tfch vfin
hda vfit t h i dupc bao ton cua Ha Ngi, nhfi't
Ifi vung trung tdm, la minh chflng vl vai
trd vdn hda tieu bieu cua vflng dfi't Thfing
Long - Hd Ngi ngfin nfim vfin vfit.
Cdn mdt bd phfin quan trgng di san vfit
thi dUdc bao tdn trong ldng dfi't thi cho den

nay vdn chUa thi kilm tra, ddnh gifi todn
bd. NhUng ndi chung, trong pham vi trung
tdm ciia Kinh thfinh xUa, di sdn khdo cd
hgc cd trfl lUdng r i t ldn vd gifl vai trd quan
trgng trong nghien cflu lich sil, vfin hda
Thdng Long - Hfi Ndi. Trdn thUc te, tfl
nhflng phat hien ngfiu nhien trong dao dat
lam dudng, xay dUng nha cila de'n nhflng
cudc dilu tra tham sdt vd khai qudt ciia cac
nhd khao cd hgc da dii chflng thuc dilu dd.
Cudi the ky XIX, khi md vUdn Bach Thao
da tim thfiy mdt cot da cham rdng, dIu t h i
ky XX lai tim thd'y mdt lan can dd cham
sd'u mang phong each trang tri thdi Ly.
Trong nijta diu t h i ky XX, tai Nggc Ha da
tim thay trdng ddng Ddng Sdn; tai khu
Quan NgUa va vung Van Phiic, Hflu Ti0p,
Kim Mfi, Cd'ng Vi, Liiu Giai... cung tim
thfiy nhflng dd gdm sfl, gach ngdi,.. thdi Ly
- Trdn. Tfl gifla t h i ky XX din nay, ngoai
cac phat hien tinh cd, da cd nhiiu cugc dieu
tra tham sat vd khai qufit qui md vl khao
cd hgc. Hai khu vUc tap trung nhiiu di tich
khao cd hgc nha't Id khu thanh Cd Loa va
dac biet Ifi khu trung tdm Hoang thfinh
Thfing Long. Tai day, ra't nhieu di tfch kien
tnic cung dinh vfi cdc di vdt thugc lopi hinh
vdt lidu xdy dflng, dd dung, cdng cy, vu
khi... da dUdc phdt Id. Nfim 2010, Khu di
tich trung tdm Hodng thdnh Thang Long •

Hd Ndi da dugc UNESCO cdng nhfin Ifi Di
san Vfin hda Thi gidi. Kho tfing di tfch, di
v§t trong ldng dfi't Hd Ndi rd't phong phii,
nh^t Id vflng trung tam Kinh thfinh Thfing
Long vd vflng cldd Cd Loa, ndn vide bao vd,
bao tdn cdc di san nfiy cin phai dUpc dfit ra
mdt cdch cd trdch nhi^m trong qui hoach
Hfi Ngi vfi mgt ban dd qui hoach khao cd
hgc cIn sdm du<;le xay dUng. Cd thi ndi
rfing cd ca mgt Thfing Long - Hfi Ndi cd
trong ldng dfi't, tuy hiu hd't dUdi dpng phi
tfch, di vfit, nhUng mang nhiiu gia tri Hch
sii, vdn hda chdn thuc dl hieu biit sau sfic
vl dfit Thfing Long nghin nfim vfin vfit.
Trong di san vfit thi, Hfi Ndi cdn ed mot
80 danh thdng rfit tieu bieu cho canh quan
thfinh phd sdng - hd, thfinh phd nUdc. Hd
Hodn Kilm vdi Thdp Rua, Thdp But, dfii
Nghien, din Ngge Sdn vfi mfiu nUdc Luc
Thuy cung hdng cfiy cd thy ben bd hd, dUdc
coi nhu mdt biiu tUpng ciia Hfi Ngi truyen
thdng, mot khdng gian thieng cua dfit Kinh
ky. Hd Tfiy va ca hd Tnic Bach ben c^nh. Id
mgt hd ldn nhd't cua Thu dd. Mfit nUdc hd
menh mang trong hU ao ciia huyIn thoai,
truyin thuyet Cao chin dudi, Trau vdng...,
bao quanh hd Id hfing loat cac den, mieu,
chua, qudn vfi ldng nghe ndi tieng. Nhfi thd
Cao Bd Qudt da coi "Tdy Hd chdn cd thi

Tdy Thi" (Hd Tdy thdt Id mgt ndng Tay
Thi). Canh sdc hd Tdy Id ngudn cam hflng
vd tdn cua biet bao sdng tdc thi ca, nhac,
hoa ciia mgi thdi tfl xUa din nay. Rfit tile Id
di san thien nhien sdng - hd cua Hd Ndi
hdu nhu chua dUpc chdm sdc, bao tdn nen
phln ldn da hi bdi Id'p, xdm U'n vd hi d
nhilm ndng nl. Sdng Td Lich gfin bd vdi
cudc sdng ciia Thang Long nhU mgt ddng
sdng cua huydt mach giao thdng, mgt ddng
chay vfin hda, mdt giai lya bao quanh Kinh
ky thfi^m d^m vfin hpc dan gian, nay dfl cd
kd da kiln cd thi chi edn Ifi ddng sdng chdt,
b] d nhi§m ndng nl.


Rghian Clin Lleh sit, atf B.8012
Di sdn phi vdt thi Id san ph^m tinh
thin bao gdm nhiiu lopi hinh, tfl cfic
truyin thuylt, huyen thoai, van hgc ddn
gian, cdc ll hgi dd'n ede tde ph^m vfin hgc,
nghe thufit trinh diln, cdng trinh khoa hgc,
cfic tri thflc vl ty nhidn vfi xa h^i, cfic tfn
ngUdng vfi phong tyc tfip qudn, cdc nghi
thu edng truyin thdng.,. Di san nfiy dUdc
lUu truyin qua cfic thd h§ dudi phUdng thflc
truyin khIu, truyin nghi, trinh diln, dugc
bao tdn qua cdc hinh thdi v§t thi nhU vfin
ban, vSn bia, di vdt.,, vd bao gid eung gfin
liln vdi cudc sdng ciia con ngUdi, ciia cdng

ddng cU ddn. Cdc thd' hd cdng ddng cU ddn
eiia dd't Thdng Long - Hd Ngi dl Ipi mdt di
san vfin hda phi vdt thi vd cung phong phii,
hit sfle da dang vfi chfla dung nhieu gid tri
hch sit, vfin hda, khoa hgc.
Kho tdng vdn hgc ddn gian Hd Ngi ciic
ky phong phii, gdm dii cac thi loai nhU
huyen thoai, truyin thuylt, truyen co tich,
truyen cudi, giai thopi, ca dao, tuc ngfl, dan
ca... Kho tdng ndy tdn tpi vfi phat trien qua
truyin khdu, mdt bd phfin sdm dUdc thu
thdp, bien soan thfinh vfin ban. Dd Ifi Viet
dien u linh eiia Ly T l Xuyen thdi Trin,
Linh Nam chich qudi do Trdn The Phdp rdi
Vu Quynh, Kieu Phii bien soan vfi sau dUdc
tiip tuc bd sung. Nam Ong mgng luc cita
Hd Nguyen Trflng, Vu Trung tuy but ciia
Pham Dinh Ho, Tang thUOng ngdu luc ciia
Pham Dinh Hd vfi Nguyin An, Cdng dU
tiep ky ciia Vu PhUdng De, Truyen ky man
luc cua Nguyen Dfl, ThUdng kinh ky sU ciia
Le Hflu Trac, Lan TVi kii^n vdn luc ciia Vfl
Trinh (1759-1828)... Trong cac tac ph^m
tren cd nhieu de tfii ve Thfing Long - Ha
Ndi va nhieu truydn dUgc lUu truyen tren
manh dfi't Kinh sU Idu ddi nay (4). Chi
rieng vung hd Tay, hd Hoan Kiem, khu phd
CO da la nhflng khdng gian van hda dfin
gian h i t sfle gifiu cd vdi nhieu the loai
phong phii. Ca dao, tyc ngfl, dan ca Ha Noi

ciing gdm dii cdc t h i loai vfi chii dl vfla san
sinh trdn A^t Hd Thfinh, vHa qua giao lUu
h0i ty tfl nhiiu vflng miin ciia dfft nfldc,
nh£ft Id viing chau thd sdng Hdng.
Nhiiu cdu tuc ngfl phan dnh nhflng dfic
san ciia Hfi Ndi dUpc phd biln rdng rfii nhU:
- Cd rd ddm Set, sdm cdm hS Tdy.
• DUa La, hung Ldng, nem Bdng, ti&fngBdn.
• Link hoa Yin Thdi, dd gdm Bdt Trdng,
thd vdng Dinh Cdng, tha dong Ngu Xd
- Bdnh cudn Thanh Tri, bdnh di Qudn Gdnh.
• TUdng Nhdt Tao, ddo Nhdt Tdn...
Nhflng cdu ndi ldn phong cdch, tdi tri
ciia ngudi Thdng Long • Hfi Ngi gin nhu
trd thanh cfiu ndi diu mi^ng khdng ehi eiia
ngUdi Thii dd ma lan rgng ra ca nUdc nhU:
- Chdng tham cung thi hoa nhdi,
Ddu khdng thanh lich cung ngiM Trdng An.
• Kheo tay hay nghi, ddt li Ke Cha...
Trong kho tfing ca dao Hfi Ndi cung anh
len nhieu cau mieu ta vfi ngc^i ca nhflng net
d^c trUng vl dia hinh, ve d^p cua ddt Kinh
k j da Ifing sdu vfio ky flc ciia ngUdi ddn
Thii dd nhu:
- Nhi Hd quanh Bdc sang Ddng,
Kim NgUu, Td Lich la sdng bin ndy.
• Sdng T6 nUdc chdy trong ngdn.
Con thuyin buom trdng chay gdn chayxa.
- Gid dUa cdnh true la dd,

Tie'ng chudng Trdn Vii, canh gd ThgXuong,
Mit md khdi toa ngdn sUdng,
Nhip chdy Yin Thai, mat gUang Tdy Ho...
Ddn ca Hd Ndi cflng du^c tpo nen trong
sy giao lUu vfi hgi ty vfin hda Ifiu dfii gifla
mgt trung tdm vfin hda qudc gia vdi vung
ngopi vi vd ca nUdc. Ca tru xufi't hien kha
sdm cl mgt so" Ifing vflng chdu thd sdng
Hdng va Bfie Trung Bd, trong dd cd Ifing Ld
Khd (Ddng Anh, Hfi Ndi) vfi ft nhfi't Id vao
thdi Le Trung hung, ca trfl dfi dUdc trinh
dien 6 kinh ky, khdng nhflng b cila iSinh. cdc
phudng thdn mfi cdn dUdc Ua chugng trong


Thang Long - Ija Rdi...
cung dinh. Mdt so" dfio nUdng cd nhan sfic kho sdch bd sung cd 411 thin sdc, 568 thin
vfi tdi hoa dUdc tuyin chpn ldm cung phi tich, 647 tyc Id, 526 dia ba, 107 dia chi (8).
trong Phii chua. Thfing Long trd thdnh m^t Cyc Vfin thu - Luu trfl Nhfi nudc vd Thu
trung tam thu hiit nghd thufit ca trfl cd tinh vi§n Qudc gia Hfi Ngi cung Ifi hai ed quan
chgn Ipc cao. Sau mdt thdi gian cd phln b; dang lUu gifl nhidu di san Han Ndm qu^.
bid'n dang dudi hinh thflc "ca qufin a ddo" Ngodi ra, tU lidu Hdn Ndm nhU vfin bia,
hay "nhfi hat cd ddu" trong thdi Phdp thude, hUdng Udc, thin tich, gia pha... cdn dupe
nghd thufit ca trfl cd truyin da dUOc khdi bao tdn phdn tfin trong cac dinh, chfla, din
phyc d Thii dd Hfi Ndi vdi sU xufi't hidn cila milu, cdc thdn ldng, ddng hg, gia dinh.
Cfiu Ipc bd Ca trfl nfim 1991. Nfim 2009, ca
Ve vdn hgc, Thfing Long • Hfi Ndi la mdt
tru dU0c UNESCO cdng nhdn Ifi di san phi trung tfim hdi ty vfi kfi't tinh tri tue, tfim
vfit thi cIn dUdc bao vfi khin ed'p (5).
hdn vd sfle sdng tao ciia ddn tdc vdi mgt

Dfin ca Hfi Ndi cdn cd hfit dd, hat vf, hfit kho tfing cdc tdc ph^m vfi ten tudi tae gia
trd'ng qudn, hfit chdo tfiu, hfit dum, hfit tieu biiu gdm du cac thi loai thd vfin. Trai
xam, hat ru, hd, vd, ddng dao... Trong cfie qua nhieu cdn binh lila, kho tfing nfiy bi
nghi le tin ngUdng cdn cd hdt Ai Lao trong mfi't mat, hiiy hoai nfing n l nhfl khi quan
Hdi Gidng, hdt Chdu vfin (hay hdt vdn) Champa vdo cudp pha Kinh thfinh cudi thdi
trong cfic den, phii thd Tfl phu, nhfit Id thd Trdn, dfic biet la chii trUdng pha huy vfin
Thdnh Mfiu... Dan ca Hfi Ngi eung phat hda eiia quan Minh diu t h i ky XV. Theo Le
triin trong mcTi giao luu va hdi tu vfin hda Quy Ddn, sau thdi Minh thugc, nhfi Le vd
ciia da't Kinh ky vdi vflng ngoai vi, nhfit la cdc hgc gia ra sfle thu thdp lai, "mUdi phdn
cbn duac bdn, ndm phdn" (9). Vao gifla the'
vflng Tfl trfi'n vd chau thd sdng Hdng (6).
Chfl viit thdi cd - trung dai Id chfl Hdn ky XVIII, Le Quy Ddn thdng ke theo phdn
va chfl Ndm. Thfing Long - Hd Ndi Id Kinh loai thu tieh thdi do, loai hiin chUdng cdn
dd lau ddi, ndi cd trudng Quoc Tii Giam vd 16 bd, thi vfin 66 bp, truyen ky 19 bd,
nhiiu trUdng tu, ndi to chfle cdc ky thi Hgi, phUdng ky 14 bg. Dau the XIX, Phan Huy
Chfl cung nhdn xdt di san nfiy "niu khdng
thi Dinh, ndi tdp trung nhiiu quan lai cao
trdi qua bmh Ivta md thdnh tro tdn, thi hdn
ed'p, nhiiu tri thflc tfii hoa. Lich sii Thing
la trdu keo phdi met, nhd chdt phdi day",
Long - Ha Ngi de Iai mdt di sdn Hdn Ndm
nhung "Than di, sdch vd cdc ddi da tUng
dd sd bao gdm tat ea cac thi loai, tfl cac tac
tdn mdt, sdch mat dd kho si£u tdm, sdch
ph^m vfin hgc, dia chi, dia ba, van bia din
cbn lai nhieu sai ldm, ddng ddng ngdn
cac hUdng Ude, gia pha, thin tfch... Kho nam, biet theo vdo ddu md khdo xet" (10).
tang nfiy hofic do cae tfic gia la ngUdi Ha Tdc gia thdng ke vfi phan loai: hien chUdng
Ndi hoac ngUdi tflng sd'ng tren dfit Ha Ndi 26 bd, kinh sil 27 bd, thi vfin 106 bg, truygn
viet ve Thfing Long - Hfi Ngi vfi ca di san k^ 54 bd. Tuy hi tdn thfit nhiiu nhUng

qudc gia dUdc bao tdn tpi Hd Ndi. Rifing trong di san thu tich vfin hpc Hdn Ndm ndy
Vidn Nghidn cflu Han Ndm dang quan I^ cdn lUu gifl dUdc nhiiu tuygt tfic cua ddng
5.038 diu sach vd khoang 30.000 ddn vi tU vdn hgc yeu nU6c va anh hflng, ddng ngpi
li|u nhu ban dfip vdn khdc, phim, anh..., ca thien nhien, ddng trfl tinh, ddng thiln...,
trong dd c6 10.135 cuon sach chfl Han vfi trong dd hiu hd't cac tac gia ldn la ngUdi Ha
1.373 cuon sfich chfl Ndm. Dd Ifi chUa kl so Ngi hay tflng sd'ng vfi Ifip nghiep tren dfit
sdch vfi tu lidu do Vien thu thfip thfim mfi kinh ky. ChiSu ddi dd cua vua Lf Thai To,
din nfim 1987 da dUdc 729 cuon (7). Trong


Rghian cflu Ljch ai. s6 8.2Q12
bfii thd Nam qud'c son hd... ra ddi trong
khdng chie'n chdng Td^ng, Hich tUdng si cua
Trin Qudc Tud'n, Binh Ngd dai cdo cila
Nguyen Trai Ifi nhflng thidn cd hung vfin
tieu biiu cho ;y chi vd tri t u | ciia dfin tdc,
gfin liln vdi nhflng sy kidn ljeh sil trpng dpi
cila Thfing Long - Hd Ndi vd ciia dd't nUdc.
Chiiu ddi dd gfin vdi cdt mlc dinh dd
Thfing Long. Bdi thd JVom qud'c sOn hd... vfi
Binh Ngd dg.i cdo dupe nhidu ngUdi ddnh
gia la nhflng ban tuydn ngdn dpc l^p eiia
dfin tdc. Hodng Le nhd't thd'ng chi eiia cfic
tac gia hg Ngd la bd tilu thuyd't Ijeh sil ndi
ldn nhiiu bidn ddng dfl ddi thdi cudi Ld vd
Tay Sdn trdn dfi't Thfing Long. Tung Tdy hd
phu cua Nguyen Huy Lupng vfi len mpt bfle
tranh dgp vl thfing canh hd Tfiy.
V^" dia ba, trong tdng sd 18.519 dia ba
hidn luu gifl tai Cyc Vfin thU - LUu trfl Nha

nudc va Vi^n Nghien cflu Han Ndm, ed 160
dia bp cila hai huypn Thp XUdng vfi Vinh
Thufin, tfle vflng trung tam Hfi Ndi tUdng
flng vdi thfinh Thang Long thdi Le vd phii
Hoai Dflc diu thdi Nguyen, chua kl hdng
ngdn dia ba cae qudn, huypn ciia Hd Ngi
ngdy nay (11).
Ve huang Udc, tuc li cac lang xa, thdn
phudng, phe giap vdi nhieu ten ggi khdc
nhau nhu hUdng Udc, khodn l§, khodn udc,
hUdng Id, dieu le, tuc 10... md vdn ban hofic
vilt tay hofic khfic in hofic khfic vfio bia dfi.
Cho din nfim 2009, mgt nhdm tfic gia dfi
thu thfip, thdng kg, Ifip biiu vfi gidi thi^u
danh myc 633 vfin ban trfin d&t Hfi Ndi (cu)
vfi Hfi Tay (cu) dUpc lUu gifl tpi Vi^n
Nghien cflu Han Ndm vfi 372 vfin ban trdn
dSft Hfi Tay (cu) dflpc lUu gifl tai Thu vi$n
Vidn Thdng tin khoa hgc xa h^i (12).
Vi dia chi Hfi Npi gdm dia chf ca nUdc
hay khu vUc ldn, trong dd cd phln vilt vl
Hfi Ndi nhu Du dia chi, Bac Thdnh dia dU
chi luc, Cdc trdn tdng xd danh hi ldm,
Hodng Viit dia du chi, Dai Nam nhdt

thd'ng chi, Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, Dg,i Vi^t
dia du todn biin, Bdc Ky giang sOn cd tich
danh thdng bi khdo vfi dia chi vl HI Ndi
nhu Hd N0i dia dU, Hd N6i san xuyin
phong vUc, Thdng Long cd tich khdo, hay

tflng vflng nhu Tdy H6 chi ho$c m^t sd
huydn xa nhu Hodn Long huy^n chi, Ddng
Ng^c xd chi (13)...
Vi vdn bia. cd thi ndi Hfi Ndi thUc sU Id
mdt kho tfing vfin bia ldn n h i t ca nUde, ca
vl sd lUdng cung nhU mfit dd phdn bd vfi
lopi hinh. TrUdc ddy, Vi§n Viin ddng bdc cd
Phdp (EFEO) da in dap dUdc 22.980 ban
d§p cua 11.651 ddn vj vfin khfic (14), trong
dd 1.971 ddn vi trdn ddt Hfi N^i, nhiiu
nhfi't d quflin Ba Dinh, Hodn Kilm vd huy^n
Tfl Liem. Trong khoang nhflng nfim 20042007, Vipn Nghien cflu Hdn Ndm tiln hdnh
sUu tim vd in dfip thfim dUdc 3.569 ddn vi
vfin ban tren dfi't Hfi N^i trUdc khi md rdng,
nhiiu nhdt Ifi huy^n TCf Liem, Gia Ldm,
Thanh Tri, Ddng Anh (15). Tong cdng sd
lU^ng vfin khfic da sUu tdm va dap cua Ha
Ndi cho ddn nay Ifi 5.540 ddn vi. Vfin khfic
gdm ca minh vfin tren chudng ddng, nhUng
phln ldn Ifi vdn bia tpi cdc dinh, chfla, din,
qudn, ghi lai cdng vi^c tdn tao, trflng tu, sU
tich cac vi thin, bia hdu, bia cdng dflc...
Vfin ban cd nign dpi sdm nhfit Ifi chudng
Nhfit Tao vdi nien dpi Cfin Hoa thfl 6 (948),
phln ldn tfl t h i ky XVII din niia diu the
ky XX. Trong kho tfing vfin khfic nfiy cd 82
bia Tifi'n si tai Vfin Mifi'u - Qudc Tit Giam
dUflc UNESCO cdng nhfin Ifi Di san TU li§u
t h i gidi vdo nfim 2010 (16).
Trong thdi Phfip thude, chfl Hdn, chfl

Ndm hi thu hpp din vfi thay the b4ng chfl
Qudc ngfl, chfl Phfip. SU thay ddi chfl viet
cflng vdi chfnh sdch cai tri cua chii nghia
thvic dan vd sy giao luu vfin hda vdi Phdp,
vdi phUdng Tfiy, tpo nfin nhflng bidn ddi
sdu sdc trong sU phdt trien cua di san vfin
hda ndi chung vd di san chfl viet ndi ndng.


Thang Long-^nRQi..
Tit cum t h i ky XIX, ddo chi xu^t hi§n
luc diu la bao chfl Phap, bdo chfl Han, bdo
niia chfl Han niia chfl Qudc ngfl, cd khi ca
chfl Han, chfl Qudc ngfl, chfl Phap, rdi
chuyln sang phd bien bdo Qudc ngfl vd mdt
so bdo chfl Phdp. Thi lopi vd ngi dung bdo
chi ra't da dpng, tfl bdo hfing ngdy, bao
hang tuin de'n bao niia thang, bdo hfing
thdng, ndi dung phan dnh dii cdc xu hUdng
chinh tri ciia xa hpi. Ddng bdo chf cdch
mang khdi ngudn tfl bdo Le Paria ciia
Nguyin Ai Quic b Paris (Phfip) vd bdo
Thanh niin cita Vipt Nam Cach mang
Thanh nien cl Quang Chfiu (Trung Qudc) bf
mdt chuyln ve Hfi Ndi. Ddng bdo chf nfiy
phdt triin cdng khai trong phong trao Mfit
trfin ddn chu 1936-1939 vd chuyln sang bf
mat trong phong trao Vifit Mmh tie'n tdi
cdch mang thang Tam 1945.
Tha ca vd vdn hgc Qud'c ngU cung mgt bd

phdn vdn hgc tiing Phdp theo xu hUdng
hien dai ra ddi vd phat triin manh me. Vdn
xudi cd tieu thuyet, truyen ngfin, phdng sfl,
ngoai xu hudng nd dich ciia chii nghia thUc
ddn, ndi bdt len hai khuynh hUdng ngh§
thufit chii ye'u la lang man vfi hidn thUc.
Thd Mdi bflng len b Ha Ndi tfl nfim 1932
trd thdnh ddng thi ea chu dao. Rdi nhifi'p
anh, hpi hga, am nhac hidn dai, kich ndi,
didn anh... lin lUdt ra ddi trong quan hg
giao lUu vfin hda vdi Phdp vd phUdng Tay.
Nghi in, nghi xud't ban, nghe nhid'p anh,
nghi Ifim bao, nghe vidt vdn hinh thdnh vd
phat triin. Mdt so" ngfinh khoa hgc, ky
thudt hien dai din din ra ddi nhU y hpc,
dUde hgc, thfl y, giao thdng cdng chfnh,
ndng lam nghiep, kid'n true, lufit hge, my
thudt, khao co hgc, bao tdng hgc, khoa hgc
cd ban, vfin khoa... Mdt sd cdng trinh
nghien cflu khoa hgc ve Uch sil, khao co
hpc, ngon ngfl, vfin minh Vi^t Nam cd gia
tri cua cdc hpc gia ngUdi Phdp vd phUdng
Tay cung mdt it hgc gia ngUdi Vi$t, chu yiu

t§p trung trong Vi^n Viin Ddng bdc cd
Phdp (ficole frangaise d' ExtrSme, EFEO),
gdp phln nfing cao thdm hiiu bifi't vl di san
vfin hda trfin cd sd v^n dyng phUdng phdp
ludn hi§n dpi phUdng Tfiy. Cung trong thdi
k^ nfiy xufi't hi^n mpt sd' cdng trinh nghien

cflu v§n dung chii nghia Mac vdo thflc t l xfl
thude dia Vidt Nam, tidu biiu Id Bdn dn
chi'dd thUc ddn Phdp ciia Nguyin Ai Qudc,
Di cUang vdn hoa Viet Nam cua Trudng
Chinh, Vdn di ddn cdy eiia TrUdng Chinh
va Vd Nguyen Gifip... Nhflng cdng trinh
nfiy dfi'u dupe bi mat truyfi~n bfi cl Ha Npi.
Qua Ifing dgng eiia thdi gian, trong thdi
Phap thude, di san vfin hda, khoa hgc Ha Ndi
dupe bd sung them mdt bd phan sdng tdc,
nghifin cflu bfing ehfl Quoc ngfl, chfl Phap
theo khuynh hUdng yeu nUdc, tien bd, hay
mang tinh khoa hgc nghiem tuc, khdch quan.
Sau Caeh mang thfing Tam 1945, nhfi't
Id sau khi tifi'p quan Thu dd nfim 1954, tfit
ca cdc loai hinh vdn hpc, nghi thudt, cdc
cdng trinh nghiin cUu khoa hgc, cdng nghi
trin ddt Thu dd Hd Ndi diu phdt triin
manh me, di lai mdt kho tdng to ldn gdn
liln vdi cudc dfiu tranh cdch mang giai
phdng mien Nam, thdng nhfi't dfi't nUdc vfi
cdng cudc xfiy dUng Thu dd theo phUOng
hudng cdng nghigp hda, hidn dai hda, doi
mdi vfi hpi nhfip qudc te'. Qua thdi gian,
trong kho tang nfiy se Ifing dgng nhflng gid
tri, bdi dfip thfim di san vfin hda phi vat the
ciia Thfing Long - Hfi Npi thdi hipn dpi (17).
Nin van minh truyen thing ciia Viet
Nam la van minh ndng nghifip, bfin cpnh
nghi ndng gifl vai trd chii dao, cdc nghi thu

cdng ddng thdi phat trien phong phu va da
dang. Theo thong ke sd bd, ca nfldc cho den
nay cd gin 3.000 lang nghe, phan bd khfip
ndi vfi tap trung b vung ddng bfing, nhd't la
vflng chau thd sdng Hdng. Trong cdc dd thi,
cung vdi ldng nghi cdn cd pho nghi. Thfing
Long tfl thdi Ly, Trin, Le da Ifi mdt trung


Hghian cCru Ljeh si. stf 8.2012

tdm kinh t l cd sfle cudTn hut mpnh nhflng
ngudi th? thii cdng Idnh nghi khfing chi
ciia vflng tfl trfin chung quanh md ca b
nhflng ndi xa xdi. Ngofii m^t sd nghi hinh
thfinh tpi cho, hiu hd't cdc nghi thii cfing
ciia kinh k^ diu cd ngudn gdc tfl cdc ldng
nghi ciia cdc vflng khdc nhu nghi glm Bdt
Trdng tfl ldng Bd Bdt, Ninh Binh; nghd due
ddng Ngii Xd tfl Thu|n Thdnh, Bfic Ninh;
nghi kim hoan tfl Ddng Xfim, Thdi Binh vfi
TrSu Khd, Hai DUdng; nghfi' nhudm dfio tfl
Dan Loan, Hai DUdng; nghi ldm qupt tfl
Dfio Xa, Hung Yfin; nghi thfiu tfl Qufi't
Ddng, ThUdng Tin (Hfi NOO; nghi lam
trdng, Ipng tfl Lidu Xd, HUng Ydn; nghi
thude Bac, thude Nam tfl Da NgUu, HUng
Yfin... Tfl cdc phudng vdn Id ddn vi hanh
chfnh thdi Trin, Le, cic phudng nghfi", phd
nghi da hinh thanh va phat triin manh.

Tren dat Kinh thanh vdi nhu clu da dang
ciia nhiiu Idp cU ddn, vdi yfiu clu chfit
lUdng cao cua ting Idp quy tdc, quan Ipi,
nha gifiu tao nfin sU eanh tranh vfi chat Ipc
cao. Trong "tfl dan" la "si, ndng, cdng,
thUdng", thi "si" vfi "thUdng" chilm Uu thd.
Nhu clu fin udng ciia ting Idp "si",
"thUdng" eiing vdi ting Idp thong tri cao cfip
thiic dly sU phat trien ciia ngh§ thufit Im
thuc da't kinh ky. Tfl dd, cac hang quan vd
nghi che biln thUc phim fin, udng trd nfin
phat dat vh mang tinh "sdnh digu" dfic
trUng ciia vflng dfi't vfin v§t. Thfing Long Hd Ndi Ifi mgt trung tam ciia nhiiu
Ifing/phUdng nghi, phd nghe, vfla sIm ufi't
vfla tinh xao. Dd Id chUa kl dd'n nhflng
quan xUdng ciia nhd nudc nhu due tiln,
ddng tdu, che tao vfl khi, san xud't cfic loai
dd ngu dyng cho cung dinh. Khu di tfch
khao cd hgc 18 Hodng Di^u cho thflTy sfl tdn
tpi ciia nhflng Id gdm sfl cung dp cdc san
phdm cao ed'p cho hodng gia va trilu dinh.
Nhieu Ifing nghi, pho" nghd truyin thdng
cdn tdn tai den ngfiy nay, di nhifin da cd

nhiiu biln ddi qua thdi gian. Khu cila Ddng
cua Hodng Thdnh ra din bd sdng Hdng
(khu phd cd hidn nay) vd vflng quanh Hd
Tfiy Id ndi t^p trung nhiiu ldng nghi, p h i
nghi nhdt. Nghi due ddng Ngu Xa, nghi
dot linh Yfin Thdi, Bfii An, Trich Sdi; nghi

ldm gidy dd Ydn Thdi, Hd Kh^u; nghi trong
ddu nudi tfim Nghi Tdm diu nfim quanh
Hd Tfiy. Trong khu phlco Hd N^i cd 47 phd
mang tfin "Hdng" xUa kia thudng gin vdi
nghi thii cdng ho$c san ph^m budn bdn
chinh cua phd dd hhu Hdng Ddo, Hdng
Bpc, Hdng Mfi, Hfing Thiic, Hdng Mdnh,
Hang Thdu, Hfing Trdng, Hfing Long (18)...
Nhiiu di san vfin hda phi vfit thi dupc
bao tdn trong ddi sdng vdn hda, tin ngUdng
vd cdc li hdi gfin bd vdi c^ng ddng cU dan.
Thfing Long - Hfi N^i dUpc coi nhu viing
ddt thifing. Id ndi hgi ty khf thieng ciia non
sdng dd't nudc. Id khdng gian tdp trung cao
dd cac tin ngUdng, tdn gido vfi cdc nghi ll,
hdi ll cung dinh, dfin gian. Thdi che do
qufin chii, Kinh thfinh Ifi ndi diln ra cdc
nghi ll chinh thdng cua vUdng trilu mang
tinh qudc gia, nhU le t l Thdi Milu, Vfin
Milu, ddn Xd Tfic, ddn Nam Giao, hdi thi
din Ddng Cd, hgi t h i qudc nhfin b Long Tri;
cdc ll tilt trong nfim, trong dd cd tid't sinh
nhdt ciia nhfi vua, cdc ll clu dao; cac ll hdi
Ph§t gifio thinh hdnh thdi L^, Trin nhU ll
Vu Lan, hdi ddn Quang Chiiu... Trong cac
ll dd, cd ll chi mang tfnh nghi thflc trong
phpm vi cung dinh, nhflng cung cd ll mang
tfnh ll h$i vdi su tham d\f ciia c^ng ddng
thin ddn, hay cd trUdng hdp tfl nghi ll ciia
trilu dinh phdt triin thdnh ll hpi, nhU ll

t h i din Ddng Cd.
H^ thd'ng tin ngUdng, tdn gido cHa cU
dfin Kinh thdnh cung mang dfic diem
chung cua ca nUdc, nhUng cd tfnh hdi ty vfi
tfip trung cao hdn. Dd Ifi tyc thd cung to
tidn; thd cung cac t h i li^c ttt nhien nhU
thin Ddt, thin Ndi, t h i n Sdng; thd ciing


Thang Long - Ijo ndi...
cac nhdn vfit huyfi'n thopi, truydn thuyet,
cac nhdn vdt Uch sit cd cdng vdi dfin vdi
nudc. Cdc ddi tupng thd cung dUdc thUc
hien tren bfin thd cua tflng gia dinh, nhfi
thd cae ddng hg, trong dinh, din, mid'u ciia
cdng ddng xdm ldng. Vi thin chung cua ca
thon/lfing Id thdnh hofing dupc thd tai dinh
hay dfi~n, mieu vfi khi t l ll dUpc rUdc ra
dinh. Trong sd HO vi thin dUdc thd lam
thanh hoang cl Hd Ndi cdn thin tich, ngoai
trfl 35 vi khdng xdc dinh dUdc lai Hch, cdn
75 vi thi 35 vi Ifi nhdn vfit lich sil, 40 vi Id
nhan vfit huyIn thoai, truyin thuyet (19).
Mdt dilm ndi bfit eiia Thfing Long - Hfi Npi
Ifi ngodi cdc thfinh hofing ciia cdc thdn/lfing,
edn cd din thd Tfl trfin Id bin vi thin bao
vp Kinh thdnh theo bdn hUdng: quan Trfi'n
Vii (hay quen ggi Qudn Thanh) cl phia Bfic,
din Bach Ma 6 phia Ddng, din Linh Lang cl
phfa Tdy vd din Kim Lifin d phi'a Nam. Bdn

din qudn vd bdn vi thin bo tri b bdn hUdng
vd n^m sat phia ngodi Hofing Thfinh (khi
vua Le Thdnh Tdng md rpng Hofing Thfinh
nfim 1490, den Lmh Lang cl Thii Ld, n^m
sat gdc Tdy Nam phia trong Hodng Thanh),
tao thdnh mpt ranh gidi bao vfi mang tinh
tam linh. Vdng tfim linh nay kfi't hdp vdi
vdng thanh phdng ve chii yfi'u Id Hodng
Thfinh, tao thfinh mdt khong gian dfic thu
vita thifing vfla thflc, vfla thin vfla ngfldi,
vfla quyin Iflc vfla dan gian.
Trong pham vi ldm fin budn ban ciia cU
ddn vdi cdc pho, phudng, pho biln Id tyc
thd Thanh hoang vd thd td sU cdc nghe tfl
cac Ifing gdc que hUdng chuyln din (thUdng
dudi dang thd vgng). Vi nhu dinh Hd Vy (11
Hang Hdm) thd to sU nghi sdn Trin Lu gdc
tfl lang Binh Vgng (ThUdng Tin, Ha Npi),
dinh Xuan Phien (4 Hang Qupt) thd to sU
nghe lam qupt gdc tfl lang An Thi (Hai
DUdng), dinh Hai TUdng (16 ngd Hfii TUdng)
thd td sU nghi thugc da ddng hfii Nguyin
Thdi Trung gdc tfl Ifing Chfim (Gia Ldc, Hai

DUdng), dinh Hdi Tich (1 phdLd Rdn) thd td
sU nghi Phpm Duyfit goc tfl ldng Hde Thi
(Tfl Liem, Hd Ndi). dfi'n Nhi Khfi (11 Hdng
Hdnh) thd td su nghi tidn go gdc tfl ldng Nhi
Khfi (Thudng Tin, Hfi Npi)...
Cflng vdi cac tin ngUdng dan gian, mdt

sd ton gido tfl ngodi du nhdp vfio Vi^t Nam
mfi trung tdm hoat ddng quan trpng nhd't
Id vflng Kinh thanh. Phfit, Nho, Dpo sdm
du nhdp tfl sau cdng nguyen, dfin thdi L$,
Trin, deu phat trien trong quan ni^m "tam
gido ddng nguyen". Phdt giao thinh dat thdi
Ly, Trin, cd phln phuc hUng thdi Le Trung
hung, Nho gido gifl vai trd ehi phoi tfl thdi
Lfi Ed, Dao giao tdn tai trong sU gfin kit vdi
Phdt giao vd cac tin ngUdng dan gian. Tfl
t h i ky XVII, Cdng gido (dao Thien chiia
hay Kitd giao) truyin ba vfio Thfing Long,
rdi t h i ky XX them dao Tin Ldnh, dao Cao
Dai vd diu the ky XXI them dao Baha'i la
mdt ddng phai tach ra tfl Hdi giao ed tinh
eai each. He thdng tin ngUdng tdn giao d
Thdng Long - Ha Npi mang tinh da dang,
bao gdm cae tin ngUdng npi sinh va mgt sd
tdn giao ngoai nhap, gan nhU bflc tranh thu
nhd cua ea nUdc vl khdng gian nhUng vdi
mat dp eao. Sd lupng eac tin dd eua ede tdn
gido ngoai nhfip khdng Idn, tinh de'n nfim
2007, dao Phat cd 100.000 tfn dd (chua ke
sd Phdt til tu tai gia), dao Thien Chua cd
40.000 tin dd, dao Tin Ldnh cd 341 tin dd,
dao Cao Dai ed khoang 300 tin do, dao
Baha'i cd 56 tin dd (20). NhUng Ha Ndi la
dia ban quan trgng bac nhfit ciia cdc tdn
giao. Id ndi dfit try sd trung Udng cila Giao
hdi Phat Giao, ndi tdp trung nhiiu chfla

thdp nhfit, la Tong giao phan Hfi Ndi ciia
Cdng giao, la cpng ddng quan trgng nhfi't
ciia dao Tin Lanh.
Mdt dac dilm quan trgng trong ddi sdng
tdn giao, tfn ngUdng lfi cac tfn ngUdng dan
gian va cac ton giao du nhap lau ddi thudng
dan xen, pha trdn, kit hdp vdi nhau trong


ie

Rghlfin curu Ljch aiSr. atf 8.2012

kifi'n true thd ty vd ca trong hdnh ll. Md nhflng nghi thflc td ll Id si^ trinh diln cdc
hinh kid'n true "tiln Phfit
h§u trd chdi dfin gian nhU dua thuyin, miia roi,
Thin/Thdnh" hay "tiln Thin
hfiu thi v$t, thi chpi gd, tha chim, thi thdi cdm,
Phfit/Thfinh" khd phi biln. Tinh da dpng nhflng diln xUdng mang tinh sfin khfiu
tdn gido thi hi^n d si^ tdn tpi da thin, da ngodi trdi phan dnh B\f tfch vi thin. Ll h^i
gido gin nhu chay suit chicu ddi lich sil, cdc ldng xd vflng ngopi vi in dfim ddu fin
nhUng khdng cd s\f bdi xfch, hiim thfl tdn vfin minh nfing nghidp, trong vflng ndi dfi
gido, khdng cd xung ddt tdn gido, khdng cd cdng ngfiy cdng biiu thi tinh thi dan.
Qua thdi gian, cung vdi sy phfit triin
xu hudng cMc doan tdn gido. Ddi sdng tdn
gido, tin ngUdng cila Thdng Long - Hd Ngi kinh tl, xfi hdi, ddi sing vfin hda ciing cd
nhflng ddi thay vfi cfic ll hdi cflng chuyln
mang tinh hdi hda, bao dung, mim mdng.
Cflng vdi tdn gido, tfn ngUdng, li hdi gifl biln din. Gil tr§n Ddng Da gin day dfi
vai trd quan trgng ddi sd'ng vfin hda. Thfing biln thfinh ll hdi Ddng Da vdi nhflng kich

Long • Hd Ndi lfi vflng tfip trung nhiiu ll ban mdi. Qua giao luu vfin hda vfi nhu clu
hdi nhd't ciia ca nudc, bao gdm ll hpi tim cila ddi sdng xa h^i. mdt s i ll hdi theo xu
qudc gia, phd biln lfi hdi Ifing, hpi chfla, hpi hudng hidn dpi hda vfi hfii nhfip qudc tl^,
dinh, hdi din vdi qui md tflng Ifing hay dupc du nhfip vao Ha Ngi nhU ngay Qudc t l
tflng vCuig cd tfnh lifin Ifing, trong dd cd Lao dgng 1-5, ngay Qudc tl" phy nfl 8-3,
nhflng ll hdi Idu ddi vfi tifiu biiu. Mfit s d l l ngdy ll Tinh yeu 14-2, hay dflpc tao Idp
hdi ldn dUdc ghi chdp trong sit sach da thd't them nhu ngdy Nhd gido Vidt Nam 20-11,
truyen hay di vfio di vfing cung vdi vUdng ngdy Thiy thuoc Vigt Nam 27-2 (23)...
Di san vfin hda Thfing Long - Hfi Ndi
trifi'u, nhu hfii thi Ddng Cd, hdi thi qudc
nhfin tai Long Tri, hgi dua thuyin mua rdi thfit phong phu, da dang, tich htfp cac gia
nude tren sdng Hdng vdi sU hien dipn ciia tri tieu biiu ciia lich sii vfi vfin hda dan tdc
nha vua tai didn Hdm Quang, hgi ddn tfl ngdn xUa din nay.
Quang Chiiu thdi Ly, Tran. Nhie'u le hgi
3. Thdng Long - Ha Noi: Van hien,
truyfi'n thdng cdn tdn tai mai ve sau ndy anh hung, n h a n vfin, hoa h i i u
thUdng gdn liln vdi cac dinh, din, chua, nhU
Lieh sfl Ifiu ddi vdi vi the' trung tdm
hdi din Hai Bd TrUng b Dong Nhan (qudn quyin lUc, trung tam chfnh tri qudc gia,
Hai Bd TrUng), hdi ldng Trilu Khiic (huy^n trung tfim kinh te'vfin hda tieu bieu cila ca
Thanh Tri), h^i Ifing Lg Mfit (quan Long nudc da tpo Idp nen di san vfin hda vd gia
Bifin), hgi bdi thuyin lang Dfim (huypn Tfl cua Thfing Long - Hd Ndi. Ddy Ifi vflng dfit
Lifim), hpi de'n An Dudng VUdng b Cd Loa ciia nghin nfim vfin hidn, hfii ty vfi chfit Ipc,
(huy^n Dfing Anh), ldn nhfi't Ifi hpi Gidng b kfi't tinh nhflng gifi tri cua vfin hda dfin tdc
den Phu Dong (huy^n Gia Lfim) va din Sdc vfi tfl ddy toa sdng ra ca nudc.
(huydn Sdc Sdn) (21). Hpi Gidng da dflpc
Nin vdn hii'n Thdng Long - Hd Ndi dUdc
UNESCO cong nhdn Id Di san Vfin hda phi ti'ch ty qua qufi trinh xay dUng vfi bao vd
vfit thi dai didn nhdn loai vfio nfim 2010.
Kinh thdnh gfin liln vdi sU nghiep xdy

Trong Khu phd cd vdi difin tich khoang dyng vfi bao v$ dfi't nUdc, lfi ket qua sang
105 ha, cho dd'n nfim 2006 da thdng ke dupe tpo cua con ngUdi Hd Ndi vd sU tham du,
202 11 hdi, trong dd cd 175 hfii dinh, 15 hfii cdng hidn cua ca dfin tfic. Thfing Long - Hd
den, 12 hdi chfla (22). Dd Id mfit do ll hfii Ndi lfi dfi't ty nhfin, tu tfii, cflng vdi cdc Idp
cao nhfi't ca nudc. Trong le hdi, cflng vdi cU dan ban dia Ifi cac Idp cU dan tfl xfl, anh


Thang Long-ItaRQi...
tdi bdn phfldng hdi tu. Theo tyc 1§ ngfiy
XUa, phai sau ba ddi ngy cU mdi dupc ldng
xa cfing nhfin lfi chfnh cU. NhUng xdt vl
mfit cfi'ng hie'n cho vfin hda Kinh do thi
khong nhflng phai kl nhflng ngUdi sinh ra
vfi ldn len tren manh d^t ndy, tflc chi ddi
thfl nhd't, ma ca nhflng ngUdi chi cd m§t
thdi sdng d Kinh k^ md da gdn bfi vfi dl lai
eho Kinh ky khong it dong gdp. Md rdng
hdn nfla, khfing thi quen ca nhflng ngUdi
sdng ngodi Kinh thfinh mfi tdm trf hUdng
vl trai tim eiia dfit nUdc vfin cd thi cd
nhflng sdng tdc ngpi ea ngudi vfi canh, ljch
sil vfi vfin hie'n Thfing Long - Hd Npi lfim
rung dpng long ngUdi. Trong chifi'n tranh
bao vp hay giai phdng Kinh thfinh, biit bao
ngudi eon yeu nUdc tfl nhifi'u phUdng trdi da
gdp phln tao nen nhflng chiin cdng hiin
bach tren dd't Thdng Long - Hd Ndi. Trong
sfi' dd, cd ngUdi trd vl que hUdng, nhUng
cflng cd ngUdi vinh viin yen nghi trong long
da^t Kinh ky. Hg Ifi nhflng anh hung cd tfin

tudi hay ngUdi linh vfi danh, hch sil Thfing
Long - Hd Npi can ddi ddi ghi cdng. Tren mdt
quan nifm rpng rai va bao quat nhU the,
mdi thd'y hit cgi ngudn sau xa va sfle sd'ng
manh li$t cua vfin hidn Thfing Long - Hfi
Ngi.
Vfin hiin Thfing Long - Ha Ndi dUdc dflc
kfi't qua lich sit, biiu dat qua di san vfin hda
va dUdc hien thi hang nhflng con ngUdi tieu
bieu.
Dfi'y Id nhflng ngUdi lao dpng gidi, nhflng
nfing dan sang tao ra nhflng san phdm noi
tieng ciia dd't Kinh ky va vung ngoai vi,
nhflng ngudi budn ban, san xufit nhiing
mfit hang thu cfing, my nghd dfic sfic. Tifiu
bieu cho nhflng ngudi lao dfing sang tpo
nay Id nhflng td sU cdc nghfi', la nhflng thp
ca, thd Idnh nghi dupc nhdn dan ddi ddi
ngdi ca vfi gin day dUdc thanh pho tdn vinh
la cfic nghd nhfin g^n vdi cac "lang nghi
truyen tho'ng". Trong s i cdc ldng nghi

truyin thdng ndi tilng khfip vflng cd nghi
gdm sfl Bit Trdng, Giang Cao, Kim Lan
(huy^n Gia Lfim), ldng ddt vdng bpc Kifiu
Ky (huydn Gia Ldm), Ifing Ifim bun Phu Dd
(huy^n Tfl Lifim), ldng d§t Trieu Khuc
(huy^n Thanh Tri), lang may truyin thdng
Co Nhue (huy^n Tfl Lifim), Ifing chpm go
Thifi't 6ng (hay Thilt ttng, huydn Ddng

Anh). Sd nghd nhan dUpc cdng nhdn tfip
trung nhd't trong nghi gom sfl, cham go,
kim hofin, ldm hoa lya.
Dfiy Id nhflng anh hung ddn tdc cd cfing
Idn trong sfl nghidp bao vd dfit nfldc hay
giai phdng dan tdc. Trong bang vfing cdc
anh hflng dfin tpc vi dai, dfi't Kinh k>* cd tfin
tudi tifiu biiu ciia Hai Bd TrUng, Ngo
Quyin, Ly Thudng Kidt, Trin Qude Tud'n,
Lfi Lpi, Nguyin Hup, Hd Chi Minh.
Dfi'y Ifi cac nhfi chinh tri, nha vdn hda
b^ng S' chi, nghi I^c va tfii nfing sdng tao,
dfi gdp phln xay dUng va quan ly Kinh
thfinh, gdp phan lfim phong phu di san vfin
hda Thfing Long - Hd Npi.
Trong thdi k^ che' dp quan chu, Thfing
Long lfi trung tfim giao dye qudc gia, trung
tdm ddo tpo nhdn tai cho ca nUdc. Trudng
Qudc Til Gidm vd cdc k^ thi Hdi, thi Dinh
tai Thfing Long da ddo tao cho dfit nUdc tfit
ca cac hpc vi Thai hpc sinh/Tie'n si vd cae
hpc vi Tam khdi tfl khoa thi diu tien ndm
1075 thdi Ly din khoa thi cud'i cung ndm
1787 thdi Le Trung hung. Cfin cfl vfio
nhflng tu lieu hign cdn, trong thdi gian nay
cd 144 khoa thi Hgi, thi Dinh vfi tUdng
dUdng, la'y do 2.338 Tien si va tUdng dUdng,
trong dd cd 46 Trang nguyen, 47 Bang
nhan, 73 Tham hoa (24). Dd lfi ty trgng
mang tfnh ehi phdi khi so sanh vdi 183

khoa thi Hdi, thi Dinh va sd' lUpng ngUdi do
dpi khoa lfi 2.896 vi trong todn bfi hch sil
khoa thi Nho hoc tfl nfim 1075 din nfim
1919. Khi nha Nguyin ddng dfi d Phu Xudn
- Hue, trung tam gido due quoc gia chuyln


Rghian eiiru L|ch sfr. stf 8.2012
vfio kinh thfinh mdi, thi Hfi N§i phfit triin
h$ thdng trUdng tU, tifi'p tyc ddng gdp vdo
sy nghi|p dao tpo nhdn tdi cho d i t nUdc.
Trong 80 558 Tiln si vd Phd bang thdi
Nguyin cd 47 Tien si ngudi Hd Ndi (vfi 34
Tidn si vflng Hfi Tfiy cfl) (25) vfi nhiiu
ngfldi dd d^t tfl Hul lai hoat ddng, cdng
hidn cho cd'dd. Mdt trudng hdp ticu biiu Id
Tdng ddc Hodng Didu, dl Phd bang nfim
1853, da chiin dfi'u bao v | thdnh Hd Ndi vd
lufin tifi'tviHfi Npi.
Thfing Long - Hfi N^i Id trung tam dfio
tao vd ndi tdp trung ddi ngfl tri thflc dfing
nhfit cua ca nudc, tinh hoa ciia ddn tdc.
Ngodi nhflng ngfldi dd dpi khoa, khdng It
ngudi chi dd hUOng khoa hay thdm chf
khdng di thi, da trd thfinh nhflng nhd quan
ly, nhflng nhfi vfin hda Idn eua Kinh k^.
Trong sd vua chua ciia cae vUdng trieu tri
vi tren ddt Thfing Long, ndi Ifin ten tufi'i
nhflng ngUdi ed cdng ldn trong xay dung vfi
bao vfi dfit nUde nhU vua Ly Thai Td, hf

Thfinh Tfing, Ly Nhan Tong thdi Ly; vua
Trin Thai Tong, Trin Thanh Tong, Trin
Nhan Tdng thdi Trin; vua Le Thai To, Le
Thanh Tdng thdi Lfi sd; chua Trinh Tflng.
Trinh Cdn, Trinh CUdng thdi Le Trung
hflng. Quan ly Kinh thfinh cung cd nhflng
con ngfldi loi lac nhu Dai an phii sfl Trin
Thi Kiln, Kinh sU Dai doan Nguyen Trung
Ngpn... Trong sd danh nhan vfin hda dfi't
Kinh ky cd nhflng con ngUdi tieu bieu nhU
Thiln su Vpn Hpnh thdi L^; Trin Quang
Khai, Mac Dinh Chi, Lfi Vfin Huu, Trin
Nguyfin Dan, TrUdng Han Sifiu, Lfi Quat,
Phpm Su Manh thdi Trin; Nguyin Trfii,
Nguyen Mdng Tufin, Ly Til Tdn, Thdn
Nhfin Trung, Nguyen True, Ludng Thd
Vinh thdi Lfi sd; Nguyen Binh Khiem, Giap
Trflng thdi Mpc; Dodn Thi Diem, Dfing
Trin Cdn, Ngd Thi Si, Le Quy Ddn, Pham
Dinh Hd thdi Lfi Trung hflng; Ngd Thi
Nhfim, Phan Huy ich, Nguyin Huy Lupng

thdi Tdy Son; Nguyin Vfin Sifiu, Cao Bfi
Qufit, Phan Huy Chfl, Nguyin Du, Hd
Xuan HUdng, Phpm DUdng Am, Vii Tfing
Phan, L^ Vfin Phflc, Nguyin TU Gian,
Dfing Huy Trfl, Bd Huy^n Thanh Quan
(Nguyin Thi Hinh) thdi Nguyin, trong dd
Nguyin Vfin Sifiu, Cao Ba Qudt ndi tilng Id
"Thin Sifiu Thdnh Qufit"... Nguyin Trfii,

Nguyin Du lfi nhflng ngdi sao sdng nhfit da
dupc UNESCO kfiu ggi ca t h i gidi ky ni$m
nhu Danh nhfin vdn hda thd gidi.
Trong thdi Phdp thude, chi dd gido dye
vfi thi eil dfi chuyln tfl md hinh Nho gifio
sang mfi hinh phUdng Tdy. H§ thdng giao
dye dupc td chflc lpi gdm ed'p tilu hgc,
trung hgc, cao ding - dpi hgc vfi cfic trUdng
day nghi, vdi ngfin ngfl vd chfl vilt chinh
thflc lfi tidng Phap vfi chfl Qudc ngfl. Hd
Ngi lfi thu phii eiia Ddng Dudng thudc
Phfip vfi cung lfi trung tfim gido due, khoa
hpc tflp trung, tifiu bieu nhfi't. Hiu hit cac
trudng dpi hpc vfi cao dfing deu tfip trung b
Hd Npi, ndi tieng nhfit lfi Dai hpc Ddng
Dudng, Dai hgc Y Dudc khoa, Dai hgc Lufit,
trudng My thufit vd Kidn true Ddng DUdng,
cfic trUdng Cao dfing Su phpm, Thu y, Khoa
hgc, Ndng lfim nghidp, Cfing chfnh, ThUdng
mpi... Cung vdi cdc trUdng dai hgc vfi cao
dfing, mfit sd^ vipn nghien cflu, bao tfing
dupc thdnh l$p, trong dd Vien Viin Ddng
bfic cd Phap (EFEO) lfi m^t td chflc khoa
hgc mang tinh hdn ldm, tiln hfinh nhiiu
hoat ddng nghifin cflu sfiu sfic vl Hch sil,
ngdn ngfl, vfin minh, khao cd hpc vflng Viin
Dfing, trong dd cd Vipt Nam.
Che' do gido dye thdi Phdp thupc trUdc
hdt nhfim dfio tpo quan chflc, nhfin vien cho
bO may cai tri thi^c dan, ddo tao d^i ngu ky

thufit vidn vfi ngudn nhdn Iflc cho si^ phat
trien kinh tl, khoa hpc, cdng ngb^ ciia
thugc dia. Nhflng mat khac, tfl dd ciing tpo
nen mdt chuyln ddi cd ban tit nin hoc
thuat CO truye'n phUdng Ddng sang mdt nin


Thang Long-IjaRQl..
giao due va khoa hpc mang tfnh hidn dpi
cua the gidi thdi bfi'y gid. Mpt dpi ngu tri
thflc Tay hpc ciing din din hinh thanh,
khdng nhflng dupe dao tpo trong nfldc ma
mgt so cdn sang Phfip du hpc, dat nhflng
hpc vi cao nhu tiln si, ky sU, thac si. Trong
budi giao thdi nfiy, tfl diu t h i ky XX, m^t
sd Nho si yeu nUde vfi cfi'p tiln nhfl Phan
Bpi Chau, Phan Chu Trinh da sdm nh^n ra
tinh trang lac hfiu ciia dfi't nUdc, tinh cd hu
cua nin gido due Nho hpc vd da vfin dpng
duy tfin, cai cdch. LUdng Vdn Can Ifip
trudng Ddng Kinh nghia thue cflng mdt sd
nhfi Nho yfiu nfldc vfi tri thfle Tay hgc, ra
sfle cd vu cho vfin minh, tdn hpc, thflc tinh
dan tri. Rdi Hdi truye'n bd Qud'c ngfl Id m^t
to chflc cfing khai ciia Dang Cdng san Dfing
Dudng, tfip hdp nhifi'u tri thflc Tdy hgc yfiu
nudc, viia day chfl Qude ngfl, chdng thdt
hgc, vfla nfing cao dan tri, truyen bd tU
tudng yfiu nUdc.
Trong thdi Phdp thugc. Ha Npi lfi trung

tam vfin hda, khoa hpc, giao dye Idn nhd't
cua Ddng DUdng, dia bfin tap trung dpi ngu
tri thflc Tdy hgc ddng nhfi't cila Vidt Nam
vd Ddng DUdng. Day la trung tfim soi dgng,
nhay bdn nhfi't trong tiep nhan cac tU
tudng, anh hudng vfin hda, khoa hgc Phap
va phUdng Tay, cung la trung tam bung no
cila nhiiu phong trfio ydu nUde va each
mang. Trong dpi ngu tri thflc nfiy, co nhflng
nha van hda, khoa hgc cd nhifi'u cd'ng hidn
cho Ha Ngi va ca nfldc. Dd Ifi mdt sd'hgc gia
tai Vifin Viin Dfing bde cd Phdp nhU Henri
Maspdro, G. Ccedds, Emile Gaspardone,
Maurice Durand, Pierre Gourou, Louis
Bezarier, Nguyin Vdn Huyfin, Trin Vfin
Giap, Nguyin Vfin To'. Dd la nhfi bdo
Nguyin Vfin Vinh, Tan Da Nguyin Khic
Hii'u, Trin Huy Lifiu; nhfi vfin xu hUdng
hidn thuc Ngo Td't T^, Nguyen Cdng Hoan,
Vii Trgng Phyng, Nguyen Hdng, Nam Cao;
nhfi vdn xu hudng lang man Nhfit Linh,

Khdi HUng, Thpch Lam; nhfi thd mdi LUu
Trgng Lu, ThiLfl, Tfl Md, Xufin Di^u, Huy
Cdn; nhd soan kich Vi Huyen Dfic, Doan
Phu Tfl, Nguyin Huy Tfldng, nhd nhilp
anh Dfing Huy Trfl... Cung trong ddi ngu
tri thflc nfiy, nhiiu ngUdi yfiu nUdc tiip thu
tu tudng dan chii phUdng Tay, l^ tudng tu
dd cila each mang Phdp, kiln thflc khoa hge

hidn dpi, da tham gia tich cUc cdc phong
trfio yeu nUde vfi each mang. Nhflng gUdng
mdt tri thfle tifiu bieu trong cdc phong trdo
ndy cd Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pham Tufin Tdi,
Nguyen Khfic Nhu trong hoat dgng ciia
Qude Dan dang, Dfing Xuan Khu (TrUdng
Chinh), Pham Van Ddng, Vfi Nguyfin Giap,
Dang Thai Mai... trong phong trdo Mfit
trdn ddn chu vd phong trao Viet Minh.
Sau Cdch mang thang Tam nfim 1945,
vdi vi the Thii dd cua nfldc Vidt Nam ddc
Ifip, nfi'n giao dye, vfin hda, khoa hgc cua
Hd Npi vfla phai vUdt qua nhflng thaeh
thflc ac liet eiia chiin tranh, hodn thfinh sU
nghipp giai phdng dan tde, gidnh lai dpc Idp
va thdng nhfi't To quoc, vfla phai khfie phue
mdt sd trd ngai npi tai de xdc Idp con dudng
phdt triin theo xu hUdng ddi mdi vfi hdi
nhfip qudc tfi'. Ha Npi la trung tam giao
dye, dfio tao vfi vfin hda, khoa hgc qud'c gia
ciia nude Viet Nam dpc Ifip. He thdng cdc
trfldng dai hpc, cao dfing, dpy nghe"; cdc
vipn vd trung tdm khoa hgc ciia trung Udng
va Hfi Ngi tdp trung vdi mdt dd cao nhfi't
trfin dfi't Thii dd. Din nfim 2008, trUdc luc
md rpng ranh gidi hfinh chfnh Thu dfi, trfin
ddt Hfi Npi c6 56 cd sd ddo tao dpi hgc vfi
cao dfing, 37 trUdng dai hgc, 10 hgc vipn, 11
trUdng cao d4ng, chifi'm gin 1/3 sd trUdng
cua ca nfldc (26). Trong dd, ed nhflng

trudng tim qudc gia vfi ndi tifi'ng nhU Dai
hgc Qudc gia Hfi Ngi, Dai hgc Y Hfi Ndi,
Dpi hpc DUdc Ha Ndi, Dpi hgc Bach khoa
Ha Ndi, Dpi hgc Su pham Hd Ngi, Dpi hge
Kinh t l qudc ddn, Dai hpe Kie'n trflc Ha


nghifin cijru Ljch si. atf 8.2012
Ndi, Dai hgc Nfing nghidp Hd N^i, Dpi hpc
Md - dia chfl't, Dai hgc Mj thufit Vi^t Nam,
Dpi hpc Sfin khfiu - di|n anh Ha N§i, Hpc
vipn Chinh tri • Hfinh chinh Qudc gia Hd
Chf Minh, Hpe vi§n Quan h | qudc td. Cdc
vidn nghifin cflu qudc gia cung t§p trung b
Hfi Ndi, ldn nha't la hai viOn; Vidn Khoa hgc
xa hdi Vidt Nam vfi Vi^n Khoa hpc vfi cfing
nghd Vi$t Nam. Ngoai ra cfin ra't nhieu cd
sd nghidn cflu trUc thude trung Udng hay
Hd Ngi trfin dfit Thu dd. Dfii ngu tri thflc,
cdc nhfi khoa hgc, cdc vfin nghg si tfip trung
caoddd Hd Nfii.
Hd Nfii lfi trung tfim gido dye qudc gia,
trung tfim vfin hda, khoa hpe, cfing ngh§ ldn
nhfi't cua ca nUdc. Tren dfi't thii dfi, tfip
trung dpi ngu hgc sinh, sinh vien vfi cdc
nhfi vfin hda, khoa hgc ddng nhfit cua ddt
nUde. Day lfi Thii dd cila tinh hoa, ciia tri
tup qudc gia.
Hfi Nfii vd cung vinh dU Id ndi b, lfim
viec vd an nghi cudi cung ciia Chii tich Hd

Chf Mmh, vi lanh ty v! dpi ciia dan tpc Viet
Nam.
Hd Nfii cung Id ndi hopt dfing cua cfic
nhd lanh dao cao nhfi't ciia Dang Cfing san,
Nha nudc, Quoc hdi vd Chfnh phii Vipt
Nam, trong do ndi Ifin tfin tudi ciia nhflng
nhfi lanh dpo loi lac nhU Tdn Dflc Thdng,
TrUdng Chinh, Lfi Dua'n, Phpm Vfin Ddng,
Vo Nguyen Giap, Nguyin Van Linh...
Trong hang ngu cdc tri thflc Hd Ndi, ndi
len tdn tuoi cua nhieu nhd vfin hda, khoa
hpc cd nhieu cdng hifi'n cho Thu dfi vd ca
nfldc. Cd the neu mfit sd gUdng mdt tren
mpt sd linh vUc. Vl khoa hpe vfi cong ngh§
cd nhfi khoa hgc cdng nghp Trin Dai Nghia;
nha y hgc Hd Dfic Di, Tdn Thfi't Tflng,
Phpm Nggc Thach, Dfing Vdn Ngfl, Do
Xuan Hdp, Trin Hflu Tudc, Vu Cdng Hde;
nhd Ddng y Nguyin Van Hudng; nha dUdc
hgc Dd Ta't Ldi, TrUdng Cdng Quyfi'n,
Hoang Thuy Nguyen; nhd ndng hpc LUdng

Djnh Ciia, Bfli Huy Ddp; nhd todn hpc Lfi
Vfin Thifim, Hodng Tyy, Ngfi Bao Chfiu;
nhfi sinh vfit Dfio Vfin Tifi'n; nhfi thyc vfit
hgc Thdi Vfin Trflng; nhd vat 1^ hgc
Nguyin Vfin Hi|u; kiln tnic sU Nguyin
Cao Luydn, Hoang NhU Tiip... Vl khoa hpc
xfi hdi va nhfin vfin cd nha trilt hgc Trin
Dflc Thao, Cao Xudn Huy; nha sil hgc

Nguyin Khdnh Todn, Trin Huy Li^u, Ddo
Duy Anh, Trdn Vfin Gidu, Pham Huy
Thing; nhfi nghifin cflu vfin hda Dfing Thai
Mai, Hodi Thanh, Vu Ngpc Phan, Vu
Khifiu... Vl vfin hgc vfi nghd thufit cd nha
vfin Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Nguyin Tudn, Td
Hofii, Nguyin Dinh Thi; nhfi thd T l Hanh,
Huy Cfin, Xufin Di^u, Td Hflu, Chi Lan
Vien; hga si Tfi Nggc Van, Trin Vfin Cin,
Nguyin Do Cung, Nguyin Phan Chanh, Biii
Xudn Phai; nhac si Vfin Cao, Dd Nhudn,
LUu Hflu PhUdc, Nguyin Xudn Khoat...
Vfin hien Thfing Long • Hfi Nfii lfi ket
qua lao dfing sdng tao ciia cac the hp con
ngUdi sdng tren manh d l t Kinh ky trong
vai trd hdi tu va kit tinh cdc gid tri vfin hda
dan tdc va hi$n hflu vdi nhflng ten tudi ede
anh hiing dfin tfic, danh nhan van hda,
ngudi lao ddng gidi.
Qua Hch sfl vfi tfl trong nin vfin hidn dd,
hinh thfinh nfin nhiiu phdm gid, truyin
thd'ng td't dep cua con ngudi Thdng Long •
Hd Ndi.
Trudc hd't Id truyin thd'ng lao ddng sdng
tao trong ldm fin, buSn bfin, trong cdc hopt
dfing san xu^t, trong xfiy dflng Thii dfi.
Truyfi'n thd'ng ndy tfl Ifiu da dUpc due kit
trong cfiu ca phd bien: Kheo tay hay nghi,
ddt li Ki Cha. Dd't kinh k^ la dd't d^ dd vdi
ting Idp vua quan, qu;y tdc ddi hdi san

phim cao cfip, dift dd thi trfin bfi'n dUdi
thuyin, phdxa trflm nghi, gdm nhiiu ting
Idp cU dan, trong dd ting Idp gidu cd yfiu
clu chd't lUdng cao trong tieu thu san
phdm. Trong tinh canh tranh ciia thi


Thang Long-Ijan^i..
trudng vd yeu clu cao cila ngUdi tieu dflng,
ngudi bufin ban gidi vd thp thii cfing lanh
nghi cac noi mdi dam vl Ifip nghi§p, ngUdi
dan sinh sdng lau ddi cung phai lufin lufin
trau ddi ndng cao tay nghi. 'Vi vfly, tfl dd
dflng trong nhfi, dd an udng, do my ngh§
cho de'n cdc nfing phim, thflc phim ciia
vflng Kinh thfinh diu thi hi$n trinh dg ky
thufit tinh xao, ngh^ thufit tpo hinh, trang
tri mang tfnh thim my cao. Cin mIn, khdo
tay, sang tpo lfi dflc tfnh quy ciia con ngfldi
Trdng An. Thfing Long - Ha Ndi lfi trung
tam giao Iflu kinh tl, vfin hda rdng rdi
trong nfldc vd nUdc ngodi, nfin cd die'u ki^n
tiep thu nhid^u anh hudng td't, nhifi'u ky
thudt mdi vd cao cila khu vyc vd the gidi.
Nfi'n san xu^t cila kinh thfinh cd xu hUdng
vUdn len theo sy phdt triin tien tie'n ciia
cac nUdc.
Truyin thdng yiu nUdc, y thUc ddn tgc, y
chi tu lap tu cudng lfi phim gid chung cua
dan tpc dUdc bieu thi vfi phat huy cao trong

lich sii va cudc sd'ng cila Thfing Long - Ha
Ndi, nhfi't la trong sU nghifip bao ve vfi giai
phdng Kinh thdnh gfin hfi'n vdi sU nghiep
gifl nUdc cua ddn tdc. Mdt dfic dilm Idn cua
hch siS Viet Nam Id nhie'u lin phai dUdng
diu vdi nan xam lUpc cila nUdc ngofii, phln
ldn la cdc de chi Idn mpnh thdi co - trung
dai, cac cUdng qud'c de' quoc chii nghia thdi
cdn - hipn dpi. Tinh tfl khang chien chdng
Tin t h i ky III TCN de'n chiin tranh bidn
gidi phfa Bfic nfim 1979, dan toe Vipt Nam
da phai tien hfinh 17 cudc khang chidn bao
vfi Td qudc (27).
Thdi tie'n Thdng Long, vung dd't Hfi Npi
da Ifi dia bfin ciia nhieu cudc chidn da'u
chdng ngoai xam dc lipt. Do Id cuflc khang
chiin chdng Tri^u thIt bpi vfi Kinh dd Cd
Loa thfi't thii, md mdn thdi Bfic thupc hdn
nghin nfim. Trong cupc dfi'u tranh chong
Bfic thugc, vflng dfi't Hfi Nfii Id ndi md diu
cugc khdi nghia Hai Bfi TrUng vd Id ndi

dyng dd thdnh Mfi Linh ciia chinh quyin
TrUng Vudng. Day ciing Id dia bfin Ly Nam
Dl Idp nhd nfldc Vpn Xufin, dfit dfii Van
Xufin, dyng thdnh cila sdng Tfi, xdy chfla
Khai Qufic sau khi khdi nghia thdng Idi.
Thdi thude Dudng, ddy Id thu phii cua
chfnh quye'n dd hd vd cung Id ndi diln ra
nhie'u eupe chidn dfiu quyet lifit cua nghia

qufin danh chifi'm phu thanh. Sau thfing
lpi, ddy trd thfinh thu phii ciia chfnh quyin
Bd Cdi Dai VUdng Phflng Hung, chfnh
quyin hg Khuc, hp DUdng trong cugc dfiu
tranh gidnh lai ddc Idp.
Tfl khi dinh dd Thfing Long dfi'n nay,
trong nghin nfim Thfing Long • Ha Ngi,
Vi0t Nam dd phai thUc hien 12 cugc khang
chie'n chong ngoai xfim, trong dd cd 2 cufic
khdng chie'n thfit bai lfi khang chid'n chong
Minh dfin din thdi Minh thugc (1407-1427)
vfi khfing chie'n chdng Phap din dfi'n thdi
Phap thude (1883-1945). Trong thdi Minh
thude cd hdn 60 cupc khdi nghia ldn nhd,
thdi Phfip thugc cac cudc khdi nghia va cac
phong trao yeu nfldc, cdch mang no ra gin
nhu lien tyc. Trong 12 cudc khdng chidn
chdng ngoai xam, cd de'n 8 cudc khang
chie'n md chiin tran da lan ddn Thfing
Long - Hd Ndi, tiic Id chi trfl cudc khang
chien chdng Td'ng (1075-1077), cudc khang
ehiln chdng Xiem (1784-1785) vd hai cugc
chidn tranh b bifin gidi phia Tay Nam va
phfa Bfic nfim 1979. Trong hai thdi ky bi
nude ngodi dd hfi, thdi Minh thupc kit thue
bfing Hfii t h i Ddng Quan bufic qudn Minh
phai nit quan dien ra tai phia Nam thdnh
Dfing Quan (Hd Nfii) vd thdi Phap thudc
cung k i t thuc bfing thfing ldi cua Cach
mang thdng Tdm 1945 tren dfi^t Hfi Ndi.

Hdn thd nfla, trong 8 cudc khang chien
dien ra trfin da't Kinh thanh thi Thfing
Long - Hfi Npi la dia ban cua ba tran quyit
chien chiin lUdc gifl vai trd dinh doat tren
chiin trUdng. Dd Id trfin Dfing Bfi Diu diu


22

Rghian curu Ljeh aJr. atf 8.8012

nfim 1258, trfin Nggc Hdi - Ddng Da dIu skn tinh t h i n vfi gid cila Thfing Long - Hd
ndm 1789 vd tr^n "Di^n Bifin Phil trfin Ndi.
khdng" cudi nam 1972.
Truyin thd'ng dodn kdt vi dai nghta ddn
Vdi vai trd trung tfim chfnh trj quIc gia, tdc, tinh thdn nhdn di, hda hidu, bao dung
Thfing Long - Hfi Ngi Id trui tim, khfii dc lfi phfl'm gid cao qu^ ciia Thdng Long - Hfi
cila ca nudc, gifl vai trd lanh dpo chiin NOi.
tranh. Trong Hch ail chdng ngopi xfim ciia
Ngudi dfin Kinh thfinh cflng sing gfin bd
dfin tdc, Thfing Long - Hd NOi da chia lila trong cdng ddng kit h^p quan h§ ldng gilng
vdi ca nUdc, gdp phln cflng cii nfldc ddnh gin gui vdi quan h0 huydt thing ciia ddng
thfing qufin xam lugc, vilt nen nhflng trang hg. Nhflng cd phln khdc vdi c^ng ddng xa
sil hdo hflng trong sy nghidp bao v§ Tl thdn nfing nghidp b nfing thfin, ngUdi dfin
qudc, giai phdng ddn t^c. Chfnh tfl nhflng kinh k^ phln ldn tfl nhilu vflng hdi ty vl
trang sil chdng xfim Ifing dd dd tpo di^ng vd ddi sdng kinh t l cd sy kit hpp nfing nen truyin thdng anh hiing cita Thu dd, cflng - thUdng, trong dd chu yeu la cdng,
Chfnh trfin manh dd't ngfin nfim vfin hiin thfldng. Cdng ddng thfin - phUdng b kinh
nay, bict bao t h i hd con dan Thii dfi cflng thanh mang tfnh cdi mcl trong quan h^ giao
nhfin dan ca nfldc da ehd'p nhdn nhflng tiip diln ra hang ngay, tinh thi dfin cdng
cudc chiin dd'u vd cung ac Hpt, sin sdng hy ngay cdng phat triin. Cho ddn cull thd ky

sinh ciia cat va tfnh mpng de bao vp thu dfi XIX, moi phd phudng v5n cd cila ra vdo dl
hay giai phdng Thu dd, gdp phln xflng gifl gin an ninh, trfit ty chung, nhUng hodn
dang vdo cdng cudc gifl nfldc.
todn khdng mang tinh khdp kin, cue bd, dia
Lich sil Thdng Long - Hd Ngi cdn vang phUOng. Trong thdi k>^ chd dfi qudn chii,
vgng mdi ldi thd "Nam quoc san hd Nam dd vUdng trieu LJ, Trin thi hfinh chfnh sdch
cW thdi chdng Tong; Idi t h i "Quydt chien" "thfin dan", gifla Cfi'm thdnh, Hofing Thanh
ciia cdc bd lao trong Hdi nghi Dien Hdng, vfi La Thfinh Ifi ba khdng gian dfing cfip
ldi t h i "Sdt Thdt" ciia quan si tu khfic tren nhflng khfing hofin tofin ngfin cdch. Ngudi
cdnh tay thdi chdng Mfing - Nguyen; Idi ddn bi oan cd thi vdo Ctfm Thfinh ddnh
tuyen cao cua Le Ldi "ldy dgi nghla thdng chudng kfiu oan len vua, mfit sd ll h0i td
hung tdn, ldy chi nhdn thay cUdng bao", Idi chflc trong Cfim Thdnh, Hodng Thfinh m6
hipu dy ciia Quang Trung Nguyen Hu§ rgng cho sy tham dfl cila dfin chung. Trong
"Ddnh cho sii tri Nam qud'c sdn hd chi hihi nhflng thi che chfnh tri vfi kinh tl, xa h^i
chu" thdi chdng Thanh; ldi tuyen ngdn ddc ddc thfl ciia Kinh thanh, quan h$ cpng ddng
Ifip cila Chu tich Hd Chf Minh "Nudc Vi^t phdt triin, viia cd canh tranh, vfla gifl gin
Nam CO quyin dUdc hudng i(/ do vd ddc Idp, tinh thin tUdng thfin tUdng fii, dflm bgc
vd sU that dd trd thdnh mdt nUdc tii do ddc giup dd nhau trong cudc sdng, nhd't Id khi
lap. Todn the ddn tgc Viet Nam quyet dem g$p tai Udng, hopn npn. Tuy cd si^ phdn
tdt ca tinh thdn vd lUc lUOng, tinh mang vd bi^t d&ng ed'p, tuy cd nhieu tfn ngUdng, tdn
cua cdi digiU vUng quyin tU do ddc lap dy" gido, ngUdi dan Kinh thdnh sdng trong sij
(28) thdi chdng Phap vfi ldi t h i "Quyi't tii bao dung, khfing hiim khich gifla cdc c^ng
cho To qud'c quyi't sinh" cua cac chifi'n si ddng cu dfin cd ngudn gd'c khdc nhau,
khdng xung d^t tfin giao. Kinh thfinh Id dfit
Trung doan Thii dd...
Truyen thdng yeu nUdc, khf phach anh thifing, la nilm tin cfiy vd tii hdo cub ca ddn
hung tpo nen hao khf Thdng Long Id m§t di tdc ndn ngudi dfin Thfing Long - Hfi Ndi


Thang Long-IjaKOt..

ludn lufin c6 tinh t h i n tu trgng, y thflc tu
Ifip ty cudng cao vfi trude nghia vu bao v§
Kinh thanh, sSn sfing dofin kit, hi sinh vi
dpi nghia. Sau khi gifinh thfing l0i, Kinh
thfinh da nhifi'u lin chflng kie'n chii trUdng
kit thuc chiin tranh h i t sfle mUu tri, dly
tinh thin hda hiiu vdi Ifin bang. Tpi dfiy,
Binh Dinh vUdng Le Lpi da td chflc Hpi the
Dfing Quan, tha cho hfing vpn quan Minh
an toan rut vl nUdc nhdm: "Siia hda hii'u
cho hai nUdc, Tat mudn ddi chii'n tranh"
(Nguyen Trai, Phu ndi Chi Linh). Cung tpi
day, Quang Trung Nguyin Hug da ra Ipnh
nudi dudng hdng van tfl binh vd Idp dan te
vong hdn qudn linh Thanh til trfin trong
tinh thin bao dung, nhfin vdn; "Ldng ta
thuang cd ngudi phUdng Bdc, xudt cua kho
di' nhudn ndm xUOng khd" (Vu Huy Tfin,
Phung sogn vdn ti' tUdng si phUOng Bdc
sang bi chit trdn).
Khdt vgng hda binh Id Udc mong, Id mye
tieu trong kit thuc chidn tranh, la chidn
lUdc bang giao vdi Ifin bang, Ifi flng xii trong
dpo ly nhfin vfin ddi vdi con ngfldi, ciia dan
tdc Viet Nam biiu thi tdp trung vd tieu
biiu trong Hch sil vd vdn hda Thfing Lflng Hd Ndi.
Truyin thong trgng hgc vd'n, hii'u hgc,
tdn sU trgng dgo Id mdt phim gia ndi trgi
cua Thdng Long - Hd Ndi. Sd'ng gifla mdt
trung tam gido due vd thi eil qudc gia,

chflng kiln cac ky thi tuyin chgn nhan tai,
canh si til ca nfldc ddn vl thii sfle thit tdi,
ngudi dan Thdng Long - Hd Ndi sdm hun
due tinh t h i n coi trpng hgc vfin, chfim lo
hpc hdnh dl mong cd ten trong bang vdng
khoa eil vd tfl dfi, md ra con dudng tiln
than ciing nhU con dudng Ifip nghidp, ldm
vinh du cho gia dinh vd que hUdng. Nho
giao cung cd anh hudng sau sic din truyin
thdng nfiy. Mdt difi'u ki$n thufin ldi cho
ngUdi Thang Long - Hd Nfii lfi tpi day xUa
cd trUdng Quic Tit Gidm vd nhilu trUdng

Idp tu cila cac Nho si, nay cd ca mdt hd
thdng ddy dfic cdc trUdng tfl phd thdng Ifin
dpi hgc, cao dfing.
Truyin thong hiiu hpc dflpc bieu thi
trdn con s i ngUdi Kinh k^ dd dpt trong cfie
kj^ thi, sU hinh thdnh nhilu ldng khoa
bang, nhieu dfing hg vd gia dinh khoa bang.
Chi tfnh cac khoa thi Nho hgc, vung dd't
nfiy cd nhieu Ifing Tien si, Ifing nhifi'u nhd't
cd 21 Tifi'n si lfi Dfing Ngpc (huydn Tfl
Lifim); cd 12 Tifi'n si Id ldng Ta Thanh Oai
(huyen Thanh Tri); cd 11 Tiln si lfi Ifing
Nguypt Ang (huydn Thanh Tri); co 10 Tidn
si Id ldng Ha Yfin Quyit (qudn Clu Gifi'y),
Phu Thi (huyfin Gia Lam); co 9 Tifi'n si Id
ldng ThUdng Yen Quye't (qudn Clu Gifiy);
cd 8 Tifi'n si la ldng Bdt Trdng (huydn Gia

Lam); cd 7 Tiln si Id ldng Hfi Lo (huypn
Dfing Anh), Tay Mfi (huyen Tfl Lifim), Van
Dilm (huyfin Ddng Anh), Ha Dinh (qufin
Thanh Xuan); cd 6 Tiln si Id ldng Cu Trinh
(huyen Dfing Anh); c6 5 Tie'n si la lang Kim
Lu (huyfin Thanh Tri), Kim Sdn (huyen Gia
Lam), Yen Thdi (qudn Tdy Hd). Nhie'u ddng
hg va gia dinh khoa bang co nhie'u ngUdi
ddi ddi dd dai khoa. Hg Pham b Dfing Ngpc
(huypn Tfl Lifim) trong 5 ddi cd 7 Tiln si.
Hg Nguyen b Van Diem (huyfin Ddng Anh)
cd 6 Tidn si tfl ndm 1595 den nfim 1844,
chiem 6/7 Tien si cua ca lang. Hp Nguyin b
Nguypt Ang (huyen Thanh Tri) cd 5 Tiln si
trong 4 ddi lien tye. Hg Nguyfin b Phu Thi
(huypn Gia Lam) co 5 Tien si tfl nfim 1703
ddn nfim 1760, trong do gia dinh Nguyen
Huy Nhudn ba anh em deu do dpi khoa
(hai anh em con chii con bdc la Nguyin
Huy Man vfi Nguyin Huy Thufit). Dan ldng
tu hdo "Nhdt mdn tam Tidn si, dong trieu
tU Thuang thW (29). Thong ke qua danh
sach ngUdi do dpi khoa vfi gia pha, tfnh ra
Thfing Long - Hd Npi cd 12 dong hp cd 4-12
Tien si va 7 ddng hp co 3 Tien si (30). Cd
thi ndi, khdng dau truyin thdng trpng hgc.


24

hiiu hpc lpi biiu thi t^p trung, d^m ndt
nhu trfin dfit Thing Long • Ha N^i. Cflng
v6i truyfi'n thdng hiiu hgc lfi truyin thing
tdn sU trgng dpo, "nhfi't ty vi sU, bdn ty vi
sU". ThIy gido Chu Vfin An ddi Trin lfi m^t
tfi'm gUdng mudn ddi ciia dpo ldm thIy vd
quan h^ ciia hgc trd dli vdi dng cung lfi
biiu thi tifiu biiu eiia quan hd thIy - trd
trong truyin thd'ng Ldn sU trgng dpo.
Truyin thd'ng thanh lich trong cudc
sd'ng, trong Ung xi Id m^t ndt dpp trong vfin
hfia Thfing Long - Hd Ndi.
Sd'ng gifla kinh thdnh vdi lich sii Ifiu ddi,
vdi vai trd trung tfim vfin hda ciia dfin tgc,
vdi quan h$ giao lUu rdng rai, con ngUdi
Thdng Long - Hfi Npi cd ldi sdng vd I^i flng
xuf rfi't dpp mang tinh dfic trUng cua dfi't
ngfin nfim vfin hiin, ngfin nfim vfin vfit:
Chdng tham cUng thi hoa nhdi,
Ddu khdng thanh lich cdng ngUdi Trdng An.
Da't dd dfi, dfit Kinh k^ va cudc sdng
thanh thi vdi xu hUdng dd thi hda, thi dan
hda lfi cd sd hinh thfinh Ifii sdng, phong
each sdng cua con ngfldi Thfing Long - Ha
Npi. Tfl tieng ndi, nip song gia dinh, nghd
thuat fim thuc cho den each giao tifi'p xa
hdi, deu hien hipn len nhflng ndt rifing cila
con ngUdi Trdng An TS^t nhien, dd lfi nfii
chung, tren tdng hda cdc quan h§ xa hdi,
cdn di sau vfio tflng m^t, tflng Idp ngfldi thi

cudc sdng ludn lufln Id bflc tranh nhilu
mdu sic phan dnh tfnh da dpng ciia xd h^i.
Vl tidng ndi Hd Ndi, theo cdc nhfi ngdn
ngfl hgc, thupc phUdng ngfl Bfic. Tuy nhifin
trong phUdng ngfl Bfic, tilng Hfi Ndi cd dflc
diem rieng ciia nd ao vdi tieng cac khu vyc
khdc. Nd khdng phai Id mdt thd ngfl md
phai dUdc ggi Id "phfldng ngvf', phuang ngU
thdnh thi - xdt vl mat xa hpi. HI Npi tfl
xUa Id ndi tu h^i ngUdi ciia cdc dia phfldng,
hg ra Ke Chp mang theo tilng ban dia ciia
minh. NhUng do nhu clu giao tidp mli

Tlghian eiJru Ljch ai^. atf 8.2012
ngudi da ty tudc bd bdt cfic tfl dia phfldng
vd cdch phfit dm dja phUdng cua minh dl
tpo nfin tifi'ng ndi chung, cfing cy giao tiip
dupc mgi ngudi chtfp nhfin. Kit qua Id Ke
Chp cd mpt thfl tidng pha trdn, h^i nhfip vdi
tidng bSn dja. Mfit khfic, vl m$t thdi gian,
ngdn ngfl, theo quy lu$t, cung cd siJ biln
ddi tfl t h i hd nfiy sang t h i h§ khdc. Nlu
khfing cd sM di ddn dy thi ty thfin tidng ndi
ciia dfin ban dia Hd Ndi cflng cd sfl thay
dfi'i. Sy khdc nhau gifla tilng Hfi Ndi vd cdc
dia phfldng ehii yiu lfi d giong ndi (accent).
Trong dd c6 mOt phln ddng gdp ciia cdc
biln thi thanh di§u. Giong ndi Hfi Ngi
"nhe", dl nghe, dl hieu dfli vdi mpi ngUdi b
cdc dia phUdng. Tilng Hfi Ndi, do lfi m^t

phUdng ngfl thdnh thi, hdi tu dUOc tilng ndi
eiia cfic dia phUdng cd chgn Ipc, ndn tilng
Hd Ndi gin vdi ngdn ngfl todn dfin. Nlu xdt
rdng ra vl tfl vflng vfi ngfl phdp thi cung c6
nhflng dieu ddng chu y. Do nhilu yiu ttf xa
hdi tdc ddng md cdch dung tfl dfit eau eua
tilng Hfi Npi eung cd khdc. Hd Npi lfi ndi si
tH ludn ludn tfip trung, lai Id Thu dfl qua
nhilu ddi, gia dinh quan lpi ddng, nfin ngfldi
Hd Ndi thien vl dflng tfl trang nha. Dfiy lfi
chua kl trong m^t thdi gian, tuy khfing dfii,
Hfi Ndi Id thii phil cila Ddng Dudng, cdc
thanh nifin Tdy hgc" vilt sdch vilt bdo, dfit
cdu ngin ggn mpch Ipc vd dilu ndy it nhilu
cung ed anh hudng tdi quin chUng. Cach dn
ndi b Hfi Ndi cd khfic nd'u so sdnh vdi cdch
ndi b nfing thfin vfi cdc thd ngfl khfic (31).
Phong cdch, 111 s6hg, cdch fin udng, giao
tiip d§c trUng cua ngudi Thfing Long - Hd
NOi diu trai qua qufi trinh hinh thfinh vd
xdc lap gin nhu tilng ndi Hfi Nfii. Dd Id
phong cdch thanh lich, sdnh di^u ndi tilng
cua vfin hfia Thfing Long - Hfi Ndi vl m^t
xa hdi- Lich lam trong giao tiip, trang nha
trong cdch fin mfic Id ndt ndi bat trong
phong cdch Hd Ndi. Con gfii duydn ddng


Thang Long-IjaRtfl...
t r o n g td ao ddi, eon t r a i h d o hoa, p h o n g

n h a , mfit thdi Id h i n h tUdng dpp ciia con
ngudi d d t Hfi thfinh.
Tfl n g h i n nfim T h d n g Long - Hfi Nfii. tfl
d i n h eao cila v a n m i n h n h d n lopi d i u thidn
nifin k y thfl III n h i n Iai, mdi ngUdi ddn thii
do H a Ndi h d m n a y vd mgi ngudi Viet N a m
t r o n g nUdc vd nUde ngodi, d i u cd quyfi'n ty
h a o c h i n h d a n g v l m d t Thdng Long - Hd
Ngi nghin ndm vdn hii'n - anh hiing • nhdn
vdn • hda hii'u.
Hfi Npi xflng d a n g dUpe U N E S C O tfin
v i n h la " T h a n h phd' vi Hda binh",
Hfi Nfii xflng d d n g dupe Nhfi nUde p h o n g
tfing d a n h h i g u " T h d n h p h d A n h hflng".
Dl n h i e n , t r o n g di s a n cua qud khfl de
lai c u n g ed nhflng mfit khifi'm k h u y e t ,
nhflng bg phfin d a trd n e n Ifii thdi c i n khfic
CHU

phyc, xda bo vd sfl p h d t t r i i n lufin lufin ddi
hdi p h a i bd s u n g t h e m nhflng gid tri ^bi
gdn l i l n vdi qufi t r i n h ddi mdi, cfing nghi§p
hda, hi^n dpi hda vd hdi nhfip qudc td. Trfin
thflc t l Hfi Ndi h d m nay, n h i l u t r u y i n
t h d n g tdt dpp c h u a dUdc p h a t h u y vfi khdng
ft mfit tifiu cyc b i i u thi t r o n g ldi sdng, trong
dpo ly, trong cdch giao t i i p flng xii v I n phdi
bdy t r e n m a n h dd't n g h i n nfim vfin hifi'n
nfiy, ed lue gay bflc xuc dU lufin xa hdi.
N h u n g lich sii cflng di s a n vfin hda T h d n g

Long - Hfi Ndi mai mdi Id ddng lUc t m h
t h i n ndi tai, Id n e n t a n g cho sU p h d t t r i i n
b i n vflng cua T h u dfi, cho cdng cupe xfiy
d y n g Hd Nfii t i l n len v d n m i n h hidn dpi
mfi vfin gifl dUde b a n sfic, efi't each ciia
Thfing Long - Hd Nfii, tifiu b i i u cho vdn hda
d a n tfic Vipt N a m .

THICH

{*). Bai viet gi6i han trong dia gidi Ha Npi
trudc khi md r^ng n&m 2008.

(5). NhiSu tac gia, Ddc khdo ca tru, Vi|n Am
nhac. Ha Npi, 2006.

(1). Le Quy Don, Kie'n van tieu Itic, trong Li
Quy D6n toan tap. T. II, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h6i, Uh
Noi, 1977, tr. 57

Nguyin Diic MSu, Ca tru Hd N6i trong lich sit
vd hien tai, Nxb. Ha Npi, Ha N^i, 2010.

(2). Kien true cdc cdng trinh xdy dUng tai Hd
N6i (1875-1945) • Traits d' architecture. Hanoi a I'
heure franAaise, Nxb. ThS" gidi, HS Npi, 2009.
William S. Logan, Hanoi, biography of a city,
UNSW Press, Austraha. Sydney 2000, Ban djch,
Ha N6i, lieu sU mdt dd thi, Nxb. Hk Npi, H i N§i,
2010.

(3). Ban quan ly di tfch vfi danh th^ng H& N$i,
Di tich lich si vdn hoa Hd N6i, Nxb. Chfnh trj
quoc gia. Ha Noi, 2000, clip nhat bSng aiJ li6u do
Ban cung ed'p.

(6). Nguyen Thuy Loan (Chu tri), Tuc ngd, ca
dao, ddn ca Hd N6i. Nxb. Ha Npi, Hk Noi, 2010.
(7) Vi6n Nghidn cClu Han N6m va Hoc vi#n
Viin D6ng bac co Phip, Di sdn Hdn N6m Viet
Nam, thu muc di yeu, T. I, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi.
Ha Npi, 1993, tr. 23.
(8). TrSn Nghia (Chii bien), Di san Hdn Ndm
Viet Nam, thU muc di yS'u, bd di, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa
h^i, Ha N$i, 2002, Q. Thugng, tr.3-4.
(9). lA Quy Don, Bai Viet thdng si, trong Li
Quy D6n lodn t^p. T. Ill, Nxb. lihoa hpc xa h§i. Ha
N§i 1978, tr. 101.

Nguyen Chf Bin (Chu biSn), Bdo t6n, phdt huy
gid tri di sdn van hoa vdt thi Thang Long - Hi
Noi, Nxb. Hil N§i, Ha Noi, 2010, tr. 353-385.

(10). Phan Huy Chii. Lich trieu hie'n chi/ang
logi chi • Van. tich chi, T.4. Nxb. Sii hpc, Hft Npi,
1960-1962. tr. 41.

(4). Vo Quang Trong (Chii tri), Truyin ki ddn
gian Hd Noi, Nxb. Hft Noi, Mil Npi, 2010.

(11). Phan Huy L5 (Chu bi6n), Dia ba ci Hd

N6i, T. I, Nxb. Ha N§i, Ha Ngi, 2010, tr. 21, ai.. '


2Q

Rghien cOru U e h aiSr. atf S.2012

(12). Nguyfin T i Nhf (Chu bifin), TU lifu vdn
hiS'n Thdng Long - Hd N^i: Tuyen t^p hiiOng Udc
r(*c It Nxb, Hil NOi. H& NOi, 2010, tr. 1261-1319.

(20). Dd Quang Hung (Chu bifin), Ddi s^ng tdn
gido tin ngUdng Thing Long-Hi N(Si. Nxb. Ha Nfli.
HA Nfii. 2010. tr. 71-74 vft ban thtfng kfi tr. 79-81.

(13). Nguyfin Thiiy Nga. Nguyen Vftn Nguyfin,
Dia chi Thing Lang • Hd N^i tmng thu tick Hdn
Ndm. Nxb. The' gifli. Ha N^i, 2007.

(21). Vi$n Vfin hflo nghO thuM Vifit Nam. Li
h0i Thdnh Gidng. Nxb. Khoa hgc xS hfii, Hft Nfii.
2009.

Nguyfin Thiiy Nga. Nguyin Kim Sdn (Chu tri),
Tu li^u vdn hii'n Thing Long • Hd N^i: Tuyin t^p
dia chi, 2 t(lp, Nxb. HA NOi, Ha N^i, 2010.

(22). Lfi Trung VO, H^i ting Hi N^i. Nxb. Vftn
h6a thfing tin vfi Vifin Van hda, Hft NOi, 2006.

(14). Vi?n Nghifin cOu H6n Nflm, Vifin Cao hpc
thyc hinh, Vifin Vifin Dflng bfic c^ Phfip, ThU mi^c
thde bdn vdn khdc Hdn Ndm ViSt Nam, Nxb. Vfin
h6a Thfing tin, Hk Nfii, 2007. tr. 8. Cfing vfli Thil
myc lfi Ting tdp thac bdn vin khic Hdn N6m,
Nxb. Van hfia Thfing tin, Ha N^i, 2007, in tit 2005
(15) Ph^m Thi Thily Vinh (Chu bifin), TU liiu
vdn hi^n Thdng Long • Hd Ndi: Tuyin tdp vdn
Wa'c/fdrtNdm, Nxb. HaNOi, HaNOi, 2010, tr. 15.
(16). Ngo Dfic Tho (Chu bifin), Van Mi^u - Qud'c
Ti Gidm vd 82 bia Tiin si, HS Npi. 2007.
Phan Van Cfic, Trdn Ngoc VitOng (Dong chu
bien), Di sdn vdn chi/ang Vdn Mieu - Qu^c Ti
Gidm. Nxb. Ha Npi, HS Npi, 2010.
(17), Tham khao:
Tuyin tdp ky - tdn vdn Thing Long - Hd N6i, 3
t$p, Nxb. Ha N$i, Ha Npi, 2010.
Tuyin tdp truydn ngan Thing Long • Hd Ndi, 3
tap, Nxb. Ha Noi, Ha Npi. 2010
Tuyen tiiu thuyet Thing Long • Hd Ndi. 8 t$p,
Nxb. Hft Npi. Ha Npi, 2010.
Ca khuc Hd Ndi thi ky XX vd

nhOmgndmddu

the ky XXI. Nxb. Ha N^i, Hft N^i, 2010.
nghi Nxb. Tir diln bach khoa, Hft N^i. 2000.

(24). Ngfl Dflc Thp (Chu bifin), Cdc nhd khoa
bdng Viit Nam. Nxb. Vfin hpc, Hft NOi, 1993, Ir.

951-964.
(25). Ph^m Dtic Thftnh DQng, Vinh Cao (C^ii
bifin), Khoa ci vi cdc nhi khoa bdng triiu Nguyin,
Nxb. Thu§n Hda, Hufi'. 2000, tr 623.
Bdi XuSn Dfnh, Gido di^c vd kkoa ci Nho hqc
Thing Long - Hi N0i. Nxb. Ha NOi, Ha NOi, 2010.
tr. 483-522.
(26). Nguyin Hai Kfi' (Chu bien), Gido due
Thdng Long - Hd N^i. qua trinh. kinh nghiim lieh
si vd dinh hudngphdt triin, Nxb, Ha NOi. Ha Npi,
2010, tr, 288.
(27). 17 cuOc kh&ng chiffn dfi lifit kfi nhu sau:
1 Khfing chifi'n chfi'ng Tin (khoang 214-210
TCN)
2. Khfing chifi'n chffng TriOu (179 TCN)
3. Kh&ng chi^n chifng Nam Hfin lin thfl nhfi't
-I. Khfing chi^n chOhg Nam Hfin lin thd bai
(938)

(18). Vu Quoc Tutfn (Chu bien). Ldng nghi, phg
triin,

Nxb. Ha N^i, Hft Ngi, 2010.
(19). Nguyfin Vinh Phiic. Nguyin Duy Hinh.
Thdn tich Hd N^i vd tin nguang ddn gian. Nxb. Hft
NOi, Hft N$i, 2006, tr. U-12.

Vfi Quang Trpng, Bdo tin vi phdt huy gid tri di
sdn vin hda phi vit Ihi d Thing Long - Hi Ndi.
Nxb. Hft Nfii, Hft NOi. 2010.

(930-931)

BdcA khoa thU Hd N^i, T. VI: Khoa hgc vd cdng

nghi Thdng Long • Hd Ngi tren dubng phdt

(23). Lfi H^ng Ly, Tim hiiu ti hfi Hd Nfi. Nxb.
Hft NOi, Hft NOi, 2010.

5. Khang chi^n chffng Tong lin thfl nhfft (980981)
6. Khfing chi^n chffng Ttfng lin thfl hai (10751077).
7. Khdng chi^n cb^ng MOng C6 (1258)
PCem tiip trang 45)


V^ ctf d^ng dtfu tranh chtfng du 6n thutf...
the, ctf d d n g tfip t h e mfi cdn lfi ngfldi ttf

sfiu rdng, u y t i n ciia D a n g t r o n g qufin

chflc tfip t h i .
Q u a bfio chl cua Xfl iiy T r u n g Ky, a n h
huflng ciia D a n g t r o n g nhfin dfin ngfiy thfim

chiing ngfiy m^t cao, dfiy la cd sfl quyfi't
d i n h cho nhflng thfing lpi mdi eiia cfich
m a n g Vidt N a m vtf s a u .

CHU

THtCH

(1), (2), (3), (4), (6, (6). Bfio Ddn. stf 9, ngfly 2-91938.

(12). Bfli vitft "Chung tOi vdt vdn di cdi cdch
thai thdn ", trSn bflo Ddn, aS" 10, ra ngfly 6-9-1938,

(7), (8). (10), CU). Dang C§ng san Vi^t Nam,
Vdn ki^n Ddng todn tdp. t^p 6 (1936 - 1939). Nxb.

(13). Bfli vifi't "Chung idi yiu cdu Ddn vi^n
nhitt thiit phdn ddi gia tdng thuidiin thd", bflo
Ddn. atf 10, ngfly 6-9-1938,

Chfnh trj QuS'c gia, Kk N^i. 2000, tr. 157, 292,
340, 356.
(9). Bflo Ddn tidn, atf 1. ngfly 27-10-1938
(10). Bflo Odn mud'n. sfi" 1, ngfly 29-12-1938,

(14). Bfli vi6't 'Todn thi Ddn viin Trung Ky dd
bdc dif dn thui thdn chdnh phu. Du dn cua dng
Phan - Thanh dUpc todn Vi^n chudn y", bflo Ddn.
stf 14, ra ngfly 20-9-1938.

THANG LONG - Hi^ Ndi - vi THCUCH sur..
(Tiip thea trang 26)

8. Khang chid'n chong Nguyen (1285)
9. Khflng chie'n chong NguySn (1287-1288)

10. Khang chie'n chong Mmh (1406-1407)
11. Khang chitfn chong Xifim (1784-1785)
12. Khang chien chong Thanh (1788-1789)
13. Khang chifn chSng Phflp (1858-1883)
14. Khang chign chSng Phap (1945-1954)
15. Khang chign chSbg M? (1954-1975)
16. Chien tranh bign gidi phfa Tay Nam (1979)
17. Chign tranh biSn gidi phia B^c (1979).
Th&i Bflc thu^c, neu Wnh nhiing cuoc khflng
chitfn tha't bai cila chinh quy^n d6c l$p thflnh l^p
sau thing lai ciia khdi nghia dan t$c thi phai k l
thSm khflng chitfn cua chfnh quyen TrUng ViJdng,
cua nhfl nu6c V?n Xufin, cua chfnh quyin Mai Hflc

De, Phing HiJng. DSy cung chUa tfnh nhiing cu9c
chign tranh giiia Dai Vi?t v6i Champa, Chfln Lap d
phia Nam.
(28), H 6 Chf Minh, Tuyen ngdn d^c lap, tflp 4,
trong Hd Chi Minh todn tdp, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc
gia, HflNQi, 2002,tr. 4.
(29). Mat nhfl ba Tien si, eiing trilu bfi'n
Thilijng thu. Btfn ThUflng thU cfing trieu Ifl:
Nguyin Huy Nhu^n, Dofln Quang Dung, Cao
DKdng Tr^c, Trinh Ba Tudng,
(30). Theo Biii Xuan Dfnh, Gido due vd khoa ci
Nho hgc Thdng Long - Hd Ndi, Nxb. Hfl Noi, Hfl
Npi, 2010, tr. 807-810.
(31). Cam dn GS Ngdn ngQ h9c Dofln Thi^n
T h u | t da giiip khfli quat qua trinh hinh thflnh vfl
dfic dilm cila tigng n6i HS N$i nh\l trfin.