CÁC THƯƠNG CẢNG VÙNG NGHỆ TĨNH VÀ GIAO THƯƠNG KHU VỰC THẾ KỶ

CflC THCrCXNG CANG VUNG NGHl - T I N H Vfl
GIflO THCrONG KHCI vaC THE K t XI-XIV
(Tify theo vd hii)
NGUYIN VAN KIM*

3. NhQng d a u t;ich lich sijf vfi vfin h 6 a
Vi trf bidn viin, ndi thudng xuydn cd
nhQng tidp giao vfi xung d0t chfnh tri, Qufin
sQ; giao lUu xa hdi vfi vfin hfla vdi cfic qudc
gia khu vUc da de lgi nhidu dfi'u tfch trdn
vQng dfi't Nghd
H n h . Qua trinh hinh
thfinh, phfit triin cua mdt trung tfim kinh
td trong sudt nhidu thd ky cung d l lgi
nhidu ddu fi'n trdn cfic phUdng di$n: Lich
sii, Vfin hda, Khao cd hgc, Dfin tflc hgc...
D l lfim sang td hoat dflng cua cfic
thUdng cang vung Bie Trung Bg, cQng vdi
vide khao cQu efic tU lieu lich sQ thi cdng
tae dieu tra, khao sat thUc dia, khai qufit
khao ed hgc... ludn cfl vai trd quan trgng.
Dfi'u vdt gdm sQ khai qufit dUdc d cfic viing
ciia sdng Nghe - H n h cho thfi'y, ngay tQ thd
ky IX-X, cfic cang vQng Bftc Trung Bg da
tham gia vfio mgng ludi thUdng mgi khu
vuc (68). 6 cang Ke Gdm (cQa sdng Cdm,
huydn Nghi Lflc), v i n xufi't 10 nhQng hi§n
vfit gdm sQ men thdi h^ - T r i n vfi gdm men
ngoc Trung Qudc thd ky XIV. 6 cang K$
Hoa, dia dilm Khe Trong dudi chfin nQi
Cao Vong (dugc coi Ifi cang chinh) cung

xufi't 16 nhidu hi^n vfit gdm sQ Vi$t Nam,
Trung Qudc. "K^ Hoa thdi T r i n khflng phai
chi Ifi mflt cang tidn tieu cua Dgi Vi§t - bdi
ben kia Ifi dfi't Chfimpa, mfi edn Ifi mdt

thUdng cang s i m udt cho tdi thdi Le. Con
Sfinh d Tam Hai cung gidng Cdn Sfinh d
Bfin Hai, trdn mftt cat trftng cd vd vfin gdm
sfinh, gdm men cua thdi T r i n , thdi Ld vfi ca
gdm men nggc cua Id gdm Long Tuydn
(Trung Quoc) ndi tidng..." (69).
Tgi mdt sd dia dilm d cang Kjf La, dfic
bidt Ifi di tich gd T h i n Ndng (ndi vua
Champa Ifi Bd Tri tQc Suravarmandeva)
tiing tra hfing (70) vfin thfi'y xudt Id nhQng
hidn vfit gdm sQ trong nUdc, khu vUc ed dfic
tinh tUdng tU. NhQng d^u tich cdn lgi cho
thfi'y si4 hidn d i | n vdi do trQ mfit cao ciia
cfic hi$n vfit gdm t h d k y XIH-XIV. Dd chinh
Ifi nhQng san phfim dugc san xufi't tQ nhidu
lo gdm sQ danh tidng trong vfi ngofii nU6c
nhQ: Chu Dfiu, Hdp Ld, Tam Thg... (Dgi
Viet); Long Tuydn, Canh DQc trfi'n, Diic
Hofi, Hgc Sdn... (71). Su cfl mfit ciia eac loai
gdm men vfing xanh dugc san xufi't tQ cfic Id
nam Trung Hoa, gdm men trfing thdi Tdng,
gdm men nggc thdi Nguyen; men ngoc, men
lam thdi Minh (1368-1644)... Ifi nhQng hfing
chQng vd mgt thdi sdi dgng ciia hd thdng
thUdng mai chfiu A d i l n ra trdn vQng dit

Nghd - H n h . Qua nghien cQu khao co hoc,
cd t h i k h i n g dinh r i n g , cdc thiiOng cdng
vung Ngh§ - Tinh khdng chi Id mot trong
nhihig thi trilitng tieu thu ldn md cbn Id dia

' PGS.TS. Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - Dgi hoc Qude gia Hfi Ndi


Cfic ftirong cing vung Hgha-Tlnh...
bdn trung chuyin hdng hoa cua mang liidi
giao thieong khu vi/c.
CQng vdi gdm sQ, si? hi$n d i | n ciia efie
logi tidn cd trdn k h i p cfic dia phUdng dfic
bi§t Ifi nhQng vung tQng Ifi ly sd cua Diln
Chau, Hoan Chau (Ngh$ An) cQng giQp
ehung ta h i i u thdm yd quy mfl vfi mQc dfl
hogt dOng ciia trung tfim kinh td dfli ngogi
Ngh$ - H n h . Tien cd dfi dQdc phfit hi$n d
But Dfi (Anh Sdn), Phu Diln (Diln Chfiu),
Lam Thfinh - PhU Thgch (HUng Nguyfin),
Vinh Ydn - Ydn TrUdng (Thfinh phd Vinh),
khu vi^c thfinh Vgn An (xfi Vfin Diln,
huyen Nam Dfin ~ vdn Ifi dd dfl cua Mai Hfic
Dd); cfic vQng tQng Ifi trung tfim ciia cfic
chfiu, phu hay efic khu thUdng mgi, buon
bfin nhu: Chg Phu (HUng Nguyfiri), chg Sa
Nam (Nam Dfin), chg Cdn, chd R0, chd
Phudng, chg ChQa (Thanh ChUdng), chd
Ludng, chd TrQ ^ 6 LUdn^, chd Bflng, chd
t j (Ydn Thfinh) eung nhieu dia dilm dgc

lUu vUc sdng Lam. Tai cfic dia dilm nfiy,
cfic nhfi nghidn cQu vfi cU dfin dia phUdng
da tim dugc mdt lUdng Idn cfic logi tidn cd
eiia Dai Vidt, Trung Qudc.
6 Ngh$ - H n h , tidn "Thdi Binh thdng
bdo" thdi vua Dinh H d n Hoang (970-979)
dUdc tim thdy d nhidu dia phUdng tQ
Qui^h Luu ddn Diin Chfiu, Nam Dfin, Anh
Sdn. Cfic nhfi nghien cQu eung da tim dUdc
5 logi tidn thugc 4 ddi vua tridu Lf tQ LJ
Thai Tdng (1042-1044) ddn hf Cao Tdng
(1205-1210) nhu "Minh Bao nguyen bdo",
"Bgi Binh thdng bdo", "Chinh Long nguyin
bdo"... dugc phfit hien d cfic huydn: Tfin K^,
Anh Sdn, Dd LUdng, Thanh ChUdng, Nam
Dfin. Ba loai tidn "Nguyin Phong thdng
bdo" thdi T r i n Thai Tdng (1225-1258) cung
da dUdc tim thfi'y.
Cfic logi tien ed cua Trung Qudc cfl nidn
dgi sdm tQ ddng "NgU Thit" trieu Quang Vu
D^ (25-56) ddn "Khai Nguyin thdng bdo"
thdi Dudng Cao To (618-627), "Cdn Nguyen

trgng bao" thdi Ngu Dgi (907-960). Cac
ddng tidn ddi Dudng vfi thdi Ngu Dgi dugc
p h i t hi$n chii ydu trdn dia bfin xa Hdng
Long, Khinh Sdn (Nam Dfin) ddn vQng chg
Rd, Nggc Sdn, chd PhUdng (Thanh
ChUdng). Kdt qua khai qufit vfi khao sfit da
tim dugc cfic logi tidn thdi Tdng tQ ddng

"T6ng Nguyin thdng bdo" ddi Tdng Thfii Td
(960-963) cho ddn ddng "Gia Binh thdng
bdo" ddi Tdng Minh Tdng (1028-1225) dugc
phfit hi$n trdn dia bfin tQ Nam Dfin, Thanh
ChUdng, Anh Sdn, Dd LUdng, Tfin K^ vdi
m0t sd lUdng ldn 26 logi tidn Tdng edn khfi
nguyin vgn. Ngofii ra, tidn ddi Tdng cdn
tim dugc d hfii dfi^t bdi doc song Lam thu^c
huy$n Nam Dfin, Thanh ChUdng vfi HUng
Nguydn. 6 Lam Thfinh - PhQ Thgch Ifi ndi
phfit hien dUde nhidu loai tidn thdi Minh tQ
ddng "Hong Vu thdng bdo" ddi Minh Thfii
Td (1368-1399), ddn "Vinh Lgc thdng bdo"
thdi Minh Thfinh To (1403-1425), "Tuyen
BUc thdng bdo" thdi Minh Tuydn TQng
(1426-1435) (72). G i n dfiy, nhQng logi tiin
nfiy dUde nhan dfin phfit hi^n ngay m^t
nhidu, cd nien dai kha hen tuc (73). Su hien
di^n eua cfic logi tidn cd cho thfi^y sii thinh
dat cua kinh td Dgi Viet cung nhU mfli Udn
h$ r§ng ldn, mfit thidt giQa vQng Ngh$ H n h vdi efic cang thj Trung Hoa vfi khu
vUc.
Dfic dilm cua sU phan bd cfic logi tidn c l
Trung Hoa d Ngh^ - H n h Ifi tUdng ddi rdng
ldn nhUng cd mQc dfl tfip trung cao d nhQng
dia bfin trgng ydu. Cd t h i cho ring, song
song vdi vi$c sQ d\ing tien dQc trong nUdc,
tidn nUdc ngofii cung dUdc lUu thdng rgng
rai. Vigc xufi^t Id cfic logi tidn vdi sd lUgng
ldn eho phdp dofin dinh vd kha nfing nhidu

thUdng nhfin ngogi qudc tQng ddn Ngh§ H n h budn ban, lUu t n i trong mgt thdi gian
dfii. H i n la, hg da trd ndn gifiu cd vfi ed
ngudn vdn ldn (74). Do ed vai trd tich cQc
trong Hdn kdt mang ludi giao thUdng khu


nghien cQu Ueh sfr. stf 1.2013
vi^c ciing nhu ky nfing iQa chgn, lUu giQ
hfing hfla vfi cac thufit budn bfin... hogt
ddng cua gidi thUdng nhfin ngogi qudc da
gflp p h i n thtic diy cfic hogt d$ng kinh td
ddi ndi, ddi ngogi ciia Ngh§ - H n h . Kinh
nghi§m vfi ky nftng budn bfin dfl vSn dugc
tidp tijc duy tri trong nhiiu thd ky eau.
Theo Dgi Nam nh^t thdng chi, ddn thd ky
XIX, hogt ddng giao lUu, budn bfin d Nghd H n h v6n cdn khfi sdi d^ng. 6 Ngh$ An v i n
edn 59 chg, 21 quan, 65 c i u dd hogt ddng.
Tinh Hfi H n h cd 14 chg, 15 qufin, 31 ciu dd
(75).
Trong cfic hoat d0ng giao thUdng trdn
vQng dfi't Ngh$- H n h , gidi Hoa thUdng tiing
ddng vai trd quan trgng. Vfio thd ky XIXIV, h i n Ifi nhidu thUdng nhfin, thUdng
dofin da thudng xuydn qua lai tuydn
thUdng mgi vQng Hoa Nam - Dgi Vi§t Ngh$ H n h d l rdi tQ dd, cQng vdi thUdng
nhfin Vi^t vfi khu vUe, thUdng nhfin Trung
Hoa lai tidp tuc lufin chuyin hfing hfla ddn
cfic qudc gia khfic d Ddng Nam A. Dilu chfie
chin Ifi, cQng vdi hfing hda, hg eung da dem
theo nhidu loai tidn Trung Qudc vfi cfic loai
tien dd cung ddng thdi dUgc sii dijng trong

trao ddi, budn ban. Tuy chinh sQ khflng cd
nhidu ghi chdp nhUng didu chic chin Ifi,
cfic hogt d0ng giao thUdng d Ngh$ - H n h
lufln dUdc dfit trong t i m kiim sofit chfit che
ciia ehinh quydn trung Udng, cung nhU dia
phUdng.
CQng vdi gidi Hoa thUdng, cfic thUdng
nhfin khu vuc Ddng Nam A cung d l lgi
nhQng dfi'u fin sau dfim trong cfic hogt dflng
kinh td, vfin hfla Dai Vi$t - Ngh$ H n h . Su
hi$n di$n ciia Phan Ma Ldi (gia nd ciia
Nguyin N0n), xufi't hi$n cudi thdi Lf, d i u
thdi T r i n Ifi mdt hidn tUgng rdt d i n g chii f.
Todn thii chdp: "Ma Ldi ngudi Chiem
Thfinh, budn bfin d Ai Lao, dugc N^n nhfin
lam nd, cd tfii chu dflng dfinh t h i n g , dQng

binh nhu t h i n " (76). Phai chfing, nhd co
nhQng "gia nfl" tfii gioi, cd tfii diing binh,
chuy§n budn bfin qudc td nhU Ma Ldi mfi
Nguyin N$n cd t h i thao tung ca m^t vQng
rdng ldn d chfiu thd sdng Hdng? Thdli^c ciia
flng, khidn ngay c i danh tUdng T r i n Thu
Dd cQng hdt sQc lo nggi. Khi Nguyin Ndn
chdt, P h a n Ma Lfli n g i m phdng ngQa chgy
trdn, khflng ai bidt di dfiu. Cfl t h i cho rfing,
do chuydn qua lgi bufln bfin giQa cfic nUdc
ndn Ma Lfli dfi rdt thdng thgo cfic tuydn
giao thflng khu vi^c. Cung cfl quan dilm cho
ring, logi ndn Ma Ldi mfi T r i n Khfinh Du

yeu c i u cU dfin, thUdng nhfin d Vfin Ddn ddi
d l phfin bi^t vdi ngUdi phUdng Bie chfnh Ifi
logi ndn c6 ngudn goc tQ Chfimpa dUa tdi.
Trdn phUdng didn kinh td - xa h^i, nhin
chung L^ - T r i n Ifi nhQng trilu dgi gifiu
thinh. Todn thi/ nhidu l i n nhdn manh ddn
sQ trQ phQ, ngudn luc ddi dfio ciia ngfin khd
qudc gia. Nhd dd, nhfi nUdc da cd t h i diu tu
nhQng ngudn kinh phi ldn d l phfit triin hfi
thdng thiiy nflng, xfiy chQa, dQc chuflng, tac
tugng. T h i n g lgi cua nhfi L$ trong khfing
chidn chdng Tdng vfi nhfi T r i n trong ba
cuOc khfing chidn chd'ng Mdng - Nguy§n
Cling cho thfi'y tidm nfing kinh td mgnh me
ciia cfic tridu dgi nfiy. Mfit khfic, phai thiy
r i n g , B\f. tfing trUdng vUgt bfic ciia giao
thUdng qudc td vfio thdi T r i n , dfic bi§t Ifi
sau khi nhQng bao tfip cua Hch sii qua di,
Ifi mdt trong nhiing H^u phfip d l chinh
quydn T h i n g Long xoa diu n i i dau nhan
thd, chfi'n h u n g ndn kinh td dfin tdc (77).
Mdi quan h§ vfi t i m anh hudng cua cic
thUdng cang Ngh$ - H n h nhfi't Ifi vdi viing
hai cang phia nam Hfi H n h thdi Lf - Trin
Ifi rfi't manh me. Sau thdi k^ khdi dung
Dinh, Le, L^ ddn thdi T r i n , Phfit gifio cfing
phfit triin, t h i hidn sau s i c tinh t h i n dan
tdc. Lfi nhflng tridu dgi ton sQng Phfit giao,
vdi vQng bidn vien, chfnh quydn Thfing

Cae thirong cAng viing Kgha-TMi...
Long da tieh cUc t r u y i n b i Phfit giao, tdn
vinh cae gia tri vfin hda truydn thdng. Qua
dd, cfic tridu dgi anh hung mudn xay dUng,
khang dinh ban sfic vfin hda rieng ddng
thdi tfli rdn y thQe dfin tdc (78). Theo truydn
thuydt, vfio thdi Ly hai nhfi sQ ndi tidng lfi
Khdng L6 vfi Giac Hai da ddn Diln Chfiu,
Hoan Chau truydn dgo (79). Dfi'ufi!nvd m^t
thdi hUng thinh cua vQng Ngh$ - H n h edn
dUdc bilu hidn thdng qua si? hi$n dign ciia
efie dia danh, di tich, den midu... thdi Lf Trin dUde xfiy dUng d h i u hdt cac vQng cQa
bien, tri ^d, danh thfing.
d Nghd - H n h , v i n cdn ddu tich cua
nhidu ddn midu thd t h i n Hnh vfi nhQng
ngUdi cfl cflng chdng gific ngoai xfim, md
mang ddt dai, bd coi. Dai Nam nhit thing
chi vidt ve den Uy Minh VUdng (d nui Qua,
xa Bach Dudng, LUdng Sdn): "VUdng la con
thQ tam cua Lf Thfii Td, tdn lfi Nhfit
Quang, dUdc phong Uy Minh VUdng coi
phu Nghd An, nhan dan va Man di diu tin
phue, nUdc Chiem Thfinh dfing cdng" (80).
Nghi An ky tiing ed nhQng md ta sinh dflng
vd dai Trang VUdng, am Thanh M i u tren
nggn HUdng Tich, niii Hdng Linh, xay dUng
vfio thdi T r i n . Nui Ban Do d xa K^ Nam,
huydn Ky Hoa cdn sU tieh vua T r i n Dud
Tflng trdn dUdng binh Chiem da dfing eung

nhan ngdi tren mfim vfing cho thuy t h i n .
Hidn tren mii cdn den thd "Chd thfing phu
nhfin" hay cdn ggi lfi ddn Bich Chfiu; ve
vQng mii Quy Linh cfl nui Long, Lan,
PhUdng, NgUu chiu lai. Day chinh lfi ndi
vua T r i n Anh Tdng trdn dUdng binh Chidm
da ddng quan. O bdn cQa Cdn, dQc vua da
nam md thfiy T h i n nQ. Nghe An ky cung
vidt vd Dao Ang hay vung Hdn En cd mii
vfiy ba mat, khach di biln gfip gid bao
thudng hay cho t h u y l n vfio t n i i n ; vd nggn
sudi thieng d day Nam Gidi ndi ghi lgi
huyen tich vd ChQ Ddng TQ - Tien Dung
len dao gap tidn, tu hanh dfic dao vfi trgi

Dinh Phien dUng thdi vua L^ Thai To
(81)...
Viit diin u linh cung vidt vd ddn thd ba
mg con phu nhfin hg Tri$u, lfi cdng chua
nUdc Nam Tdng, trdi dat ddn cQa Cfin Hai
dugc cu dfin Ifip din thd. TUdng truydn, din
thd rfi't h i i n linh "Phfim nhQng thuydn di
bl, gfip khi sflng gid nguy hilm, keu ciu
ddu dugc thofit ngn. Sau cfic ndi cQa b l ddu
Ifip ddn thd, din nfio cQng cd tidng thidng"
(82). Khao cQu efic hi^n tUdng vfin hda dd
chiing ta thfi'y, eac dQc tin, tdn gifio ludn la
dilm tUa tam linh nhidm mfiu eho con
ngUdi vfi cfic hogt ddng kinh td, vfin hda.
Mfit khac, khi lfim fin phfit dgt, ngUdi ta

cung cd didu kidn hdn d l tg dn cfic t h i n
linh, xfiy dUng, trung tu, tdn tgo cac den
midu. Do vfiy, "cd t h i ndi, thdi Trin d dau
cfl cfic cang lfi d ddy ed ehua thfip - gin nhU
dd lfi mdt quy lufit. Vi du, d eac cang thi
ven biln Nghd - H n h , ehua dUdc xfiy dUng
d Hdn NgU (chQa Dao NgU), K^ Hoa, cda
Sdt... ChQa thfip thdi T r i n khdng chi dflng
vai trd hoing dUdng Phfit phfip, truyen ba
vfin hoa mfi chac ehfin cdn dflng vai trd nhU
nhQng vong gfic tidn tidu eho cac vung cQa
ngd hudng bien cua ddt nUdc" (83).
Vfio thdi Lf, dfic biet lfi thdi Trin, sau
khi nhQng cdn bao tap cua Uch sQ qua di,
"tinh t h i n dfin tdc dUde nfing cao trong thd
ky XIII da t h i i mdt luong sinh khi mdi cho
Phfit gifio" (84). Su ra ddi cua Thien phfii
Tnic Lam la bilu tUdng thieng lieng cua
nhQng gifi tri phat triin mdi vd tU tQdng,
chii nghia ydu nUdc vfi nhQng tridt lufin
gifiu dfim ehfi't nhfin vfin ve cudc ddi, thd
sQ. Trong sudt nhidu thd ky, nhieu thfich
thQc khfic nghidt cua Hch sQ, khflng ft
nhQng t h i n g t r i m cua dfin tflc dfi diln ra
trgn vQng bien vien phUdng Nam cua To
qudc. Vdi cu dan Nghd - H n h , vung ddt que
hUdng lfi ndi trao truydn cfic sic thai, dfic
trUng vfin hda tQ nhidu dia phQdng ddng

20
thdi lfi khflng gian hdp luy^n cic gifi trj vfin
hfla dfin tdc vdi vfin hfla khu vi^c. M^t sd
nhfi nghidn cQu thudng hay nhdn mgnh
ddn tfnh ehfi't dfic thQ, "thuin khidt" ciia
khdng gian vfin hda Ngh§ - H n h vdi sdng
Lam - nQi Hdng, Hofinh Sdn - Nam Gidi...
NhUng thi;(c td, b i n g nhan quan lich sit vfi
quan dilm Khu v{tc hqc (Area studies),
chQng ta cd t h i hUdng tdi mOt cfich tidp cftn
da di§n vfi cQng thi^c td hdn vd tfnh lUdng
nguydn, da nguydn; dan xen vfi chdng Idp
cua khflng gian van hda nfiy (86).
Nhu dfi trinh bfiy d trdn, thdi Lf • T r i n ,
nhQng ngUdi dQng d i u chfnh t h i qufin chii
thudng xuydn di kinh 1^ phUdng Nam.
Trong mgt cude t u i n du nhU vfiy, vua T r i n
Du$ Tflng da kdt hfln vdi hfi T r i n Thj Hfio,
con gfii thd hfio T r i n Cflng Thidu d Thd
Hofing, Hudng Khe. Vfio thdi Lf, dfic bi^t lfi
thdi Trin, dfi'u fi'n Thfing Long dfi d l lgi sfiu
dfim tren nhidu midn dfi't xQ Ngh§. Todn
thii tQng vidt: "Trin Qude Khang tQng cai
tri Diln Chau, chgn con gfii dgp trong chfiu
lfim vd le, nfing h i u , ndn cfic con thQ nhU
Hu$ Nghia, Qufl'c Trinh ddu do cfic bfi Diln
Chfiu sinh ra. V l sau, chQc tri chfiu Diln
Chfiu ddu do con c h i u Qudc Khang lfim ca.
Ddn khi ddng gidng thieu ngUdi nfli doi, mdi
dQng ngudi trong chau lfim chQcfi'y"(86).

Lich sQ nhfi T r i n cung ghi lgi m$t sd
qu^ tgc nhu T r i n Nhfit Dufit, T r i n Quang
Khai... cfl vdn tri thQe vfi vfin hda sfiu r^ng
vd cfic qudc gia lang gieng khu vijc. Cfic vi
dd ddu cd t h i thfi'u h i i u phong tyc, thfinh
thgo tidng ndi cfic "phien". Vdi Thugng
tudng T r i n Quang Khai, h^n dng da hgc
ngfln ngQ cua cac qudc gia lang gidng khi
dugc cQ vd trfi'n nhfim nhidu viing dfi't trong
dfl cfl Ngh$ An? (87). Do vfiy, khflng phai
khflng cfl 1^ khi cho ring: "Phong ti;ic Ngh§
An t h u i n hfiu, tuy vdn nhd d su tdt dgp cua
khf c h i t eon ngudi nhUng ciing do chinh
t h i cua tridu (finh tgo ndn" (88).

Itghi^n curu Ljch sii'. s61.2013
CQng vdi cac ddng di cU tU nhidn, quan
h§ hfln nhfin, trao ddi, buon b i n gifla cU
dfin vQng bidn gidi, trong cac bUdc thfing
t r i m cua quan h$ khu vUc, dfic bi§t lfi sau
cfic cudc chidn tranh, Dgi Vidt da trd thfinh
dia bfin djnh cQ cua nhidu Idp cU dfin ngogi
qudc. Todn thii cho bidt, chi ridng cu$c
xung ddt Vi§t - Chfim n i m 1044, nhfi Lf da
b i t hdn 5.000 tQ binh, vua Lf Thfii Tdng da
"Xudng chidu cho cfic tQ binh ddu dugc
nhfin ngUdi ciing bd tdc, cho d tQ trdn Vinh
Khang ddn Dfing Chfiu (nay lfi Quy Hda),
dfit hUdng tfp phdng theo tdn ggi cu cua
Chidm Thfinh" (89). Nfim 1045, vua LJ

Thfii Tdng cho chd xe Thfii Binh Ifi^y vfing
trang sQc "Bdng la nga" tQc lfi cai bfinh voi
cua Chidm Thfinh dflng voi d l kdo. Nfim
1046, vua Lf Thfinh Tong cdn di^ng cung
ridng cho cfic eung nfl Chidm Thfinh (90).
Nfim 1060, nhfi vua cdn "thfin phiSn dich
nhgc khuc vfi tidt cd fim cua Chifim Thfinh,
sai nhgc cdng ca hfit^' (91). Thdi L^ Cao
Tdng, ddm nfio nhfi vua "cung sai nhgc
cflng gay dfin Bfi lo, h a t khQc hfit theo di$u
Chidm Thfinh, tidng nghe ai ofin tham
thidt, ta hQu nghe hfit ddu rdi nUdc mit"
(92). Cung c i n phai ndi thdm ring, vfio thdi
T r i n Dvi Tflng (cq: 1341-1369) Kinh thfinh
Thfing Long cdn chQng kidn mflt hi$n tugng
Hfi 6 L6i. 6 Lfli cfl nUdc da ngim den, ve
dgp dj thudng, cd tfii ca hfit, d i n du... da md
hofie nhfi vua ddng thdi lfim nao ldng bidt
bao vUdng phi, cflng chua (93).
Ddn thdi T r i n , vfin hda cua cic qudc gia
Ifing gidng da cd nhidu anh hudng mgnh
mS ddn Dgi Vi^t. Nfim 1374, vua T r i n Du§
Tflng phai "Xudng chieu cho qufin vfi dfin
khflng dugc mfic ao, chai d i u theo ngUdi
phUdng Bfic vfi b i t chUdc tieng ndi ciia cfic
nudc Chidm, Lfio" (94). Vfio d i u t h d k y XV,
sau khang chidn chd'ng Minh, h i n Ifi nhflng
anh hudng vfin hda cua cic qudc gia Ifing
gidng ddn Dgi Vidt v i n hdt sQc manh mS.

C6e ftuung c&ng vQng Rghg-'nnh...
Nguyin Trai tijfng canh bio: "NgUdi trong
nUdc khflng dUde b i t chUdc ngdn ngQ vfi y
phi;ic ciia cfic nudc Ngfl, Chiflm, Lfio, Xifim,
Chfin Lgp d l lfim logn phong tgc trong
nUdc^ (95). Hi^n nay, d Ngh0 - H n h edn cfl
nhidu ngfli chQa, ddn midu luu gifl nhflng
ddu tfch cua vfin hfla Chfimpa, Lfio (96).
Doc theo cfic vung ven biln, dfic bift nhu
cfic vQng cQa b i l n Nam Gidi, Kf La... v i n
cdn nhidu Idp cU dfin gde Bd Ld sinh sdng.
Biln lfi mdi trudng sdng ddng thdi tgo ndn
dang ndt vfin hfla cua ridng hg. Trong lich
sii, cu dfin Bd Lfl da tQ cfic qudc gia hai dao
tdi, tQ Chfimpa sang, hg cd tfii lfim m u ^ ,
dfinh cfi, di biln. Trai bao ddi, ngQdi Bd Ld
da giao hfla gidng mfiu, sinh hoat kinh td,
vfin hda vdi ngudi Vidt vfl thyc sQ da g i n bd
vdi c0ng ddng eac dfin t^ic Vi$t Nam.
Dd lfi sU thUc Uch sQ vfi sQ thuc ljch sQ
dd deu cfl si^ tham gia, ddng gdp cflng sQc
ddng thdi t h i hi$n tinh t h i n khoan dung,
sing tao vfin hda ciia cU dfin Ngh$ - H n h .
Bing nhidu nguon tU H§u, cfl t h i k h i n g
djnh ring, vfio thdi Ly - T r i n (vfi ea cfic
tridu dgi sau dd), dd co mgt ddng chdy vdn
hoa tii chdu tho sdng HSng, Kinh dd Thang
Long trdn vi xi/ Nghi. Ddng chay vfin hda
dd da hdp luy$n vdi cac gia tri vfin hda ban

dia, van hfla khu vUc di tao n i n nhQng sfic
thfii vfin hda ridng, diln hinh ciia mflt
truydn thdng vfi khdng gian vfin hda Nghg Hnh.
4. Ket lugn
Kdt qua nghien cQu cho thfiy, trong
nhidu thd ky ehinh quyen trung Udng ludn
cd f thQc sfiu sac trong viec bao v$ cUdng
VUc lanh thd, md rdng anh hudng ra ben
ngofii. Lfi vQng bien viin phia nam, Dien
Chau - Hoan Chau (Nghd An) lufln danh
dUdc sQ quan tam cao do cua chinh quyen
Thfing Long. Ld dia bdn tien tUu, gidu tiim
ndng kinh tiding thdi Id mdt trong nhiing
diim hdi litu cua cdc tuyen giao thiiOng

21
trong niidc, quic ti, thdi Ly - Trdn vitng
Ngh^ • Tinh da trd thdnh trung tdm kinh te
ldn, thfnh d^t. Trung tfim dd dUdc tgo
thfinh bdi nhidu nhfin td nhUng cfl vai trd
hdt sQc quan trgng ciia cfic tuydn giao
thUdng dugc thidt Ifip trdn vQng dfi't Nghd •
H n h , Cfic tuydn giao thUdng dd, mfi trgng
tfim lfi cfic cang biln - cQa sflng, da tgo nen
nhQng trg dilm trong tfl gific kinh td ddi
ngogi ciia qudc gia Dgi Vidt ddng thdi lfi
d i u mfli quan trgng trong h$ thdng giao
thUdng khu vi^c. Su hi$n di$n cua mgt h$
thdng cfic cang biln - cQa sflng, cfic tuydn
giao thUdng n0i thuy, cfic tuydn dUdng vUgt

nui ddn nhiing qude gia Ifing gidng... t i t ca
lfi nhQng dfi'u tich lich sii d l cfl t h i phfic
dQng lgi quy md, t i m mQc hogt dflng, vai
trd ciia m^t trung tfim kinh td ldn. SQ xufi't
hidn vdi mQc dd cao thdng tin trong cfic
ngudn sii Udu, do trQ mfit eua cfic dia danh,
kdt qua ciia cfic cudc thfim sfit, khai qufit
khao cd hgc... lfi nhQng chi bfio quan trong
vd Hch sii phat trien cua mgt trung tfim
kinh td d ^ ngogi trgng ydu eua qude gia
Dgi Vi$t.
TrUdc nay, khi nghi ve Ngh0 - H n h ,
nhieu ngUdi thUdng cho ring, day lfi mgt
vung dfi't nghdo. Vdi didu ki$n thidn nhidn
khfic nghi$t, dfi't dde, chfiu thd hgp, cU dfin
chu ydu canh tfic trong moi trUdng ndng
nghidp vQng khd. Nhung qua cfic ngudn sii
li$u, cfl thd hinh dung vd sQ phdn thjnh cua
mdt vQng Diln Chau, Hoan Chfiu xUa vdi
nhiing hogt d§ng giao thUdng trong nUdc,
qudc td soi dgng. Vdi mgt he thdng cfic cang
biln - cQa song, efie cang Cfin Hai, Hfli
Thdng, cQa Sflt (Nam Gidi), K^ La da ndi
ldn nhu lfi cac thUdng cang trung tfim, gifl
vai tro dilu phdi, lien kdt vung, lien vQng.
Vi thi dia chiin liipc vd tiim ndng ci^a
Nghe • Tinh dd dem lgi sj/ phSn vinh cho
khu VUc ndy. Bin canh do, sU quan tdm vd
chinh sdch cua chinh quyin Thdng Long dd

22
tiip s^ vd nhdn lin cdc tiim n&ng cua
Nghe • Tinh. Thdi Lf - T r i n , Ngh$ - H n h
khflng chi lfi vQng dfi't kidn trung trong cfic
cudc khfing chidn chdng ngogi xfim mfi cdn
lfi dja bfin chidn lugc trong phfit triin kinh
td ddi ngoai, md r$ng cUdng vi^c Ifinh thd,
thiic d i y giao luu vftn hda. Cfic thUdng
cang, tuydn giao thUdng dfi tgo ndn m$t
p h i n didn mgo cho Ngh$ - H n h mfi tiflu
bilu lfi "Nin vdn hod cdng thi sdng Lam".
NhQng dfi'u tich ciia vQng vfin hofi sdng C i
- sdng La, Hofinh Sdn - Nam Gidi vQa mang
dfim sic thfii vfin hofi, kinh td xQ Ngh§ vfla
bilu dgt qufi trinh, dfic trUng tidp giao kinh
td, vfin hfla cua Dai Vi§t - Ngh§ H n h trong
sudt dfim dfii lich sQ (97).
- Vd ydu td xfi hfli, giao thUdng diln ra
trdn vQng d i t NghS - H n h lfi nhQng hogt
dgng mang tinh da chidu, vdi nhidu ngudn
hfing, nhidu thfinh p h i n xa h^i tham gia.
Tuy chua cd nhidu b i n g chQng xfic thUc d l
khfing dinh vd sU xudt hi^n cua cfic to chQc
bufln ban ldn ciing nhU sU dieu phdi cua
gidi cim quydn, thUdng nhfin ehuyen
nghidp, cfl thd lUc trong cae hogt d^ng kinh
td nhUng qua nhQng phfin tich d tren, vai
trd vfi nhiing hoat ddng cua hg lfi mOt kha
nftng thUe td. Hidn tugng gifiu cfl nhU T r i n

Qudc Khang vfi gia t^c da dUgc lich sQ ghi
nhfin (98). Uy lUc cua nhQng thd li^c cfit cQ
nhu Nguyin Ndn - Phan Ma Lfli cung da
mgt thdi lfim rung chuyin ddi sdng chfnh
tri ciia Kinh dd Thfing Long. Dilu chic
chfin lfi, d cfic cang cQa sdng, ndi d i u ngudn
bien gidi, qua mgng lUdi cac chg, gidi cim
quydn vfi doanh thUdng Vigt da cfl n h i l u
mdi giao tidp vdi cfic thUdng nhfin Trung
Hoa, Chfimpa, Ai Lao, Chfin Lgp... Cdc
hogt ddng kinh tido dd dem lgi nguon thu
cho quoc kho, sii gidu sang cho gidi chiic
cdm quyin cdng nhii mdt bd phdn cU ddn sd
tgi. Tuy nhidn, qua nghien cQu cic hoat
dflng giao thUdng d Nghd - Tinh cung thdy

Rghian eOu I4eh s&. stf 1.2013
xufi't hi$n dfl chdnh vfi sU khflng tUdng
thfch giQa cie t^c ngudi tham gia vfio hoat
ddng kinh td d6i ngogi. NhUng, vQdt qua
nhflng bfi't ddng vd ngdn ngfl, sU khfic bidt
vd thfinh p h i n d i n tdc, s i c tflc vfi thang bfic
p h i t triin..., vi nhiing mdi lgi kinh td vfi
cung vl ngudn sdng, tfi't ca ddu tU nguydn
vfi bj cudn hflt vfio "Vdng ludn chuyin hdng
hoa Ngh4 - Tinh". Vdng lufin chuyin dd da
hogt d^ng, didu tidt theo nhflng quy lufit, cd
chd ridng cua thdi dgi bfiy gid.
Trai qua 4 thd ky, ddn thd ky XV vi
nhidu nguydn nhan, cfic thUdng cang vQng

Nghd - H n h cfl nhflng b i l u hidn suy thoai
nhfi't djnh. TrUdc hdt, do chu yeu khai thac
tidm nfing tU nhidn, khflng dUdc xfiy dUng
trdn cd sd ndn kinh td san xu^t thUe sU
vQng chic ndn hogt dflng giao thUdng eua
Nghd - H n h thidu dn djnh, ben vflng. Trong
khi dfl, cfic ngudn lgi tu nhidn, lfim thd san
ngfiy cfing hi khai thfic cgn kiet vfi Id thudc
vfio thi trudng eung cdp bdn ngofii. Su suy
giam cua h$ thdng thUdng cang Nghd •
H n h da tac dgng khong nho den cfic tuydn
thUdng mgi truydn thdng. Theo dfl, nhieu
ngudn lgi tQ biln, dfic bidt lfi mm quan h$
thQdng mgi vdi Trung Qudc bi hgn chd do
chfnh sach "cam hdi" cua nhfi Minh, da
khidn nhidu thuyen bufln Trung Hoa khdng
t h i ddn vQng b i l n Ngh$ - H n h . Con dUdng
ra biln trd ndn khflng cdn lfi nhu ciu bflc
thidt ddi vdi cfic vUdng tridu va gidi thUdng
nhfin khu vQc. Them vfio dfl, tQ thd ky XIII,
cac VUdng tridu Chfin Lgp cfl xu hudi^
quay trd lgi vdi ndn tang kinh td ndng
nghiep, khdng cd nhQng tham vgng manh
me md rflng vfi duy tri mgng lUdi thUdng
mgi nhu thdi Suryavarraan I (1O02-1Q49)
vfi mdt so VUdng tridu sau dd (99). Mffi
quan h§ vdi Chfimpa, Chan Lap d viing
Ngh§ - H n h khdng cdn dugc ghi chdp nhilu
trong chfnh sQ. Hdn thd nQa, sQ troi d^y

Cae thuong cAng vung Rghe-^tah..
cua dd chd Majapahit (vdi tu cfich lfi m^t
cQdng qudc kinh td ldn nhfi't d Ddng Nam A
the ky XIV), da lam suy ydu nhidu qudc gia
khu vQc nhu Midn Didn, Angkor, Dai Vidt
(100). H n h trgng suy thofii cua Chfimpa
sau sU kien nfim 1471 vfi dd ehd Angkor
diu thd ky XV eung lfi nhiing nguydn nhfin
dfin ddn sU suy giam cua h§ thdng giao
thUdng khu vi^e. Mfit khfic, vdi Nghg - H n h ,
nhQng didu ki$n thufin ldi cua viing bidn
vien Cling khflng cdn nQa. Tfi't ca cfic nhfin
td trong nUdc, qudc td dd da chi phfli manh
md den efic hogt ddng kinh td dfli ngoai cua
Dai Vidt vfi Nghfl - H n h . Tuy nhidn, ddn
thd ky XVI-XVII, trong Thdi dgi hofing kim
cua hfi thdng giao thUdng chfiu A, cfic
thUdng cang vung Nghe - H n h lgi cfl sU
CHU

phgc hUng vfi ddng vai trd tieh cue trong
cfic mdi quan hd khu vUc (102).
Nhin lgi ddng chay phat triin cua Hch
sQ dfin t$c, khao cQu cfic hogt ddng bang
giao, giao lUu kinh td, vfin hfla... diln ra
trdn ca nude eung nhQ d cfic dia phUdng
nhu Ngh§ - H n h , thfit khd cd t h i eho ring,
Dgi Vidt lfi mdt qudc gia nflng nghidp
hudng ngi vfi trUdc sau eic chinh the quan

chu Vidt Nam ehi theo dudi tU duy ndng
nghidp hudng n$i. Lich sQ Vidt Nam cin
phai dUde tidp cfin, nhin nhfin da di^n hdn
d ca t i m VI md vfi vi md. Lfi mot thfinh vien
cua xa hgi Ddng A, nhQng cuflc chuyen
minh ldn trong Hch sQ Vidt Nam ddu gfin
vdi nhQng bUde chuyen chung cua cfic xa
hoi khu vUc.

THICH

(68). DUdng nhien, gfim sit khdng phai 1ft m^t

Nam til thi'ky IX • XVII, da din, 2002. Tham khao

hfing duy nhfi't trong cac san p h i m giao thUdng.

thgm J o h n S. Guy: Vietnamese

Cfic s i n p h i m khac nhU sttog te, ngfi voi, t r i m

Cultural Indentity: Evidence from the Ly and Tran

hUctng, hUOng l i | u , td lya... rfit kh6 duy ton trong

Dynasties in; Precious Metal in the later Medival

Ceramics

and

cac di chi khao co hoc. Do vfiy, gdm sljt ludn d6ng

and Early Modern Worlds, J.F, Richards, Carolina

vai tro quan trong trong vi$c tim hieu cac thUdng

Academic Press, 1998.

cang, quy md vft tinh ehfi't cua n6,
(69). Trinh Cao Tu5ng: Trd lai Ky Ninh; trong:

(72). Nguyen Quang Hong, Dfio Tam 'Hnh:
Nhiing phdt hien bUdc ddu vi cdc loai tiin co d lUu

Mdt chdng di/cmg tim vi qud khU, Nxb. Khoa hoc

vUc sdng Lam; trong: Nhiing phdt hiin

xa hoi, Hfi N6i, 2007, tr. 701.

Khao cihgc,

(70). Thdi Ly Cao T6ng, vua Chfimpa 1ft Bo Tri

mdi

vi

Nxb. Khoa hpc xfi hdi, Hfi Ndi, 2000,

tr.693-694.

(Suryavarmadeva) Ift'y cd bj chii 1ft Vftn Eo Diln

(73). Vu Kim Anh: SiAi tap tiin cid Bdo tdng

(tiic Ong Dhanapatigrama) i\x6i, da dem vd con

Nghi An; Hoftng Vfin Khofin: Siiu tap tiin trong

den ngu S cuta bien Co La (K^ La). Mfic dil dfi du^c

md thuyin

Dfim Di M6ng vfi Do An (do vua Ly' CL( ve) khuyin

Hoa: Nhiing cd vdt phdt hiin dxdm Chuyin

cfio nhung do chu quan, t h i i u phdng bi, cac tUdng

An); trong: Nhiing phdt hien mdi vi Khdo co hoc,

cim qufin h Ngh€ An 1ft Thanh vfi DiSn da bj trung

Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 2004, tr. 724-726,

k l giftc. "Qufin Ngh§ An tan vd, c h i t kh6ng ke xiet.

727,726-727.

BS'Trt tha sUc cudp boc r i i vl", Vi^t sU ky todn thU,
T^p 1, sdd, tr. 331-332.
(71). Trinh Cao TuSng: Nghien ciiu khdo cohgc
mgt sithUftng cdng ci vdng biin miin Bdc Viet

Can L6c (Hd Tinh); Nguyin Thj Anh
(Nghe

(74). Nghi An ky cho biit mdt thdng tin: d niii
Lam Thfinh, xa Phii Diln, huy^n HUng Nguyen, cl
lung chitng mii c6 m i l u Tuyen Nghia, "Cginh mieu
c6 m§t cai ao. TUdng t r u y i n dd lfi ch5 ngUdi Tfiu


Rghjgn ciiruXleh aflr. so 1.2P13
giiu cua. Tr&u d i m biln d ao i y thinh t h o i n g c6

phdt hi4n mdi vi Khdo cS hgc, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa

nhang d i n g t i i n dinh d l&ng", Ngh^ An fij?, add,

h^i, Hft N^i, 2003, tr.636-637.

tr. 118-119.

(82). L^TdXuyfin: Vi^tdi^n

(75). B(fi Nam nhit thing cht, sdd, tr. 183-187,

u linh, sdd, tr.l32-

133.

102-104.

(83). Trinh Cao TuSng: Nghiin

(76). D^i Vift sic ky todn thU, Tfip 2, sdd, t r . l l -

m^t si thuong cdng ci ving
Nam ta thiky

12.
(77). C6 t h i xem TrUdng Hflu Q u ^ h :
rudng dit d Vi^t Nam thiky

XI-XVIII, 2 tfip (Tfip _ Vi4t Nam,

IX- XVII. dd.

Nxb. H^i Nhfi vfin, Hfi N^i. 2005, ir.

290.

1982; Nguyin Thj PhUdng Chi: Thdi ip - diin

(85). Nguyin Ddng Chi: Dia cht vdn hoa ddn

trang thdi Trdn thi'ky XIII-XIV, Nxb. Khoa hpc xfi

gian Ngh4 Ttnh,

h§i, Hfi NOi, 2002; Kinh ti, xa h^i thdi Trdn

ThCfa Hy: Vdn hda Vi4t Nam truyin

ky Xill-XIV},

(Thi

Nxb. Gifio dye Vi§t Nam, Hft N^i,

2010.
(78). Vi§n Sii hpc: Tim hiiu xa h^i Vi^t

cihoc

(84). Hft Vfin T i n : Din vdi Lfch sit, vdn Ua

Chid0

i, thi ky XI-XV), Nxb. Khoa hpc xfi h^i, Hfi N^i,

cOu khdo

biin miin Bac Viit

goc nhin,

Nxb. Ngh§ An, 1995. Nguyin
thing • M6t

Nxb. Thdng tin vfi T r u y i n thdng, H.,

2011. D i n 1 ^ nhfin x6t cua GS. D$ng Thai Mai,
Nam

trong cu^c song tho^i vdi GS. Ninh Viit Giao, GS.

thdi Ly - Trdn, Nxb, Khoa hpc xfi h$i, Hfi N^i,

T r i n QuSc Vupng tQng ghi lgi nhiing khftc bi|t

1981.

n h i t dinh trong tfnh each cila ngUdi Ngb$ An vfi

(79). Dfing Duy Bau (Chil bign)...; Lich sU Hd
Tinh, sdd, t r . l 2 5 .

Hft Tinh: "Nghi dfim c h i t "dng di" hdn, Tinh dfim
ehfi't "quan" hdn. Ngh$ dfim chfit "ndng ddn" hdn,

(80). Dai Nam nhit thing chi, sdd, tr.l89. NNC

Ttnh dfim c h i t "budn ban" hdn. Mfi ndi cho anh

Doftn Anh T u i n , Bao tfing Ngh§ An cho biet, cfing

biit, dfin Ngh$ Tinh b i i t budn bfin lfim diy, rft't dl

vdi tu^ng Mai H i e D l vft L l Khfii, tUpng Uy Minh

thfch nghi vdi cd c h l thj tnidng hfim nay". Xem

VUdng dupe coi lfi m^t trong ba pho tUpng qu^ cila

T r i n Qudc Vupng: Hd Tinh tii xa xita vd nhin tH

Nghfi An. D6 lfi mot pho tUpng d?p, cd dfing vdc uy

Hd N0i; trong: Theo ddng tich svt - Nhiing v&ng

nghi cua m§t vj Thfinh. Pho tupng iiiifc lfim b i n g

dit,

g5 t r i m hUdng, cd ni6n d^i khfi sdm. Xem: Nhiing

Hft N$i, 1996. tr.422.

phdt hiin mdi vi Khdo ci hgc, Nxb. Khoa hpc xfi
h§i, Hfi N$i, 2004, tr. 487.
(81). Biii DUdng Ljch: Nghi An ky, sdd, tr.93,
148, 152, 160 & 184. D i n Cdn d Ngh§ An dUpc xfiy
bdn bd biln, ti§n giao thdng thuy b^. D i n 1ft chflng
tfch ljch sd quan trpng, lfi ndi hai vua T r i n Anh
Tdng vft L l Thfinh Tdng trfin dudng Nam chinh dft
diing chfin. "Nhfi ca vu" cila d i n lfi m^t cdng trinh

thdn vd tdm thik ngtidi Viit, Nxb. Vftn hda,

(86). Dfli Vi4t sU ky todn thii, Tfip 2, add, tr.78.
(87). NguySn Vftn Kim: Thi iing dit vdn hoa
vdi cdc qudc gia khu v^ qua hdnh tr^ng, tdm thiic
cda m^t si quy ((5c thdi

Trdn; trong: Vi^t Nam

trong thi gidi Ddng A - M$t cdch tiip cdn liin
ngdnh vd khu vifi: hgc, Nxb. Chinh trj QuSc gia,
Hfi N§i, 2011, tr.107-165.

kiln tnic, ngh§ thufit d^c dfio. D i n nay, dfin gian

(88). BiU DUdng Ljch: Ngh^Anky,

v i n truyin tyng cfiu ca: " N h i t d i n Cdn, nhi d i n

(89). D^i Vi4t sU ky todn thii, Tfip 1, sdd, tr.

Q u i , tem Bflich Ma. tfl Chigu Trung". Bao tfing

267. Trlji Vinh Khang thu$c dja gidi huy$n TUdng

Ngh$ An dfi sUu t i m dupc 3 d|io s i c thdi Ld Trung

DUdng (Ngh$ An), cdn Dfing Chfiu thu^c cfic dnh

Hung t ^ d i n . Xem L6 PhUdng Thin: Cdc dt^

sdc

vd I4nh chi Ufi din Cdn (Ngh4 An); trong: Nhiing

sdd, tr.216.

Lfio Cai, Ygn Bfii h i | n nay. Mdt ad* c i c hUdng ip
nfiy lign q u a n d I h "Nhiing nhdm t$c ngUdi glc


etc thuong cAng vQng Rgh^-Tmh...

S5

Chfimpa t9i An - Ttnh" da dupc nhft nghidn cflu

khfi rd d Nghi Xufin trdn n i n tfing m$t n i n kinh t l

ngudi Phfip Hippolyte Le Breton khao cflu . Xem

c i n g thj da t^o ra nhilu gifi tr) v^t chfit vfi tinh

Hippolyte Le Breton: An

- Ttnh ci l{u: (LB Vieux

t h i n dtjic s i c b i n bd cua nd vft cfic Iftng n g h i nhU

An - Tinh), Nxb. Ngh§ An - Trung tfim Vftn hda

gCTm Cd Dgm, bfin budn Giang Dlnh; hai lfi vfin

Ngdn ngQ Ddng Tfiy, Hft N^i, 2005, tr.191-192.

hda c i n g thj Hfi Tinh lfi aU giao thoa ciia cfic n i n

(90). D^i Viet sur ky todn thii, Tfip 1, add,

vfin hofi khfic nhau: Vi$t - Chfim (cfla Nhupng),

tr.267-268. Thdi vua Lf Thfii Tdng, trong t r ^ n

Vi§t - Hoa (Phfl Thgch) vfi c i Vi^t • Nhfit (Trilu

binh Chifim nftm 1044, t r i n dudng trd v l , "Khi

Khiu). Xem Nghiin cihi khdo dhgc

d i n hftnh di$n Ly Nhfin, sai n$i nhfin thj nil gpi

cdng civdng

My E lfi phi cila S9 D i u sang h i u t h u y i n vua.

XVII, dfi d i n , 2002.

m^t

sithiidng

biin miin Bdc Vi^t Nam tU thiky IX-

My t p h i n ufit khdn x i i t , n g i m l i y chfin q u i n

(98). T r i n Quffc Khang lfi em ru§t vua T r i n

vfio minh nhay xud'ng sdng c h i t . Vua khen lfi

T h i i Tdng, tUde Tinh Qutfc d?ii vUdng. Nfim

t r i n h t i l t , phong lfim Hi$p Chinh Hflu Thi$n

1269, lfim Vpng Giang phifiu ky d^i tudng qufin,

phu nhfin". V l sau, thfing 10-1154 vua Chfimpa

cd 13 cung nfim nfiy dupe cfl vfto lfim t r i n t h u

lfi C h l Bl La Biit dfing con gfii, vua Lf

Anh

DiSn Chfiu. Ong da eho xfiy dflng n h i l u phu d$

Tdng dfi t i l p nhfin, Todn thii, Tfip 1, sdd, tr.267

l^ng l i y qufi mflc, sp vua nghi, phai td tUpng

&321.

PhSit d l thd.

(91), (92). VietsvtlMc,

sdd, tr. 93,165.

(93). Vi§n Vfin hpc: Truyin

Hd 0 Ldi; trong:

Tha vdn Ly - Trdn, T | p 3, Nxb. IChoa hpc xfi hpi,
Hfi Ndi, 1978, tr.618-622. Cd t h i xem thgm cfic bftl
khao cflu cila Tg Chi D^i TrUdng, Kieu Thu Hoach,
Chu Xudn Giao... v l cfiu truyfn - dien tieh dfte bi^t
nfty.
(94). D^i Vi$t SVC ky todn thii, Tfip 2, sdd, tr. 158.

(99). VI sU hUng thjnh vft suy vong cua mang
Ifldi thfldng m^i eua quic gia Chfin Lgp tfl sau ddi
vua

Siuyavarman

Suryavarman
Expansion;

I

I,
and

c6

thi

xem

Khmer

trong: Eleventh

phin

Commercial

Century

Conmercial

Developments in Angkor and Champa (in Maritime
TYade and State Development

in Early

Southeast

Asia, sdd, University of Hawaii Press, 1985.
(100), Victor Lieberman: Maritime influences in

(95). Nguyin Trai: Dtidia chi, sdd, tr.481.
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cl tupng "Thin chiin tranh" (Skanda) d chiia d i n

Southeast Asia, c.900-1300: Some further
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thoughts.

41 (3), 2010,

pp.631.

Dflc Ong, Phudng H i n g Sdn, Tp. Vinh vfi chfia

(101). Mdt fll cang ldn vflng Ngh§ - H n h da

Phong Nh^n, Nghi Xufin, Hfi Tinh. Vfin hda Lfio ed

phyc hung trd l^i trSn mdt s i dia dilm nhU cang

t h i tim t h i y b chOa Ban N h i n , xfi Th^c Gifim,

H$i Th^ng tren dja dilm Xufin Giang, Xufin P h i ,

TUdng DUdng hay thap Xd'p Lpt, xa My L^, K? Sdn,

Phpc LS... Cling vdi thuyen budn Trung Hoa, cfic

N g h | An... Xem: Nhiing phdt hi^n mdi vi Khao ci

doftn thUdng t h u y i n Nhfit Ban cflng d i n dfiy budn

hgc, Nxb. Khoa hpc xfi h$i, Hfi Ndi, 1995, tr. 288;

bfin. Tuy nhidn, sfl phpc hUng nfiy cung chi mang

2001, tr. 615-816; 2003, tr. 458-459.

tfnh tUdng dcS, vi d i n the ky XVI-XVII, trung tfim

(97). Nhft Khao c^ hpc Trjnh Cao Tudng tflng

thUdng m^i D ^ Vif t dft dupe thiit Ifip dn djnh trgn

k h i n g dinh: "Vfin hoa c i n g thj Hft Tinh cd hai dfte

viing duydn h i i chfiu thd sdng H i n g vdi BU thjnh

dilm ldn: m$t lfi sU hinh thfinh m$t sfic thfii vfin

dpt cila Vfin Ddn, Hai Ninh, Phd" Hiin vfi trung

hoa mang d$c dilm rieng cua xfl Nghf, t h i hi$n

tfim Thfing Long n i i tiing.