BIỂN ĐẢO VIỆT NAM TRONG CÁC TƯ LIỆU TIẾNG ANH TỪ TK XVIII ĐẾN TK XIX

BIEN, o A o VIET NAM TRONC CAC Tl/LIEU TIENC ANH
TlTTHE KY XVIII DEN ClUA THE KY XIX

DUONG HA m f ir

T

he ky XVI-XVII, cung vdi nhflng

phdt kid'n dja ly vi dgi bang dfldng
biln, ngfldi chdu Au da biet dd'n nhflng "tan
the gidi" ngodi chdu Au. T i dd, nhflng
tuyd'n giao thdng budn ban dudng bien hinh
thdnh vd ngdy cdng trd nen trpng yd'u noi
liln chdu Au, chdu My vdi chdu A va chau
Dgi Dfldng ddng thdi thuc diy cho qud
trinh thdm dd, khdm phd vd chinh phuc
nhflng vtmg dd't ndy ngay cac the' ky sau
dd. Hdng logt thdng tin ghi chip ve cdc
vung dd't mdi trong dd cd Vidt Nam dfldc in
d'n vd phd biln bdng nhilu t h i tilng. Mdc
dfl vdy, nhflng tfl Hpu de cdp de'n Viet Nam
ndi chung vd vung biln, dao c i a Vidt Nam
ndi ridng xud't ban bdng tid'ng Anh so vdi
cdc tfl li§u bdng tilng Tdy Ban Nha, Bd
Ddo Nha, Phdp thi khd mudn nhflng lgi cd
t i m quan trpng vd tinh phd qudt cao.
Trong khudn khd bdi vilt nay, vdi nhflng tfl
H$u gdc cd trong tay, chung tdi chi tdp
trung tim hieu nhflng thdng tin cung cd'p
vl biln, dao Vipt Nam bdng tie'ng Anh

trong cdc tfl li$u xud't ban d the ky XVIII
din giia t h l ky XIX md ching tdi tiep cdn
dflpc.
1. Vdi n i t v l n g u d n ti^ lieu
6 t h l ky XVIII, nhin td'ng the, nhflng
cdng trtnh d l cdp din biln, dao Viet Nam

bang tie'ng Anh mdc du xud't ban chfla
nhilu nhflng n h i n g thdng tin ma chung
cung cd'p lai cd vi tri kha quan trpng trong
vide phd bien kiln t h i c , ddng thdi Id bang
c i khang dinh c h i quyln cua Viet Nam ddi
vdi hp thdng cdc dao, quan dao ma ngfldi
Vidt Nam ldm c h i tfl trflde de'n nay. Dlu
tidn phai k l den cudn "A new account ofthe
East Indies, being the observation and
remarks, vol IT' cua Alexander Hamilton
xud't ban ndm 1727 tgi Scotland, gdm cd
320 trang, hiln lflu trfl tai Thfl vien The
New York Public (USA). Tilp theo la cong
trinh "The History of China. Upon the Plan
of Mr Rollin's Ancient History (translated
from the French)" in d'n ndm 1755 gdm 382
trang, hiln lflu gifl tgi Thu vidn Dai hoc
Princeton (USA). Cudn "The Modem part
of an Universal history from the earliest
account of time, vol VIF in vao nam 1759
tgi London gdm 578 trang, Cdng tnnh tilp
theo phai k l din Id "An Historical account
of the embassy to the emperor of China"

gdm 475 trang, hi$n lflu tai Thu vidn Dai
hpc Oxford vd "An Abridged account ofthe
embassy to the emperor of China" g6m 388
trang hiln lflu tgi Thfl viln Dgi hpc
Princeton cua hai tac gia Macartney vd
George, xud't ban ndm 1797.

* NCS. Khoa Lich S i , Trudng Dgi hoc Su phgra Hd N$i


oien. oao v i a itam irong eac hr lieu..
Bfldc sang the ky XIX, cdc tfl Udu tilng
Anh de cap dd'n bien, dao c i a Viet Nam
ngay cdng xud't hien nhilu hdn. D l u tidn
phai ke dd'n dd la cdng trinh "The view of
the India extra Gangem, China and Japan,
Vol Iir cua tac gia Thomas Pennant xudt
ban ndm 1800 tai London gdm 284 trang,
hidn dfldc luu g i i tai Thu vidn cua Dai hpc
Harvard. Tid'p theo Id cudn "Modern
Geography: A Description of the empires,
kingdoms, stares, and colonies with the
oceans, seas, and Isles in all parts of the
world:
including
the
most
recent
discoveries,
and political,

alterations,
digested on a new plan, vol IF' c i a hai tac
gia John Pinkerton va S. Vince xud't ban
nam 1804 tai London va New York, gdm
698 trang, hidn lflu gifl tgi Thfl vi$n Dai
bpc California. Cdng trinh nay sau dd dfldc
chinh s i a vd tai ban tgi London vdo nam
1806 gdm 676 trang. Ke'dd'n Id "A Voyage to
Cochin China in the years 1792 and 1793:
Containing a general view of the valuable
productions and the political importance of
this flourishing kingdom, and also of such
european settlements as were visited on the
voyage" cua tac gia John Barrow xud't ban
nam 1806 gdm 447 trang tgi London, hien
luu tgi Thu vi$n Dai hpc Darlington. Cdng
trinh "The Literary panorama: A review of
books, A register of events, A magazine of
varieties comprising interesting intelligence
from various districts
of the United
Kingdom; The British connections in The
East Indies, The West Indies, America,
Africa, western Asia & c. and from the
Continent of Europe, vol i" gom 1418 trang
in tai London nam 1807 c i a tdc gia C.
Taylor hidn Itfu gifl tai Thfl vien Dai hpc New
York. Cdng trinh "EncyclopaediaLondinensis
or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences
and Literature, vol TV" dflpc xud't ban tgi

London ndm 1810 gdm 910 trang, hidn lflu

23

tai Thfl vien Dai hpc Minnesota. Nam
1813, tac gia James Playfair cho xud't ban
cudn sach "A System of Geography, Ancient
and Modem, vol V" tgi London gdm 827
trang. Ke dd'n la cdng trinh "A System of
Geography for the use of school on an
entirely new plan" c i a tac gia Thomas
Keith in vao nam 1826 tai London gom 372
trang. Den nam 1832, tdc gia David
Brewster cho xud't ban cdng trinh "The
Edinburgh Encyclopaedia: Science and the
Arts, in eighteen volumes, vol VT" tai
Philadelphia (USA) gdm 797 trang. Cdng
trinh nay hien nay dfldc lflu gifl tai Thu
vidn Dai hpc Stanford (California, USA).
Tid'p theo la cdng trinh "A System of
Universal Geography, or a description of all
the parts of the World, on a new plan
according to the great natural, divisions of
the globe, accompanied with analytical,
synoptical and elementary tables, vol i" c i a
hai tac gia M. MalteBrun vd James G,
Percival xud't ban nam 1834 tai Boston,
hiln dfldc lflu gifl tgi Thfl vien Dgi hpc
Michigan (USA) gdm 640 trang. Nam 1836,
tac gia James Horsburgh cdng bo cdng

trinh "India Dirctory, or Directions for
sailing to and from the East Indies, China,
Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and
the Interjacent poiis, volume Second' xud't
ban tgi London gdm 740 trang, hiln lflu tgi
Thfl vidn Dgi hpc Minnesota. Nam 1842,
cdng trinh "The Encyclopaedia
Britannica,
or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and
miscellaneous literature. Seventh
edition,
volume VII, paH T' cua tac gia Napier dfldc
xud't ban tgi Edinburgh (Scotland), London
(England) va d Dublin (Ireland) gdm 392
trang. Den nam 1845, ba tdc gia Edward
Smedley, Hugh James Rose vd Henry John
Rose cung cho xud't ban cdng trinh
"EncyclopaediaMetropolitana
or Universal
Bictionary of Knowledge, volume XVT' tai


Rghien curu Lich sd'. so 5.2015
London gdm 804 trang vd hien nay dfldc
lflu gifl tgi Thfl vien Dgi hpc Michigan
(USA). Tid'p theo la cdng trinh "The
Encyclopaedia Britannica a Bictionary of
Arts, Sciences, and Gejieral Literature,
Eighth edition, vol VIT' in d'n nam 1854 tai
Scotland gdm 800 trang. Nam 1856, Hiep

hdi Dia ly hoang gia Anh cho xud't ban cdng
trinh "Ckizetteer of The World, or
Bictionary of Geographical
Knowledge,
compiled from the most recent authorities,
vol V" gdra 874 trang tgi London. Cdng
trinh uy tin ndy hidn nay dUdc luu g i i tai
Thfl vidn Dai hpc Oxford. Va cuoi cung phai
k l den cdng trinh "Geography or First
Bivision of "The English Encyclopedia",
volume i r ' cua Charles Knight gdm 1148
trang dflpc xud't ban tgi London vdo ndm
1866. Cdng trinh dd so ndy hidn nay dflpc
lflu gifl vd bao quan d Thfl vien The New
York Public tgi New York.
2. Npi d u n g
2.1 Ve bd bien vd vi tri cua cdc ddo
ven bd bien Viit Nam
Trong Hch s i Vilt Nam, the ky XVIIXVIII Id giai dogn diln ra nhilu bilh cd
thay ddi ldn, dd Id: stt phan chia Dang
Trong (chua Nguyin) va Ddng Ngodi (vua
Ll - chua Trinh); phong trao ndng ddn Tay
Sdn d n i a cuoi the ky XVHI Idt dd cdc tdp
dodn phong kiln, thd'ng nhd't ddt nfldc;
trilu dai Tay Sdn bj Idt do vd su cai tri c i a
VUdng trieu Nguyen d d l u the ky XIX.
Nhing biln ddng ddn d^p lam thay ddi bd
mat chinh tri c i a dd't nfldc diln ra ddng
thdi vdi nhflng thay ddi manh me c i a lich
s i t h l gidi. Cdc nudc tfl ban chdu Au dang

trln dd phdt trien kinh tl' mgnh me ddi hdi
cln cd nhflng Iflpng thdng tin, kie'n t h i c
khdng Id vl cdc nfldc chdu A, chdu Phi vd
chdu My - nhflng qudc gia dang cdn "vd
chu" n h i m phuc vu cho qua trtnh cgnh

tranh md rdng thi trfldng buon ban va
chie'm dogt thudc dia dang didn ra khoe
Udt. Vi vdy, nhflng thdng tin tri thflc ve cac
qudc gia d chau A trong dd cd Viet Nam,
ddc biet la n h i n g thdng tin md ta v l viing
biln, dao Vidt Nam ciing dfldc de cdp tfldng
ddl chi tilt trong cdc cdng trinh dia ly, lich
s i bdng tid'ng Anh trong giai doan nay.
Trong cdng trinh xud't ban nam 1727 tai
Edinburgh (Scotland), tdc gia Alexander
Hamilton da md ta khd chinh xdc vl dac
dilm dfldng bd biln Ddng Trong nhfl sau:
"Ddng Trong cd bd bien dai khoang 700
dam tinh t i ddng sdng cua Campuchia tdi
Quambin (Quang Binh), vd nd cd nhilu hai
cang tdt rd't tiln ldi du chung khdng thudng
xuydn dfldc nhflng ngudi xa la lui tdi; vS
dpc theo bd bien Ddng, nd rd't sdu, tai mdt
so ndi tdi thd'y chilu sdu t i 60 de'n 80 sai
trong n i a hai ly tinh tfl bd bien" (1). Tfl
thdng tin nay cho chung ta thd'y, dien tfch
ldnh thd Vidt Nam p h l n Dang Trong dfldi
Sli cai tri cua cdc chua Nguydn ngay t i
nhflng ndm d l u cua the ky XVIII da thflc

Sli ldm chu vung ddng b l n g song Ciu Long
mdu md trii p h i vdi mot dudng bd bien dai
phia Ddng nhilu vung vinh, cang bien sau
rd't tdt vd an toan, thudn ldi cho giao thdng
budn bdn dfldng t h i y . Khdng chi cd vdy,
Alexander Hamilton cdn chi ra va md ta
cdc dao ven bd Dang Trong tinh t i Nam ra
Bdc dong thdi dua ra n h i n g canh bdo nguy
hilm cho cac tdu t h u y i n khi di chuyen din
vung bien ndy nhfl sau: "Cd mdt sdhdn dao
trdn bd bien ndy. N h i n g dao gin bd biln
khdng gdy nguy hiem. PulloJecca de Terra
(Ci lao Cau), ndm d phia nam va gin bd
nhd't. Hdn dao nay khdng cd ngfldi d vd
trdng chi gidng nhfl nhflng bdi dd cua
Paracel md khdng cd cay, bui cdy, hogc co.
Tdi vfldt qua mdt dam d dd va nd nkm
khoang mdt dam tfl bd biln. PuUoJecca de


Pien. oao Vi^ Rom h-ong etc t\i lieu..
Mare ( C i Lao Thu) va tdt ca cac chudi cac
hdn dao trai ddi t i cum dao nguy hidm
Paracelcd ve nhieu dd hdn n h i n g hdn dao
khde. PulloCambir (Cu lao Xanh) each bd
bien khoang 15 hai ly, g i n q u i n dao Hodng
Sa. Hdn dao dd khdng cd ngfldi d du kha
ldn. PuUo Canton (Cii lao Rl), ndm g i n bd
biln. Cling gidng nhfl cdc dao cua
Champello (Champa) nhflng khong cd nguy

hiem. Cd ddng chay mgnh chay de'n phia
nam trong gid m i a Ddng Bic lam cho cdc
thuyen trfldng phai chu f d l duy tri g i n bd
biln Dang Trong vi sd bi lai ra q u i n dao
Paracels, ndi cd chudi bai dd nguy hilm,
ddi khoang 130 hai ly, rpng khoang 15 hai
ly vd chi cd mdt sd hdn dao d mdi dlu. Cd
mdt so' lien gidng giia nhflng bai dd nhflng
khdng dd'u hilu ro rang ve moi nguy hilm;
nhflng tdi bilt mot con tdu cua ngfldi Anh
tfl Surat da vd tinh di qua chung nhflng
khong bilt vd cung khdng nhin thd'y mdi
nguy hilm cua chung cho dd'n khi nd di
qua, ho ba't ngd nhin thd'y bd bien Ddng
Trong" (2). Dilu thu vi Id, ngodi viec md ta
cdc hdn dao c i n g nhflng canh bao v l sfl
biln ddi cua ddng hai lflu ven bd vdo mua
gid mua Ddng Bac dl cdc tdu thuyin phai
chu y c l n trpng trdnh hi cuon ra xa. Khdng
chi cd vdy, tae gia cdn cho thd'y md'i quan hd
giia cac dao ven bd vdi q u i n dao Paracels
(tic q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa)
cung nhfl m i c dd nguy hiem cua n h i n g
"chudi bai da" c i a hai q u i n dao nay ddi vdi
tdu t h u y i n qua lgi.
Cdc hdn dao cua Dang Trong cung dfldc
cac tac gia cua "The Modern part of an
Universal history from the earliest account
of time" d l cdp dd'n kha ngdn gpn nhfl sau:
"Trflde khi chung tdi rdi khdi vUdng qudc

ndy, ehung tdi chdc c h i n khdng dfldc qudn
cung cd'p cho mpt ban kd ngdn gpn n h i n g
hdn dao ldn nhl^t thudc v l dd't nfldc ndy:

25
n h i n g ngfldi ban dia dgt cho chung cdi ten
la Pullos (Cu lao), va cd mdt sd' Ifldng ldn
n h i n g hdn dao dpc theo bd bien nhfl: 1.
PuUoSicca, la ndi cdn cdi vd khdng cd ngfldi
d, va trdng gid'ng nhtf mdt nhdm cdc philn
da khd can, khdng cd cay hoac mdt ngpn cd.
2. PuUoSecca de Mare, mdt chudi cdc hdn
dao cdn cdi va da khac, kio ddi t i vung
nfldc ndng nguy hiem dfldc gpi la Hoang Sa.
3. PulloCambir, d mudi ldm hai ly ngodi
khdi tinh t i bd bidn, nhflng g i n vung nfldc
ndng tren, vd nd mac d i ldn nhung cung
khdng cd ngfldi d. 4. PuUo Canton, ndm gin
bd bien, vd d khoang each khdng xa so vdi
Cam-Pello, ca hai ndi nay ddng chay chay
t i phfldng Nam ldn phia Bdc budc cdc thuy
t h i gifl khoang each xa nhd't cd the vd
khdng t h l tilp cdn g i n bd biln" (3). Theo
khao c i u so sdnh, ddi chilu c i a cdc hpc gia
Viet Nam vd the' gidi, ten gpi cac hdn dao
ven bd c i a nfldc ta do cac nhd hang hai, dia
ly Bd Ddo Nha va Tdy Ban Nha mdt p h l n
tfl philn dm tilng Cham vd tid'ng Vilt md
ddt ra. Ngfldi Cham vd'n gpi cac dao ven bd
la "pu-lao" hogc "pu-lau". Trong qua trinh

cdng cfl ldu dai gifla hai cpng dong ngfldi
Vidt vd ngfldi Cham, nhflng t i dung dl goi
cac hdn dao trong tie'ng Cham dflpc Viet
hda thdnh "cu lao", tflc Id cac hdn dao,
n h i n g bai da nd'i ldn khdi mgt nudc d ven
bd bien Viet Nam. Va t i dd, cac nha hang
hai, dia ly' t h l gidi trong qua trinh thdm
hiem, thdng thfldng da s i dung n h i n g tfl
ndy phidn dm sang ngdn n g i qudc td' thdnh
"puHo", "callau", "paulo" hogc "pulo" de ddt
cho cdc hdn dao Vidt Nam trong cac cudn
nhdt k^ hai trinh, cdc cdng trinh nghidn
cflu dia 1^, lich s i l i e bd'y gid. Theo dd,
PulloJecca de Terra d i n g de gpi Cu lao
Cdu thudc tinh Binh Thudn ngdy nay;
PulloJecca de Mare t i c la C i Lao Thu, nay
la dao Phu Quy c i a tinh Binh Thudn;


nghign ciiu L|ch a i . sd 5.2015
PulloCambir d i n g de chi Cu lao Xanh, nay
Id xd dao Nhdn Chau cua Quy Nhdn, tinh
Binh Dinh; Pullo Canton dung de goi C i
lao Re, t i c huydn dao Ly Sdn c i a tinh
Quang Ngai ngay nay; PuUoSicca dung dl
chi chung cho hai hdn dao Id C i lao Thu vd
Cu lao Cdu; Cam-Pello hay PulauChampa
Id tdn gpi c i a Cu lao Chdm gdm 8 hdn dao
ldn nhd nay thudc xa dao Tdn Hiep cua
Thdnh pho Hdi An, tinh Quang Nam. Cung

theo cdc hpc gia khao ciu, d giai doan ndy.
Parcel, Paracel hodc Paracels dUdc dung
rd't phd bien d l gpi chung cho quin dao
Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa c i a Viet Nam ma
chfla cd stt phdn bipt ro rdng Id Paracels
(Hoang Sa) vd Spratly Island (Trfldng Sa)
nhfl sau ndy.
Khdng chi dflng d m i c dd k l ra ddc dilm
bd bien cung nhu ke ten cdc hdn dao ven bd
cia Dang Trong theo t h i tu t i Nam ra Bdc,
trong tdc phim "The History of China. Upon
the Plan of Mr Rollin's Ancient History
(translated from the French)" xud't ban ndm
1755 p h l n "The history of Cohinchina" d
chfldng 2 vid't ve Ddng Trong cdn cho bilt
"Ddng Trong dfldc chia thdnh nam hoac sdu
tinh va cd biln gidi vdi Ddng Ngodi... Dd't
nfldc ndy Id ndi cu ng\i tot, vd cd mdt sd
thdnh phd nhflng da dfldc xdy dflng mpt
cdch diy dung y: Kinh dd c i a vfldng quoc
dflpc gpi Id Kehie (Hue) va Id ndi d cua nhd
vua. Vfldng qud'c nay cd mdt so cang bien tdt
d phia ddng, d l dang tid'p can vd gin bd cd
dp sdu 60 sai vd d mdt so ndi din 80 sai ma
tdu cd t h l neo ddu. Dpc theo bd biln, ban
thdy mpt sdhdn dao thudc ve Ddng Trong...
Nhflng dao ndy cd nhieu cay h i u ich trong
sd dd cd cay Damar cho mdt logi nhtfa nhfl
nhfla thdng. 0 day cung phdt triln cac loai
trdi cdy, nhfl xoai, cae xg hgt, coca riing... Bd

biln c i a hp Id ndi cung cd'p h i u h i t cac loai
cd, ddc bi$t Id r i a , vd ngfldi dan khai thac

d l u vd ban trdn ddt Hin (4). T i nhflng
thdng tin ngdn n g i i trdn de cdp chfla dflpc
nhilu vd'n de biln, dao cua Vipt Nam nhflng
chi it cung cho thdy vao khoang thdi gian
nay, Ddng Trong da thilt ldp dfldc 5 - 6 tinh
vdi trung tam Id dd thanh H u l vd cfl dan
Dang Trong, ngodi vile ldm ndng nghilp thi
hoat ddng danh bdt tren bidn thflc sfl la mpt
hogt dong kinh te khd quan trpng trong cupc
sd'ng cua hp. Bd biln phia Ddng c i a Kinh
thdnh Hue cd n h i n g cang bien tdt rd't thudn
ldi cho vi$c cdp bin, lifu thdng hang hda.
Su chia cdt nhd ra thut vao cua bd biln
Viet Nam tao ra nhilu vung vinh vd hai
cang tdt rd't thudn ldi cho vi^c giao thdng
giao thfldng dfldng biln. Tuy nhien ben
canh dd, bd bien cung cac dao ven bd cung
tgo ndn khdng it nhflng khd khan thdm chi
Id nguy hiem cho cac tdu thuyin phfldng
Tdy khi hp chfla ndm ro dflpc quy ludt hai
vdn c i a v i n g bien Vilt Nam. Trong tac
p h i m The History of China. Upon the Plan
of Mr Rollin's Ancient History cd ghi "Cdc
dao cua Kondore cd diem dang chu ;^ Id cd
nhilu dai dd n g i m nguy hilm ben bd biln
c i a hp, ma nhflng ngfldi chdu Au gpi la
ParaceUes; vd cac vu d i m tdu xay ra

thfldng xuydn dd'n noi md nha vua cua
Dang Trong thd'y phai c i mot vdi tdu
thuyin ra vdo trong mpt m i a nhd't dinh
trong n&m de tim vdt hdng hda vd cac bp
phdn c i a con tdu bi ddm. Trong ndm 1714,
tdu Arion - mdt con tdu budn ndi tilng chau
Au, cung da bi md't tich trdn cac bd bien
ndy" (5). Kondore, hay Condor, Condore,
Poulo Condore, PuUo Condore, Pulo Condor
la ten gpi c i a Cdn Dao md cdc nhd hdng
hai phfldng Tdy dung de ddt cho hdn dao
ndy. Vd vi vdy, cd le la n h i m ldn khi cho
rdng Cdn Dao Id mpt p h l n eua quin dao
Paracels nhu tfl Udu da vilt. Hodc cung cd
the do Cdn Dao g i n vdi q u i n dao Paracels


B i ^ . dio Viet Ram frong cdc hr lieu..
d ngodi khdi n i n ddn d i n sfl n h i m l l n eho
rdng Cdn Dao Id mdt dao trong he thd'ng
cdc dao, bai dd, bai cat cua q u i n dao nay.
Dac bipt, Pulo Canton (Cu lao Re) vdi vi
tri dia 1^ thudn ldi dfldc cdc tac gia de cdp
dd'n khdng chi Id dilm dflng chdn t i l p
nfldc ngpt, Ifldng thiic trdn hai trinh t i
Dang Trong ra Ddng Ngodi ma cdn nhfl Id
mdt t i l n ddn, mpt dilm nm gifla ddt liln
vdi q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa. Cac
cfl dan Vilt Nam thdi bd'y gid sinh sdng
tren Cu lao R l thfldng ra Hodng Sa va

Trfldng Sa d l khai thdc san vdt. Khdng
d i n g d dd, nhd nfldc phong kid'n Vilt Nam
c i n g ddc bilt quan tdm d i n hai q u i n dao
Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa vi "Ciidng gidi
mat bien niidc ta co xd Hodng Sa rdt Id
hiem yeu" (6) vi vdy c h l dp phong kid'n
Viet Nam da " P h i Quang Ngai, d ngodi
c i a bien xa Vinh An huydn Binh Sdn cd
nui gpi Id C i lao R l (...) ldp ddi Hodng Sa
de ld'y, di 3 ngdy ddm thi mdi dd'n" (7) vd
"... hp Nguyin ddt ddi Hodng Sa 70 sud't
(...) c i t p h i l n mdi ndm c i thdng 2 nhdn
gid'y sai di, mang Ifldng du dn 6 thang" (8)
ddng thdi "Hp Nguyin lai ddt dpi Bac Hai,
khdng dinh bao nhidu sud't (...) cho di
thuyin cau nhd ra cdc x i Bdc Hai, e i lao
Cdn Ldn vd cdc dao 6 Hd Tidn tim Ifldm
vdt c i a tdu vd cac t h i ddi mdi, hai ba, bdo
ngfl, hai sam cung sai cai dpi Hodng Sa
kidm quan" (9). Dilu ndy cho thd'y ngay tfl
t h l ky XVII, q u i n dao Hoang Sa vd
Trfldng Sa md cd s i Vipt Nam thfldng gpi
Id "Van 14 Trfldng Sa", "Dgi Trfldng Sa"
hodc " x i Hodng Sa" da sdm dflpc trieu dgi
phong kien Viet Nam khdng dinh vd xac
ldp chu quyln t r l n thflc td'. C i lao R l - t i c
Pulo Canton Id hdn dao cd khoang cdch
g i n vdi q u i n dao Paracels nhdt nen dd
dfltrpng trd thdnh ndi t u y l n ngfldi vdo dpi

Hodng Sa.

Vi tri dia ly cua Cu lao Re khdng chi
nhfl "nhip cau" ndi da't Hen vdi q u i n dao
Paracels va an n g i trdn tuye'n hang hai
qudc td l i e bd'y gid ma d Cu lao Re cdn cd
d i y d i dilu kien nhfl nudc ngpt, Ifldng thflc
thflc p h i m cd the dap i n g nhu cau tid'p t l
cua thuyen be qua lai. Vi le dd, hang logt
tai Hdu tid'ng Anh dfldng thdi cung nhfl cac
ban dd hang hai khi d l cap d i n cac hdn dao
ven bd dang lflu y deu khdng the khdng de
cdp den hdn dao ndy vdi ten gpi Id Pulo
Canton. Dang luu y. Macartney va George
trong cac tac p h i m cua minh xud't ban nam
1797 da chi ro "Pulo Canton, cdn dUdc gpi
la Pulo Ratan, cd cac diem cue kha cao va
vi tri thd'p trung binh c i a nd lam cho nd cd
sfl xud't hidn c i a hai hdn dao, dfldc midu ta
vao ngay 22 thdng 5. Cac ddi tau hi^n gid
nam dpc bd bien vUdng qud'c Ddng Trong va
hp di lgi gifla cac bd bien c i a Dang Trong
tdi cdc bdi da, dao nhd trong quIn the dfldc
goi Id q u i n dao Paracels, nam d phia Bac
vd phia Nam khoang g i n 400 ddm" (10).
Dieu nay cho thd'y t i rd't sdm, khdng chi d
Cu lao Rd, cdc cfl ddn Viet Nam sdng ven
biln da thflc sfl ldm c h i ngii trfldng Biln
Ddng. Cac dpi tau thuyin ma Macartney va
George de cdp dd'n chac chan khdng chi c i a

ngfl dan ma cdn Id nhflng dpi tau thuyen
cua chinh quyen phong kid'n Viet Nam ldp
ra thay phidn nhau den q u i n dao Hodng
Sa vd Trfldng Sa d l khai thdc san vdt cung
nhfl thu Ifldm n h i n g do dac ma n h i n g tdu
thuyin hi ddm dat vdo cdc dao, bai dd c i a
hai q u i n dao ndy. Trong "India Dirctory, or
Directions for sailing to and from the East
Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good
Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent ports", vol
II, tac gia James Horsburgh cdn midu ta ky
Ifldng hdn ve C i lao R l nhfl sau "Pulo
Canton, cdn dfldc ngfldi ban dia gpi la Cu
Lao Ray (tflc Cu Lao Rl), nam d vi tuye'n
15,23 dp Bdc, kinh tuyen 109,6 dp Ddng


Rghien etni Lieh SIS'. s6 5.2015
hoac 4,38 dp Tay t i Grand Ladrone khi do
bdng may do hdng hai, ndm d khoang cdch
4 hai ly t i mui dd't Batantan, va bd biln
ddl dien vdi nd ndm che'ch v l phia Bic cua
mui dd't. Hdn dao ndy cd kich cd dang ke, cd
thd thd'y ro t i khoang cdch khoang 9 hai ly
t i boong cua mdt tau idn vd cd mdt ve bang
phdng khi dupc quan sdt t i phia Nam: O
phia Tdy, nd cd ngudi sinh sdng, trdng trpt
tdt, va d ddy cdn cd nudc ngpt. Mdt bai da
ngim nhd ra t i phia d l u Ddng Nam c i a
hdn dao (bai da M i Cu ngdy nay • TG), vd

v l phia Bac, cd nhflng xoay nUdc phia dudi
la da, trai ddi khoang mot hai ly tinh t i vi
tri c i a nd tdi Low Island (tic cu lao Bd Bai,
nay Id xa An Binh c i a huydn dao Ly Sdn TG) nam d phia Tay Bdc c i a Pulo Canton.
O phia Ddng Nam cua nhflng hdn dao nay
khdng ndn tilp cdn g i n vi cho du nd khdng
dUdc bilt tdi la ndi nguy hilm nhflng cd
nhflng xoay nfldc khoang t i 7 tdi 15 sai
nam trai dai khoang 2 dd'n 3 hai ly ve phia
Bdc c i a Pulo Canton. Sang phia Nam Ddng
Nam 4 hai ly, cd khu vflc nudc sdu 50 sai"
(11). T i nhflng thdng tin tren cua James
Horsburgh cho thayvi tri dia ly cua Cu lao
Rd cing Cu lao Bd Bdi vd bai da Mu Cu
cung dgc dilm hai Itfu vung bien giia Cu
lao Rl va dd't Uin cung nhfl v i n g biln
ngodi hdn dao ndy dfldc md ta kha rd rdng
vd tfldng ddl chinh xac. Ddc bilt trong cdng
trtnh ndy, tac gia cdn de cap den mui dd't
Batantan ma ngfldi Viet gpi la mui dd't Ba
Lang An (thudc huydn Binh Chau c i a
Quang Ngai ngay nay), ndi vfldn ra Biln
Ddng g i n vdi q u i n dao Hodng Sa nhd't cua
Vilt Nam tinh t i trong ddt Hen.
Bdn canh dd, cac phfldng tidn va boat
dpng danh bdt hai san g i n bd cua ngu dan
Viet Nam thdi bdy gid cing dfldc ngfldi
chau Au ghi chip lai kha chi tilt ding nhfl
cho thd'y phan flng cua ngu dan khi gap
nhiing tdu thuyin nudc ngodi, dac bilt la

tau phfldng Tdy khi di vdo viing biln cua
Vidt Nam: "Nhieu thuyen nhd da dfldc nhin
thd'y dang danh b i t ca gifla cdc tau vd ddt
Uen. N h i n g cai gan nhd't da tdi de cd the c6
mpt ai dd trong sd ngfl dan ndy lam ngfldi
d i n dfldng vao vinh Toron ^ d Ndng), mot
cang chinh thudc Dang Trong. Nhifng
n h i n g thuyen ndy khdng ed y tilp cdn va
nhanh chdng rut lui khi thd'y n h i n g chile
tdu la. Tuy nhien, mdt trong n h i n g chile
thuyin nhd da bi vfldt qua bdi mot chid'c
tdu va mpt ngfl dan trdn dd da dfldc chuyen
ldn tau" (12).
Tam quan trpng cua bd biln, hai cang,
cdc vung vinh c i a Viet Nam cdng ngay
cdng dfldc cac tdc gia de cdp dd'n chi tilt.
Trong tac phdm "A System of Geography,
Ancient and Modern" ndi tilng cia minh,
James Playfair da md ta "Doc theo bd biln
cd nhieu cang bien vdi vi tri thudn ldi cho
giao thfldng nhimg lai khdng dfldc thfldng
xuydn s i dung bdi ngudi nfldc ngoai. M6t
trong sd n h i n g cang dang chu y nhd't dfldc
cfl dan d ddy gpi la Hoyan (Hdi An), hoac
Han, ngfldi Bd Dao Nha gpi la Faifo, hodc
Foy-Foe, va ngudi Anh gpi Id Toron (Da
Ndng), d 160 7' vi dd Bdc, vdi chuyin di hit
mdt vai ngdy ve phia Dong Nam Sinhoa
(Hul). Ndi day cd v i n g ntfdc d i dd sdu nen

tau thuyen cd t h l di chuyin mpt cdch an
todn. Loi vao cua nd la c i a cua mpt con
sdng bat nguon t i vung nui c i a Lao, va rd't
de dang. Day Id ndi giad thfldng ldn nhd't,
sdm udt nhdt trong vUdng qud'c, va ndi
thfldng xuydn lui tdi c i a cdc thfldng gia
Trung Qudc. 6 tinh Quinhin (Quy Nhdn) c6
bd'n cang an toan va td'p ndp cd tdn Id
Nuocman Gd cang Thi Ngi bay gid - TG),
nghia la Cang nfldc bien, nhflng khdng d vi
tri thudn tidn nhfl Faifo (Hdi An). Cd mdt
sd cang nhd khac, ddc biet la d Naulang;
nhflng chiing d l u khdng an todn vd khdi^
sau cho tau trpng tai ldn ddng thdi d


Bign. d i p Via Ram trong cac hr li^u..
khoang each qua xa bd biln" (13). Nhflng
cang vinh dfldc di cdp d trdn, trong cac the
ky XVII - XVIII va n i a d l u XIX thuc sfl
khd nhdn nhip khdng chi cd su hidn didn
cua cae thfldng nhdn Trung Hoa vdn t i ldu
thfldng xuyen sang nfldc ta budn ban ma
edn ddn tid'p rd't nhilu thfldng nhdn cing
tau thuyin c i a hp dd'n tfl chau Au. Dgc bidt
trudc dd, Dang Trong dfldi sfl cai quan cua
cac chua Nguyin vdi chinh sdch phat triln
kinh t l cdi md hdn Ddng Ngodi nen da thu
h i t dfldc rd't nhilu thfldng gia cdc nfldc dd'n
lam dn budn ban, thdm chi Id lap ndn cdc

thfldng diem c i a minh ngay t r l n dd't Dang
Trong. Dieu ndy da thuc d i y cho sfl hinh
thanh vd phat trien cua cac cang thi ven
sdng, ven bien phuc vu cho giao thfldng
trong vung vd giia Vidt Nam vdi nfldc
ngodi.
Khdng chi d i n g d dd, James Playfair cdn
cho bilt Slf tiln ldi bang giao thdng dfldng
t h i y trong ndi dia Viet Nam cung nhfl cdc
dd thi quan trpng hinh thanh bdn cdc con
sdng, ddc bidt Id Kinh dd Hul: 'Trong
vfldng qudc ndy khdng cd trfldng thdnh bao
quanh, nhflng cd nhilu thanh tri va iang
mgc nhd. H u l , hodc Whay, cdn dfldc gpi la
Uzangues, Sin-hoa, vd Tcheatchen, Id thu
dd vd la mdt thdnh tri ldn dfldc xay dflng
vdi nhilu y nghia, ndi cd cac cung dien
hodng gia vd mpt so' chua d khoang each 40
dam v l phia Bic Touron (Dd Ndng), gin
mdt con sdng ldn trflde ddy d i sdu cho tdu
trpng tai ldn; nhflng do mdt trdn ngap lut
khung khilp vdi ndm trflde md cdc bai cdt
dUdc hinh thdnh 5 c i a sdng ndn chi cd tdu
thuyin nhd qua lai dfldc. Dd thdnh ndy, hpc
theo each t h i c cua ngfldi Trung Qudc, dfldc
chia cdt bdi kdnh rgch, d l tgo thudn ldi cho
vdn chuyen budn ban cung nhu cho sfl tien
ldi cua ngfldi ddn" (14). Vd trong cdc cang
thi c i a Vilt Nam l i e bd'y gid, Dd Ndng
dfldc cdc nhd hdng hai, thfldng gia chdu Au

dac biet coi trpng vi sfl thudn tidn va an
todn cua nd ddi vdi loai thdi tilt vdn rd't
thd't thfldng, thudng xuyen cd gid bao va
mfla ldn: 'Sinh ldn vd an todn c i a Touron
(Da Ndng), nhu d l cap d trdn, trong dd
Lord Macartney tha neo vdo thdng 26 nam
1793, g i n mdt bai bdi ed hai dinh cao. Nd
gdm mpt hdn dao nhd. C i a sdng la d diem
cflc nam cua vinh. Thanh dd, nam mpt dam
trong ndi dia, cd cac nhd d thd'p, dfldc xay
dflng bdng tre vd che phu bang cay bd'c
hogc rdm I i a . Xung quanh thdnh Id n h i n g
vfldn cam, chanh, chudi,... Phia tren thanh
dd la mpt thung lung mau md ld'y nfldc tfl
ddng sdng. Kamois (day Trfldng Sdn), mdt
day nui, keo dai doc theo bien gidi phia tay,
tach vfldng qud'c ndy vdi Lao va Campuchia
(15)". Chinh vi vi tri thudn ldi dgc bidt nhu
vdy ma cang vinh Dd Ndng sau nay trd
thdnh sfl Ifla chpn td'n cdng xdm Ifldc Vidt
Nam d l u tien cua thuc ddn Phdp vdo ndm
1858.
Hodc nhfl trong "A System of Geography
for the use of school on an entirely new
plan" cua Thomas Keith bien sogn dflng d l
giang dgy trong cac trfldng hpc c i a Anh
vilt: "Dang Trong kio dai dpc theo biln
Trung Qud'c tfl Tonquin (Dang Ngodi) dd'n
Tsiompa (Champa). Nd bao gdm mdt ddng

bang ddi, gifla bd bien vd day nui chay song
song vdi bd bien. V i n g ddng bang rd't mdu
md, vd san xua't td't ca cac logi trai cay
nhidt ddi, gao va dfldng. Cac khu r i n g cung
cd'p hdng gd, go mun, sapan, gd sandal,
bdng gd, vd calambac. Cac thi trd'n chinh la
Ke-Hda (Hul), Faifo (Hdi An), vd Turon
(Dd Ndng), t r l n n h i n g vinh cing tdn" (16).
Cdn David Brewster thi cho bilt "Rd't nhilu
hdn dao nhd, nam dpc theo bd biln c i a
nfldc nay, cd kha nang cung flng nhflng vdt
p h i m xa xi theo yeu clu rd't ldn tgi Trung
Qudc, cdn dfldc gpi la Trepan, hoac Bichos
da mer hay la mdt lodi sen biln. Sd' Ifldng


ldn cac ddng vgt nhd nay ciing dfldc thu
thdp trdn bd biln phia bdc c i a New
Holland, vd mang den thi trfldng Trung
Qudc. Thuyin trfldng Flinders, ngfldi dfldc
g i i di trdn rapt hdnh trinh kham phd dd'n
bd biln dd, dd thd'y rdng khdng it hdn sau
mfldi tdu dd thflc hidn mdt chuyen hanh
trinh hdng ndra mdt each thfldng xuyen vdi
muc dich duy nhd't Id thu thdp cac san
phim biln trong sudt hai mUdi nam trUdc.
Sau khi dfldc tach ra t i n h i n g phidn da,
chung dfldc md ra, r i a sgch bdng nUdc ngpt
vd dupc dun sdi, sau do say khd trong khdi
cua go mdu xanh Id cay, g i n gidng nhu

each thflc nd'u cd trfch dd cua chung ta"
(17). Cdn Cdn Dao, mpt dao ndm d phia
Nam Vidt Nam cung dfldc d l cdp khd chi
tidt "Hdn dao nay dfldc gpi Id Pulo - Condor
(Cdn Dao), hodc "dao Calabashes" nam d
phia nam c i a Nam Kj^, bdn mfldi bdn dam
tfl c i a sdng c i a Campuchia. Ndi cho d i n g
hdn dd Id mdt nhdm cac dao, trong dd cd
radt bdn cang cd kha nang g i i tam tau neo
ddu tdt vd rpng rai... Dao nay san xud't lua
vd mdt sd logi trai cay, dgc bidt Id chudi,
budi, va b l u bi. Dd 11 mot ndi p h i hdp cho
mdt trgm qudn sU va be'n giao thUdng" (18).
Nhfl vdy, t i sfl khao c i u cdc thdng tin
dfldc phd bid'n tfl the ky XVIII din gifla the
ky XIX de edp de'n biln vd cdc dao ven bd
cua Viet Nam dudi thdi c h i a Nguydn de'n
trieu dgi Tay Sdn vd sau dd Id vfldng trieu
Nguyen cho ching ta thd'y vijng bien va cdc
dao ven bd Viet Nam vdi vi tri dia ly ddc
bidt thudn ldi ve giao thUdng hdng hai da
trd thdnh ndi cdp cang thudng xuyen cua
cac tdu budn, cdc thfldng gia phfldng Tdy
tren con dfldng hai thfldng trong ye'u t i
Tdy sang Ddng vd ngflpe lai. Chinh vi nhd
vi tri quan trpng nhfl vdy, n h i n g vd'n d l v l
dia If, lich s i c i n g cdc vd'n d l lien quan
dd'n chu quyen biln dao cua Viet Nam d
giai doan ndy dfldc ngfldi chau Au tim hilu

va phan anh khd chi tilt. Nhiing kieh thic
v l Viet Nam trong dd cd dgc didm ving
bien c i n g cdc dao, q u i n dao giup cho
phfldng Tdy ddnh gid, nhin nhdn manh
dd't, mdt thi trfldng tiem ndng cdn 'Vd chu"
trflde sfl t h i m khdt md rdng thi trfldng tidu
thu cung nhfl hd thdng thudc dia c i a hp.
2.2 Mdc do nguy hiem ciia qudn ddo
Paracels trong tuyen hdi thuang qude
te
T i the' ky XVI cac ngfl dan Viet Nam da
phdt hipn n h i n g hdn dao va ving bien
trong quin dao Hodng Sa va tid'n hdnh
khai thdc hai san tai day. Sang the ky
XVII, chinh quyen c i a cac chua Nguyin d
Ddng Trong da cho thanh ldp ddi Hoang Sa
chuydn khai thdc cac ngudn ldi tai quan
dao ndy, ddng thdi b i t d l u qud trinh xae
ldp c h i quyln cua Viet Nam dd'i vdi quin
dao Hoang Sa. Sang the ky XVIII, vide khai
thdc vd xac ldp chu quyln c i a Vidt Nam
trdn q u i n dao Hoang Sa vdn dfldc tilp tuc,
Cac bd s i vd dia chi thdi Nguyin nhfl Bgi
Nam thiic luc, Bai Nam nhdt thdng chi,
Lich trieu hiin chiidng logi chi, Hodng Viet
dia dli chi... dlu ghi chip, trong cac thd'ky
XVI-XVIII, cac chua Nguydn da td chic
khai thac cdc ngudn ldi d quin dao Hoang
Sa, q u i n dao Trfldng Sa va cac dao khac
nhfl ldp dpi Thanh Chdu khai thac cdc to

chim yin d cdc dao ngodi khdi Quy Nhdn.
Ddi Hai Mdn hoat dpng d cac dao ngoai
khdi Binh Thudn nhfl dao P h i Quy; ldp dpi
Bdc Hai trflc thudc ddi Hodng Sa phu trdch
cdc dao xa ve phia Nam, gdm quin dao
Trfldng Sa, dao Cdn Ldn va cdc dao thuoc
chu quyln c i a Vi$t Nam trong ving vinh
Thai Lan (19). Sang the ky XIX, trilu
Nguyin (1802-1945) chfnh t h i c chilm hflu
vd thtfc thi chu quyln doi vdi quin dao
Hodng Sa. Dac bidt, ndm 1816, vua Gia
Long da ra llnh cho dpi Hoang Sa vd thiy
qudn cua trieu dinh ra tham dd, do dae


Bioi. dfio Viet Ram trong e^c hr lifiu...
thuy trtnh va cdm cd trdn q u i n dao Hoang
Sa de bilu tfldng cho c h i quyen c i a Vidt
Nam. Nam 1833, vua Minh Mang phdi
ngfldi ra Hodng Sa dUng milu, ldp bia va
trdng cay. Nam 1834, vua tilp tuc c i ngudi
ra Hodng Sa ve ban dd (20).
Q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa nam
trdn tuyen hang hai qudc t l quan trpng dac
bidt vi vdy md trong qua trinh tham hilm
c i a ngudi chdu Au, hai quan dao nay sdm
dfldc de cdp ghi chep trong cac cudn nhdt
ky hai trinh cung nhfl t h l h i l n tren cac
td'm ban dd vdi cdi ten Paracels vd pho bie'n
thdnh kid'n thflc hang hai phuc vu cho qua

trinh budn ban t i phfldng Tdy sang phUdng
Ddng. Mac du de cdp dd'n hai q u i n dao
Hoang Sa va Trfldng Sa mudn hdn cac tdi
lidu tid'ng Bd Ddo Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Phdp
... nhflng cdc tdi lieu dia ly, Hch s i xud't
ban bang tid'ng Anh d the' ky XVIII dlh
giia thd' ky XIX lgi cd vi tri quan trpng
khdng k i m vi chung khdng chi gdp p h l n
cung cd'p kiln thflc v l dia ly, lich s i cua cac
v i n g dd't ngoai chau Au trong dd cd Vidt
Nam, md quan trpng hdn, n h i n g tai lilu
ndy da p h l n d l u Id n h i n g cdng trinh khoa
hpc ndi tid'ng luc bd'y gid dfldc pho bid'n s i
dung rdng rai, gdp p h l n vdo vide t h i a nhdn
c h i quyln c i a Vidt Nam ddi vdi q u i n dao
Hodng Sa va Trfldng Sa.
Trong thflc te, q u i n dao Paracels dfldc
d l cdp trong cdc tfl lidu nfldc ngoai khdng
chi tie'ng Anh d cdc t h l ky XVII - XIX dung
de chi qudn dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa
cua Vidt Nam d giia Biln Ddng md chfla cd
sfl phan bidt ro rang Id Paracels (Hoang
Sa) hay Spratly Island (Trudng Sa) nhfl
sau ndy. Dilu nay cho thd'y "nhdn thflc cua
cac nhd hdng hai thdi xfla ve Hoang Sa vd
Trfldng Sa l i e d l u rat md hd; hp chi bie't cd
mdt khu viic rdng ldn ri't nguy hilm cho
tau t h u y i n vi cd nhflng bai da ngim. Ngay
xfla ngfldi Vidt Nam gpi la Bai Cdt Vang,

Hodng Sa, Van Ly Hoang Sa, Dgi Trfldng
Sa hoac Van Ly Trfldng Sa cac sdch va ban
dd CO c i a Vidt Nam da c h i n g td. H i u nhfl
td't ca cac ban dd cua cac nha hang hai
phfldng Tdy t i t h l ky XVI den t h l ky XIX
dlu ve chung quan dao Hodng Sa vd quan
dao TrUdng Sa lam mpt dudi cdi tdn Pracel,
Prcel hay Paracels" (21). Quan dao
Paracels (tic Hoang Sa va Trfldng Sa)
khdng chi the hidn trong cac cdng trinh Hch
s i , dia ly va nhat ky hang hai ma cdn the
hien rd't ro rang thdng qua hdng loat ban
do cua ngfldi phUdng Tdy l i e bay gid (22).
Khi d l cap dd'n q u i n dao Paracels (tflc
Hodng Sa va Trfldng Sa cua Viet Nam),
ngfldi chau Au dac biet nhdn mgnh de'n
m i c dp nguy hiem cua chung va dfla ra
n h i n g canh bao kha cu the dd'i vdi cac tau
thuyin khi di chuyen qua vung Bien Ddng
cd hai quan dao ndy. Trong "A new account
of the East Indies, being the observation
and remarks, vol IF, Alexander Hamilton
cho bie't "Trong Anno 1690, mpt con tdu Bo
Ddo Nha da hi dam trdn mdt trong n h i n g
hdn dao phia bdc c i a quan dao Paracels, va
td't ca dlu hi md't tich nhUng ba hoac bdn
ngudi da bdi dfldc vao bd. Cd ra't nhilu
manh v3 cua con tau theo sau ho, va mot sd
hop dflng bdt da vd tinh bi ndm ldn bd, nhd
dd ma hp da dfldc hd trd t i chung" (23).

Alexander Hamilton cung md ta khd ti mi
v l vide n h i n g ngfldi nay phai xoay xd tim
mpi cdch d l sdng sdt ra sao: "hp da dflng
mpt tup liu bang n h i n g loai gd va van hp
cd t h l s i dung cho muc dich dd, va hp da
tim thd'y mdt sd nfldc ngpt trong cac hang
da, vd d mdt ndi hp xdy dflng mdt bd c h i a
nudc de chfla nfldc mfla cho mua khd. Hp
da l^y cd trpn vdi bun ma hp tim thd'y d bd
biln c i a dao, va dat hdn hdp trong mot vdt
nhe thudn tien de gifl lgi nUdc mUa, hp da
sd'ng theo each dd trong mdt m i a khd. Thflc
p h i m cua hp la do biln, vd n h i n g con r i a


Rghian c i u Lich sd". sg 5.2015
ma thfldng xua't hipn d dao vdi sd'ludng ldn.
Trong ba nam hp da chd't chi cdn sdt lgi mdt
ngudi, vd trong Anno 1701, mdt con tdu
trdn dfldng di Maccao (Ma Cao) dd'n gin
quin dao khdng theo y mudn c i a hp da
nhin thd'y hinh anh cua mpt ngUdi dan dng
vdy tay,... hp cd ldng tdt vd di chuydn
thuyin cua hp den dao. Hp rd't s i n g sdt khi
ngfldi dd la mdt trong nhflng ddng hfldng
cua hp, ngac nhien hdn n i a khi dng ndi vdi
hp ve bd't hanh c i a minh, vd dng da sd'ng
dfldc bao lau mpt nunh tren hdn dao dd. Hp
mac quin do vd cho dng ta an rdi dfla dng
d'y tdi Ma Cao. Tdi da gap ong ta vao nam

Anno 1703 vd dd cd ban ghi lai ldi c i a
chinh dng ta" (24). Didm luu y d day chinh
Id si^ kidn con tau bi ddm cua ngfldi Bd Ddo
Nha vdo nam 1690 lam cho td't ca t h i y t h i
dodn bj chd't chi cdn lai vdi ba ngfldi may
man song sdt khi dupe sdng danh dat vdo
bd cing vdi cdc dd vat cua con tau va cudi
cing chl cdn radt ngfldi tdn tai trong sud't
khoang thdi gian gin 11 ndm. Trong thdi
gian ndy, ngfldi ta khdng cd bd't ky mdt
each ndo d% cd the thoat ra khdi hdn dao dd
vd chi dflpc cflu khi radt con tau kbdc di
dd'n Ma Cao vd bi ddng hai lflu cud'n dd'n
gin quin dao Hodng Sa vdo nam 1701.
Dilu nay cang ching td vao the ky XVIIXVIII, cdc tdu thuyen phfldng Tdy vdn thttc
stf chfla bilt nhilu ve ddc dilm cua cdc
ddng hai lflu d Biln Ddng ciing nhu sfl
nguy hiira rinh rdp hp d quin dao Hoang
Sa vd Trfldng Sa. Trong khi dd, hai quin
dao ndy lgi cd vi tri dgc bidt la ndm trdn
tuyln hai thfldng quan trpng tfl phUdng
Tdy sang phfldng Ddng. Vi vdy, cdc tau
thuyin Ifla chpn bipn phdp an toan hdn, do
Id di theo ven bd biln Vipt Nam khi do la
Ddng Trong (Cochin-china) vd Ddng Ngoai
(Tonquin) hdn Id mao hiira di xa bd de hi
cdc ddng hai lflu manh me cudn v l phia
quin dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa, ndi tdn

tai hang loat nhiing bdi dd ngim va nhiing

bdi cat len xudng theo thuy trieu.
Sang the ky XIX, nhflng thdng tin kha
chinh xdc ve q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trudng
Sa cua Vidt Nam cang dfldc cac tdi Heu
tid'ng Anh ghi nhdn vd phd bid'n. Tac gia
Thomas Pennant da viet d muc "The
Paracels" nhfl sau "Quin dao Paracels:
Nam dpc bd biln c i a Cobin-China Id quan
dao Paracels, mdt v i n g rdng ldn vdi da, ran
san hd, dun cat, vd cdc dao nhd, trai dai t i
Bdc vdo Nam tfl 12" 10' kinh do Bdc dd'n
16" 45' kinh dp Bac vdi 276 dam chieu ddi
vd 60 dgm chilu rpng. V l phia ddng bdc
c i a cflc bdc la mpt nhdm cac ran san hd
nhd vd da, dfldc gpi Id tam giac (triangles),
vd chd'ch mdt chut v l phia ddng nam cia nd
Id mdt tdp hdp n h i n g v i n g ldn cd hinh
dgng bd't thfldng dfldc gpi la bai cat ngam
Macclesfield,... ddy chinh la khdng gian
phd bid'n cua cdc tdu thuyin cua ching ta
dd di v l phia Trung Qud'c; hp di giia hb
biln Cobin-China va q u i n dao Hodng Sa,
cho dl'n khi hp nhin thd'y cdc dao cua
Campellos (Cu lao Cham) d vi do 16" 10'.
T i dd hp vfldt qua nui cao, hilm trd chiem
ngfldng toan canh thien nhidn c i a dd'che'vi
dai" (25). Hodc Id "Quin dao Paracels tao
thdnh mpt chudi ddi cdc hdn dao nhd vdi da
vd bdi cdt ngim, song song vdi bd bien cia
Cochin-China" (26). Nhfl vdy, cho dd'n

nhflng ndm d l u c i a t h l ky XIX, ngfldi chdu
Au vdn dac bipt coi v i n g Bien Ddng rd't
nguy hilm vd cdeh lUa chpn tot nhd't dra vdi
cac tdu thuyin khi phai di qua vung bien
ndy la bam theo ven bd biln Vilt Nam vd
khdng nen ra qud xa di khdi bi cac ddng
ddi luu manh me kdo ra vung nguy hilm
thudc Paracels (tic hai q u i n dao Hoang Sa
va Trudng Sa), ndi cd cac vung nUdc ndng
sau diy bd't ngd c i n g cac bai da, bdi cat an
hidn trong nfldc bien. Dde biet ngodi nhing
thdng tin v l hai q u i n dao ngodi khdi Viet


nien. dAo Vl& Ham trong cac hr lifiu..
Nam, trong "Modern
Geography:
A
Description of the empires,
kingdoms,
stares, and colonies with the oceans, seas,
and Isles in all parts of the world:
including the most recent discoveries, and
political, alterations, digested on a new
plan" cdn cd hai ban do hang hai: mpt td'm
ban dd ve chdu A trong do ve q u i n dao
Paracels sat vdo lanh thd Viet Nam; mdt
td'm ban dd ve rieng ve lanh thd Viet Nam.
Trong td'm ban dd ve ve lanh thd Viet Nam
gdm Ddng Trong vd Dang Ngoai cung cac

dao ven bd, quan dao Hodng Sa va Trfldng
Sa dupc ve sat vao lanh thd Vidt Nam dudi
cai tdn Paracels (27). Ddy Id bang ching
quan trpng khang dinh q u i n dao Hoang Sa
vd Trfldng Sa thudc v l Vidt Nam va da
dfldc cac qud'c gia dfldng nhien thfla nhdn.
Stf canh bao nguy hilm v l giao thdng
dfldng bien khi di qua Bien Ddng dfldc cdng
trinh
Bach
khoa
todn
thfl
Anh
"EncyclopaediaLondinensis
or Universal
Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature,
vol IV' ghi ro khi vilt v l Paracels nhU sau:
"Cac tau Anh da cd mdt thdi gian sat cdnh
trong vUdng qud'c Ddng Trong. Khoang
giia gifla bd c i a nd vdi vd sd cac hdn dao
nhd va dd - dfldc gpi Id q u i n dao Paracelsda hinh thdnh mdt cum kdo dai nam d phia
bac va phia nam cho g i n bd'n tram dam,
khdng phai la khdng cd nhieu nguy hiem va
cln phai thdn trpng ddng k l d l bao ve va
chd'ng lgi anh hfldng c i a ddng chay hudng
v l phia n h i n g tang da yen tinh,.. chdng lgi
bdo llic ma d cdc vung biln, dUdc gpi la bao
vd nhtfng cdn bao ldn d Dgi Tdy Dfldng; ca
hai dlu gid'ng nhau ve dp manh cua gid va

trong sfl chuyen hfldng dot ngdt c i a nd"
(28). Day thflc stt chinh Id mot loai thdi tilt
ddc trflng cua Biln Ddng vd vi vdy nd da
gay ra rd't nhilu vu dam tdu thuyin khi di
chuyen trdn v i n g bien nay. Nhflng xdc tdu
cung dd vdt kem theo nhflng con tdu

thfldng bi sdng danh dat v l quan dao
Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa. Dd la ly do tai sao
hang nam cdc trilu dai phong kiln Vilt
Nam lai phdi cac ddi t h i y quan, ngfl dan ra
Hodng Sa thu ludm do vdt cing vdi khai
thdc san vdt.
Charles Knight khi vid't d muc "Cochin China" cung dua ra canh bao ve m i c dp
nguy hidm c i a viing Bidn Ddng, dgc biet Id
quin dao Hoang Sa dd'i vdi cdc tdu thuyen
khi qua lai trdn v i n g bidn ndy cua Vidt
Nam "Trong gin 400 dam kio ddi dpc theo
bd bien ndy la cum bai cat ngim Paracel ma
cd thd dfldc md ta nhU mpt luc dia tran, nam
ngay dudi mat nfldc. Giia bai cdt ngim va
bd bien cdn lai rapt doan hep tdu bl di lai
dupc, ndi ma lidn tuc dUdc s i dung bdi cdc
tdu thuyin trong cdc vung biln naj^' (29).
Vi tri dia ly cua q u i n dao Hodng Sa va
Trfldng Sa c i a Viet Nam cang ve sau cdng
dfldc cac nhd hang hai, cdc nha dia Iy chdu
Au quan sdt, do dac vd ghi chip lai, vi nhU
"Vl phia ddng, gin bd bien, d 15° vi tuye'n
Bac Id mpt chudi cac hdn dao nhd, hoac cdc

loai dd vd bai cdt ngim, dfldc goi Id quin
dao Paracels, khoang 100 hai ly (1 hai ly =
4km) tfl Bac vao Nam, va chieu rpng
khoang 15 hai ly; xa hdn nfla la cd mot
nhdm cdc bai cdt ngam dUdc goi la lunettes
d 17° vi tuyen Bdc" (30). Hay Id "Cac Pracel
hay cdn goi la q u i n dao Paracels, Id mdt
me cung c i a cdc dao, da, vd v i n g nUdc
ndng, trong do, theo bang xd'p hang da dfldc
phe chudn nhd't, keo ddi mdt dfldng song
song vdi bd biln Vidt Nam, giia vi do bac
10" 45' dd'n 16" 30', va khoang 109" kinh dp
ddng. NhUng mdt sd' nha hdng hai ngfldi
Phap da vfldt qua mdt p h l n c i a khdng gian
nay ma khdng gap phai bat ky da hay ving
nUdc ndng, t i dd chung ta cd thd ke't Iudn
rdng q u i n dao nay trong thuc td' khdng
rdng nhu nd xud't hidn trong cac ban dd cua
chungta" (31).


Rghifin c i u Lich sd'. s6 5.20lfi
Ddc biet khi bidn soan cdng trinh
"Gazetteer of The World, or Dictionary of
(geographical Knowledge, compiled from
the most recent authorities", Hidp hdi Dia ly
hodng gia Anh da khdng dinh: "Quan dao
Paracels, mdt tdp hdp cdc dao, da d viing
biln Trung Quoc, md rdng t i 15" 46' vd 17"
8' vi tuyln Bdc vd giia 111" 10' tdi 112" 44'

kinh dp Ddng. Cdch dao Hainan (Hai Nam
• Trung Qudc) 150 dam v l phia Ddng Nam,
vd cdch mpt khoang tUdng tfl tinh t i bd
bien phia Ddng cua Dang Treng. Ching tgo
thdnh nhilu nhdm, c h i ye'u la cdc dao
thudc Discovery, Amphitrite va Voadore.
Ve mdt chinh tri, q u i n dao (tic quan dao
Paracels) ndy thupc ve vUdng trieu An
Nam. Day la quin dao vdi nhieu lodi r i a vd
cd, mdt sdhdn dao ldn cdn dUdc che p h i bdi
ring. Quin dao Id ndi khai thac, danh b i t
ca cua cu dan Ddng Trong" (32). Day la
cdng trinh khoa hoc dia ly noi tid'ng lie bd'y
gid vdi dp chinh xdc vd tin cdy cao, Vide cac
nhd dja l;y cua Hiep hdi dia ly hodng gia
Anh t h i a nhdn quin dao Paracels (Hodng
Sa vd TrUdng Sa) thudc c h i quyen cua Vidt
Nam dfldi trilu Nguyin cang khang dinh
tinh phap ly khdng t h l choi cai vl quyen
ldm c h i c i a Vidt Nam doi vdi hai quin dao
Hodng Sa va Trfldng Sa md cac trieu dai
phong kid'n Vidt Nam xdc ldp, lam c h i vd
khdng dinh trudc dd.
T i sfl cung cd'p cdc thdng tin c i a cac
cdng trinh dia ly, Uch s i bang tid'ng Anh d
the ky XVIII dd'n giia the ky XIX cho
chung ta thd'y, quin dao Paracels (Hodng
Sa vd Trudng Sa) dflpc md ta khd ky Ifldng
cing nhu khang dinh sfl nguy hilm cua nd
trong tuyln hang hai t i Tay sang Ddng vd

ngfldc lai. Mac du nhiing do dac v l vi trf
dia ly cua hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd
Trfldng Sa cua cac nhd hdng hai, cac nhd
dia ly hpc lie bd'y gid cdn chUa chinh xac
nhflng cung khdng sai lech ddng k l so vdi

k i t qua cua khoa hpc hien nay. Khdng chi
cd vdy, dilu dang ndi d ddy chinh Id, td't ca
n h i n g ghi chip md ta cung cac ban dd ve
v l Paracels chi dfldc d l cap khi ndi din
Cochin-china, Cohinchina hodc Couchinchina, t i c la Dang Trong c i a Viet Nam.
Dilu ndy c h i n g td rdng cdc qudc gia
phfldng Tay dfldng nhidn mac dinh thia
nhdn chu quyen cua Viet Nam ddi vdi hai
quan dao Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa.
2.3.Ngii ddn Viet Nam khai thdc hdi
sdn vd sdn vat trin hai qudn ddo
Hodng Sa vd TrUdng Sa (Paracels)
Mac d i hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa, Trfldng
Sa vdi n h i n g bi I n vd nguy hilm ldn uy
hid'p dd'n stf an toan cua cac tdu buon
phUdng Tay nhUng trdn thUc t l thi ving
Bidn Ddng va hai q u i n dao ndy t i rd't lau
trflde dd da trd thanh ngfl trfldng danh bit
hai san cua ngu ddn Vidt Nam vd dUdc cac
trieu dai phong kid'n Vidt Nam khang dinh
c h i quyen. Cfl dan Viet ven biln da chinh
phuc hoan todn Biln Ddng bang chinh cdc
con thuyen c i a minh. Dilu ndy dfldc hang
loat cac tai lieu ghi nhan.

Hang nam, cdc ngfl dan Vi^t Nam
thfldng xuyen ra Hoang Sa vd Trfldng Sa
dd danh bdt hai san va thu Ifldm cdc do vdt
cua cac con tau di qua ving biln ndy bi
dam dgt vdo hai q u i n dao ndy. D^c bidt,
theo sfl mo ta c i a cac tdi Hdu tieng Anh lue
bd'y gid thi tren dao Hoang Sa cdn cd nhflng
loai san vdt ra't quy va cd gid tri trdn thi
trudng dd la ddi radi, r i a bien vd to chim
yen. Trong "A Voyage to Cochin China in
the years 1792 and 1793", John Barrow da
md ta kha chi t i l t ve viec cdc ngfl ddn Ddng
Trong dung "cdc thuyin dfldc s i dung trong
thUdng mgi hang hai, trong n g h i ddnh bit
cd, vd n h i n g thuyen thu cdc bdy hodc thu
hogch td yd'n trdn cdc cum quin dao dfldc
gpi Id Paracels cd hinh dang rd't da dang:


. uau viei Kam irong cac nr iieu...
nhieu thuyen trong sd dd gid'ng nhfl c i a
Trung Qud'c, cd nhd trai bgt cho todn bd gia
dinh sinh sd'ng; va nhflng thuyin khde,
gidng nhfl t h u y i n budm pho bien cua ngfldi
Ma Lai, ca v l than tau vd each bai tri;
Thuyen budn vdi nfldc ngodi c i a hp dfldc
ddng dua trdn md hinh tUdng tfl nhU cac
thuyin budm Trung Hoa, hinh t h i c vd
ddng tau chdc chan khdng dfldc thflc hiln
theo tidu chudn hodn hao c i a kid'n t h i c

hang hai; tuy nhidn vi hp da sinh sdng
hang ngan nam khdng thay ddi ndn hp chi
it cung dfldc tdn trpng du rdt it vi n h i n g sfl
phat minh cd xfla eua minh..." (33). T i dd
chung ta thay, cac loai thuyen b l md cfl
dan Vidt Nam thfldng s i dung l i c bd'y gid
Id thuyin mui t r l n , thuyen mui cd mai vd
thuyin budm. Mac d i vdy cd le chi logi
thuyin budm va thuyen mui cd mai mdi
dfldc cdc ngU dan Viet Nam s i dung trong
ddnh mdt xa bd, cdn thuydn mui t r l n dung
dl ddnh bat ven bd.
Khai thac td ydn vd cac san vdt trdn hai
quin dao Hoang Sa va TrUdng Sa cung
dupc cdc tai lieu de cdp dd'n kha chi tilt, dd
Id "td yen dUdc thu thdp vdi sd lUdng ldn
t r l n cum ldn cac dao chgy song song vdi bd
biln, vd dupe biet den trong hai d6 cd tdn la
quin dao Hodng Sa; cdc Bichos do Mar
(tid'ng Phap dung d l gpi hai sdm - TG),
hogc rdn biln hodc d i n g hdn Id sdn bidn,
va thudng dUdc gpi la Trepan (trong tid'ng
Malaysia cung cd nghia la hai sdm - TG)
trong ngdn ngfl thUdng mgi, cung vdi vdy
ca mdp, hay md ca voi bien, va hai san
khac dang mim..." (34). Hoac "Nhing day
thuyen cua hp mang lai nilm vui Id nhflng
chid'c t h u y i n khd td't, ddi t i 50 din 80 feet,
vd dupc tao nen t i nhflng td'm vdn ddn tdt,
moi td'm kio dai t i d l u ndy dd'n d l u kia.

Hp s i dung cdc logi thuyen khac nhau
trong thUdng mgi hdng hai, trong ddnh bdt

ca, vd trong vile thu thdp cac loai biche-demer (hai sam), vd td c i a loai chim yin
trong cura dao gpi la q u i n dao Paracels.
Nhilu tdu trong sd dd cd nhd phia trdn
dUdc trai bat, theo dd mdt gia dinh lien tuc
cu t r i " (35).
Dac biet, cac tai lieu nhd'n manh dd'n td
yin, mdt trong nhflng san vdt md ngUdi
Viet khai thdc tai Hodng Sa vd TrUdng Sa
vd cung la san vat dUdc cU dan chau A ndi
chung va khu viic Ddng Nam A dac bidt coi
trpng vi stt bo dudng cua nd 'Tren cdc dao
chgy dpc vdi bd biln cua Cochinchia, va
dfldc bilt dd'n trong ban dd vdi cdi tdn Id
q u i n dao Paracels, mdt vdt phim cd gid tri
xud't k h i u khde dfldc tim thd'y Id n h i n g
chid'c to dupc tgo ra bdi mot con chim nhd
gidng kich thUdc cua chim ydn c i a ching
ta, va dfldc gdn bdng mot logi keo, cdc ldp
khde nhau trong dd cd thd dUdc tach ra
theo each tUdng tfl nhU cac ldp cua c i
hdnh. Khi chd't keo nay duoc hda tan trong
nfldc d'm, nd dupc s i dung lam gia vi cho
mdn cd va mdn an cdc loai; vdi nfldc sdt nd
cing truyin mdt hUdng vi tinh te', vd do dd
nd trd thanh mdt vdt pham cd gia tri tren
thi trudng Trung Qudc. N h i n g hdn dao ndy
cung cd rd't nhieu loai rua, vdi hfldng vi

tuyet hao de'n ndi de cd dUdc ching, n h i n g
ngUdi dan nUdc nay va cac nfldc ldng gilng
phai mac ca quyd't lilt" (36). Dieu nay cho
thd'y, td yen thu hoach t i Hodng Sa khdng
chi dfldc d i n g trong hoang cung cua cdc
hodng dd' Viet Nam ma cdn trd thdnh mpt
logi hdng hda dac biet cd gia tri cung cd'p
cho thi trUdng luc bay gid bdi sfl ndi tid'ng
ve chd't Ifldng cua nd. Tfldng tfl nhfl v^y,
Thomas Keith md ta "NhQng thanh phd'
trung tdm c i a Cochinchina Id Ke-Hoa
(Hud), Faifo (Hdi An) vd Turon (Dd Ning).
Q u i n dao Paracels va cac dao nhd khac
tren bd bien cd rd't nhilu to chim ydn; cdc td


Rghien c i u Lieh silr. sg 5.2015
dupc hinh thanh bdi mdt chd't deo cd the
dfldc s i dung de ndu sup vd dupc ngudi
Trung Qudc rat coi trpng..." (37). "Quin dao
Paracels, la mdt chudi eac hdn dao nhd dd'i
didn vdi bd bien ndy. Id ndi thfldng xuydn
lui tdi cua cac ngfl dan Cochin-china, vide
tira kilm, theo doi cac t i u thuyin nay dfldc
coi trpng bdi nhflng ngfldi ddng hUdng cua
hp" (38). N h i n g thdng tin ghi chip vl vide
ngfldi Viet Nam ra khai thdc san vdt hodc
nhle dd'n cac san vdt d Hodng Sa vd TrUdng
Sa khi dd dfldc goi Id Paracels nhfl mot ddc
dilm nhdn bie't cua hai q u i n dao nay cd d

h i u h i t cac tdi lidu tie'ng Anh dUdng thdi
cho chung ta thd'y sfl quan tam lflu y c i a
ngfldi phfldng Tay ddi vdi hai quin dao
ngodi khdi cua Viet Nam tren tuyln hai
thfldng qudc td' l i e bd'y gid.
Nhin chung, cdc tdi Udu trdn khdng chi
cung cd'p cho ching ta bidt vi tri dia 1^, mflc
dd nguy hilm cua quin dao Hodng Sa vd
Trfldng Sa ciing nhfl rapt sd ddc diem thdi
tidt c i a ving dao biln ndy ma quan trpng
hdn chung thudc ve chu quyln c i a qudc gia
Vilt Nam t i sdm. Cu dan Viet Nam Id
ngfldi d l u tien phdt hien ra hai quin dao
ndy vd thfldng xuyin ra dd khai thac san
vdt, ddnh bat hai san. Trong cdc loai san
vdt thu hogch t i Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa,
ngodi cdc logi hai sdm, r i a bidn,... dang ke
nhd't la to yen dUdc hinh thanh t i nUdc bpt
cua lodi chim nay.
3. Nhdn xet
Trai qua hdng t h l ky ldu dai chinh
phuc vd ldm chu, Bien Ddng va cac dao
ven bd cung nhu hai q u i n dao Hoang Sa
vd TrUdng Sa da dupc cdc vfldng trilu

phong kiln Viet Nam khang dinh chu
quyln va la ngU trfldng truyin thdng cua
cfl dan Viet. Bien, dao d Bidn Ddng la
khdng gian sinh tdn cua cfl dan Viet Nam.
Dilu nay khdng chi the hien trong cac

ngudn tfl lidu dia ly, lich s i trong nUdc ma
cdn dupc khdng dinh bdi sfl t h i a nhdn cua
cac qud'c gia l i e bd'y gid thdng qua sfl phan
anh trong hang loat cac cud'n du ky, nhdt
ky hai trinh vd cac cdng trinh nghidn ciu,
cdc logi ban dd co chau Au t i the' ky XVI
cho dd'n sau nay.
T i n h i n g ghi chip v l lich s i , dia ly
Vidt Nam bang tid'ng Anh d t h l ky XVIII
den g i i a the ky XIX, ddc bidt la n h i n g ghi
chip v l v i n g bien, dao vd cdc quan dao
c i a Viet Nam cua cac nhd dia ly, hdng hai
va cdc hpc gia phfldng Tay d giai dogn nay
cho chung ta bilt dfldc, Viet Nam t i sdm
da dupc cdc qudc gia phUdng Tay de y
khdng chi bdi Viet Nam cd vi tri ddc bidt
n i m tren Id trinh hang hai quan trong b4c
nhd't tfl chau Au sang chdu A. Ma cung
nhfl cdc qudc gia trong khu vflc, Vidt Nam
cdn Id v i n g dd't vdn chfla dfldc khdm pha
vd "vd chu" ddi vdi qua trinh md rdng thi
trfldng va xam lUdc thudc dia dang dien ra
trdn phgm vi todn t h l gidi. Mac du vdy,
ta't ca cdc tfl lieu deu t r i e tilp hoac gian
tie'p khang dinh c h i quyln cua Viet Nam
ddi vdi hai q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng
Sa, ddng thdi cung chi ra vi tri dia ly, dac
diem nhdn didn cac dao ven bd, dgc bidt la
mdl quan he gifla Cu lao R l vdi Hoang Sa,
Trfldng Sa cung n h i n g nguy hiem cua nd

ddi vdi cac tdu t h u y i n khi di ngang qua
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