Sự cố một số công trình thuỷ lợi ở Việt Nam và biện pháp khắc phục

SY KY

GS. TS. PHAN

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CO 0'1'80
COGTRINH
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(J.VIETNA
VA'CICHIEN HApPHONG lHANH

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NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHI~P
HA NOl- 2000

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GS. TS. PHAN

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CO OT SO eONG TRINH
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NHA. XUAT BAN NONG NGHI:¢P
HA. N(H ·2000

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LOI GIOI THI~U
Trang hem 50 ham qua, cang tee thuylqi aa thu auqc nhCtng thenn tuu to
ton trang c6ng cuoc (lieu hoe; khai thee tsi nguyen nuoc, phvc vu san xuf/t
n6ng nghi~p, c6ng nghi~p, dan sinh, giam nhe thi~t h?i do ID IVt, gop phen
quan ironq VaG st/ nghi~p phet trien kinh te,
h¢i cua cJa't nuoc. fJ¢i ngO can
b¢ khoa h9C ky tnuet voi tinh than t?n tuy va sang teo tLl quy hoech, I?p dt/ an
aen. thiet ke: thi cang trang nhung hoen cenb kho khan, nhCtng thang nem
khang chien gian kh6
cJf/t nuoc ngay nay co nhung cang trlnh mang tam voc
the ky nhu Hoa Binh, nh[(ng cang trfnh thuy tol thuy cJi~n len nhU Thee Be, fJ?P
fJay, Gam Son,
Tiang, Tri An, Ke G6, Phu Ninh, Ayunh?, Thech Nham,

song Quao, nhung cong trlnh ng9t hoe ban cJao Ce Mau, Nam Mang Thit, cang
trfnh kiem soei ID TO gick Long Xuyen va fJong Thep Muoi, .,.

xa

cJs

oso

Tuy nhien trang qua trlnh xay dt/ng va truong tnent; khong trenh khai co
nhung vf/p vep, sai 18m do thie'u kinh nghi~m ve nghe nghi$p, do to chuc va
quan 1:/ cha't luqng thieu ch~t che ae xa?y ra mot so st/ co cong trlnh gay nen
, nhCtng ton h?i nhf/t cJjnh.
Nhem rat ra nhung .bai h9C kinh nghi~m, trenb nhCtng sai phem cJang tie'c,
Gieo su tien sy Phan Sy Ky aa nghien cuu bien seen cutin sect: "SI/ c6 mot s6
cong trlnh thuy lc;Ji a Vi(:t Nam va cec bi(:n phap ph6ng trenh ". £Jay la conq trfnh khoa
h9C cJa duoc Glee si: chuen bj cong phu trang nhieu nem.
Gieo su Phan S9 Ky la nquoi aa tham gia cang tee thuy Ic;i ngay tu nhU,17g
nem hoe bfnh mol I?p I?i tren mien Bac, true tiep thiet ke:. thi cang va quen 1:/
xay dunq, cJa lion 40 nem gEm b6 voi nghe nghi~p, tich iu? auoc nhfSu kinh
nghi~m va da co nhung aong gop ra't dang quy. Ong aft tUng giiJ cec tronq trecn
cua Nganh nhu Vi~n truong Vi~n Khao sat thie't ke' Thuy lc;Ji, Thu truong B¢
Thuy Ie;;i (nay la B¢ Nang nghi~p va Phat trien nang than).
Gong trlnh thuy Ic;i - thuy ai~n c6 nhfJng yeu cau rifmg va ky thu?t, trang
qua trlnh xay dt/ng thuong gi;ip nhieu tinh huong phuc t?p. Vi~c cJanh gia nhCtng
st/ co chac chan se c6 nhCtng cJieu con can trao cJ6i va thao lu?n.
GhLingta tran tr9ng cang hfen cua tac gia va cuan sach "St/ co m¢t so
cang trfnh thuy lc;Ji
Vi~t Nam va cac bi~n phap ph6ng tranh" qua tht/c la m¢t
tai li~u tham khao quy bau cho cac can b¢ khoa h9c ky thu?t, can b¢ quan Iy,

can b¢ giang d?y, sinh vien va lTnh vt/c xay dt/ng thuy lc;Ji - thuy cJi~n.

a

GS. TSKH. Ph~m Hong Giang

3


MlJC Ll)C
. Trang
Loi gioi thieu

3

Mo dau

5
Phan 1

TONG QUAN VE

SU co cAe CONG TRINH THUY Lal
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- a VIf;:T NAM
Chuang 1. Tong quat
Chuang 2. Nhtmg bo phan quan trong trong cong trlnh tlnry lei, sir eo thuong g~p
va nguyen nhan gay ra slJco

7
12

Phan 2
su CO MQT

s6 CONG TRINH THUY LQI
a VIf;:T NAM
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Chuang 3. D~p Day
Chuang 4. Dap tran Dau Tieng
Chuang 5. Dap Suoi Hanh
Chuang 6 .D~pSu6iTral:l-~
Chuang 7. Dap tran Nam Thach Han
Chuang 8. Cong trlnh PhiiNinh

Chuang 9. Dap SOng Mire
Chuang 10. Dap Vue Tron
Chuang 11. H6 Yen lap
Chuang 12. Dap Ca Giay

21

43
121
151
175
193
204
213
222

Phan 3
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CACBIEN PHAP PHONG TRANH VA XV LY SV CO

.'0 NHONG CONG TRfNH THUY LQI

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Chuong 13. Cac nguyen tac.va bien phap ehung,. .... .
. ,"
Chuang 14. Cac bien phap ky thuat d~ phong tranh .sir co dap da~'
Chuang 15. Cac bien phap ky thuat de phong tranh su eo dap tran xci. lU
Chuang I6.CChuong 17. Cac nguyen t~e- va bien phap xuly'slJ' eo
:.,

':' ,~:-'

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241
255
298
309
317

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Phl;IIl;IC
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. TONG;HQP-TAI L1~U:.KHAO SAT VA THI NGHIl;M
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VE BAT BAP

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a MQT SO BI:\P T1:\1 VIl;T NAM

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Tid lieu tham khao

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Narn 1945 ca nuoc ta chi co 13 h¢ th6ng cong trlnh thuy lei, tong nang luc nroi
VaG khoang 30 V,,1n ha, tieu ung 8 van ha: va mot so h~ th6ng kenh true ?:J Narn bo dti
khai hoang va gieo trong I1:1Qt vu. Narn duoc rnua tong san hrong luang thuc qui thoc
d"lt duoc 6,2 den 6,4 trieu tan.
4 Tir nam 1955 duoi su lanh dao cua Dang va Chinh phu, voi 51! no hrc cua
cac naanh
e ' cac dia
. phuong
edac
' .biet

. El su. doria
'-" egop to Ian ve cons
c SUC cua nhan dan
trong
ruroc, den nam 1995 nganh Thuy lei ruroc ta c1a xay dung va dua V~lO
phuc vu san xUtren 2500 cong trinh vira; dira dien tfch nroi
nam len 5,6 trieu ha gieo trong Ida,
56 Vi;111 ha rau mau; tieu iing eho 86,5 van ha; tieu xo phen cho 1,6 trieu ha, cai tao
70 vanfia dat man ven bien thanh dat san xuat nang nghiep, Thuy 19'i da thtrc 51! 1a
bien phap ky thuat hang dau trong nang nghiep, gop phan quan trong trong chien
Iuqc dam bao an ninh luang thuc quoc gia, dua nucc ta (]1 thieu hrong thuc tra
thanh nuoc xuat khau gao dting thtr 2 tren the gioi. J

ca

ca

Tir thap ky 60 cua thien nien ky 20 nay, d9i ngu can b,? khoa hoc ky thuat cua
nganh Thuy I9i cung dil tnrong thanh, dil tv luc dam nhiern duoc toan bo cac khau tu
dao tao, nghien ciiu khoa h9C, (lieu tra khao sat, quy hoach, thier ke. xay dung, che' tao
va quan ly van hanh cac cong trtnh thuy loi nurrc tao

a

'-4:Tuy nhien so vci cac nuoc tien tien, r6 rang 18 trinh d9 can bQ cong nhan cua
chung to. chua· cao, can thieu kinh nghiern, cong trtnhthuy I9i can lac hau, cung
voi viec thleU tinh than trach nhiem eua mot s6 can bo va c6n~ nhcin. nen da xciv fa
slf c6 (~ mc.?t s6 cong trlnh thuy 19i: gay nen 't6n thal k.~6ng nhl; v0 t'ai san cua "Nha
nuae, tai s~m va tinh m<;lng eua.nhan dan. (

Th0l l~l h"mh phuc Ian lao d6i voi toi 121 duqe may man tham gia eong tac thuy
l~Ji t1'9n dai mmh trong thai ky lieh su hao hung nhat eua cong tae phat tri€n Thuy

a

a

19'i
nu6c ta, dong thai cCing duqc chU'ng kien nhfrng slf c6
de cong trlnh thuy
19'i trang thai ky nay. Nay c6 thai gian t0p hc;Jp l(;1i m9t each c6 h¢ thong de trein
tr9ng giai thi¢u vai dQc gia, vai hi v9ng neu len nhfrng kinh ngh i~m chua phai la thua
d0 tranh dUge sv co xay ra.
.

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( H1u h0"r cae cong trmh deu c6 51.! e6 ian ho~c nho. Trong do co ca nguyen
nhan ve khao sat, thiet ke, thi cong va quan Iy ky thu~t dc cajJ.. )

a

Do khuon kh6 hl;1n che eua 5ach, dong thai ci~ cung cap thong tin hiIu fch eho
dong dao dQe gia quan tam,
day chi gioi thi~u nhfrng SI! co Ian cae 10<;1i eong
trmh thuy 19'i, trong do co nguyen nhan ve khao sat, thiet ke (thuy van, d!a chat
cong trmh, co khi, lhuy cong) va ve thi cong; cung e6 cong trmh sl! c6 x~y ra do
khao sat, thiet lee va thi eong gay ra.

a

a

ca

Sach gam co 3 phan :
- Phan 1: Tong quan ve sv co cac cong trlnh thuy l<;1i

aVi¢t Nam;
5


aViet Nam;
- Phan 3: Cac bien phap phong tranh va xu Iy SI! co a nhirng cong trtnh thuy lei,
Phan 1 cung cap cho ci¢c gia nhtrng thong tin tong quat v~ tinh hlnh 51! co a cac
cong trlnh thuy lei a mroc ta d~ c6 nhtrngdanh gia dung d~m tong quat ve tlnh trang
- Phan 2: Sl;r co mot so cong trinh thuy 19i

chat luong cua cac cong trtnh thuy loi noi chung, tu d6 tren cuong V! hCiu trach cua
mirih c6 5Uy nghi va bien phap thich hop d~ nang cao cnglt lirong cho khong chi d6i voi
cac cong trlnh daxay dung rna quan trQng han la doi vci nhttng cong trmh thuy 19i
dang va 5e diroc xay dung.
..

Phan 2 t~p trung giai thieu nhfrng SI! co da x~y ra a mot s6 cong trlnh thu)' 19i a
mroc ta, cophan tfch cac nguyen nhan va neu ra nhfing bien phap
Iy cung voi

xu

nhfing thiet hai do sl! co gay ra. Trong phan nay tac gia da c6 gang rhu thap cac tai
lieu c6 lien quan, d~ cung cap cho d¢c gia nhfrng thong tin can thiet va chan thuc,
nharn neu ra nhung VI du cu th~ va song dong ve sI! co, qua d6 moi nguoi nr rnlnh rut
ra nhtrng bai hoc b6 Ich cho ban than va don V!.

xu

Phan 3 trlnh bay nhtrng nguyen tac, bien phap phong tranh va
1)' SI! co, do tac
gia due ket va rut ra tir nhtrng su co da x8y ra cac congtrtnh thuy loi cua rnroc ta va
tir kinh nghiem cua ban than. Phan nay mangtfnh chat goi rna va trao d6i cac yan
de thirc 51! quantrong va can thiet ci~ phong tranh cac sir co cling nhu cac bien phap
1y thfch hop cac 51.! co, d~ cac doc gia tham khao.
.

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xu

'--'---TacgTa xin chan thInh cam an cac donol ;nghiep
cia c6 nhirnu
Ie .
va .
SU' <-giiip
::.
l khfch
; : :
d6' rat qUI bau trong qua irmh bien soan cuon sach nay.
Ch~c chan trong sach can nhtrng thieu sot, mac dau tac gia da hei suc co gang

thu th~p tai li~u, nghien CUll va phEin tlch vai tinh than trach nhi¢m, tam huyet va thl!C
sl! khach quan vai mong muon d6ng g6p m¢t phan cong sue nho becua ml,nh vao
vi~c nang cao chat 1uqng cong trlnh thuy 19i a nirac ta, ci~ tranh duqc sl! co xGy ra. VI
the rat mong cac b<;1n dQc g6p y kien d~ b6 sung, hOEm chlnh:

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TONG QUANVE
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CAC CONG TRINH THUY
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TONG QUAT
1.1. f)AC
. f)IEiVl ClfA

cxc CONG TRINH

THUY LaI
.

Cac cong trlnh thuy loi co nhung dac diem quan trong sau day:
1. Cai tao thien nhien, khai thac cac mat lei va khac phuc
phuc vu cho nhu cau cua con nguoi.

de mat eo hai c1~

2. Phai thuong xuyen deli mat true tiep voi sir tan pha cua thien nhien, trong do
co 51! pha hoai thuong xuyen va su pha hoai bat thuong.
3. La ket qua tong hop vaco quan he mat thiet hilu co ve lao dong cua nil
nhieu nguci trong nhieu Iinh vue, bao gam tir cong tac quy hoach, nghien cuu
khoa hoc, khao sat, thiet ke, che tao, thi cong, den quan I}' khai thac, v. v...
4. Chua dung nit nhieu Iinh vue khoa hoc
5. Von dau tu thuong la rat

ky

thuat X~lY dung khac nhau.

Ian. .

6. Thai gian c10 ra doi mot cong trlnh thuy lei phai mat nhieu nam, va hang chuc
nam ckii voi nhirng cong trinh lOr. Tu6i tho cua cong trinh la hang chuc den hang
tram narn tu y theo cap cong trtnh.
Nhirng u<:ie diem do co anh huang true tiep den chat IUQng cua cong trlnh thu)'
lei, VI the neu d0 x<4y ra kern chat hrong bat ky khau nao, trong thai gian nao cling co
th0 dan den su co Ian hoac nho. Dieu do cung eo nghia la 51! eo a cal' cong trinh
thuy loi eo quem h~ mat thiet voi nhirng dac diem dli neu tren.

a

1.2. f)~C DIEM

VE SV co cxc CONG TRINH

THlT)' LQI

SI! eo cac cong trinh thuy loi co nhirng d~c di€m sau day:
1. Do mot hoac nhieu nguyen nhan gay ra, trong do c6 khao sat (etta hlnh, uta
chat cong trtnh, dia chat thuy van, thuy van cong trinh), thiet ke (thuy cong, co khi,
dien), che tao, lap dat, thi cong va quan lykhai thac. Thuc te ve sir co dll x~y ra a
cac cong trlnh thuy lei a nuac ta cho thay tang, trong cae nguyen nhan do cae
nguyen nhan ph6 bien la: khao sat, thiet ke, thi cong va che t<;lo lap di;'it.

i 2. Cal' h"mg my.c cong trlnh x~y ra st;! co co
thong kenh, cong trlnh thuy cong cung nhu Cef di¢n.

ca

cac cong trlnh dau moi, h~

7


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Sir co Jon thuong x~y ra doi voi cac cong trlnh thuy congo
3. Sir co x~y ra khong phai chi c6 ngay sau khi hOEIn Thanh cong trlnh, rna
thuang ]a sau nhieu nam. Thy nhien sl!co IOn vanghiem trong thu0ngx~y'ra khi
giflp II1 eire IOn (nhu va ,d~p v~ Vimg &tinhNghe . An, varar nhieu dap nho khac) va
Trang qua trlnh thi cong (nhusu eocong HiepHoa- &' hethong thuy nang Do Luang
&tinh Nghe, An,s\!, co sat kenh dan .va va dap Song Muctinh Thanh Hoa, su co Ian
thu 3 .d~p··Su6i Trau-':& tinh Khanh Hoa, SV co:d?p'ca Giay tinh Blnh Th~?~, v.v...);
hoac & nam tfch mroc dau tien, xa II1 dau tien (sir co va d~p Suci Trau Ian thrr 1,

Ian thri 2, va dap Suoi Hanh, va dap Am Chua, deu x~y ra t<;li' tinh Khanh Hoa;
va dap Hq V5 a tinh Ha Tinh, va dap Day CU, sir .co d?p tran thuy dien Hoa Binh,
v.v...).
Nhtrng su co nghiern trong khac la do sir co nho x~y ra nr tir nhung khong duoc
xu 19, d~ tiep di~n lau ngay tich ti~u thanh dai (cong Trung Luang &Thanh pho Hai
Phong, cong Cau Xe tinh Hai Duong, cong LanI &tinh Thai Binh, cong Lach Bang
a tinh Thanh Hoa, va cong Mai Lam &tinh Bac Ninh, w ...).
4. Nhtrng su co IOn va nghiem trong thirong x~y ra rat dQt ngot, trang mot
thai gian rat ngan, khong kip ling pho (va dap Suoi Trau Uin -1, Ian 2; va dap Suoi Hanh:
gay cira dap tran Dau Tieng; va dap Hq V5; va cong Mai - LaJ!l.LS~lt~Ql}g Hi~R Hoa, "'C,l•._ ....._··-k:enh-vao..-transong. Mire; 'vfJO?]J'\7~Viliig~va d~p"bay CU, sat dap Vue Tron, sat
dap Yen My, x6i tran Nam Thach Han, v.v...).
5. Hau qua do sir co gay ra thirong la nghiern trong, viec xu 19 nrt ton kern, gay ra
uSn that IOn ve tinh mang, tai san cua nhan dan va tai sancua quoc gia, c6 anh huang
xau ve kinh te, va doi voi nhtrng sir co 16n va nghiem trqng con anh huang xau den
tlnh hlnh xa hQi. ~
Muon phong tranh. sl! co & de eong trlnh thU)l Iqi, th1 dieu quan trqng dau tien
11'1 phai nam cho duqe cae d?c di~m ella dc cong trlnh thuy Iqi va nhung d~c di~m
ella sl! co d~ c6 bi~n phap phong tnlnh tot, xu 15' dung d&n, kjp thai va thfch hqp.

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.1.3. TONG QUAN TINH HINH Sl/
VI¢T NAM

co VE

HO CHUA NU'OC

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0

Ho chua nuac la l0<;li hlnh cong trlnh thuylqi ph6 bien nh£1t &nuac ta, trlT cac tinh
&clong bang song Ci'ru Long. Thea so Ii~u dieu tra nam 1992, khong k~ cac ho IOn do
nganh nang luqng quan 19, so Iuqng cae ho chua nuac c6 dung tfch tlT 1 tri~u m 3 tr&
len va cac h6 c6 dung tfch duai 1 tri~u. m3 nhung d~p cao tren TO m Iii 445 ho, vai
t6ng dung tfch toan bQ lEI 5.002 tri~u m3 , nang Il!ctuai Iii 446.600 ha.
h6chua nuac thuang la ph6 bien
Trang sl! co cac cong trlnh thu)'Iqi th1 sl! co
v~ dan den nhUng t6n that I&Lve tfnh ml;U1gva taisan.Nh~nthucduqc dieu. d6, BQ
Thuy Iqi nam 1992-' d~tien ~Jinht6ng ki~rr;.:tra, d~nhgia' d8 ba\l:'/~ an toan cac ho
.
:iC':
ehua nuac.
. Ket qua 'ki~nl: tiaruy chUa th$tdc1Ydll riHurig cung da lieu fa m¢l bue. tranh
t6ng qualve .hi~htr<;1ng cac 'h6 chua flUOC &; nu6c 'la, \radi~u q'uan trQhg 1£1 cilIa d6
thay duqc nhi~u ·.. vi~c phai lam cling nhuduc rut ranhfrng kinhnghi~m b6. feh d~
nang cao chat Iuql1g va phong tnlrili svco tho cac ho chua riuacda, dangva'se'xay
dlJng &nuac ta .
.

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L3J. PHAN'L0AI HOCHUA 6 VIF;:T NAM

rna dung tfch.ho

1. I'han.loai thea qui

Hien nay trong nganh Thuy loi, qui mo ho duoc phan loai nhu sau :

1. Ho Ian: e6 dung tfeh roan bo W> 10 trieu rrr'.
2. Ho vira : _

-nt-

W=5-10tri~um3..

3. Ho nho :

- nt -

4. Ho r8t nho :

- nt -

'vV == 2 -5 trieu m".
W < 2 trieu rn',

S6 luong cac loai ho phan theo qui mo dung tlch duoc trlnh bay
Bang 1.1. So hl<;Jng
So

ho chua

Tim hanq muc

phan leal theo qui rno dung tich

Dung tich

> 10

TT

a bang 1.1.

!;i -

ho, W Tri~u m 3

10

2-5

<2

C,?ng

1

Lo?iho

LCln

Vva

Nh6

Rat nho

2

S6.ILtqng (cal)

46

42

96

261

445

3

Ty 1$ (%)

- 10,3

9,4

21,6

58,7

100

2. Phan loai theo chieu cao dap tao thanh ho chua nuoc

a"b'ang

S6 lucng cac loai dap tao thanh ho chua phan loai thea chieu cao duoc trinh bay
1._.
')
.
Bang 1.2. Phan Ioai d$p theo chlsu cao

SoTT

Ten cac

h~ng

1

Chieu cao (m)

2

Lo?id~p

3

S61Ltqng

4

Ty 1$ (% )

Caclo?id~p

rnuc
> 40

Rat cao

3

(cai )

1.3.2. DANH GIA CHUNG

0,7

VE

i

i

I
I,
I

I

30-40

20-30

Cao

Trung

I

10-20

<10

Thap

Rat

blnh

Tong
C9 n9

thap

11

71

284

76

445

2,5

16

64

16,8

100

CHAT LVQNGcAc HO CHUA NUdc

D~ danh gia chung ve ch8t luong

ho

chua, ho duoc phan loai theo nhtrng tlnh

trang sau day:

1. Loai lam viec binh thuong: la nhimg ho chua nuoc trong d6 cong trinh dau moi
bao gorn : dap, dap tran xa lei, cong lay mroc, c6 chat luorig nhu thiet ke; cong trlnh a
trang thai tot.

co

2. Loai 51!
nho: la nhtrng ho chua co nhirng hang rnuc cong trinh kh6ng quan
trong bi hir hong, hoac nhfrng hang rnuc quan trong bi hu hong nho, lam giam hieu

9


qua cua cong trinh, van hanh eo true trac, khong.darn baa diroc hoan hao thea thiet
ke, nhung khong anh huang den an toan cua cong trlnh.

co

3. Loai 51!
1611: 1a nhfrng cong trlnh co cac hang muc khong quan trong bi hu hong
nang, hoac nhtrng hang muc quantrong bi htr hong 1611, co anh huang nghiem trong
den che' d9 lam viec cua cong trtnh, co nguy co.xdy ra mat an toano
Tmh hlnh chung v~ chat hrong h6 chua duoc trlnh bay trong bang 1.3 va 1.4.

Thea so lieu d bang 1.3, co 39,1 % h6 chua lam viec binh thuong, nghia 1a khong
co sir co; 38,7 % co sir co nho; va 22,2 % co su co 1611. Neu xet thea guy rno h6 th; h6
16'n bi. sir. co Ion la 13 g(,; ho vira bi. str. co 1611 la 14,3 %; h6 nho 1a 26.1. % va. h6 rat nho

la 23,7 %; nghia 1a ty 1~ 51! co16nd h6 nho va nit nho nhieu gap gan 2 Ian so voi h6 1611
va h6 vira.
Bang 1.3. Phan leal Sl! co theo so 111<;'$ng ho chua rurdc
So

Muc

Theo qui mo he chua

d9 sl!, co
?

TT
1
·-1·-·

2
3

-- 1--

Blnh thLfong
-'
Sl!

......

Tong so

Ldn

Vila

_1-7-4- .......

20

16

39,1

4,5

172

.-

co nha

So
JT
".,~

1
2

.

.•..

20

32

32

91

38,7

4,5

7,2

7,2

20,4

99

§.

§.

25

62

22,2

1,3

1,3

5,6

13,9

mo ho chua

So fuqng theo qui mo he chua
(cai I %)

-

Ldn

..

Sl! co nha

su co Ion
r :

43,5

.,1§.
38,1

20

20

:

.-

,

_.',

10

eke: DANG

.

"

~

-.-

Nhe
39"

Rat nhe
, 108

40,6

"

41,4

32

ai

43,5

47,6

:33,3

34,9

§.

§.

25

62

,13,Q
,\::4.6'~';',~ "
100

1.3.3: PHA.Ni LOAl

Vila

20

-

~.

,C9 n9

Cljc nhe

~,.,._--

24,3

.-.....

4

-

8,8

, ..

3

.•.. _.

3,6

slJ co

-

Binh thLfong

~_

108

Bang 1.4. Phan loal sl! co theo qui

d9

Nhe
-~

39

SLf co Ion

Muc

(cai 1%)

SlJ

,

14,3
'"

' ;' .*'. "',
~.,-

42" .
" ..J.

100

CO-GHOCHUA

26. "!

23,7
'-'-

96

'!.:.~'

100

NUdc

;

:

-

261

.: 100

.,\


Nhfmg IO(;1i 51! e6 phd bien 0 cac h6 chua nuoc la: Tham (0 nen, vai, than dap va
mang cong trtnh): sat 10 phan gia e6 mai thuongluu: ruroc Hl tran qua dinh d~p dolu
100 han tan sw1't thiet ke hoac m~\t d~p thap.hon cao trinh thiet ke; than va tieu nang
tran xa let b! xoi; cira tran b] gay, b] ket: c6ng lay ruroc bi IUn, gay, xoi tam day va
tran, <.19t, kh6p n6i bi hong.hoac
dill; elm c6ng
b] .gay, b] ket.
.
.
.
Thirc trang cac loaisu c6 0 h6 chua nuoc duoc trtnh ibay 0 bang 1.5.
'.,

Bang1.? ~LJ c6 cac leal d

1
2
3'

4

'

So IlfQng cac d?p b]

So

TT

"

he chua ..m1C1c

Sat mal thlf<;1ng luu

8$p thap hem thiet ke
Hong tran x3 10

51! eo theo qui rna ho chua

(cal / %)

Cac leal sl! co
Tham

•..

Lon

Vua

Nho

Rat nho

Ci?ng

14

Z

18

28

67

31,11

16,67

18,75

10,69

15,06

15

20

28

52

115

33,3

47

29,2

12,8

25,84

0

8

19

13

40

19,0

19,8

5,0

9,0

8

15

30

60

113

17,8

35,7

31,3

22,9

25,39

11

§

25

35

77

24,4

14,3

26,0

13,4

17,3

1

0

~
3,0

12

16

4,6

3,6

II
I
!I
I

5
6

Cong b! hong

CVa b] hong

2,2

Ttr nhtrng 56 lieu tren co th0 xep trtnh ur cac loai 5L! c6 theo
1. S~t mai thirong lull: 25,84 q
2. Hong d~p tran xii W: 25,39 9(.
3. Cong bi hong:
17,309i
4. Dap bi tharn :
15,06 9c:
5. Dinh dap thap :
9,009C
6. Cua bi hong
3,60 9G

i
I

so hrong nhu sau:

11


ChU'dng 2

.

.

NHUNG SO
TRaNG .
. PHAN QUAN
.
A'.....
TRONG CONG TRINH THUY LOI,
SV
CO
THUONG GAP
.
.
ft.'
VA NGUYEN NHAN GAY RA 51! CO
, , ' ?

A

"

.......

A

.

oft,.

v

.

.•

Dtroi day trinh bay nhirng be> phan quan trong va sir co thuong g~p trong cac
cong trlnh thuy lqi a mroc ta, neu cluing c6 chat Iuong kern chac chan cong trinh se bi
.sy: co; ya nhfrng nguyen nhan gay ra sl!
De cung cap nhCing thong tin hlru feh va ph6 bien, diroi day chi trinh bay gioi
han d6i voi nhtrng cong trlnh thuy Iqi ph6 bien a mroc ta, d6 la :
1- D0r uHt (cMng chat, khong dong chat) .

co.

.

2- t)~r tran x~ 10.

::; - C6ng: c:6ng 18'y ntroc va cong tieu, cong ngan man (goi chung la cong).
4- Tram hom.
~._~

-----

2.1.l).~PBAT !j
2.1.1. :\HlJNG Be) PH.~N QUAN TRQNG TRONG DAp DAT
I. Tai lieu v~ thuy van cong trlnh, trong d6 c6 :

a. Luu luong lu;
b. T6ng Iuong lO.:
c. Cac dans
. e lU b:~lt loi:
. ,
d. Gi6 baa.
2. Dia chat nen dap.
3. Bien phap xu I)' nen.
4. Dat d~p dap.:
5. Tlep giap dap voi nen va cac vai dap,
6. Tiep giap than dap voi cac cong trlnh xay dtic.

7. Cac khop n6i thi congo
2.1.2. ?\HONG su CO THUONG GAp
6 DAp D~T

VA NGUYEN

NHAN GAY RA

str co

1. Lii trim qua dinh dap

Do de nguyen nhan sau day gay ra:·
a. Tinh toan thuy van sai: Mira gay ra lU· tinh nho, luu Iuong dinh lU nho; tong ..
luong 10. nho han thl!c t€; cac dang lU thiet ke khong phai Et bat loi; lhicu luu vue: lap

12


dirong cong dung tfch ho W =f (Hjlech
IG cua dap tran Q = f (H) sai lech vci thuc teo

ve phfa 16'0, lap duong cong kha

nang xa

.

b. Cua dap tran bi ket.

La. vuot tan suar thier ke, khong c6 tran xa lU dir phong..
d. Dinh dap dap thap han cao trlnh thiet ke.
C.

2.

S~1t

mai dap thuong ltru

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra:

a. Tlnh sai cap baa.
b. Bien phap thiet ke gia co mai khong uu sire chiu dung s6ng do baa gay fa.
c. Thi cong 16'p gia co kern chat Iirong: Kfch thuoc da lar hoac tam be tong nho hon
thiet ke; char hrong ua hoac be tong kern; Cill1ar d~t nam, khong chen chat cac hon da.
d. Dat mai dap thuong hru dam nen khong chat, hoac khong xen maio
3. Tham rnanh hoac sui ntroc

a nen d*p

Do de nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Danh gia sai tlnh hlnh dia chat nen, d~ s6t lop tham manh khong duoc xu 1Y.
b. Bien phap thiet ke xu ly nen khong dam bao chat Iuong,
C. Chat luong xu 1y nen kern : khoan phut khong dat yeu cau; h6t khong sach lap
boi tfch; thi cong chan khay, san phu kern dan den thung
each nuoc.
d. Xu l~' tiep giap nen va than dap khong tot do thiet ke khong de ra bien phap xu
ly, hoac do khi thi cong khong thuc hien tot bien phap xu ly.

lor

4. Tham manh hoac sui rnnrc

avai d*p

Do cac nzuven nhan sau day eoay ra:
a. Thiet ke khong de ra bien phap xu 1y hoac bien phap xu 1y de ra khong tot.
b. Khong b6c het lap thao moe a cac vai dap.
b. Dam nen dat tren dean tiep giap a cac vai dap khong tot.
e. Thi cong bien phap xu ly tiep giap khong tot.
.....

.J

'"

5. Tharn manh hoac sui nuoc & mang c6ng trinh

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Thiet ke khong de ra bien phap xu ly hoac bien phap khong tot.
b. Dap dat a mang cong trlnh khong dam bao chat luong : chat luong dat dap
khong duoc 1t;ra ch9n ky, khong d9n v~ sinh 5<;1ch se d~ vUt bo cae t<;1P cI1[{t
tmae khi dap dat, dam n~n khong kyo
e~ Thgc hi~n bi~n phap xu 1y khong dam bao chat luqng.
d. Hong khap noi eua cong trmh.
e. Cong bi thung.

13


6. Tham rnanh hoac sui mroc trong pharn vi than dap
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Ban than da't. d~p d~p co chat hrong khong tot: ham Iuong cat, bui dam san
nhieu, ham luong set It, dat bi tan ra manh,
b. Ket qua khao sat sai voi thuc te, cung cap sai' cac chi tieu co 1:9 Iuc hoc, do
k1180 sat sa sai, khoi Itrong khao sat thirc hien It, khong thi nghiem day du cac chi
. lieu co 1)1 II!C hoc can thiet, ttl' d6 danh gia sai chat hrong dat dap.
e. Chon dung trong kho thiei ke yua thap, nen dat sau khi dam van toi xop, bo

roi,
d. Khong c6 bien phap thieh hop d~ xu Iy d¢ ~m, do do d¢ £1m cua dat dap khong

et&u, cho kho cho ~m, lam cho dat sau khi dap co cho chat c6 cho van roi rae toi x6p.

"*.

Dit diroc dam nen khong dam bao d¢ chat yeu cau do: lap dat rai day qua qui
dinh, s6 Ian dam it, nen dal sau khi dap co d¢ chat khong dong d&u, phan lop, tren mat
th) chat phia ducJi van con toi x6p khong d~t o¢ chat qui dinh, hlnh thanh tung lop
dat yeu narn ngang trong su6t ca b~ mat lap clam.
'_g.-Thiclki'v'2! thicfJllg-khemg-'co hi~n-phapAlrIfkh6'PJY6i ihicOng
dap cl~ dap trong que! trlnh thi congo

do

rhein do~n­

h. Thie! bi tieu nuoc bi uk.

7. NUt ngang dap
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra:

a. Lun nen cl(ll bien do chat luong nen kern:
b. Liin khong deu d¢t bien trong than dap do chenh lech dot bien ve dia hlnh
nen dap khong diroc xu 1:9.
'
Dat dap dap co tfnh ltin tr0t Ian hoac tan ra manh nhung khi khao sat khong
phat hien ra, hoac co phat hi~n ra nhung thiet ke' ket cau dap khong hop 1)1.
C.

8. NUt doc dap
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay fa:

a. Nuoc h6 chira dang cao d¢t ngot gay ra tai trong tren mai dap thuong hru
tang dot bien.
'b. Niroc h6 rut xu6ng d¢t ng¢t gay ra giam tai d¢t ngQt tren mai -thuqng lUll.
c. Nen d0p b~ lun tren

chi~u dEli dQctim d?p..:

'

.

d. Dat dap d?p kh6i thuqng lUll c6 iinh lun uot hd~C tan ra m~nh-nhung khao
sat khong pha! hi~n ra ho~~ co phat hi~n fa n.hung thietkeketcau ~~pkh(mg hQ'P IY.

9. NUt ne sau

m~t ho~c mai

d*p

Do dat dap d?p thuQc Io~i truang na ttl do mi;1nh.

14


10. Truot sau mai dap thuong luu
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Bao100 s6ng to keo dai, dau tien pha hong lap gia co, tiep do pha khoi d.at a
phan thuong luu than dap,
b. Nuoc h6 nit dot ngot ngoai du kien thiet ke.

c. Sire ben cua dat dap dap khong dam bao cac yeu cau cua thiet ke.
d. Thier ke' chon t6 hop tai trong khong phu hop voi thuc teo
e. Thier ke chon sai SCJ do tfnh toan 6n dirih,
g. Chat luong thi cong dat dap dap khong dam bao yeu cau thiet ke.
h. Dia ehal nen dap xau khong duoc xU: ly,

11. Truot sau rnai d*p ha luu
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra:
a. Dia chat nen xau hon du kien cua thiet ke do khao sat danh C'oia khonsc dunsc vci
thuc te . .
.
b. Sue ben cua dat dap dap kern hon du kien cua thiet ke do danh gia sai cac
chi tieu
chat Iirong dat dap dap.
c. Nen dap bi thoai hoa sau khi X[lY dung d~p nhirng khi khao sat va thiet ke aa
khong du kien duoc.
.
d. Thier ke chon sai t6 hop tai trong.
e. Thier k€ chon sai SCJ do hoac phuong phap tinh toano
g. Chat luong thi cong dat dap dapkhong dam baa.
iAh. Thiel bi tieu nuoc bi tac lam dang cao duong baa hoa.
i. Tieu thoat nuoc rnua tren mat -mai ha hru khong tot, khi mua keo dai toan than
dap bi baa hoa nuoc ngcai du kien ella thiet ke.
.

ve

2.2. D~P TRAN XA. LiT
2.2.1. NHUNO BQ PHAN QUAN TRQNG CUA DAp TRAN

xA LU

NhCrng b¢ phan quan trong trong dap tran xa 1111a :
1. Tai lieu

ve thuy van cong trinh, trong do c6:

a. Dinh Hi;
b. Tong luong 111;
C. Cac danz
. 111 bat lei:
. ,
"-

d.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Gi6 bao,
Dia chat nen dap.
Bien phap xir ly nen.
Bien phap tieu nang.
Bien phap noi tiep voi long dan ha hru dap.
Cua d~p tran,

7. Thier bi d6ng

rna.
15


2.2.2. NHUNG Sl/CO THUONG GAP
6 DAr TRAN xA LU

co

vA

CAe-NGUYEN NHAN GAY RA

str

1. Lii vtrot qua dinh dap trim

Do cac nzuven
nhan sau day_ eoay· ra:
.
~

a. Tfnh-toan thuy van sai : Mira gay ra h1 t£11)1 nho, luu rluong dinh h1 nho; tong
Iuong h1 nho han thirc te; cac dang h1 thiet ke khong phai .la bat loi; thieu hru V1!e; lap
duong eong dung tfch ho W = f (H) lech ve phia 1611, lap duong eong kha nang xa li1
cua dap tran Q =f (H) sai lech vci thirc te,
.

,.1

b. Ora dap iran bi k~t. .
e. LG Vl1Q1
suat thiet ke, khong co tran xa h1 dir phong.

tan

2. Tham qua nen

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Danh gia sai dia chat nen.

xu I)' neri hoac co nhtrng bien phap xu 19 khong thich hop.
--c.Thi c(mg bien phap xu Ifl'len kh611guaill bao chat TUQ'ng.
b. Khong co bien phap

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Chat luong be tong hoac da xay dap iran khong darn bao do:

+ Mac be long hoac mac vfra thap khong dat yeu cau chong tharn.

+ Chat hrong cong tac xay due khong dam bao (do chat IU9'ng cot lieu, chat IU9'ng
xi mang, chat hrong darn, xay, baa duong, vv...).

+ Khong co bien phap tot

d~

xu 19 nhiet trong

'

khi d6, be tong gay ra mit ne do

nhiet.

+ Xu 19 khong tot cac khe thi cong.
4.

D~p

bi troi hose gay

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra:
a. Nen bj pha hoai (hin, rong) do danh gia sai tlnh hinh dia chat nen.

b. Khong co bien phap xuI)' nen hoac co nhung bien phap

xu lykhong thfch hop,

e. Khong du kien diroc kha nang bi thoai hoa ella nen.

d. Thiet ke chon t6 hop tai trong sai voi thirc teo
e. Thiel ke chon sai sa do hoac phuong phap tfnh toan.: - .
g. Thi cong bien phap

xu 1)' nen khong dam ~ao chat Iuqng.·

,
'\

5. X6i tieu nang

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :

-. "16


a. Danh gia sai etta chat nen.
b. Xac dinh sai rrurc nuoc ha luu dap do lap duang quan he Q = f (H)
tran sai lech so voi thuc teo
C. Bien phap tieu nang khong thfch hop.
d. Thi cong phan tieu nang khong dam bao chat luong.
e. Van hanh d~p tran sai quy trinh,

aha Iuu dap

6. Xoi 10' ha hru

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Khonz.... khao sat dia
danh
£ia sai tinh hlnh dia chat ha du
. chat cons
e trinh hoac
..
...
d~p tran tren doan noi tiep ha du trong pharn vi chiu anh huong xa lQ cua dap tran.
b. Khong co bien phap xu 1:9 hoac co nhirng bien phap xu 1:9 khong thich hop.
C. Thi cong bien phap xu 1:9 khong dam bao chat luong.
~.

7. Gay cira

Do de nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Thiel ke khong dam bao chat lUQT1g do:
+ Ket cau bat hop 1:9 hoac khong thich hop:
+ Chon sai t6 hop tai trong;
+ Chon sai sa do hoac phuong phap tfnh toan,
b. Gia consc" che' tao
. ' lap dat
. .khonz
. . . . . dam bao chat hronz.
. e
c. Khong bao duong tot trong qua trinh quan 1:9 van hanh.

8. K~t cira
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Thier ke khong dam baa chat hrong, do :
+ Ket cau bat hop 1:9 hoac khong thfch hop:
+ Chon sai t6 hop tai trong;
+ Chon sai sa do hoac phuong phap tfnh toano
b. Gia cong, che tao, lap d~t khong dam baa chat lUQT1g.
C. Viec baa duong cira khong dam bao chat luong.
uKhong van hanh thir tnrcc moi tran in ~d~ khac phuc kip thai.

9. Hong thiet b! dong

rna

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra:
a. Thier ke tfnh toan sai tai trong gay ra qua tai,
b. Thiet ke' khong co bien phap baa ve thiet bi.
c. Viec che tao va lap d~t thiet bi khong dam baa chat lUQT1g.

G· fA'!

J ~;~;'f':'~~~~',:~~;·;"~~- ~-1

:'. '

f-·~\.fVjiL--·-·-n.i:i~;'
~
.,
..,~ .•/ rtn..-

'!

.1

!

1'j


-i

d. Viec bao duong thiet 'bj khong dam bao chat luong.

e. Van hanh sai quy trlnh.

2.3. CONG
2.3.1. NHDNG BQ PHA-N QUAN TRQNG

eVA CONG

Nhirng be? phan quan !r9ng cua cong la :
1. Dia chat nen congo
2. Cac khop noi.
3. Dean cong athap va dean dau tien sau cira.
4. Tieu nang.
5. Mang congo
6. Cira congo
2.3.2. NHlrt\G ST)'eOTHVONG G.~P

co 0 eO:\G

'.,

vA cAe NGUYEN NHAN GAy

RA

SV

I. Tluip_c-
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Nen xau do danh gia sai tinh hinh dia chat nen.
b. Thap cong d~t tren nen khong thuan nhai.
e. Bien phap xu Iy nen khong tot.
2. Hong de khop not
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Nen cong hin khong deu do dia chat nen xau khong duoc xu Iy, hoac bien phap

XLI' Iy khong thich hop.
b. Phan doan ccng va bo trf vj trf cac khop noi khong hop 19- .
C. Thier ke khop noi khong hop 15'.
d. Thi cong khrrp noi khong dam bao chat luong.

3. Gay cong
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
dia chat nen cona,
a. Danhaia
. .sai. .
...
b. Nen cong bi thoai hoa, ding.
c. Thier k€ cong khong du kha nang chill. ll!~ (thanh cong mong, bo trf cot thep
khong du) .
."
.
I ! ' " .

.d. Thi cong be tongkhongdam bao thatliiqng..
e'. Be tong than cong hi th;oai ~pa .
':".~,

18.

:

i .

·.i·

4. D~lY cong bi xoi
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Tinh toan sai che dQ thuy luc trong cong, nen. cong phai lam viec vci che' dQ
thuy luc khong 6n dinh. .
b . Kh~u dien
chan khonsc:
vunse sau cua
. on clJ thoris
e khi khons
c du Ion ct~ khir
.
congo
.

a

e. Thiet ke khong e6 bien phap chong x6i do luu toe Ian va do chan khong gay ra.
d. Thi cong day cong khong dam baa ch<1't lucng.

5. Cong bi dot

va rnuc

Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Thier k6 thanh cong khong dam baa kha nang chong tharn ( chieu day thanh
cong mong, mac be tong thap ).
b. Thier ke khong c6 bien phap chong tharn a phia ngoai thanh congo
c. Thi cong than cong va thuc hien bien phap chong tharn khong darn bao
chat luong.

6. Hong tieu nang
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Tinh toan sai che dQ noi tiep thuy luc sau congo
b. Thier ke bien phap tieu nang khong tot.
c..Thi cong bien phap tieu nang khong dam bao chat luong.
d. V ~n hanh cong sai quy trlnh.

7. Ket va gay cira
Do cac nguyen nhan sau day gay ra :
a. Thier ke' khong dam bao chat luong, do :
+ Ket cau bat hop ly hoac khong thich hop;
+ Chon sai t6 hop tai trong:
+ Chon sai sa do hoac phuong phap tinh roan.
b. Gia cong, che' tao, lap dat khong 'dam baa chat luong.
C. Viec bao duong cira khong dam bao chat luong.
d. Van hanh sai quy trinh.

2.4. TR~lVl BOM
2.4.1. NHUNO 130 PHA.1:-J QUAN TRQNO CLJA TRAM B~M
Nhirng bo phan quan trong cua tram born la:

1. Vi trf dat tram born.
2. Dia chat c6ng trinh cua m6ng tram born.
3. Ket cau phan duoi ruroc cua tram.

1(.)


a

a

Tuong nguc Ia I dam hop rong, cao 2,30 m, day
cao trinh 12,50, mat cao
trinh 14,80 m, rong 2,00 m day 0,25 m. Tuong .ngtrc vira lEi tam chan mroc, vira d~
chan cira phfa tren, vira la cau cong taco
".
Viec dong mo' ci'ra dtroc thuc hien theo nguyen tac thuy IY'c bang each dan
d~t
nach cac tru pin d~ dciy phao nang
cira len va thao niroc ra khoiham phao qua cira van mat tru pin ha hru d~ ha cira
xuong, Ngoai ra con h~ thong khf nen 06 h6 tro khi can thiet,

a

mroc vao ham phao thong qua' cac cira van

Cot mroc thiet ke tnroc khi phan lfi

Ia

a

,OT

9,00 m, nrong ling voi rmrc rnroc thtrong

ltru la 14,00 m va ha hru lEi 5,00 m.

3.2. 1\10 TA

su co

o
"

Ket qua cac Ian phan lfi thir nghiern va phan lfi chfnh thuc dap Day truce khi xay
dung cong Van Coc nam ] 966 nhu sau:
3.1. I. PHA.N LO THUNGHI~M LAN THU I NAM 1939

Vao mira lfi narn ] 939, 2 narn sau khi hcan thanh xay dung, nguai PMp
phan ICi thu nghicm d$p Day Jan thir 1.
Mrrc mroc lu

a H8 N¢i

(1a

cho

laL9,OO 111; .MNTL~d0p EL±ll ,OO-rn(thap·-hollmlh::~
Ia + 5,60 m; cot nuoc Jam vice Is 3,40 m, hang

·nl16'c·~t11ieCke 3,00 m):lvINHL d~p

37.8 7r, cot nurrc thiet ke.

ca

Bat dau 5 gia sang thi cho ha dong thoi
7 cira dap til cao trlnh + 12,50 m
xuong dan. Den] 2 gio' trua ha den cao trlnh nguong dap a cao trlnh + 7,00 m. Sau
do cho nang tat ca 7 cira len cao trlnh + ]2,50 m, d~ dong cac cira dap lai. Thai gian
dong cira mat] giO'.
Cong trmh lam viec tot, cac CU8 duoc dong rno blnh thtrong, khong co gl true
trac. Viec thir nghiem dat ket qua tot, tuy rang cot nuoc lam viec moi chi dat 37,8% c<:)t

nuoc thiet ke,

3.2.2. PHA.N LO CHfNH TRUC LAN THU 1 NAM 1940
Narn 1940 o Ha N9i dil xciy ra lfl 1611. Vao hie 18 gio ngay 06 thang 8 nam 1940,
rmrc mroc song Hong a Ha Noi la + 11,00m. Iv1NTL dap Day la + ] 3;04 m, MNIIL
dap la + 6, 50 m.

Ca 7 cira dap dircc mo dan dan trong 5 gio' lien voi d<:) mo 5 - 10 ern; luu lirong xa
qua dap Q =:400 - 500 m 3/s. ,
Ltic 6 h 45' ngay O]thaI1g 8, dinh cira ha toi cao trinh + 10,75 m; mire mroc
thirong hru la 12,90 m;ii'!~Criuae h1;1 lUll la n AOm.
Luc 7 h 50' cung ngay, dinh cac cua h1;1 tai cao trmh +10,45 m thl khong th6 h1;1
xuong dU9'criua;m~Nb~p benh lenxu6nggiao d<:)ng trongph1;1m vicao trmh + 10,32 +
+10 45riI.
",:
.", "
.
•

'

,

~

•

•

t

Tmhtrl;lI1g nayk¢bCi~.iJrong 26g~g, tuc Hi. deli' ]0 h s~ngngay 08 thang8.
Luc nay muc nuae thuqng lUll d~p h<;1 xu6ng cao trmh +12,78 m; muc nuac a ~
luu dang len
cao trmh + 11,75 m; cua s6 1 bi mrae phun ra qua tam bung h1;1 lUll.

a

24


Liic nay dong chay qua d~p tro nen h6nI0<;1n,' va cira s61 bi d9tng9t:' sap xu6ng
ngl16'ng lt0pl1 cao trinh + 7,00 m, Da phai dung hoi epbom vao ham phao cfing nhu
dong tit cira van X~1 (.1 ha luu d0 dang cao rruic niroc trong ham phao nham nang
cao cira len, nhtrng khong co hieu q u i '
Den 5 gia sang ngay 09 thang 8, mire nl10C song I Iong 0 I Ia N9i dclng cao t{l'i
cao trinh + 12,30 m, nghia la cao han 1,30111 so voi khi bat dauphan 111; MNTL cl~p
cling dang .. len cao trInh 13,55 111; tvfNI-IL d~p dang len cao trinh 12,15 111. Do khoang
d~p s6 1 bi sir c6 khong th0 phan lil tiep, VI the can phai dong cac cira d~p lai,
nhims
dong tht nuoc canze chay don vao khoang dap
s6 I .

da bi sap
.
c cam:
1..0.....
.
. , nen cac
cua tir s6 2 den s6 7 chi co lh~ nang len cao trtnh + 10,65 den 10,75 rn roi dung 1<;11
khons... th0 dong kin (lilac.
.
Ngay 10 thang 8 nuoc 10. song H6ng rut xuong thl cac cira cling nr dong ha
xuong ttl tir,
~

Liic 14 gia ngay 13 thang 8, etta s6 3 bi rung <19ng rat 111<;1nh . Luc 9 h 15' ngay 14
thang 8, eva s6 3 b] sap xuong cao trinh + 7,07m, cira s6 5 xuong cao trlnh + 7,45
m va dung tai do; nhirng den 13h 30' lai tu dang cao len cao trinh + 10,00 111, sau do
lai W ha xu6ng cao trinh 9,40 m rei dot nhien sap xu6ng cao trinh + 8,37 va bap
benh ttl cao trtnh 8,30 m den 8,64 m.

Khi mroc song Hong rut xu6ng lhap tat ca cac cua deu ur ha xu6ng cao trlnh
,+7,00 m.

Qua trlnh dien bien duoc trinh bay 0 bang 3.1 .
Sau lCi c.1a tien hanh kharrr nghiern hien tnrong va phat hien nhttng hu hong 0 cua
so 1 nhu sau:

1. Van bung earth cira ha luu b] bat ra.
2. Hai mai nha (tarn thuong luu va tam ha liru) khong khit voi nhau.
3. Canh eva ha luu bi oan.

4. Ham phao b] cat lap nhieu.
5. Long song ha luu bi x6i sau.
Nguyen nhan su c6 khoang cua s6 1 da duoc ket luan la:
I. Cira chua du cirng nen bi OM sau d6

lam

ho khe nen van bung bi bat ra khoi khe.

2. Cua nh<.; nen gay ra hi~n tt19'I1g b0p benh.
Mua kho nam 194 i da tien

h~mh

gia c6 nhl1 sau:

1. Gia ctXcmg lhem cling khung cua b2mg each bal them 1 dam

1V~tO tat d cae cua.

2. 86 cat kho vao phao, moi phao 400 kg.
3. Lap l';'li tam bt1llg cho cua s6 1 .
4. Lap phan x6i h<;1luu cua s6 1.
Nhl1 v0y co th0 ket lu~n vi~c phan lCi Ian thu nhat da that bi;li miiic du c9t mr6'c
lam vi~e cua ll~p chi m6'i d<;1t 76,70 %~ C9t nl16'c thiet ke.

25


Bang 3.1. Qua trinh v~n hanh d~'tJ'£>ay khi phan

Jij

narn 1940

,

Cao trinh
dlnh cua, ,

MNTL

MNHL

m

m

,,~

.

,."

Ngay

Gia

06/8

18,00

12,50

13,04

·6,50

Bat dau h~ ca 7 clla

07/8

6A5

10,75

12,90

11,40

Hi? binh thudng, Q= 400 - 500 m 3/s

07/8

7,50

10,45

08/8

10,00

10,45

08/8

10,00

10,45

m

.

Tinh tranq cac cua

CLta khOng hi? dU<;1c rna b~p benh
V' +10,32 - 10,45

Ci

1'1
It,

'.

- nt -

"

CLta so 1 bj -phun rnrcc: dong chay
A'

h6n" loan, sau do. sap
. xuong cao
trlnh V' + 7,00 m
09/8

5,00

10,75

13,55

12,15

B6ng cac cLta tu 2 ~ 7, nhunq chi
nang dU<;1c den V'+10,75 va dung
Ii?i khOng the len

10/8

CLta tir d(mg hi? xuong
....

14/8

9,15

14/8

13,30

7,45
10,00
9,40
8,37

15/8

7,00.

nr

tlt theo

-rnrcc songH6ng ruUhgp

.-

Cira so 3 sap xu~ng V'+7,45 m
CLta 3 til nang fen V'+ 10,00. rai til
hi? xuong V'+ 9,40 va d(>t nhien sap
A'
xuong V'+8,37
b~p benh tlt
V'+8,30 - 8,64 m

va

Nuoc s6ng Hang rut ca 6 cLta til hi?
xuong V'+ 7,00 m
..

3.2.3. PHAN LU THUN.GHlf;:M LAN THU2 NAM 1941

Sau sl! c6 khi phan H1 nam 1940, nhiing hu hong da dircc khac phuc, nen nam
1941 ngiroi Phap lai cho phan H1 thir nghiem lAn tha2 d~ kiem nghiern cac giai phap dil
khac phuc sau sir c6.
Luc 7 gia sang ngay 30 thang 7 nam 1941, mac mroc song H6ng aHa Noi la
+ 9,06 m; MNTL dap Day la 10,88 m; MNHL d~p El + 5,95 m.

,
itr7 gio sang qen 13 gia .cho ina tatea} cira d?p'tlr cao rrlnh + 12,50 ha xu6ng
cab trlnh + 10,00 m rci-xuong oao trlnh + 7,00 .rri~'·Saltd6I1arigcb len d~d6ng. Liic
nay MNTL la + 9,27 m con MNHL 11!l+ 9,06 m. Cac cuas6 1,2; 3 diroc nang len de
dang; con cac cira s6 4, 5, 6 va 7 thl diroc nang len khohonnhungkho nhaHacuas6A.
Lan thU:nghi~m naY'd~lke{qua; tuy nhien cot.mroc lam viec mai'chid(;1t.54,78%
cot ntroc thiet ke .

26

(~


3.2.4. PHAN LO THUNGHIJ;:M L~N THV3 NAM 1942
Do Ian phan H1 thir nghiern bin thu 2 rrurc nuoc qua thap, nen mua H1 nam 1942,
nguoi Phap lai eho thir nghiem Ian thtr 3.
Luc 6 gia sang ngay 22 thang 7 nam 1942, mire mroc song Hong 0 Ha Noi la
+ 9,70 m, nghia la chi cao han rmrc nuoc nam 1941 la 0,6'4 m. I\1NTL dap Day la

+ I I ,40 m: MNHL dap la + 6,20 m.
Khi me, cac cira 1,2,4, 5, 6, va 7 deu ha xuong cao
cira s6 3 chi h~ duoc den cao trtnh

trlnh + 7,00 m. Rieng

+ 7,30 m.

Khi dong, de cira 1. 2, 3 duoc nang len
ph~li dung hoi ep L10 h6 tro,

d~

clang; con de cira s64, 5, 6 va 7 th:

Nhu vay Iein thir nghiern nay da khong x~y ra true trac 100, tuy nhien cot rurcc lam
vice ella d~p cung moi chi dat 57,78 % cot nuoc thiet ke.

3.2.5. PHAN LD CHfr-iH THUC LAN THlT2 NAM 1945
N2l1n 1945 da co 1 tran Io. Ian x~y ra tren song Hong. Nzav 08 thang 8 nam
1945 rrurc nuoc song Hong 0 In Noi 121 + 11,30 m, Ie fa phai phan 10. vao Q~P Day,

nhung nguoi Nhat khong chap nhan, VI so troi cau Mai Linh 0 ha luu d~r Day.
Den ngay 17 thang 8 mire nuoc l1 Ha r\¢i dang len 0 cao trinh

+ 11,86 m,

co nguy co va de thi nguoi Nhat mdi chap nhan ra lenh phan H1 vao song Day.
Luc me'] ctra d~p Ivf:\ITL "d~p 121 + 13.50 rn. chi thap han iYINTK la 0,50 m. Luc

7h ngay 17 thang 8, tat eel 7 cira ha toi cao trmh + 11,60 m, hru luong Q = 1.300m.l/s.
Den 20 gia ngay 18 thang 8, nuoc Io. song Hong van tier tuc dang len cao, nen

du dinh ha thap cua xuong d0 tang them luu luong phan [G. Tuy nhien chi co th0 ha
toi cao trinh + 10,50 m roi cac cira tu dong ngirng tai de khong th~ ha tiep duoc mra.
Luc nay luu luong H1 chay qua dap la Q = 2.200 m 3/s . Cira so 1 bat dau co hien
tuong giong nhir n211n 1940.
'De'n 4 gia sang ngay 19 thang 8 cira so 1 bi s~p dot ngot xuong cao trinh

+7,00m; dong thai cac cira khac con lai thI dang 0cao trmh + 10,50 m ur dong
nang cao len cao trinh + 11,30 ..;- + 11,40 m.
Dii co '-"ganab ha. cac cira xuonze nhunz
'- khon!!
..... th€ ha. du:a.c. Lue nay rvINTL da.p Ia
14,20 m, l'vINI-IL et~p Ia 12,40 m.
Nu:ae eta ehay don vao cua so 1 gay ra 51! co rat nghiem trQng doi vai d~p : Gay
ra xai 10 h':1. luu d~p tren chi~u dai 500 m; toan b¢ san sau ella khoang cua so 1 bi cuon
troi va xai sau den cao trlnh - 10,40 m, vai chieu sau tai 15,40 m nhu: hlnh 3.4; mo


l1~P phia Son Tay bi nghieng, nen khoang dap s6 1 bi hin nang ne; tam van bung,
cua cira s6 1 bi bung ra; cac phao thep bi xe reich. Tcan bo khoang dap s6 1 xem
nhu phai loai boo
Narn 1945 - 1946 dli tien hanh khac phuc mot phsn sir c6 nhtr treo va khoa cting
khoang ctra s6 1 khong cho heat dong, xay bao hoanh trier khoang d~p s6 1; lap h6
x6i ha luu.
Nhir vay viec phan Iii Jan nay voi cot mroc lam viec dar 95 % cotmroc thiet ke,
hoan tO~lI1 that bai; dap bi sir co rat nghiern trong,

oa

j

Qua trlnh van hanh dap Day narn 1945 diroc trinh bay abang 3.2.
Bang 3.2. Qua trinh v~n hanh d~p Bay khi phan 10 narn 1945

ere

Cao trinh
d?inh ctra,
?
m

7,00

11,60

Ngay

17/8
_.-----_.-_ ....•.

_-' ,

18/8

-,

1---'

20,00

MNTL

MNHL

m

m

13,50
!-,-

6,50
"'"

Tinh tranq clra
-,-

Md ca 7 cua:
"

Q
13,50

10,50

12,40

=2.200 m

3

/

s

Cac cLta tl! d9n9 dung lai.
CLta so 1 bat dau co hien tl1<;:lng
nhu narn 1940

19/8

4,00

14,20

7,00

12,40

1. CLta so 1 d9t nqot sap xuong
+ 7,00 m.
2. Cac cLta khac nr d(mg nang
len. Da co ha cac cLta nhlfng
kh6ng dlf9c.

11,30 11,40

3.2.6. PHAN LV CHINH THUC LANTHU3 NAM 1947

Nam 1947 tren song Hong lai c6 Iii Ian nen dEi phai phan Iii

VaG

song Day.

Lnc 7 gio.sang .ngay 30 thang 7 nam 1947 muc rnroc song Hong o Ha Noi la
+ 12,20 m. MN1L dap Day Ia+14,06 m xap xi MNTK; MNHL d~p Ia + 6,70 m..
Dap chi cho lam viec 5 cira : Cac cira s6 3, 4,5,6 va 7. Boi VI khoang ctra s6 l·dEi
bi hong va hoanh trier: cira s6 2 khongdam cho lam vi~G VI chiu <1nh huang str c6 x6i
ha hru cira s6 1 chua
Iy xong.

xu

.

.

.Iu] gia ngay 30 thang 7 bat dall cho hC;1 cira' dap. Khi hC;1' cira s63 kh6ng th~ ha
dugc; con cac cira s64, 5; 6 va 7. chi h<;i xu6ng dugc rai cao trlnh + 11,37 m :r6i tv ngirng
t~i day.

28..

I")

, ~I