đề thi tuyển công chức tiếng anh tỉnh bà rịa vũng tàu năm 2016

UBND TỈNH BÀ RỊA-VŨNG TÀU
HỘI ĐỒNG THI TUYỂN CÔNG CHỨC
HÀNH CHÍNH TỈNH NĂM 2016

CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM

Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc

ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP THI TUYỂN CCHC NĂM 2016
MÔN: TIẾNG ANH TRÌNH ĐỘ ĐẠI HỌC
Cơ quan biên soạn: Đại học Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu
A- NỘI DUNG ÔN TẬP
I. Ngữ âm: Phân biệt cách phát âm các đuôi –s/-es/ -ed
II. Ngữ pháp:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Thì (tenses)
Câu bị động (Passive voice)
Câu trần thuật (Reported Speech)
Câu điều kiện (Conditional sentences)
Mệnh đề quan hệ(Relative clauses): phân biệt cách sử dụng 2 loại mệnh đề quan
hệ

II. Đọc hiểu:
1. Các kĩ năng đọc hiểu:
a. Đọc lướt (scanning and skimming)
b. Đoán nghĩa từ qua văn cảnh (Guess word’s meaning through context)

2. Các dạng câu hỏi đọc hiểu:
a. Câu hỏi nhiều lựa chọn (MCQ)
b. Nối (matching)
c. Điền từ (Gap-filling)

III. Viết:
Bố cục của một bài văn nghị luận (250-300 từ)
B- LUYỆN TẬP
C- BÀI THI MẪU

1


A. NỘI DUNG ÔN TẬP
SECTION I: PRONUNCIATION
a. Pronunciation of –s/es ending:
The pronunciation of third-person -(e)s depends on what comes before it:
– /s/ after an unvoiced sound like /p/, /k/ or /t/
– /z/ after a vowel, or a voiced consonant like /b/, /g/, /d/, /m/, /l/ etc
– /ɪz/ after /s/, /z/, /ʃ/ and /tʃ/.
b. The pronunciation of –ed ending:
If the last letter of the word is spelled with /d/ or /t/, the -ed is pronounced as /id/
Eg. wanted, decided, treated
If the last consonant sound of the word is voiceless /p, k, f, s, ʃ, tʃ/, then the -ed is pronounced as
a /t/
Eg. stopped, cooked, laughed
If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the -ed is pronounced
as a /d/
Eg. moved, changed

SECTION II: GRAMMAR
I-TENSES IN ENGLISH
Tenses
1. Simple present

Usage
We use the present tense to talk about:
•

something that is true in the present:
I’m nineteen years old.
He lives in London.

•

Present habits or routines (with adverbs of frequency:
sometimes, often, usually, always, never, …)
I play football every weekend.
I sometimes go to the cinema.
She never plays football.

•

something that is always true:
The adult human body contains 206 bones.
Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres per second.

•

something that is fixed in the future (program, schedule,...)

The school term starts next week.
The train leaves at 1945 this evening.
We fly to Paris next week.

2. Present continous

1. We use the present continuous tense to talk about the present:
2


- for something that is happening at the moment of speaking:
I’m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.
- for something which we think is temporary:
Michael is at university. He’s studying history.
I’m working in London for the next two weeks.
- for something which is changing, growing or developing:
The children are growing quickly.
The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.
These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays? What sort of
music are they listening to?
- for something which happens again and again (with the use of
“always”):
It’s always raining in London.
They are always arguing.
George is great. He’s always laughing.
2. We use the present continuous tense to talk about the future:for
something which has been arranged or planned:

Mary is going to a new school next term.
What are you doing next week?
3. We can use the present continuous to talk about the past: when we are
telling a story or when we are summarizing the story from a book, film or
play, etc.
3. Present perfect

We use the present perfect tense:
- for something that started in the past and continues in
the present:
They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
- for something we have done several times in
the past and continue to do:
I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
I’ve been watching that programme every week.
- when we are talking about our experience up to the present:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
Have you ever met George?- Yes, but I’ve never met his wife.
- for something that happened in the past without definite time (with
adverbials: just; only just; recently;ever, so far; until now; up to now,…)
I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
3


Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
Have you ever seen a ghost?

Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet? - No, so
far I’ve only done my history.
4. Present perfect We use the present perfect continuous tense:
continuous
- to talk about an action that started in the past and is either still
continuing or recently finished (emphasizing the duration of the action)
She has been living in Liverpool all her life.
It’s been raining for hours.
They’ve been staying with us since last week.
I have worked here since I left school.
I’ve been watching that programme every week since it started.
- Use this tense to show cause of an action or situation in the present.
John is in a detention because he has been misbehaving.
The road is wet because it has been raining.
I have to go on a diet because I have been eating too much sugar.
Jessica got sunburn because she has been lying in the sun too
long.
5. Past simple

We use the past simple tense to talk about something that happened and
completely finished in the past (with ago, yesterday, last week/ month/
year,…)
I met my wife in 1983.
They got home very late last night.
When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
They always enjoyed visiting their friends.
I lived abroad for ten years.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

6. Past continuous

We use the past continuous to talk about something which
continued before and after another action in the past.
The children were doing their homework when I got home.
As I was watching television, the telephone rang.

7. Past perfect

We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before a
point of time or another action in the past (with the use of before, after,
when by, by the time, by the end of + time in the past …)
I had gone to bed before 10 o’clock last night.

8.
Past
continuous

After he had finished work, he went straight home.
perfect We use the past perfect continuous:
- to express actions or situations that were in progress before some other
actions or situations.
He boys had been quarreling for half an hour when we arrived
4


home.
I had been dating Angelina for 3 years before we got married.
- Use this tense to show cause of an action or situation in the past.

John was in a detention because he had been misbehaving.
The road was wet because it had been raining.
I had to go on a diet because I had been eating too much sugar.
Jessica got sunburn because she had been lying in the sun too
long.
9. Simple future

- use for spontaneous decision (decision made at the time of speaking)
Hold on. I‘ll get a pen.
We will see what we can do to help you.
Maybe we‘ll stay in and watch television tonight.
- make prediction about the future
I think it will rain tomorrow.
People won’t go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
Who do you think will get the job?

10.
Continuous

Future expresses action at a particular moment in the future
I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
What will you be doing when I arrive?
She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
We'll be having dinner when the film starts.
Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.

11. Future Perfect

to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future.
Do you think you will have finished it by next Thursday?
In 5 years time I’ll have finished university and I’ll be able to earn
some money at last.
I think astronauts will have landed on Mars by the year 2020.
I’ll have finished in an hour and then you can use the computer.

12. Future perfect to talk about an action which starts before a time in the future and
continuous
continues up to that time.
In April 2018, I will have been teaching here for ten years.
13. Near future

- Intention/ future plan
I have won $1,000. I am going to buy a new TV.
We’re not going to see my mother tomorrow.
When are you going to go on holiday?
- Predictions about the future based on evidence
The sky is very black. It is going to snow.
It’s 8.30! You’re going to miss the train!
5


I crashed the company car. My boss isn’t going to be very happy!

II- PASSIVE VOICE
1. How to changed from active to passive
2. Passive voice with reporting verbs:
- Sometimes when you are reporting what people say or believe, you don´t know, or you don´t
want to say, who exactly the `people´ are. So you use an impersonal construction:

People believe that thousands of birds died.
The same idea can be expressed by using the passive in two different ways:
a) subject + passive of reporting verb + `to´ infinitive:
Hundreds of thousands of birds are believed to have died.
b) It + passive of reporting verb + that + clause
It is believed that hundreds of thousands of birds died.
- Some other reporting verbs that can be used in this way are: calculate, claim, consider,
discover, estimate, expect, feel, hope, know, prove, report, say, show, think, understand, etc.
- With present reference, the passive is followed by the present infinitive:
People think that Johnson is in Cardiff.  Johnson is thought to be in Cardiff.
- With past reference, the passive is followed by the past infinitive:
People believe that Johnson left Cardiff last month.
 Johnson is believed to have left Cardiff last month.
- Present and past continuous infinitives are also used:
They think that the forger is living in Florence.
 The forger is thought to be living in Florence.
People know that the suspect has been dealing with drugs.
 The suspect is known to have been dealing with drugs.
- Passive infinitives can also appear:
People believe that the portrait was painted by Vermeer.
 The portrait is believed to have been painted by Vermeer.
They think that the staff are given a bonus whenever they have to work overtime.
 The staff are thought to be given a bonus whenever they have to work overtime.
- The reporting verb can also be past:
People considered the government had spent too much.
 The government was considered to have paid too much
3. Passive voice with imperatives
6

Close the door, please.
-> The door must be closed, please.

III- REPORTED SPEECH
Introductory clause + reported clause
Tense of the Introductory Clause:
No Backshift
if introductory clause is in …

Backshift
if introductory clause is in …

•

Simple Present (He says …)

•

Simple Past (He said …)

•

Present Perfect (He has said …)

•

Past Perfect (He had said …)

•

Future I will (He will say …)

•

Future II ( He will have said …)

•

Future I going to (He is going to say …)

•

Conditional I (He would say …)

•

Conditional II (He would have said …)

Backshift in Reported Speech when changing from direct speech:
Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Simple Present

Simple Past

Present Progressive

Past Progressive

Simple Past
Present Perfect

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect
Past Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive
Future I (going to)
Future I (will)
Conditional I
Future II
Conditional II

was / were going to
Conditional I
Conditional II

Exceptions
•
•
•
•

Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree

with the original speaker.
Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with when / if.
The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause + ‚to + infinite verb.
Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.
7


Main Clauses connected with and / but: If two complete main clauses are connected
with ‚andor ‚but, put ‚that after the conjunction.
He said,“I saw her but she didn’t see me.”
He said that he had seen her but that she hadn’t seen him.
If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not
usethat.
She said,“I am a nurse and work in a hospital.”
He said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital.
IV- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
* Conditional Sentence Type 1→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be
fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Ex:

If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

* Conditional Sentence Type 2→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be
fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, would + Infinitive
Ex:

If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

* Conditional Sentence Type 3→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it
refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, would + have + Past Participle
Ex:

If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

* Mixed Conditional Patterns:
PAST

PRESENT

Examples:
•

If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
But I didn't win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now.

•

If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
But I didn't take French in high school and I don't have many job opportunities.

•

If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa to work here.
But she wasn't born in the United States and she does need a visa now to work here.
PAST

FUTURE

Examples:
•

If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.
But she didn't sign up for the ski trip last week and she isn't going to join us tomorrow.

•

If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
But Mark didn't get the job and Mark is not going to move to Shanghai.
8


•

If Darren hadn't wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would go to
Mexico with us next month. But Darren wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las
Vegas and he won't go to Mexico with us ne
PRESENT

PAST

Examples:
•

If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
But I am not currently rich and that is why I didn't buy the Ferrari yesterday.

•

If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
But I have to work a lot and that is why I didn't go to the party last night.

PRESENT

FUTURE

Examples:
•
If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you on the cruise to
Alaska next week. But I do have a lot of vacation time and I will go on the trip next
week.
•
If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York to work
on the new advertising campaign. But Cindy is not creative and the company won't send
her to New York to work on the new campaign.
•
If Dan weren't so nice, he wouldn't be tutoring you in math tonight. But Dan is
nice and he is going to tutor you tonight.
FUTURE

PAST

Examples:
•
If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that new
assignment at work. But I am going to go on a business trip next week, and that is why I didn't
accept that new assignment at work.
•

If my parents weren't coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip just for the
two of us to Napa Valley. But my parents are going to come this weekend, and that is why I
didn't plan a trip for the two of us to Napa Valley.
•
If Donna weren't making us a big dinner tonight, I would have suggested that we go to
that nice Italian restaurant. But she is going to make us a big dinner tonight, and that is why I
didn't suggest that we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
FUTURE

PRESENT

Examples:
•

If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.

But I am not going to go to that concert tonight and that is why I am not excited.
•

If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.

But Sandy is not going to give a speech tomorrow and that is why she in not nervous.
•

If Seb didn't come with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed.
9


But Seb will come with us to the desert and that is why everyone is so happy.
V- RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining Relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

A defining relative clause identifies or A non-defining relative clause adds extra
classifies a noun:
information about a noun which already has a
Do you know the guy who is talking to Will clear reference:
over there?

The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo
da Vinci, who was also a prolific engineer
and inventor.

I wrote my essay on a photo which was
taken by Robert Capa.

If we omit this type of clause, the sentence If we leave out this type of clause, the sentence
does not make sense or has a different still makes sense:
meaning:
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo
da Vinci. (we know who Leonardo da Vinci
Do you know the guy? (which guy?)
was)
I wrote my essay on a photo. (what kind of
photo?)
Without comma:

With comma:

The athletes who failed the drug test were Those athletes, who failed the drug test, were
disqualified.
disqualified.
SECTION 3: READING COMPREHENSION
Focusing on the following skills of reading comprehension:
•
•
•
•

Finding the main idea, important facts, and supporting details
Summarizing
Sequencing
Inferencing
Answering some common types of questions:
• Multiple choice questions
• Short answer questions
• Matching questions (words and their meaning, paragraphs and their headings)s
• Gap-filling questions (filling summary, charts, tables,...)

SECTION FOUR: WRITING
Introduction
The introduction should include:
•

Give the background to the topic/ general ìnormation

•

Connecting information

10


•

Thesis statement

The Main Body:
2-3 paragraphs supporting the main idea of the essay.
Conclusion
The conclusion summarises main points in the essay

B. LUYỆN TẬP
Exercise 1: Circle a word in each line that has the underlined part pronounced differently
from the others.
1.
2.
3.
4.

a. allowed
a. wasted
a. cracked
a. relaxed

b. cried
b. visited
b. mixed
b. loved

c. flooded
c. landed
c. asked
c. killed
11

d. jailed
d. yawned
d. shaved
d. damaged


5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

a. welcomed
a. naked
a. laughs
a. asks
a. asked
a. counted

d. decided
b. washed
b. smiles
b. gives

c. enjoyed
c. watched
c. gloves
c. turns

b. loved
b. laughed

c. showed
c. coughed

d. rolled
d. stopped
d. shoes
d. flies
d. cried
d. fixed

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences
1. When I last saw him, he _____ in London.
A. has lived
B. is living
C. was living
D. has been living
2. We _______ Dorothy since last Saturday.
A. don’t see
B. haven’t seen
C. didn’t see
D. hadn’t seen

3. The train ______ half an hour ago.
A. has been leaving
B. left
C. has left
D. had left
4. Jack ______ the door.
A. has just painted
B. paint
C. will have painted D. painting
5. My sister ________ for you since yesterday.
A. is looking
B. was looking
C. has been looking D. looked
6. I ______ Texas State University now.
A. am attending B. attend
C. was attending
D. attended
7. He has been selling motorbikes ________.
A. ten years ago B. since ten years
C. for ten years ago D. for ten years
8. Christopher Columbus _______ American more than 500 years ago.
A. discovered
B. has discovered
C. had discovered
D.
had
been
9.
10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17.

18.

19.
20.

discovering
I _______ in the room right now.
A. am being
B. was being
C. have been being D. am
I ______ to New York three times this year.
A. have been
B. was
C. were
D. had been
Doctors______an answer to AIDS yet.
A. have found
B. found
C. haven/t found
D.hasn/t found
He______to give up smoking since last week.
A. was trying

B.have tried
C. has tried
D. tried
He enjoys______in the rain.
A. walk
B. walks
C. to walk
D.walking
This school______ten years ago .
A. be built
B. is built
C. was built
D. built
Are you looking for my sister? – She isn't at home now. She______to the library.
A. went
B.goes
C. has gone
D. is going
The school usually ________ at six o'clock each day, but on Monday, it stayed open
later.
A. stay
B. stays
C. is staying
D. has stayed
Last week we ________ some snow in our city but it didn't stay on the ground for a
long time.
A. have
B. are having
C. have had
D. had

There ________ two accidents on this road so far this year and the one last night was
quite serious.
A. are
B. were
C. have been
D. are going to be
He is a very active child. Probably, when he grows up he ________ very good at sports.
A. is
B. was
C. has been
D. is going to be
Please call me back later. I can't speak right now because I ________ an English lesson.
12


A. have

B. have had

C. am having

D. am going to have

21. I bought this car in July, so now I ________ it for six months.

A. have

B. have had

C. am having

D. had

22. Jane isn't at work today. She's very sick so I don't think ________ tomorrow.

23.
24.

25.

26.

27.

A. she comes
B. she has come
C. she's coming
D. she's going to
come
Two days ago I ________ my keys in my local supermarket
A. lose
B. lost
C. have lost
D. am losing
This is the third time this week you ________ late for your class. Please don't do it
again.
A. arrive
B. are arriving
C. arrived
D. have arrived

Every week we ________ a spelling test on Friday morning with words we have learned
in the week.
A. have
B. had
C. are having
D. have had
Emrah ________ Hazim for two months since he started studying in the same class last
November.
A. knows
B. knew
C. has known
D. is knowing
When I was on holiday in the USA, every night we ________ a different city.
A. stay
B. have stayed
C. stayed
D. are staying

Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer.
1. I have three brothers.

My brother who lives in Sidney came to see me last month.
My brother, who lives in Sidney, came to see me last month.
2. I have one sister.

My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.
My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.
3. Bob's mum has lost her keys.

Bob's mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.

Bob's mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.
4. My friend Jane moved to Canada.

My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last week.
My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week.
5. I am a shoe fanatic.

The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.
The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.

13


6. Mr Robinson is very famous.

Mr Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.
Mr Robinson, whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.
7. Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.

Tamara's two cats which can play outside are black.
Tamara's two cats, which can play outside, are black.
8. Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.

Kevin's two cats which are black can play outside.
Kevin's two cats, which are black, can play outside.
9. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

The church which we visited yesterday is very old.
The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
10. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

St. Mary's Church which we visited yesterday is very old.
St. Mary's Church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
Exercise 4: Rewrite each sentence so that the meaning stays the same.
1. People think that neither side wanted war.

Neither side is ...................................................................................................
2. People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the southern hemisphere.

Fewer ................................................................................................................
3. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.

Eating fruit ........................................................................................................
4. People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit for swimming.

One in three bathing beaches ............................................................................
5. At least 130,000 dolphins are reported to be caught in the nets of tuna fishers every year.

It is ....................................................................................................................
6. It is estimated that in the past 15 years about 10 million dolphins have been killed.

About 10 million dolphins ...............................................................................
7. In ancient Greece people thought dolphins were men who had abandoned life on land.

In ancient Greece it ..........................................................................................
8. In ancient Rome it was believed that dolphins carried souls to heaven.

In ancient Rome dolphins ................................................................................
9. People say that the company invested fifty million pounds last week.

The company ....................................................................................................
10. People say Mr Clark was difficult to work with when he was younger.

Mr Clark ...........................................................................................................
11. Someone has calculated that the water of the River Rhine contains over 2,000 chemicals.

It .......................................................................................................................
14


12. Everyone thought the painting had been destroyed in the fire.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

18.
19.

The painting ......................................................................................................
It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder.
The Chinese ......................................................................................................
About 1 million papers are thought to have been sold.
People ...............................................................................................................
It is thought that the two injured men were repairing high-tension cable.
The two .............................................................................................................
We hope that the government has prepared a plan.
The government ................................................................................................
People say that Mr. Bond was having business difficulties when he was charged with

fraud.
Mr Bond ............................................................................................................
It is thought that this treasure dates from the 19th century.
This treasure ......................................................................................................
People believe that a professional thief stole the painting.
It ........................................................................................................................

Exercise 5:
Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a
statement or a question.
1. He said, "I like this song."

→ He said
2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.

→ She asked me
3. "I don't speak Italian," she said.

→ She said
4. "Say hello to Jim," they said.

→ They asked me
5. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.

→ He said
6. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.

→ She told the boys
7. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.

→ She asked him
8. "I never make mistakes," he said.

→ He said
9. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.

→ He wanted to know
10. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.

→ The stuntman advised the audience
Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using words provided in baskets.
1. “Don’t forget to buy milk!” said Antonio to Lucia. (remind, using infinitive)
2. “You shouldn’t go into the water” said the coast guard. (advise against)
3. “I’ll go to France on holiday” said John. (decide, using infinitive)
4. “I think you should go to the dentist” Julie said to Tom. (advise, using infinitive)
5. “Watch out for the weak bridge” he said. (warn, using ‘about’)
15


6. “You should apply for the job” said Jack to Stella. (encourage)
7. “Okay, Keiko can go to the party” said Keiko’s mum. (agree, using clause)
8. “The class will start later on Tuesdays” said the teacher to us. (explain + clause)
9. “It’s a great idea to go to the beach” said Maria. (recommend + verb-ing)
10. “Don’t cross the road there” she said to the children. (warn, using infinitive)

Exercise 7: Complete the following conditionals with the correct form of verbs in basket
1.a. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was
canceled.
1.b. But, she (take, not)
care of the children for us next weekend if her business

trip (be, not)
canceled.
2.a. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.
2.b. But, he (come)
if you (insult)
him.
3.a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married.
3.b. But, Marie (be)
happy if she (give, not)
when she got married.

up her career

4.a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to take
six months off to spend more time with his family.
4.b. But, Dr. Mercer (accept)
the research grant at Harvard if he (take, not)
six months off to spend more time with his family.
5.a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on African
tribal groups.
5.b. But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not)
so much about the Maasai tribe if
she (be, not)
an expert on African tribal groups.
Exercise 8: Reading comprehension
READING PASSAGE 1:
JOHNSON’S DICTIONARY
For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been
concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or
writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English

spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.
There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of
120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title “A Table
Alphabetical “of hard usual English wordes”. Like the previous dictionaries that came after it
16


during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on “scholarly” words: one
function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is
associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and
circumscribe the various worlds to conquer- lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly
appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth century literary man, as
famous in his own time as in ours, would have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of
the heyday of the middle class.
Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the height of genius. His
approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early
eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary
on such a large scale seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make
decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle
arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it singlehanded. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a
breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid
1,575 pounds in installments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he
set up his “Dictionary workshop”.
James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as “fitted up
like a counting house” with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks
would work standing up. Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an “old crazy deal
table” surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of
whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation.
The work is immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to

hand). Johnson wrote the definition of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings
with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the
Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a
deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of
heroic synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated
English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. He
adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law- according to precedent. After
its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivaled for over a century.
After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1575. It was
instantly recognized as a landmark throughout Europe. “This very noble work”, wrote the
leading Italian lexicographer “will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honor to
his own country in particular, and a general belief to the republic of letters throughout Europe.”
The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew
that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary)
was cause for much English celebration.
Johnson had worked for nine years, “with little assistance of the learned, and without any
patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic
bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow.” For all its faults
17


and eccentricities his two- volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words,
“setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the
significations of English words.” It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement
which, in James Bowel’s words, “conferred stability on the language of his country”.
The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well
esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From
then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.
Questions 1-3
Choose THREE letters A_H.

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
NB Your answers may be given in any order.
Which THREE of the following statements are true of Johnson’s Dictionary?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

It avoided all scholarly words.
It was the only English dictionary in general use for 200 years.
It was famous because of the large number of people involved.
It focused mainly on language from contemporary texts.
There was a time limit for its completion.
It ignored work done by previous dictionary writers.
It took into account subtleties of meaning.
Its definitions were famous for their originality.

Questions 4-7
Complete the summary.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet.
In 1764, Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a dictionary. Having rented a garret, he
took on a number of (4) ………………, who stood at a long central desk. Johnson did not have a
(5) …………………. Available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of
40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks. On publication, the Dictionary was
immediately hailed in many European countries as a landmark. According to his biographer,

James Boswell, Johnson’s principal achievement was to bring (6) ……………….. to the English
language. As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a (7)…………………….. by the king.
Questions 8-13:
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE

if the statement agrees with the information
18


FALSE

if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

dictionaries.
Johnson has become more well-known since his death.
Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.
Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his Dictionary.
Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.

READING PASAGE 2:
WHAT DO WHALES FEEL?
An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals
comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises
Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either
reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from
their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand,
appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It
has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the
neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although
at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are
rudimentary.
The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably
mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’
responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean
individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup)
appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and
stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the
blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touch
there.
The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species
studied at close quarters under water- specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and
free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaiihave obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately
well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the flied of vision in
baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.
On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that
they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins,
which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they
have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely
keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can see

19


fairly well through the air- water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental
evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to
take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.
Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which
individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species
inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South
American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the
Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the
direction and intensity of light.
Although the senses of tastes and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water
appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ welldeveloped acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of
sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. Large baleen whales
primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions
are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting
utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency
spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale
apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more
complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social
life and “culture” of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid
science.
echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.

Questions 14-21
Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading passage
2 for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
SENSE

SPECIES

ABILITY

COMMENTS

14 (…………….)

no

evidence from brain structure

baleen

not certain

related brain structures are present

Taste

some types

poor

nerves linked to their (15) …………are
underdeveloped

Touch

all

yes

region around the blowhole very sensitive

Vision

(16)…………..

yes

probably do not have stereoscopic vision

Smell

20


Hearing

dolphins, porpoise

yes

probably have stereoscopic vision (17) ……...
and………………

(18)………………

yes

probably have stereoscopic vision forward and
upward

bottlenose dolphin

yes

exceptional in (19)…………………… and good in
air-water interface

boutu and beiji

yes

have limited vision

indian susu

no

probably only sense direction and intensity of light

most large baleen

yes

usually use (20)…………, repertoire limited

(21)…………….whales

and …….……………. yes
whales

song-like

toothed

Use more of frequency spectrum, have wider
repertoire

yes

Questions 22-26
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for
each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?
Which species swims upside down while eating?
What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?
Which type of habitat id related to good visual ability?
Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?

READING PASSAGE 3:
THE TRUTH ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT
For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a

hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever going,
leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the
planet’s air and water are becoming ever more populated.
But a quick look at the fact shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural
resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book “The Limits to Growth” was
published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the
world’s population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species
are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50
years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental
pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient- associated with the early
21


phases of industrialization and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by
accelerating it. One impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well
turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.
Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental
standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and
reality.
One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to
areas with many problems. That may be wise policy but it will also create an impression that
many more potential problems exist than is the case.
Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to
keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments.
In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled “Twothirds of the world’s forests lost forever”. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.
Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folks, they nevertheless share
many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the
same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups on other fields.
A trade organization arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as selfinterested. Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an
impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more curious
about bad news than good. Newspaper and broadcasters are there to provide what the public
wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was that
America’s encounter with El Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of
wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However,
according to an article in the Bulletin of theAmerican Meteorological Society, the damage it did
was estimated at US$4 billion but the temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced
heating costs and diminished spring floods caused my meltwaters).
The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the
amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of
waste. Yet, even if American’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even
if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire
21st century will still take up only one-12000th of the area of the entire United States.
So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the
planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3 0C in this century,
causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5000 billion.
Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly
problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide
emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperatures. A model by
one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected
temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to
2100.
22


So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the
cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the
cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to
clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and
prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.

It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for
the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic- but more costly still to be too pessimistic.
Questions 27-32:
Do the following statements agree with the claims of writer in Reading passage 3?
In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write

27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

YES

if the statement agrees with the writer’s claim.

NO

if the statement contradicts the writer’s claim.

NOT GIVEN

if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons.
Data on the Earth’s natural resources has only been collected since 1972.
The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent years.
Extinct people are being replaced by new species.
Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to industrialization.

It would be best to attempt to slow down economic growth.

Questions 33-37
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, D.
Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
33. What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?
A. The need to produce results
B. The lack of financial support
C. The selection of areas to research
D. The desire to solve every research problem
34. The writer quotes from World Wide Fund for Nature to illustrate how
A. influential the mass media can help
B. effective environmental groups can be
C. the mass media can help groups raise funds
D. environmental groups can exaggerate their claims
35. What is the writer’s main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?
A. Some are more active than others.
B. Some are better organized than others.
C. Some receive more criticism than others.
D. Some support more important issues than others.
36. The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to
A. educate readers
B. meet their readers’ expectations
C. encourage feedback from readers
D. mislead readers
37. What does the writer say about America’s waste problem?
23


A.

B.
C.
D.

It will increase in line with population growth.
It is not as important as we have been led to believe.
It has been reduced through public awareness of the issues.
It is only significant in certain areas of the country.

Questions 38-40
Complete the summary with the list of words from A-I below.
Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
GOBAL WARMING
The writer admits that global warming is a (38)…………………. Challenge, but says that it will
not have a catastrophic impact on our future if we deal with it in the (39)………… way. If we try
to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases, he believes that it would only have a minimal impact
on rising temperatures. He feels it would be better to spend money on the more (40)
…………….. health problems of providing the world’s population with clean drinking water.
A. unrealistic

B. agreed

C. expensive

D. right

E. long-term

F. usual

G. surprising

H. personal

I. urgent
READING PASSAGE 4

Television Addiction
Television addiction is no mere metaphor

A The term "TV addiction" is imprecise, but it
captures the essence of a very real phenomenon.
Psychologists formally define addiction as a
disorder characterized by criteria that include
spending a great deal of time using the thing;
using it more often than one intends; thinking
about reducing use or making repeated
unsuccessful efforts to reduce use; giving up
important activities to use it; and reporting
withdrawal symptoms when one stops using it.
B All these criteria can apply to people who watch
a lot of television. That does not mean that
watching television, in itself, is problematic.
Television can teach and amuse; it can be highly
artistic; it can provide much needed distraction
24

F

What is more surprising

is that the sense of
relaxation ends when the
set is turned off, but the
feelings of passivity and
lowered alertness
continue. Survey
participants commonly
reflect that television has
somehow absorbed or
sucked out their energy,
leaving them depleted.
They say they have more
difficulty concentrating
after viewing than before.
In contrast, they rarely


and escape. The difficulty arises when people
strongly sense that they ought not to watch as
much as they do and yet find they are unable to
reduce their viewing. Some knowledge of how
television becomes so addictive may help heavy
viewers gain better control over their lives.
C The amount of time people spend watching
television is astonishing. On average,
individuals in the industrialized world devote
three hours a day to the activity – fully half of
their leisure time, and more than on any single
activity except work and sleep. At this rate,
someone who lives to 75 would spend nine years

in front of the television. Possibly, this devotion
means simply that people enjoy TV and make a
conscious decision to watch it. But if that is the
whole story, why do so many people worry
about how much they view? In surveys in 1992
and 1999, two out of five adults and seven out of
ten teenagers said they spent too much time
watching TV. Other surveys have consistently
shown that roughly ten per cent of adults call
themselves TV addicts.
D To study people’s reactions to TV, researchers
have undertaken laboratory experiments in
which they have monitored the brain waves, skin
resistance or heart rate of people watching
television. To study behavior and emotion in the
normal course of life, as opposed to the artificial
conditions of the laboratory, we have used the
Experience Sampling Method (ESM).
Participants carried a beeper*, and we signaled
them six to eight times a day, at random, over
the period of a week; whenever they heard the
beep, they wrote down what they were doing
and how they were feeling.
E As one might expect, people who were watching
TV when we beeped them reported feeling
relaxed and passive. The EEG studies similarly
show less mental stimulation, as measured by
alpha brain-wave production, during viewing
than during reading.

25

indicate such difficulty
after reading. After
playing sports or
engaging in hobbies,
people report
improvements in mood.
After watching TV,
people's moods are about
the same or worse than
before.
G Within moments of sitting or lying down and
pushing the "power" button, viewers report
feeling more relaxed. Because the relaxation
occurs quickly, people are conditioned to
associate viewing with rest and lack of tension.
The association is positively reinforced because
viewers remain relaxed throughout viewing.
H Thus, the irony of TV: people watch a great deal
longer than they plan to, even though prolonged
viewing is less rewarding. In our ESM studies
the longer people sat in front of the set, the less
satisfaction they said they derived from it. When
signaled, heavy viewers (those who consistently
watch more than four hours a day) tended to
report on their ESM sheets that they enjoy TV
less than light viewers did (less than two hours a
day). For some, a twinge of unease or guilt that
they aren't doing something more productive

may also accompany and depreciate the
enjoyment of prolonged viewing. Researchers in
Japan, the U.K. and the U.S. have found that this
guilt occurs much more among middle-class
viewers than among less affluent ones.
I

the orienting response is an instinctive reaction
to any sudden or new, such as movement or
possible attack by a predator. Typical orienting
reactions include the following the arteries to
the brain grow wider allowing more blood to
reach it, the heart slows down and arteries to the
large muscles become narrower so as to reduce
blood supply to them. Brain waves are also
interrupted for a few seconds. These changes
allow the brain to focus its attention on