TIẾNG ANH ÔN THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIA

B. PHẦN ÔN TẬP CỤ THỂ
PART ONE : PHONETICS
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1. The vowel sounds:
There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and
the left eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels).
- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - æ/, / o - o:/, / Λ - a: /, / u - u:/, / ∂ - з/.
- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - u /, / i∂ - e∂ - u∂/

Practical Exercises
Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:
Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film, interesting, tea, sea, seen,
sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese, chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased…
Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / Λ /:
Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm, hut,
much, calm, farm…
Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:
Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too, wooed,
wood, food, cool…
Ex 4: Classify / æ / and / e /:
Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send, set, met,
letter, stretch, fed, catch…
Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :
Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot, sport, chalk, shock,
loss, got, caught, bought…
Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ∂/:
Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur, skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir,
sister, brother…
Ex 7: Classify / au / and / ∂u /:
Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal, fowl,

rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone…
Ex 8: Classify / i∂ /, / e∂ /, / u∂ /:
Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard, cheer, scared, careful,
fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre…
Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:
/ ai /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…
/ ∂u /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…
/ au /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…
/ ei /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…
/ oi /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…
2. The consonants sounds:


There are 24 consonants in English, which are divided into voiceless and voiced consonants as
they are shown below:
2.1. Voiceless consonants: / p /, / f /, / θ /, / t /, / s /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / k /, / h /.
2.2. Voiced consonants: / b /, / v /, / δ /, / d /, / z /, / Ʒ /, / dƷ/, / g /, / l /, /m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / r /, /
w /, / j /.

Practical Exercises
Ex 9: Classify / δ / and / θ /:
Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth, clothe, clothing,
clothes, threaten, although…
Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:
She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon, saturn, shrink, scream,
settle, surely…
Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:
Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken, cheap, catch,
chemistry, school, scholar…
Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :

See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has, sum, sick, tease, sues,
rise, lays, eyes…
3. The consonant clusters:
3.1. / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j /
Spy, stay, sky, smile, snow, sleep, swear, suit, speak,…
3.2. / p / + / l, r, j /:
Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,…
3.3. / t / + / r, w, j /:
Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic,…
3.4. / k / + / l, r, w, j /:
Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious,…
3.5. / b / + / l, r ,j /:
Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau,….
3.6. / g / + / l, r /:
Glass, glance, grass, grow,…
3.7. / d / + / r, w, j /:
Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke,…
3.8. / f / + / l, r, j /:
Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse,…
3.9. / θ / + / r, w /:
Throw, throat, thwart, thwack,…
3.10. / v / + / j /:
View, viewer,…
3.11. / ∫ / + / r /:
Shrink, shriek,…
3.12. / m / + / j /:
Music, mule,…
3.13. / n / + / j /:

New, nude,…
3.14. / spr /: spread, spray, …
3.15. / str /: strand, stray, string,…
3.16. / skr /: scratch…
3.17. / spj /: spure, spurious, …
3.18. / spl /: splendid, split,…
3.19. / stj /: stupid, student,…
3.20. / skj /: skew, skewer,…
3.21. / skw /: square, squash,…
4. The homonyms:
air
be
ceiling
choos
e
course
doe
for

ere
heir
aisle
isle
I’ll eight
bee
beach beech
bean
sealing
cell
sell

cheep
chews choose site
cite sight cord
coarse
days daze
dear
dough
fair
fare
feat

fough
gneiss
t
hair
hare
hear
here
hire
horse hoarse
lock
loch
law
male
mail
meat meet mete mite
naught nought
night knight
no
or

oar
ore
one
won
pale
peal
peel
peer
pier
plane
reigh
rein
rain
raze
rays raise rows
write
right wright sauce sourc
see
e
show chew
Sole
soul
some
sum
Son
sun
sough
t
sweet
suit

tail
tale
threw
too
would

four

two
wood

fort

warn
yoke

worn
yolk

way
your

PART TWO

ate
been
cheap
chord
deer
feet

niece

aye
I
beat
beet
check chequ
cote
e
die
coat
flowe dye
r
flour
great grate

high
lore
might
know
pail
plain
rose
sea

hole whole
made maid
nap
knap
not

knot
pear
pair pare
key
quay
rowed road rode
sent scent cent

sort
throug
h
weigh
yore

sew
stare

sow
stair

tied

tide

week
wore

weak
war

eye

so


STRESS
A. The aims:
-

To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly.
To emphasize the important of stresses.
To show the rules to mark stresses.
To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation.

B.Teaching procedure:
I. Definition:
Stress is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is
pronounced.
II. Degree:
1. In phrases or sentences:
Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all.
Secondary stress: (Λ) The second loudest stress.
Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress.
Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness.
2. In words:
2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one.
2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one.
III. The marking rules for word- stress:
1. For disyllables words:
Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student, teacher,…

Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell,
unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist,…
(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)
1.3. Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,…
2. For words with more than 2 syllables:
Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular, international,
satisfactory,…
Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”,
“cracy”, “ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy,
responsibility…
Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”,
“ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential,
habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar,…
(Except for: Television)
Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese, refugee,
employee, engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…
3. Others rules:
3.1. Words having more than one function:
Noun
Verb
Noun
Verb
rebel
rebel
conflict
conflict


progress
progress

permit
permit
suspect
suspect
conduct
conduct
record
record
export
export
3.2. Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong sound, or end in more
than one consonant : affect, obtain,…
IV. Rules for phrase-stress:
1. Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-bird,..
But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window, silk-dress, nylon-stock,
cotton-flower,…
2. Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed, hard-working,…
But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…
3. Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg, an interesting lesson,...
4. Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student, an amusing story, a
sleeping child,…
5. Gerund – noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking glass, a stepping-stone,
a magnifying glass, a washing machine,…
6. Qualifier-adjective: (Λ /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite important, too weak,…
7. Verb- adverb: (Λ /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read aloud, sit down, ….
8. Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come through, take off, call on, hand
over, go over,….
9. Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ Λ /) put on the coat, turn on the light,…
10. Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ Λ /) put the coat on, turn the light on,…
11. Verb-preposition: ( / Λ)look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…

PART THREE : VOCABULARY
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I.

Nouns (n):

1. Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements…
2. Functions:
Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)
Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)
Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…
Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…
Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds
3. Plural forms:


Adding “s” to almost count-nouns:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a table
tables
an apple
apples
a student
students

an umbrella
umbrellas
a house
houses
an egg
eggs
a cat
cats
an eel
eels
a dog
dogs
an orange
oranges
Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/
sound:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a bus
buses
a class
classes
a dish
dishes
a wish
wishes
a watch
watches

a torch
torches
a potato
potatoes
a tomato
tomatoes
a box
boxes
3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a lorry
lorries
a lady
ladies
a story
stories
3.4.

Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a wife
wives
a leaf
leaves

a knife
knives
a loaf
loaves
3.5. Irregular changes:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a man
men
a woman
women
a child
children
an ox
oxen
a tooth
teeth
a goose
geese
a louse
lice
a mouse
mice
a medium
media
a phenomenium phenomenia
3.6. Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or plural form, either
singular or plural verb)

3.7. Always plural form-nouns:
clothes
police
breeches
pants
pyjamas
trousers
scissors
pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses
scales
shears (kéo cắt
arms
damages
earnings
cỏ)
goods
greens (vegetable) outskirts
savings
pains (trouble, effort)
spirits
surroundings
stairs
valuables athletics
ethics
mathematics
physics
politics
3.8. Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid,
trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)

3.9.

Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards,
bowls
4. Uncount-nouns:
4.1. Substances:
bread
beer
Cloth
coffee
cream
dust
gin
Glass
gold
ice
jam
oil
paper
tea
sand
soap
stone
water
wine
wood
4.2. Abstract nouns:
advice
beauty

courage
death
experience
fear
help
Hope
horror
information
knowledge
mercy
Pity
relief
suspicion
4.3. Others:
baggage
camping
damage
furniture
luggage
parking
shopping
Work
weather
4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:
4.4.1. a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)
4.4.2. a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)
4.4.3. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of
history)
4.4.4. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny
stories)

4.4.5. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)
4.4.6. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion /
suspicions that no one will agree to help.
5. Compound nouns:
5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter
clothes; petrol tank;…
5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining;
surf-riding;…
5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving licence;
swimming pool;…
5.4. Free combination:
- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;…
- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …
- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; …
- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…
- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;…
- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …
- football match; beauty contest; pop music;…
6. Suffixes:
6.1. er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, applicant,
employee,…
6.2. ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism,


assistance, marriage,…
6.3. hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighbourhood, freedom, friendship, sadness,
variety,..
6.4. ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behaviour,
difficulty,…

II. Adjectives (adj):
1. Kinds (Classification):
Main kinds:
a. Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.
b. Distributive: each, every, either, neither.
c. Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers.
d. Interrogative: which, what, whose.
e. Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their
f. Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…
Participles:
a. present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects)
b. past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)
c. Notes: Present participles are different from gerund
e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.
2. Functions (Position):
2.1. Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…
2.2. Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem appear, feel,
get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…
But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)
- He turned pale (= He became pale)
- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)
- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)
- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong with the soup)
3. Comparison forms:
3.1. Positive degree:
as + adjs + as
Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.
- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).

3.2. Comparative degree:
3.2.1. Mono syllable - adjectives: adjs-ER + than
Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na
- She was better at English than we were (us)
3.2.2. Multi syllable - adjectives: more + adjs + than
Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.
- We are more intelligent than him.
3.3. Superlative degree:


3.3.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST
Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.
- She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
3.3.2. Multi syllable - adjectives: the most + adjs
Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
- She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
clever
Cleverer
the cleverest
pretty
Prettier
the prettiest
happy
Happier
the happiest
silly

Sillier
the silliest
good
Better
the best
bad
Worse
the worst
far
farther/ further
the farthest/ furthest
little
Less
the least
many / much
More
the most
old
older/ elder
the oldest/ eldest
3.4. Parallel: - “The…..the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.
- And: It’s getting darker and darker.
She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.
It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go
alone
3.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.
Tom and Bill are alike.
3.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish.
You look like a ghost.

Do as I told you.
3.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).
He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
3.8. The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…
4. Clauses:
That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.
It’s better that someone should tell him.
find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:
I found that it is impossible to start now.
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.
It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:
a. Character: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice
(=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,…
b. Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,…
Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:


Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculous(lố bịch),
unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,…
- That’s the amazing idea to show.
- It was an unreasonable result to accept.
It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important,
necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),…
It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitives: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible,
important, safe, unsafe,…
S + be + adjs + infinitives :
- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,…( S + be +
glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)
- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready,
willing, unwilling.

Special cases:
- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes.
- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.
- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.
- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action.
- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher.
- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.
- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.
- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.
- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.
- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.
- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.
- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.
- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.
- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we
weren’t late.
- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.
- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer.
- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.
- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late.
5. Suffixes:
able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,…
y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,…
ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequade, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,
…
like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,…
Nationality:
a. an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…
b. ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…
c. i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…

d. ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,…


e. ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,…
f. others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,…

III. Verbs (v):
1. Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences.
2. Classification:
Auxiliary verbs:
Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)
Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be
going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/…(These are sometimes
functional verbs)
Lexical verbs:
Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)
Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful)
Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without
any complementation.
e.g. She cried (noisily).
It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)
Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation.
a. Mono transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O).
e.g. She bought flowers.
Ann met her fiancé yesterday.
b. Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects. (S+V+O+O)
e.g. She bought me some sweets. (= She bought some sweets for me)
They gave me a big cake. (=They gave a big cake to me)
c. Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”
e.g. He made me angry.

The female film star drove him mad.
3. Affixations:
en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )
e.g. danger…….to endanger
wide……....to widen
courage……to encourage
lenghth……to lenghthen
rich………..to enrich
broad ……..to broaden
ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)
e.g. modern……to modernize
industrial….to industrialize
maximum….to maximize
capital……..to capitalise
natural……..to naturalize
minimum….to minimize
4. Sentence models:
4.1. S + Vintrans:
e.g. They laugh/ The wind is blowing.
4.2. S + Vmonotrans + O:
e.g. He did his homework/ Harlay carried an umbrella.
4.3. S + Vin/ extensive + Cs: e.g. He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.
4.4. S + Vintrans + A:
e.g. He went abroad/ She arrives late.
4.5. S + Vditrans + O + O:e.g. She buys me presents/ That brings my father success.
4.6. S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g. The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.


4.7. S + Vintrans + A + A:

e.g. She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early
morning.

IV. Adverbs (adv):
1. Kinds (Classification):
Adv of manner: bravely/ fastly/ happily/ quickly/ well/ hard/…
( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard)
Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…
(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police)
Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…
(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon)
Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/…
(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader)
Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…
( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed the exam)
Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…
(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything)
Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…
(When did you go?/ Where is she now?)
Adv of relative: when/ where/ why
(He came when we were watching T.V)
2. Same form with adjectives:
back
deep*
direct*
early
enough
far
fast
Hard*

high*
ill
just*
kindly
late*
left
little
long
low
Much*
more*
near*
pretty
right*
Short*
till
straight
well
wrong*
Most*
Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
3. Positions (Functions):
Adv of manner:
Follow verbs:
e.g: He danced gracefully.
Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:
e.g: He looked at me carefully.
He looked carefully at me.
Follow S:
e.g: He suspiciously tasted the soup.

At the beginning or at the end of sentences:
e.g: Carefully he checks the suitcase.
He checks the suitcase carefully.
Adv of time:
At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ soon/ then/
today/ tomorrow/ at once/ since then/ till/…
e.g: He will returns soon. Today we will learn lesson two.
Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning)


e.g: He went to the church immediately. Immediately, he went to the church.
Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still e.g: He still lives in the suburb of the city.
Split: just
e.g: He has just left the house.
Adv of place:
3.3.1. At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here/
there/…
e.g: Nowhere could we find him. English is spoken everywhere.
3.3.2. Administration: here/ there
e.g: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there.
Adv of frequency:
4.1. always/ continually/ frequently/ occasionally/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/
sometimes/ usually.
e.g: She usually walks to school.
4.2. Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/ seldom
e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food.
Inversion cases:
Hardly…ever
Hardly…when
In no circumstances

Neither…nor
Never
No sooner…than Not only
Not till
Nowhere
On no account
Only by
Only in this way
Only then/ when Scarely ever
Scarely…when
Seldom/ so

PART FOUR : Tenses
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. The tenses:

A. The simple present tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + V
{-} S + don’t/ doesn’t + V
{?} Do/ Does + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly. (She never comes late)
- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord st)
- To denote a true fact. (The earth moves around the Sun)
3. The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/…
- always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/…
- the proof of constant truth.
4. Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)

- The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…

B. The present progressive tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + am/ are/ is + V-ING


{-} S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING
{?} Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?
2. The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking.(She is teaching Maths)
- To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)
3. The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…
- follow a command, request,…
4. Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)
- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/
know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/
forget/…( use the simple present instead )

C. The present perfect tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + have/ has + past participles
{-} S + haven’t/ hasn’t + past participles
{?} Have/ Has + S + past participles
2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still
happening at present. (We have lived here since 1990)
- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using
“just”. (She has just come from New York)
- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet”. (He hasn’t come yet)

- To denote past actions having no certain time expression, using “already”.
(We have already seen that film)
3. The recognition: - just = recently = lately.
- ever/ never (comments)
- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present).
4. Notes: - Past participles: + regular verbs adding “ed”.
+ irregular verbs “learn by heart”
- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.
- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will
happen”. The tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/… .
The form is “S + have/ has + been + V-ING”

D. The simple past tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + V-ed (V - ed = the past form of verbs)
{-} S + didn’t + V
{?} Did + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote a finished past action. (We went to the park together)
- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past. (She did all
the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)
3. The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/…
- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
4. Notes: - The past form of the verbs: + regular “V-ED”
+ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list)
- “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/.


E. The past progressive tense:
1.

The form:

2.

The usage: - To denote past happening actions. (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night)
- To denote past interrupting actions. (She was watching T.V when I came)
The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…
- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.
Notes: - Actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only. (When I heard a
knock at the door, I came to open it. When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)
- This is a timed action.

3.
4.

{+} S + was/ were + V-ING.
{-} S + was/ were + not + V-ING.
{?} Was/ Were + S + V-ING?

F.
1.
2.

3.

The past perfect tense:

The form:

{+} S + had + past participles
{-} S + had not (hadn’t) + PP
{?} Had + S + PP?
The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain
point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense).
e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday.
She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.
The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”

G. The simple future tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + will + V
{-} S + will + V
{?} Will + S + V?
- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses.
- The negative forms “will not = won’t”.
2. The usage: - To denote future actions. (They will build more hospitals)
- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in time)
3. The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…
- next week/ month/ year/..
4. Notes:
- “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/….

H. Various forms of the future tenses:
1. The future progressive tense:
1.1. The form:
{+} S + will be + V-ING
{-} S + won’t be + V-ING

{?} Will + S + be + V-ING?
1.2. The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”.
e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.
We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.
- To show the future happening actions with “when”.
e.g: She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.
2. The future perfect tense:


2.1. The form:

{+} S + will have + past participles
{-} S + won’t have + past participles
{?} Will + S + have + P.P?
2.2. The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”.
e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.
- To show a future schedule-finished action.
e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.
3. Other forms:
The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…
e.g: A: When does he leave?
B: He leaves tonight.
The present progressive: To denote an intention.
e.g: A: When are you leaving?
B: I am leaving this afternoon.
The “be + going to inf ” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement.
e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday.
They are going to get married.

II.

THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES:

Main clause
Simple present tense.

Simple past tense

Present perfect tense
Past perfect tense

Subordinate clause
-

simple present tense.
present perfect tense.
present progressive tense.
simple future tense.
“be going to V” form.
simple past tense (certain point of past time).
simple past tense.
past progressive tense.
past perfect tense.
“would + V” form.
“be going to + V” past form.
simple present tense (showing the truth).
Simple present tense.
Simple past tense.

III. the adverbial clauses:

Main clause

Adverbial clauses (of time)

Present tenses

Present tenses

Past tenses

Past tenses

Future tenses

Present tenses

I-

When/ whenever/ as/ while/
before/ after/ as soon as/…
When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just
as/ since/….
No sooner than/ hardly…when/
as long as/….

EMPHASIS:

1. Kinds (Classification):

Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation.
e.g. Are you free?
Really?
Written forms (transformation): e.g. She could hardly understand.
~Hardly could she understand.
2. Styles:
Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives
e.g. He visited us yesterday. ~ He did visit us yesterday.
Hoa loves romantic films. ~ Hoa does love romantic films.
Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives.
e.g. + Knowing your limitation is important. ~ It’s important to know…
+ He found that learning English was difficult. ~ He found that it was …
Reflexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ …
e.g. She did it.
~ She herself did it.
He thought that. ~ He himself thought that.
Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(cleft sentences)
e.g. I hated him.
~ It was him who I hated.
I need a replacement not others. ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need.
Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs
e.g. He could never find out the truth. ~ Never could he find out the truth.
We seldom eat snails.
~ Seldom do we eat snails.

II-

QUANTITIERS:

1. Single verbs agreements:

each/ every/ either/ neither + N(s)/ of N(s) + singular V.
e.g. Each person has his own thought.
Neither of my children gets up late.
each/ every + N(s)
each/ every + N + singular V
e.g. Each day and each night passes without me missing her.
Each of the boys has his own books of photos.
every/ some/ no + singular V(s)
e.g. Someone was sitting outside.
No one knows him.


plural forms but singular verbs: news/ physics/ economics/ politics/ linguistics/ genetics/
athletes/ mumps/ the United States/ the Phillipines/ Wales/…
e.g. The United States was shock by the bombing on September 11th.
The Phillipines is a developing.
uncountable nouns: furniture/ water/ traffic/ progress/ homework/ knowledge/…
e.g. Water is composed by Oxygen and Hydrogen.
At this time of day, traffic is very heavy.
distance/ time/ money:
e.g. Five miles is a relatively far distance.
Fifty billion dongs is a big sum of money.
titles of books/ articles/ stories:
e.g. “Tom and Jerry” is well known all over the world.
“The seven dragon pearls” is a picture book.
subjective clauses:
e.g. All that he needed was a full apology.
What I really like is an ice cream.
2. Plural verbs agreements:
combination “and”:

e.g. Tom and his friends were walking to school.
“the + adj(s)” form:
e.g. The English are cool. The rich are not always happy.
collective nouns:
e.g. Cattle are driven to the field.
some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/…
e.g. Some boys are resigned.
3. Various agreements:
3.1. Either
or
Neither + N1 nor
+ N2 + V
Not only
but also
e.g. Either Tom or his friends are coming.
Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured.
3.2. The number of + N(s) + singular V
A number of + N(s)
+ plural V
e.g. The number of attendants is poor.
A number of visitors are killed.
3.3. Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V.
e.g. A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table.
Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table.
3.4. All/ some/ plenty / a lot
singular N(s) + singular V
Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V
e.g. A lot of money is lost.
All of them have been arrested.

III- GERUNDS:
1. Formation:

V-ING


2. Functions:
Subject (S): Fishing is his hobby.
Getting into the city centre at this time of day isn’t easy.
Complement (C): (of to be) Her passion is studying.
What we really want is escaping from this terrible place.
Compound nouns:
2.3.1. Gerund-noun:
fishing-rod
cooking-apple
driving licence
wrapping paper writing paper
cooking oil
2.3.2. Non-gerund:
fruit-picking
sky-diving
bush walking
admit
avoid
appreciate
begin
consider
continue
delay
Deny

enjoy
escape
finish
keep
mention
mind
postpone
prefer
miss
practice
quit
recall
report
resent
Resist
recollect
resume
rish
suggest…
time counting
Object (O):
Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs
Verb preposition:
Approve of
Apologize for
Believe in
Count on
Care for
Complain of
Confess to

Consist of
Depend on
Dream of
End in
Give up
Get to
Forget about
Go back to
Hesitate about
Insist on
Keep on
Lead to
Long for
Mean by
Persist in
Plan on
Put off
Rely on
Return to
Result in
Safe from
Succeed in
Think about
Think of
Take to
Threaten with
Worry about
Object to
Look forward to….

Absorbed in
Annoy at
Careful in
Content with
Far from
Given to
Interested in
Responsible
for
Skilled in (at)

Accustomed to
Ashamed of
Careless of
Delighted at
Fond of
Good at
Keen on
Right in

Afraid of
Aware of
Certain about
Different from
Fortunate in
Grateful for
Nice about
Scared at (of)

Amused at
(in)capable of
Clever at
Embarrassed at
Frightened of
Happy in (at)
Proud of
Set on

Angry with
Careful about
(un)concious of
Excited about
Furious at
Intent on
Pleased at
Sick of

Slow in

Sorry for

Sure of

Surprised at
Wrong in…

Thankful for

Tired of (from)

Successful in
(at)
Upset at

Worried about

Adjective preposition:
Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings)
- can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like….
- It’s no use.../ It’s (not) worth…/…
Adjectives:
amusing
comfortable difficult
easy
Great
hopeless
lovely
Nice
off
Pleasant
strange
useless
wonderful…
Noun preposition:
Choice of
Excuse for
Possibility of Intention of
Reason for
Method

for…
Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs
call
catch
Feel
discover
Find
hear
get
imagine
keep
Leave
notice
send
Set
stop
watch…
Subjunctive subject “it” or noun phrases;


- Find/ found + it + V-ING: He found the film annoying.
- When/ on /while / as + V-ING:
When opening the case, he found his lost notebook.
While checking the case, we found banned drugs.

IV- INFINITIVES:
1. Classification:
Full infinitive: With “to’
e.g. He go to Paris to learn French.
Bare infinitive: Without “to’

e.g. My parent didn’t let me do what I really liked.
Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles”
e.g. He was believed to have escaped from the prison.
2. Position:
Follow the verbs below:
Agree
Arrange
Ask
Attempt
Care
Cease
Choose
Claim
Continue
Decide
Deserve
Demand

Begin
Come
Determine

Desire
Expect
Fail
Fear
Forget
Hate
Help
Hesitate

Hope
Intend
Learn
Like
Long
Love
Manage
Mean
Need
Neglect
Offer
Omit
Plan
Prefer
Pretend
Prepare
Promise
Propose
Refuse
Start
Swear
Seem
Strive
Tend
Threaten
Try
Want
Wish…
Follow the idiomatic phrases: make up one’s mind/ take care/ take the trouble/ make sure/… e.g.
They couldn’t make up their mind to go or not.

Follow the adjectives below:
(un)able
afraid
amused
annoyed
anxious
ashamed
astonished
boring
careful
certain
content
crazy
curious
dangerous
delighted
determined
difficult
distressed
due
eager
easy
hard
fortunate
free
frightened
furious
good
glad
grateful

happy
hopeless
horrified
impatient
interested
keen
lucky
moved
pleased
(im)possible
proud
safe
scared
slow
sorry
sufficient
sure
surprised
useless
usual
thankful
(un)willing
(un)wise
wonderful
worthy
wrong…
Follow WH-words: what/ who/ whom/ which/ when/ where/ how.
e.g. She didn’t know what to do next.
We didn’t decided where to go.

Follow nouns pronouns of the verbs below:
Advise
Allow
Ask
Assume
Beg
Believe
Cause
Challenge
Command
Compel
Consider
Enable
Encourage
Expect
Find
Forbid
Force
Get
Guess
Hate
Imagine
Instruct
Intend
Invite
Know
Lead
Like
Love

Mean
Observe
Order
Permit
Persuade
Prefer
Suspect
Teach
Tell
Tempt
Think
Trust
Understand
Urge
Warn
Want
Wish….
To be demonstration, purposes, results: enough / save money/…
e.g. The house, to be demolished, is very old.
She has nothing to eat.
We haven’t got enough to have one each.
They saved money to go abroad.
To form absolute phrases: To tell the truth; To cut a long short story;…
e.g. To tell the truth, she was a real liar.
To form exclamation: e.g. To think she met with such a death!
Oh! To be young again!

V-

SPECIAL CASES:

1. Either infinitives or gerunds:
stop:
a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work)
e.g. He stops to smoke. (He stops his work and starts smoking)
b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit )
e.g. He stops smoking (He no longer smokes)
try:
a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do)
e.g. He tried to lift the case. (He managed to lift the case and succeeded)
b. try + gerunds (= to experience)
e.g. He tried lifting the case. (He wanted to know whether he could lift it)
remember:
a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task)
e.g. He remembered to lock the door. (He had to lock the door)
b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)
e.g. He remembered locking the door. (He was sure that he had locked the door)
forget:
a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task)
e.g. Sam forgot to buy food. (Sam didn’t buy food)
b. forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten)
e.g. Sam forgot buying food. (He bought food but he didn’t remember)
regret:
a. regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task)


e.g. Kim regretted to say the truth. (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to)
b. regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)
e.g. Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done)
2. Would:

a. conditional sentences:
e.g. If I were you, I would agree to come.
He would have passed if he had known the rules well.
b. past habits:
e.g. I would sing romantic songs when I was young.
She would cry when she was too sad.
3. Used to: past habit not happen at present
e.g. She used to walk to school.
4. Be (get) used to:
a. get used to (= be acquainted with)
e.g. She has got used to walking to office.
b. be used to (be familiar to)
e.g. He was used to walking to office.
5. Would rather V1 than V2:
would rather (not) + V:
e.g. She’d rather go to the meeting.
We would rather not mention that case.
would rather + O (not) + v -ed:
e.g. I’d rather him brought there some cakes.
She would rather her husband not joined the army.
6. Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns:
prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives:
e.g. She prefered walking to driving.
She liked walking/ to walk.
would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives:
e.g. She’d prefer to walk.
She would like to walk.
7. Could/ may/ might: possibility/ maybe = perhaps
in conditional sentences:
e.g. If it rains, we may cancel the trip.

We might go to the park if it were Sunday today.
uncertain speculation:
e.g. It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow.
It will possibly rain tomorrow.
perhaps/ maybe:
e.g. Perhaps he won’t come.
Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
8. Should:
command; request; obligation:
e.g. You should study harder.


She should bring along an umbrella.
an expectation/ a wish:
e.g. My letter should arrive next week.
9. Speculations/ deduction:
could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility

PART FIVE

THE PASSIVE VOICE
A sentence can be either in active or passive voice. We use an active verb when the subject
performs the action. When the subject receives the action, we use a passive verb
( the subject is what the action is directed at )
I/ Form: Be + VPII
II/ How to change an active sentence into a passive sentence
To change an active sentence into a passive , we follow these steps:
1) Change the object of the active sentence into the subject of the passive sentence, and
place it at the beginning of the passive sentence.
Active: The workers

have finished

the project

V

O

S

Passive: The project
S
2) Place the verb BE after the subject of the passive sentence. This verb must be int the same
tense as the main verb in the active sentence and agree in number ( singular or plural ) with the
subject of the passive sentence.
Active: The workers

have finished

the project

V

O

S

- The tense of the main verb (finish) is the Present Perfect, so the tense of be is also the Present
Perfect (has/ have been)

- The subject ( the project) is singular so the form of be is singular (has been)
Passive: The project
S

has been
V


3) Place the main verb from the active sentence after the verb be and this main verb must be
in the past participle form
Active: The workers

have finished

the project

V

O

S

- The main verb Finish is in the Present Perfect so the past participle finish is placed after the
present perfect form of be (has been)
Passive: The project

has been finished

S

V

4) Place ”by + the subject of the active sentence (the agent)” after the main verb in the
passive sentence . ( If the subject is the pronoun like he, she, we...change it into object pronoun
him, her, us...)
Active: The workers

have finished

the project

V

O

S

- The subject of the active sentence is the workers, so the phrase “ by the workers” is put after be +
main verb
Passive: The project

has been finished

S

V

by the workers
O (the agent)

Note:
1. The step 4 can be eliminated if the subject of the active sentence is not necessary to refer to
or is understood.
(A): People grow rice in Vietnam
(P): Rice is grown in Vietnam
2. If there are any auxiliaries in the active sentence, place them immediately after the subject in
the passive sentence, then insert the verb be ( in the same form as the main verb in the active
sentence) after the auxiliary.
(A): Lightening can cause a fire.
(P): A fire can be caused by a lightening
3. Adverbs of place in the active sentence are often put in front of “ by + the agent “ in the
passive sentence.
(A): A passer - by took him home .
(P): He was taken home by a passer - by
4. Adverbs of time in the active sentence are often put after “ by + the agent “ in the passive
sentence.
(A): We will receive the gifts on Monday
(P): The gifts will be received by us on Monday