Một số Quy tắc đánh trộng âm rất hay.

Syllables
How many syllables are there?
go
/
kitchen



syllable

.

chocolate

 

comfortable

.

different

.


Syllables
A syllable is a group of one or more sounds. The
essential part of a syllable is a vowel sound.

If a word has more than one syllable, you give stress
to one of the syllables.

STRESS
• STRESS IN SIMPLE WORDS
• STRESS IN COMPLEX WORDS


SIMPLE WORDS VS.
COMPLEX WORDS
• Simple words: words that are composed of one
grammatical unit


Eg: care, beauty, happy,…

• Complex words: words that are composed of
more than one grammatical unit (affixes or
compound words)



Eg: carelessness, unhappy, suitcase…


STRESS IN SIMPLE
WORDS
 Nature of stress
 Levels of stress
 Stress placement within words

NATURE OF STRESS
 Definition
 Transcription
 Characteristic


DEFINITION of
stress
Stress is an extra force put on a particular
syllable in a word in speech
(Source: A course in phonetics, Peter Ladefoged)
Eg: GOing /'g@UIỴ/
phoTOgrapher /f@'tÁgr@f@/


TRANSCRIPTION
Place a vertical line (') high up just
before the syllable it relates to.
Eg:

open /'@Up@n/
determine /dI'tỈ:mKn/


CHARACTERISTIC
Two ways of approaching stress
 Production
What the speaker does in producing stress
syllables.

 Perception
What characteristics of sound make a syllable
seem to be stressed to listeners.


PRODUCTION OF STRESS
 The speakers use more muscular
energy to pronounce stress syllable
than for unstressed ones.
 The muscles that we use to expel air
from the lungs are more active  create
higher subglottal pressure.


PERCEPTION OF STRESS
 All stressed syllables have one characteristic in
common: prominence.
 Factors making a syllable prominent
 Loudness
 Length
 Pitch
 Quality


LEVEL OF STRESS
Primary stress
Secondary stress
Unstressed

PRIMARY STRESS
Strongest type of stress
 The pitch move from higher to lower pitch
 Often presented with a vertical line high up (') before
the stressed syllable

Eg:

around /@'raUnd/
disaster /dI'zA:st@/


Secondary stress
 Weaker than primary stress
 Stronger than unstressed syllable
 Often presented with a low mark (")
 Eg:

disapprove /"dIs@'pru:v/
anthropology /"{nTr@'pÁl@dZi/


Placement of stress within
words
In order to decide on the stress placement, it is
necessary to make use of some or all of the following
information.
a. Whether the word is morphologically simple or
complex. (whether the word is a simple, derived or
compound word).

b. The grammatical category to which the word belongs.
c. The number of syllables in the word.
d. The phonological structure of the word.


Simple word stress
1. Two syllable words
a. Verbs
b. Adjectives
c. Nouns
d. Adverbs and prepositions

2. Three syllable words
a. Verbs
b. Nouns
c. Adjectives


Stress pattern rules
• Two syllable verbs
a long vowel

rr
Refer
/r
ɪˈ
f
ɜ
:
Refer /rɪˈfɜ: //

a diphthong (but /əʊdesign
/)
/d
design
/dɪˈɪˈza
zaɪɪn/
n/
> 1 final cont.

perfect
perfect /p
/pəəˈfekt/
ˈfekt/


Stress pattern rules
• Two syllable verbs
a long vowel

visit
visit /ˈv
/ˈvɪɪzzɪɪt/
t/

a diphthong (but /əʊ/)borrow
borrow /ˈb
/ˈbɒɒrrəʊ
əʊ//
> 1 final cont.

open
open /ˈ/ˈəʊ
əʊp
pəən/
n/


Stress pattern rules
• Two syllable nouns
a long vowel

routine
routine /ru
/ru:ˈ:ˈtiti::n/
n/

a diphthong (but /əʊ/)design
design /d
/dɪˈɪˈza
zaɪɪn/
n/


Stress pattern rules
• Two syllable nouns
a long vowel

student
student /ˈstju:d

/ˈstju:dəənt/
nt

a diphthong (but /əʊsorrow
/)
/ˈs
sorrow
/ˈsɒɒrrəʊ
əʊ//