Cong thuc chuyen doi cau thong dung trong tieng anh

REVIEW OF STRUCTURES – SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
Model 1: Clause and phrases of reason:
Because

Because of

As

Due to
+ noun (phrase)/

Since

+ clause

As a result of
+ V-ing

Seeing that

On account of

Now that

Owing to

Model 2: clauses and Phrases of Concession:
Although

Despite
+ noun (phrase)/

Though

+ clause

In spite of
+ V-ing

Even though

Notwithstanding

Model 3: Phrases of result:
S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR sb) + TO_INF

S+ V+ NOT + ADJ/ ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR sb) + O_INF

E.g.:
Mary is too young to get married.
 Mary is not old enough to get married.
The tea was not cool enough for her to drink.
 The tea was too hot for her to drink.

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Model 4: Clauses and Phrases of Result:

S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR O) + TO-INF

S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV

+ THAT + S +V+
NOT….

S + V +SUCH + (A/An +ADJ) + N

E.g.:
The box was too heavy for the child to carry
 The box was so heavy that the child could not carry.
 It was such a heavy box that the child could not carry.
He spoke so quickly that I could not understand him.
 He spoke too quickly for me to understand.

Model 5: Clauses and Phrases of Result:
S + V + ADJ/ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR O) + TO-INF

S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV
+ THAT + S +V….
S + V +SUCH + (A/An +ADJ) + N
E.g.:
This question is easy enough for us to answer.
 This question is so easy that we can answer.
 It is such an easy question that we can answer.
This song was so simple that she sing a.
 It was such a simple song that she could sing.

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Model 6: clauses of result:

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 This song was simple enough for her to sing.


S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + S _ V

S+ V + SUCH + (A/AN + ADJ) + N + THAT + S + V

The film was so good that I saw it 3 times.
 It was such a good film that I saw it 3 times.
It is such a bad book that nobody reads it.
 The book is so bad that nobody reads it.

Modal 7: TO-INF used as a subject:
TOO-INF … + BE + ADJ

IT + BE + ADJ + TO-INF
IT+ BE + ADJ + V-ING
HOW + ADJ + (IT +BE) + TO-INF

E.g.:
To listen to music all day is wonderful
 It’s wonderful to listen to music all day
 It’s wonderful listening to music all day.
 How wonderful (it is) to listen to music all day.

Model 8: TO-INF used as a subject
TOO-INF … + BE + ADJ/N

To live on my salary must be hard.

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E.g.:

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S + V + IT + ADJ/N + TO-INF …


 I find it hard to live on my salary.
To be accurate is a good thing.
 I think it a good thing to be accurate.
Notes: V: consider, find, think, hope, make

Model 9:
S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3 …. + TIME

IT IS + TIME …+ SINCE…. + V-ED/V2

My father hasn’t been to Hanoi for 2 years.
 It is 2 years since my father was to Hanoi.
It is one month since I last saw my father.
 I haven’t seen my father for one month.

Model 10:

S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3

…. +THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE/HAS + VED/V3

I haven’t seen that man here before.
 It’s the first time I have seen that man here.
It’s the first time I have read this book.
 I haven’t read this book before.

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Model 11:


S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3 … SINCE/FOR…

THE LAST TIME + S + V-ED/V2…. + WAS …
I haven’t seen him since I was a student.
 I last saw him when I was a student.
My father hasn’t been to Vung Tau for 2 years.
 The last time my father was in Vung Tau was five years ago.

Model 12:
S + V-ED/V2 … AGO

S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ING = SINCE/FOR

He started working for this factory a year ago.

He has been working for this factory for a year/ since last year.
My sister has been studying English for 4 years.
My sister began studying English 4 years ago.

Model 13:
S + V +…+ TIME

IT + TAKE + (O) + TIME + TO-INF
She typed the letter in 20 minutes.
It took her 20 minutes to type the letter.
The flight to Hanoi lasted 3 hours.

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Model 14:

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It took 3 hours to fly to Hanoi.


S + V + NOT +…+ UNTIL …

IT WAS NOT UNTIL … THAT S + V

Tom didn’t begin to read until he was 8.
It was not until Tom was eight that he began to read.
The doctor was not out until 2 o’clock.
It was not until 2 o’clock that the doctor was out.

Model 15: Causative form
S+V+O

S + HAVE/GET + O1 (S.O) + V0/ TO-INF + O2 (S.T)

S + HAVE/GET + O2 (S.T) + V0/ TO-INF + O1 (S.O)

Tom cleans the kitchen for us every day.
We have/get Tom clean/ to clean the kitchen every day.
We have/get the kitchen cleaned by Tom every day.

Model 16: Comparison of Adj/Adv
S + V + ADJ/ADV + ER
S + V + MORE + ADJ/ADV

+ THAN + S + (V)

S + V + THE + ADJ/ADV +EST

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S + V + THE MOST + ADJ/ADV


Have you got a cheaper hat than the others?
Is this the cheapest hat you have got?
Tom is the best football player in the team.
No one in the team is a better football player than Tom.

Model 17: Comparison of ADJ/ADV
S + V + NOT + SO/AS + ADJ/ADV + AS ..

S + V + ADJ/ADV + ER

+ THAN

MORE +ADJ/ADV

I don’t play the guitar as well as he does
He plays the guitar better than I do.
Stone isn’t as hard as iron.
Iron is harder than stone.

Model 18: Double Comparative

S + V, S + V

THE
+

THE
+

MORE ADJ/ADV

MORE
+ S + V, THE

+ S +V

ADJ/ADV + ER

LESS

MORE

MORE ADJ/ADV
+ S + V, THE

LESS

+ S +V
ADJ/ADV + ER

As he grows older, he becomes cheerful.
The older he grows, the more cheerful he becomes.

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The older I get, the less I want to travel.

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As I get older, I want to travel less.


He eats much. He feel thirsty.
The more he eats, the thirstier he feels.

Model 19:
S + V + NOT, S + V + NOT … (EITHER)

NEITHER …. NOR…
He isn’t going to attend the meeting. I am not either.
Neither he nor I am going to attend the meeting.
My father doesn’t drink a lot. He doesn’t smoke a lot.
 My father neither drinks nor smokes.

Model 20:
WHY DON’T YOU + V ….?

S + SUGGESTED THAT + S + SHOULD + V
‘Why don’t you apply for the job, Ann?’, said Sue
Sue suggested that Ann should apply for the job.

Model 21: Clause  Phrase

S+

V-ED/V2

V-ING

DIDN’T + V

NOT + V-ING

HAD +V-ED/V3

HAVING + V-ED/V2

She opened the door and entered the room.
Opening the door she entered the room.

Tom had failed twice, so he didn’t want to try again.

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Not knowing the language , she found it hard to get work.

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Because she didn’t know the language, she found it hard to get work.


Having failed twice, Tom didn’t want to try again.

Model 22:
S + CANNOT + V

S + PREVENT + O + FROM + V-ING
I couldn’t listen to the radio because of the noise.
The noise prevented me from listening to the radio.

Model 23:
CLAUSE

GERUND PHRASE

Let’s invite the Browns to the party on Sunday.
He suggested inviting the Browns to the party on Sunday.
She didn’t say a word as she left the room.
She left the room without saying a word.
We spent our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort and we always remember it.
We always remember spending our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort.

Model 24:
HARDLY/ SCARELY … WHEN
HARDLY/SCARELY/ONLY JUST …WHEN

NO SOONER …. THAN …
… NO SOONER … THAN
We had hardly/scarcely/hardly/scarely/only just seen me when/ when/ when/ than he ran away.
Hardly/ scarcely/ no sooner had he seen me when/when/than he ran away.
The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out.

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Model 25: Adjective <-> Verb

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No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.


It is essential to finish the work today.
 You don’t have to/ need to finish the work today.
Roses can’t grow/ be grown in such poor ground.

 It is possible for roses to grow/ to be grown in such poor ground.

Model 26: Verb <-> Noun
He didn’t intend to stay there.
He had no intention of staying there.
He made a decision to leave home.
He decided to leave home.
Notes: Verb Noun
Visit

Pay a visit to SO/pay SO a visit

Know

Have knowledge of ST

Determine to

Determination

Make a success

Interest in

Take/ have interest in

Tend to

Have a tendency to do ST

Desire to

Have a desire to do ST

Think of

Give thought to

Look at

Have/ take a look at

bathe

Take/ have a bath

Help SO

Give help to SO

Hope

Have a hope of ST

Decide

Make a decision to do ST

Intend

Have an intention of V-ing/N

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Succeed in

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do ST


Love SO

Be/ fall in love with SO

Start

Make a start

Rest

Take a rest

Agree

Be in agreement// reach/have/make an agreement

Argue

Have an argument

Sleep

Got a sleep

Talk

Have a talk

Change

Have a change of ST

Photograph

Take a photograph

Arrange

Make arrangements for ST/ for SO to do ST

Smile

Give a smile

Model 27: WISH
PRESENT
SENTENCE IN

PAST

SITUATION

FUTURE

V-ED/ V2/ WERE
S + WISH + S + HAD + V-ED/V3
WOULD + V2

What a pity you failed in your driving test.

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I wish my wife could speak French.

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My wife can’t speak French.


I wish you hadn’t failed in your driving test.
She won’t visit me again.
I wish she would visit me again.

Model 28: Clauses and Phrases of purpose:
(NOT) TO-INF
S+V+

IN ORDER (NOT) TO –INF
SO AS (NOT) TO -INF

SO THAT
S+V+

CAN/ CAN’T
+S+

IN ORDER THAT

COULD/ COULDN’T

Model 29: not worth, no good and no point (not to be useful/ have no useful effects)
 It’s (not) worth sth/ doing sth
 It’s no good doing sth
 There’s no point in doing sth

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 It’s no use doing sth/ what’s the use (of doing sth)?