TRl/ONG OAI HOC Dl/OC HA NOI
BO MON Dl/OC LAM SANG
Dime LAM SANG VA DIEU TRI
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•
(Tai ban Ian this hai co sCta chCra va bo sung)
Dfil HOC VO TPCtldNQ T06N
THl/VIEN
NHA XUAT BAN Y HOC
HA NOI - 2007
LOI NOI DAU
"Duoc lam sang & dieu tri" la mon hoc phuc vu cho chuong trinh giang day cua
trucmg Dai hoc Duoc, chuyen nganh duoc lam sang. Mon hoc nay duoc hoc sau khi sinh
vien da co nhirng kien thuc ca ban ve duoc lam sang dai cuong.
"Duoc lam sang & dieu tri" cung cap nhung kien thufc lien quan den viec su dung
thuoc trong dieu tri. Sach duoc xuat ban Ian dau tien vao nam 2001 va tai ban Ian thir
nhat vao nam 2005. Day la Ian tai ban thir hai v6i noi dung duoc sua chua va bo sung de
cap nhat nhirng kien thuc moi nhat.
Noi dung cuon sach bao gom 16 chuong chia thanh 2 phan:
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Phan 1: Duoc lam sang trong thuc hanh benh vien.
Phan nay gom 5 chuong, nham cung cap nhung kien thuc co ban cho hoat dong cua
cac duoc si lam sang tai benh vien.
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Phan 2: Su dung thuoc trong dieu tri.
Phan nay hien tai chi gom 11 chuong, de cap den viec su dung thuoc trong dieu tri
mot so nhom benh; trong tuong lai phan nay se duoc mo rong them de co the bao quat
duoc hau het cac benh ma nguoi duoc si lam sang can n&m vung.
Do sir doi moi nhanh chong trong linh vuc dieu tri va sir ra ddi nhieu thuoc moi,
nhieu kien thirc trong dieu tri hien khong con phu hop nua. Trong Ian xuat ban nay, cac
tac gia co bo sung nhung kien thuc ve thuoc va phac do dieu tri de giiip nguoi hoc tiep
can kip thoi voi nhung thay doi trong linh vuc Y, Duoc trong thdi gian vira qua. Hau het
cac chuong deu duoc cap nhat lai kien thuc, mot so chuong duoc viet lai hoan toan.
Mac du da co nhieu co gang song do han che ve thofi gian nen chdc ch^n vln con
nhieu thieu sot. Chung toi rat mong nhan duoc y kien dong gop cua cac dong nghiep Y
va Duoc. Thu tu lien he xin giri ve theo dia chi:
Bo mon Duoc lam sang
Trudng dai hoc Duoc Ha Noi, 13 - 15 Le Thanh Tong
Dienthoai: 049.330771.
Xin tran trong cam on!
Cac tac gia
Phan I
Dl/OC LAM SANG
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TRONG THl/C HANH BENH VIEN
Chirong I
THONG TIN THUOC
I. DAI CUONG VE THONG TIN
1.1. Y nghia
- Thong tin ngay nay da tro thanh mot trong bon nguon luc ca ban (Nhan luc, vat
luc, tai lire, tin luc) trong quan ly dieu hanh va ra quyet dinh de trien khai mot chuong
trinh, mot du an, mot cong viec lorn nho, lap ke hoach cong tac dai han, ngan han. Kho
co viec gi co the hoan thanh tot lai khong can den ca 4 ngu6n luc do trong do khong the
thieu tin lire. Tin luc bao gom ca thong tin - giao due - truyen thong (Information,
Education, Communication, viet t&t la IEC).
Nhirng thap ky trudc day 6* Viet Nam rat thieu thong tin, thieu tCr cac nguon thong
tin, den mot he thong to chire ve thong tin, thieu mot co che thu thap va cung ting thong
tin... dieu do da gay nhirng tro ngai va hau qua trong cac hoat dong kinh te, xa hoi, khoa
hoc ky thuat.
Nhirng nam gan day, tinh hinh thong tin 6* Viet Nam da tot hon, phong phu han
nhung chua he thong, chua pho bien va chua co the noi la thoat canh lac hau v& thong
tin trong moi linh vuc hoat dong.
Mot to chire thong tin hoat dong huu hieu luon la mot cong cu dac luc cho viec hoan
thanh nhiem vu, la niem tu hao cho mot nganh, mot linh vuc, mot dan vi, mot to chuc
nao do vi do la kho tang tri thufc cua the gidi da ndm duoc de su dung.
Thong tin con la mot quy6n lai ca ban trong doi song con ngucri duac luat phap
nhieu nu6c ghi nhan la quyen duoc thong tin.
1.2. Phan loai thong tin : Co nhieu each phan loai.
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Phan loai theo nguon tai lieu chira dung thong tin.
- Tai lieu cap I: Cac bai bao, cong trinh goc dang tai day du ban chup,
microfiche.
- Tai lieu cap II: Cac bai torn tat cong trinh, cac tin trich dan.
- Cac tac pham kinh dien, cac chuyen luan, chuyen khao.
• Phan loai theo linh vuc thong tin.
- Thong tin ve sure khoe.
- Thong tin ve thuoc.
- Thong tin dan so.
' - Thong tin kinh te, thuang mai, san xuat...
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V...V...
Phan loai theo tinh chat cua thong tin.
- Thong tin ca ban : So lieu ve dat nude, con ngudi, tai nguyen, khi hau...
- Thong tin ve cau true ( Structure Information): So lieu ve to enure bo may, cac
cau tu can thiet...
- Thong tin ve qua trinh (Process Information): So lieu ve ca che hoat dong, quy
trinh hoat dong.
- Thong tin ve ket qua (Outcome Information): So lieu ve hieu qua cua hoat dong.
• Phan loai khac tuy theo muc tieu cua du lieu.
- Thong tin ve mot ca sd san xuat, mot cong ty kinh doanh.
- Thong tin ve phan umg bat lai cua mot thuoc(Adverse Drug Reactions-ADR).
- Thong tin cho tung loai doi tuang: Ngudi co chuyen mon, quan chung nhan
dan, ngudi tieu dung....
II. THONG TIN THUOC
2.1. Noi dung thong tin thuoc bao gom
- Cac thong tin ca ban ve mot thuoc.
- Thong tin cho thay thuoc ke dan.
- Thong tin cho duac si va nhan vien ban thuoc.
- Thong tin cho benh nhan, nguoi dung thuoc.
- Thong tin nang cao dan tri.
Nhirng thap ky dau the ky XX, cac chung loai thuoc chua co nhieu, cac can bo
chuyen mon Y Duac de nam bat thuoc nay chira benh nao. Nhung ngay nay, nhung thap
ky cudi cua the ky XX, cac thanh tuu khoa hoc 1dm lao thong qua cong nghe rat phat
trien da san xuat ra rat nhieu chung loai thuoc vdi nhirng tac dung tri benh tinh vi han
nhieu. Cac thong tin ve thuoc ngay cang phurc tap va phong phu - nguoi duac si phai
giup cac nha dieu tri hoc chon duac thuoc nao it phan ring phu, it nguy ca xay ra phan
ung doi nghich nhat de tri mot benh cu the cho tung benh nhan rieng biet, giup cac nhan
vien y te cham soc benh nhan dung thuoc dung lieu, dung luc, dung each nhat de phat huy
hieu luc toi uu cua thuoc, tranh duac cac tac hai do tuang tac cua thuoc va giup cho
benh nhan, nguoi dung thuoc tuan thu dan thuoc va each dung dung dan. Nguoi duac si
con phai thong qua cac phuong tien truyen thong dai chung de giao due ve thuoc cho
nhan dan d mirc do thich hop ngay ttr khi con dang di hoc d cac trucmg pho thong den
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ngudi ldn tudi de nang cao dan tri, cd hieu biet ve thuoc, biet dung thuoc de bao ve sure
khoe, biet tuan thu cac chi dinh dieu tri cua thay thuoc, each dung do duac si hudng
din, biet tu dung thuoc trong gidi han duoc quy dinh de chua tri mot sd trieu chirng
benh thong thudng cd hieu qua va it ton kem nhat. Dieu nay dat ra cho cac duac si
phai quan tarn dac biet viec cung cap thong tin thuoc cho ngudi dan.
De thuc hien duac muc tieu su dung thuoc hap ly, an toan va it ton kem, ngudi duac
si phai cd chire nang lam tot cong tac thong tin thuoc.
2.2. Doi tuang cua thong tin thuoc
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Nhirng ngudi cung irng cac dich vu cham soc va bao ve sue khoe:
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Thay thuoc ke dan.
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Y ta dieu duang
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Duac si benh vien, cua hang.
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Ngudi ban thuoc
Nhirng ngudi sir dung dich vu cham soc sire khoe:
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Benh nhan, ngudi dung thuoc.
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Nhan dan, ngudi tieu dung thuoc.
2.3. Phuong tien thong tin
- Sach bao, tai lieu chuyen mon, cong trinh nghien ciru, khao sat, cac hoi thao
chuyen de, tap huan, cac thong bao v.v...
- Cac phuong tien truyen thong dai chung nhu bao viet, bao hinh, bao tieng, cac
tai lieu pho cap, so dien thoai giai dap, tu van, cac bang hinh, bang tieng, cac chien dich
truyen thong v.v...
2.4. To chuc thong tin thuoc
- Can cd Trung tarn thong tin thuoc (TTTTT) qudc gia, dia phuang, j j j j j cua
cac ca sd dieu tri ldn, cac co sd dao tao, cac ca sd nghien ciru khoa hoc y te.
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Cac thu vien, tu sach, tu lieu d cac ca sd y te cac cap.
Yeu cau cua mot to chitc thong tin:
- Tuy theo dieu kien kinh te va chuc nang nhiem vu, cd the to chire theo nhieu co
ldn nhd khac nhau: Tu mot so cap tu lieu, vai chuc dau sach d mot ca sd y te nhd nhat
den mot hai tu quay tu lieu sach vd d mot ca sd y te ldn han, tir mot gian phdng den mot
day nha, mot thu vien ldn.
- Phuang tien trang thiet bi, tuy dieu kien kinh te cd the trang bi tir mot so danh
muc tai lieu, sach vd hoac hop phieu due 16 den he thong may tinh noi mang hien dai, cac dia
compact (CD-ROM), cac tai lieu kinh dien cap I, cap II, cac tap chi chuyen khoa dat
mua cap nhat.
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Cd nhan lire duac dao tao chuyen ve thong tin, tin hoc.
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Cd ky nang, ky thuat khai thac thong tin.
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Cd ke hoach hoat dong nang dong hieu qua.
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Cd dong ca say me nghe nghiep, ky nang giao tiep, tinh than phuc vu.
2.5. Chuc nang cua mot trung tam thong tin
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Thu thap tfch luy thong tin.
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Xir ly thong tin, phan loai, sap xep.
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Luu trtr thong tin cd he thong de d6 khai thac.
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Bien tap thong tin phuc vu cac nhu cau.
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Cung irng, phan phat thong tin.
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Thu thap thong tin phan hoi tir ngudi dimg tin.
2.6. Trung tam thong tin thuoc
2.6.1. Su can thiet phai co trung tam thong tin thuoc
- Theo khuyen cao cua To chuc Y te The gidi (WHO) va xuat phat tu nhu cau va
lai ich cua tung qudc gia, nhieu nude tren the gidi da phat trien va dang phat trien deu cd
hai trung tam thong tin thuoc va chat doc hoac rieng re hoac phdi hap d cap qudc gia.
Muc dich cua cac trung tam nay deu thu thap va cung cap thong tin ve thuoc chira benh
va tac hai ciia chat doc doi vdi sire khoe con ngudi.
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Ngudi ta nhan thay sach vd, bao chi, tap chi, tai lieu cong bd, xuat ban ngay
cang nhieu nen can phai cd mot to chuc vdi cntic nang thu thap va cung cap thong tin
thuoc va chat doc cho moi ngudi.
2.6.2. Gidi thieu mot trung tam thong tin quoc gia ve thuoc vd chat doc phoi hap
(Integrated Drug and Poison Information National Centre)
Chuc nang ciia trung tam:
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Thu thap, danh gia, tong hap, sap xep cac thong tin lien quan den thuoc va sire
khoe.
- Trien khai mot he thong tra ciru tin nhanh chdng, chfnh xac va phan tfch he
thong b^ng may tinh.
Cung cap nhirng dich vu thong tin hieu qua va die luc ve thuoc chua benh, chat doc
lien quan den sire khoe cho cac nhan vien y te va quan chung nhan dan de viec cham sdc
sire khoe cho ngudi benh tot han.
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Dich vu thong tin co tai trung tam:
Nhirng dich vu thong tin nay rat da dang. Do dieu kien va phuang tien truyen tin
phat trien nen ngudi ta da to chuc:
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Dich vu dien thoai (phonelines) giai dap thac mac, cung cap thong tin thuoc va
chat doc lien quan den stic khoe trong my pham, thuc pham, cac hoa chat dimg
trong ddi song hang ngay...
- Dich vu mang may vi tfnh khai thac thong tin thuoc chira benh va chat doc vdi
chi phi rat ft (it han 800 dong mdi phut).
- Dich vu mang truyen hinh va bo giai ma vdi nhieu kenh khac nhau duac hdi va
giai dap. Vf du: Kenh cung cap thong tin ve thuc pham (Foodinfo) ve thuoc trtr
sau (Pestinfo) ve hoa chat (cheminfo), kenh giai dap va pho cap kien thuc cho
cong dong (Public Infoline) ve thuoc chua benh (Drug line) ve chat doc (Poison
line). Hai kenh sau danh cho can bo cd chuyen mon.
Mot trung tam nhu vay d mot nude thuoc khu vuc ASEAN, trong hai nam da cung
cap 52000 tin, trong do 54% cac cau giai dap thac mac ve thuoc la cua ngudi dan binh
thudng trong cong dong, con lai la cua can bo y te.
Cac thong tin co the khai thac duac tai trung tam:
- Danh muc thuoc dang ky.
- Thong tin ve phac do dieu tri & thuoc cho benh vien.
- Thong tin ve thuoc.
- Thong tin ve chat doc.
- Dich vu torn t&t va trich dan thong tin thuoc.
- Thong tin ve thuoc trir sau.
- Thong tin ve hoa chat cong nghiep va ho gia dinh.
- Thong tin ve cay thuoc va thuoc co truyen.
- Theo doi va bao cao ve phan umg bat lai cua thuoc.
- Theo doi dieu tri bang thuoc (chi dinh dieu tri va tu dieu tri).
- Cung cap thong tin ve dan vi lieu dung.
- Theo doi su dung thuoc khang sinh.
- Thong tin ve ky thuat san xuat, cong nghe bao che thuoc.
- Thong tin ve nhu cau, kinh doanh, gia ca thi trudng thuoc.
- Thong tin ve chat luang thuoc.
- Thong tin ve quan ly thuoc, cac chfnh sach va qui che.
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III. YEU CAU CUA THONG TIN THUOC
Cac thong tin phai:
- Khach quan, trung thuc.
- Chfnh xac, day du.
- Duac phan tfch va so sanh.
- Duac bieu di£n dudi dang bang bieu, hinh ve.
- Duac dinh hudng thong tin nay can cho ai.
- Luon duac cap nhat theo doi.
- Luon duac he thong hoa.
- Luon duac phan phat.
3.1. Thong tin thuoc vdi quan chung
- Noi dung ngan gon, nen dung dang tranh anh hinh ve, ft tir ngir, tap trung theo
tirng chu de khac nhau.
- Kien thuc chung dan gian dt hieu, ldi ndi, vi du phai dan da.
- Sir dung moi phuang tien truyen thong
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Nhac di nhac lai.
- Cd ca quan giai dap thac mac cho nhan dan.
- Phoi hap nhieu linh vuc y-duac-xa hoi hoc-kinh te hoc-dan toe hoc.
- Thong tin gidi thieu thuoc cho nhan dan theo tieu chuan dao dure cua To churc
Y te The gidi, va chfnh sach thong tin thuoc cua Nha nude ta.
3.2. Thong tin thuoc trong quang cao
Nghi quyetciiaHoi dong Y te The gidi, so 41.17 ngay 13/5/1988 cong nhan va ban hanh
tieu chuan dao dire quang cao gidi thieu thuoc de sir dung thuoc hop ly va dam bao
cham sdc stic khoe, khuyen cao cac nude hoi vien dua vao tinh hinh chfnh tri-kinh te-xa
hoi-van hoa-giao duc-khoa hoc-ky thuat-phap che, mo hinh benh tat, tap quan, trinh do
he thong y te ma ban hanh quy che cho nude minh thuc hien, keu goi cac hang san xuat,
cong ty, ca sd phan phoi, mua ban thuoc, ke dan, cac trudng, vien, cac hiep hoi nghe
nghiep, ngudi tieu dung, ngudi benh, cac he thong truyen thong dai chung thuc hien va
pho bien tieu chuan
Tieu chuan dao dure (Thai do urng xu thfch hop trong thong tin gidi thieu thuoc):
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Trung thuc, tin cay
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Chfnh xac.
Tieu chuan dao due trong quang cao gidi thieu thuoc nham nang cao chat lugng
cham sdc sire khoe thong qua viec sir dung thuoc hap ly.
Tieu chuan dao due ap dung vao viec thong tin gidi thieu ca thuoc ke dan va thuoc
khong can dan (OTC), ca thuoc co truyen & san pham chira benh cho moi ngudi cd
nganh nghe khac nhau, nganh cong nghiep dugc, can bo y te ke dan, can bo cung ung,
phan phoi, cap phat'thudc, cac trudng dao tao, cac hoi nghe nghiep, hoi ngudi tieu dung
va benh nhan, cac phuang tien truyen thong.
Thong tin ve thuoc can:
Can nh&c ky luang, chirng minh duac, lai le khach quan dung muc.
Khong dugc khang dinh dieu khong the kiem tra dugc.
Khong dugc phien dien gay hieu lam dan den sir dung khong dung gay rui ro.
Cach trinh bay quang cao gidi thieu thuoc khong dugc mang tinh khuyen du sir
dung, mua hang, gay hieu lam, hieu sai ve hai mat lgi hai cua thuoc.
Khong dugc quang cao gidi thieu thuoc vi muc dfch lgi fch vat chat, tai chfnh.
Khong dung cac phuang phap nham tac dong de can bo y te ke dan, dung thuoc.
Khong dugc cd tinh sir dung cac hoat dong khoa hoc va giao due vao muc dfch
quang cao thuoc.
Cac du kien khoa hoc ve thuoc la tai san chung, phai sa~n sang cung cap cho can bo
y te va bat ky ngudi nao khac khi cd yeu cau.
3.3. Thong tin gidi thieu (TTGT) thuoc cho can bo y te
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Ldi le va hinh anh trong moi TTGT thuoc cho y bac si & can bo y te phai dung
vdi cac du* lieu khoa hoc da dugc thua nhan vdi ldi le d£ doc, d& hieu.
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Noi dung ca ban bao gom:
Ten cac hoat chat theo ten thuoc qudc te INN, ten gdc.
Ten thuang mai.
Ham lugng hoat chat trong 1 dan vi thanh pham.
Tac dung dieu tri.
Dang bao che.
Tac dung phu va phan irng cd hai.
Chdng chi dinh va de phdng.
Tuang tac cua thuoc.
Ten, dia chi nha san xuat va cong ty.
Tai lieu khoa hoc tuang ung de tham khao.
v.v...
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- Khi TTGT thuoc da quen dung ft nhat phai cd: Ten thuang mai, ten INH, ten
cac hoat chat, ten va dia chi nha san xuat va cong ty de cung cap thong tin
khi cd yeu cau.
3.4. Thong tin gidi thieu thuoc cho cong chung
- De giup moi ngudi cd du hieu biet khi quyet dinh mua nhirng thuoc khong can
dan (OTC).
- Khong dugc lgi dung moi lo ldng ve sue khoe cua ngudi dan.
- Khong dugc quang cao thuoc phai mua theo dan, thuoc chi dung a benh vien,
thuoc ngii & tam than.
- Khong dugc quang cao thuoc tdi tre em.
- Tac dung tri benh, khdi benh dua ra quang cao phai la nhung du lieu da dugc
chirng minh khoa hoc.
- Noi ro nhirng han che ciia thuoc.
- Dung ngon ngu thong dung nhung khong dugc khac vdi du kien khoa hoc da
dugc duyet va nop khi xin phep. Khong dung ldi le khoa truang, hoac gay sg hai,
that vong.
- Noi dung gom: Ten gdc cac hoat chat, ten thuang mai cua thuoc, chi dinh chfnh,
chdng chi dinh, nhirng de phdng, ten va dia chi nha san xuat, cong ty va gia ban
le.
IV. THUC HANH THONG TIN THUOC TAI BENH VIEN
4.1. Yeu cau
Thu thap thong tin, phan loai, danh gia, xir ly va chuyen giao thong tin la mot nhiem
vu quan trong cua mot dugc si lam sang vdi tu each mot chuyen gia ve thuoc, mot tham
van dugc hoc. Trong chuong trinh cua Dai hoc Dugc, nam thir 5 la nam sinh vien dugc
tiep can lam sang ma noi dung chu yeu la cong viec thong tin va truyen thong ve thuoc.
Thuc hanh dugc lam sang la mot viec mang tinh tfch cue, cd nghla la huy dong tfnh
nang dong ciia sinh vien, ma giang vien chi giir vai tro dinh hudng, chi dan phuang
phap, khuyen bao; vi vay cd nhung dac diem cua phuang phap su pham tfch cue sau:
- Tfnh tfch cue, su chii dong cua sinh vien.
- Huy dong sir tu hoc cao cua sinh vien.
- Gan nhung kien thirc ma sinh vien da dugc trang bi d trudng vao thuc te hanh ngh£,
nang cao kha nang thu thap, phan tfch, tong hop, xir ly cac thong tin, va qua do tir
thuc tidn nam vung va nang cao dugc kien thirc, tinh thong dugc nghe nghiep.
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- Sinh vien tham gia vao hoat dong true tiep phuc vu ngudi benh, tiep xuc va hgp
tac vdi dong nghiep y va benh nhan, nen tu tin han, tranh bd nga va tu ti.
- Qua qua trinh hoc tap, sinh vien phai tu danh gia ket qua hoc tap cua ban than,
thay ro cac diem mdc ma sinh vien phai dat, vuot.
- Giang vien la ngudi tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho sinh vien hoc tap.
4.2. Muc tieu cua hoat dong thong tin thuoc tai benh vien
- Dam bao su su dung thuoc dugc hop ly, an toan va cd hieu qua.
- Dam bao lien he giua cac hoat dong qui che, dieu hanh vdi thuc hanh dieu tri,
giira y va dugc.
- Giao due benh nhan tranh lam dung thuoc men va tranh tu chira benh bang thuoc
thieu khoa hoc.
4.3. Vai tro cua dugc si trong thong tin thuoc tai benh vien
To chire Yte The gidi va nhieu nude thira nhan vai tro then chdt cua dugc si trong
viec sirdung thuoc hgp ly, an toan va ft ton kem. Da la dugc si, trudc het phai nam vung
kien thtic ve su dung thuoc hop ly va truyen dat kien thtic do cho dong nghiep, cho benh
nhan, cho quan chung nhan dan de cham sdc va bao ve sue khoe; ndi each khac, dugc si
ndi chung va dugc si lam viec tai cac ca sd kham benh va dieu tri ndi rieng phai cung
cap thong tin thuoc cho :
- Cac thay thuoc ke don.
- Cac nhan vien y te, dieu dudng cham sdc benh nhan.
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Benh nhan.
- Cac can bo quan ly lien quan den thuoc.
- Cho quang dai quan chung nhan dan.
Tir do thay rang, dugc si phai la mot chuyen gia gidi ve thuoc. De lam dugc nhiem
vu nay, dugc si phai dugc dao tao day du ve dugc ly, dugc dong hoc va ca nhung kien
thirc lien quan den sinh ly, benh hoc...
4.4. Cac doi tuong can thong tin thuoc
4.4J. Thong tin thuoc cho thay thuoc dieu tri ke dan
Moi thong tin lien quan den thuoc giup cho viec ra quyet dinh dieu tri ke dan cua y
bac si deu phai dugc cung cap.
- Cac thong tin chung ve thuoc: Cac each phan loai thuoc (danh muc thuoc thiet
yeu, thuoc khong can dan (OTC), thuoc phai cd dan, ma phan loai giai phau-dieu tri-hoa
hoc (ATC), danh muc cac ten thuoc gdc,ten thuang mai, thuoc dugc phep luu hanh, sd
dang ky,...
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- Ca che tac dung cua thuoc.
- Tfnh dugc dong hoc: Do hap thu, phan bd, chuyen hoa, thai trtr cua thuoc.
- Cac chi dinh, chdng chi dinh.
- Cac phan ung phu cd the xay ra.
- Doc tfnh, bieu hien ngo doc, xir tri.
- Tuang tac cua thuoc (Thuoc vdi thuoc, thuoc vdi thuc pham, vdi nude udng,
tuang ky..)
- Cach dung, lieu lugng .
- Thang bac gia ca...
Ndi chung, nhung thong tin can cho thay thuoc ke dan biet thuoc de chon thuoc cho
dung benh, dung ngudi,dung each dung de cd hieu qua toi uu. Cac thuoc cd san d trong
nude, thudng dugc ghi day du trong cudn Dugc thu qudc gia do ca quan cd tham quyen
ciia Nha nude bien soan, phat hanh va pho bien rong rai cho cac nhan vien y te.
4.4.2. Thong tin thuoc cho benh nhan
Benh nhan la khau cudi cung thuc hien cac y do sir dung thuoc de dat hieu qua cao
va an toan. Neu benh nhan khong thuc hien dung y lenh thi moi dieu cd gang ciia y bac
si, dugc si, y ta... deu khong cd hieu qua va trd thanh vo fch. Mudn thuc hien dung va
tham gia dong gdp tfch cue vao qua trinh dieu tri, benh nhan phai dugc hieu ro lgi fch,
tac hai cua thuoc tranh cac bieu hien sai lech, khong chfnh xac hay cd hai. Viec thong
tin-giao duc-truyen thong ve thuoc den ngudi benh la rat quan trong can dugc cac bac si,
dugc si tien hanh khi tiep xuc rieng le hoac tap the.
Ngudi dung thuoc ngoai tru cung can dugc cac bac si, dugc si quan tam hudng din
dung thuoc theo dan da ke, tu theo doi phat hien va bao cao tac dung hieu qua dieu tri va
nhat la cac phan ung phu neu cd. Mot sd nude cd dich vu giai dap thac mac ve thuoc cho
dan. Dich vu nay phai dugc to chircthan trong, tranh nhirng mau thuan nay sinh trong
nhung giai thfeh.
Noi dung thong tin thuoc cho benh nhan bao gom:
- Ten thuoc (ten gdc, ten biet dugc).
- Tac dung mong mudn.
- Dang dung, lieu dung, each dung.
- Hudng d^n sir dung cac dang bao che dac biet.
- Hudng dan quan sat, theo doi cac trieu chung khac la trong dung thuoc (nhd ky
de theo doi tiep cho nhung Ian dung thuoc sau).
- Nhirng trieu chirng cua phan ung khong mong mudn , each xu tri.
- Ky nang tir theo doi tac dung ciia thuoc trong qua trinh dieu tri.
16
Tuang tac thuoc (Thuoc - thuoc, Thuoc - thuc pham, Thuoc - nude udng)
Cach bao quan lugng thuoc da mua, dugc cap.
4.4.3. Cach giao tiep de thu thap thong tin tu: benh nhan
PfiMflXVOTRlfdNGTOfiN
*
Duac si den vi sue khoe benh nhan.
Dugc si den khong lam phien.
THU VIEN
Thai do, tac phong, each tiep xiic va ung xu (khoa hoc hanh vi):
-
Ngon tir dan gian, ro rang, dan da, dl hieu; tranh dung thuat ngir khoa hoc khd
hieu, thuat ngu dia phuang.
-
Ldi ndi nhe nhang, an can, quan tam.
-
An mac gon gang, nghiem tiic nhung tranh diem dua qua gay khd gan.
-
Khoang each ngdi ndi chuyen khong tao cam giac xa each.
-
Dia diem ndi chuyen rieng biet de d6 dang trinh bay, khong tai ngai ngan.
-
Quan tam den hoan canh khd khan dac biet.
- Khi tham hoi theo doi tai ho gia dinh, can tim hieu hoan canh gia dinh, nhung
tranh di sau vao nhirng dieu tham km ma ngudi benh khong tu nguyen ndi.
4.5. Noi dung hoat dong thong tin thuoc tai benh vien
- Tat ca cac van de ve quan ly va khoa hoc ky thuat lien quan den thuoc nhu: Cac
chfnh sach qui che, qui dinh, quyet dinh cua Nganh, thi du: Che do thuoc ddc, nghien,
che do dung thuoc an toan hgp ly, danh muc thuoc thiet yeu, dudng ldi su dung thuoc
khang sinh, che do ke dan thuoc, quyet dinh ve thuoc dugc phep luu hanh, hoac quyet
dinh cam luu hanh mot sd thuoc v.v...
- Cac thong tin lien quan den thuoc nhu: Ten thuoc, nguon gdc thuoc, tfnh chat,
tac dung dugc ly (dugc luc, dugc dong hoc), sinh dugc hoc, chi dinh, chdng chi dinh, tac
dung khong mong mudn, tai bien, tuang ky - tuang tac, lieu va each diing, xu tri khi qua
lieu, dang thuoc, tinh hinh kha nang thi trudng, gia thuoc va gia thanh dieu tri.
Dac biet cac thong tin ve thuoc tren lien quan mat thiet doi vdi mot benh nhan cu
the ma cac yeu to nhu gidi tfnh, tuoi, nghe nghiep, the trong, tinh trang benh ly - tam
sinh ly, tien str benh, tap quan sinh hoat, thdi quen dung thuoc... cd anh hudng nhieu tdi
viec dung thuoc.
4.6. Cong viec cu the va each thurc tien hanh
Trong thai gian thuc tap tai cac khoa phong dieu tri, sinh vien can ren luyen nhirng
ky nang giao tiep de cd the dat dugc nhirng yeu cau sau:
17
4.6.1. Thu thap cac thong tin ve noi dunghoatdong ciia benh vien vd khoa duac (noi
sinh vien thuc tap)
Nhiem vu nay thudng dugc tien hanh trong 2-3 tuan 16 dau cua dot thuc tap dugc
lam sang. Sinh vien den hoc can tim hieu:
- Tfnh chat nhiem vu, qui mo hoat dong cua benh vien (benh vien tuyen nao, benh
vien da khoa hay chuyen khoa) to chute cua benh vien (sd khoa-phdng, bien chenhan su: tren dai hoc, dai hoc, so cap...), quan he cong tac, ne nep quan ly cua
benh vien, trang thiet bi chuyen mon ky thuat - quan ly hanh chfnh, sd giudng
benh, sd Ian kham benh, sd ngay nam dieu tri, cac sd lieu thong ke cd phan tfch
ve benh tat (ty le mac benh, ty le tu vong, sd ca dai, trung, tieu phau, sd ca cap
ciru hoi stic vi benh, vi tai nan, vi nhiem doc.)
- Tfnh chat nhiem vu, qui mo hoat dong ciia Khoa dugc benh vien: To clitic khoa,
bien che, nhan su, cd pha che khong? pha che nhirng gi?
- Vi tri va quan he ciia khoa, lanh dao true tiep cua giam doc va quan he cong tac
vdi cac khoa khac.
- Bien che cua khoa so vdi bien che cua toan benh vien, sd dugc si so vdi sd bac si.
- Cd to chtic Hoi dong thuoc khong?
- Cd theo doi tac dung cd hai do thuoc hay khong?
- Nguon nhap thuoc, gia tri nhap, cong tac bao quan, to clitic cap phat thuoc cho
noi tru (hang ngay hay nhieu ngay, phieu tap hgp toan khoa hay cap phat cho
tung benh nhan...) cd cap phat thuoc ngoai tru khong?
- Cac bien phap quan ly kinh te dugc (kinh phf, bao hiem xa hoi, benh nhan tra
tien thuoc? gia thuoc va gia thanh dieu tri, cac bien phap de ha gia thanh dieu
tri...).
- Hoat dong thong tin nghien ciru khoa hoc ky thuat ciia Khoa dugc.
Vdi cac thong tin thu thap dugc, sinh vien se doi chieu vdi cac qui che che do, qui
dinh cua Nganh da ban hanh, tim hieu su dung-sai, lgi-hai.
4.6.2. Tiep can lam sang
Sinh vien can thu thap va trao doi thong tin vdi:
- Thay thuoc
- Nhan vien y te
- Benh nhan, ngudi nha benh nhan.
Cong viec nay dugc tien hanh tai cac khoa cd giudng benh.
Tai do, sinh vien se lam quen vdi cac cong viec sau:
18
- Tim hieu lich su diing thuoc cua benh nhan.
- Nghien ciru mot sd ca lam sang (theo doi qua trinh dieu tri).
- Giai dap cac cau hdi ve thuoc cua thay thuoc va nhan vien y te.
•
Lam nhu the nao va lam gi tai benh phong ?
+ Phuang phap va thai do trong giao tiep:
Sinh vien den lam sang can phai xac dinh dung vi tri cua minh la de hoc lam chtic
nang chuyen gia ve thuoc, nen phai:
- Tu tin, manh dan chu dong, khdc phuc tu tudng tu ti, e ngai.
- Khiem ton, hoa minh vao tap the lam sang, vdi benh nhan.
-
Thuc su cau thi.
- Chu dao, than trong, y thtic dugc trach nhiem ciia minh.
- Cd phuang phap giao tiep tot (hdi han, ghi chep, tham khao tai lieu, tham khao y
kien cua thay hudng din ve y va dugc...).
- Va quan trong nhat la lam thay thuoc va benh nhan hieu cong viec minh lam la
vi "Lgi fch cua benh nhan".
+ Tim hieu lich sir dung thuoc cua benh nhan:
La cong viec tap hgp cac thong tin thu thap dugc d benh nhan ve qua trinh tri lieu
trudc va trong khi dang nam vien, la budc dau tien cua viec tiep can lam sang, vdi muc dfch:
- Sinh vien dugc tiep xtic, thu thap va xu ly thong tin vdi mot benh nhan .
- Cd bien phap thfch hop trong giao tiep de chon loc cac thong tin tir benh nhan, tir
qua trinh tri lieu.
- Nang cao kien thtic ve "su* dung thuoc hop ly-an toan" va tren ca sd do, cd kha
nang tdng hgp, phan tfch, chuyen giao thong tin cho thay thuoc va benh nhan.
Trong qua trinh thuc hanh dugc lam sang, dudi su hudng dan cua thay thuoc (y va dugc)
chon loc mot sd ca tieu bieu, hoi tu nhieu yeu to nhu: Cac ca benh nang, benh di£n bien
phtic tap, benh nhan da dung nhieu thude (do tu chua benh), khong dap ting dieu tri, cd
tac dung khong mong mudn, cd tuang tac bat lgi v.v... de tap phan tfch.
• Khi tien hanh sinh vien cd the gap mot sd khd khan:
Benh nhan khong hop tac vdi sinh vien: Coi thudng sinh vien, cho la cong viec vo bo.
Mot sd benh nhan do benh ly qua met mdi, trang thai tram cam, tir chdi tiep xtic.
Benh nhan khong mudn ndi that vi nhieu ly do:
- Ngugng do tu chua benh sai, do thieu kien thtic, do nhirng muc tieu tham km.
Thf du: Benh nhan nam cd tuoi tu dung androgen vdi muc tieu trang kien! dan den
bat thudng ve tuyen ti£n liet.
19
- Benh nhan tu chira benh ngay trong qua trinh dieu tri tai benh vien, dau thay
thude va nhan vien y te, tu dung cac thuoc mang d nha vao.
Thf du: Benh nhan mdi nhap vien vi bi con dau da day, nay tu dung them aspirin de
tri chting dau khdp man tfnh, din den tai bien chay mau da day; hoac benh nhan tu chan
doan la bi cam sot nen da tu diing den lgam aspirin, va bi tai bien chay mau duong tieu
hoa tram trong vi chfnh la benh nhan bi sot xuat huyet.
Benh nhan tai bien do diing thude- nhung nhat quyet dau thude da dung, dau ten
thay thude - luang y da ke dan vi y nghl "an tinh".
Do vay, trudc khi tiep xtic vdi benh nhan, sinh vien can cd su chuan bi chu dao nhu:
Thu thap day du cac thong tin ve benh nhan, cac dac diem can quan tam - va khi tiep
xtic can cd phuang phap va thai do dting muc.
+ Lam phieu "Lich sirdung thuoc cua benh nhan" (theo m5u sd 2):
De khai thac dugc nhung thong tin cd tfnh khach quan, trung thuc va chfnh xac tir
phfa benh nhan, thai do tac phong giao tiep cua sinh vien vdi benh nhan la rat quan
trong (xem phan tren).
Lich su dung thude chfnh xac se gitip cho ngudi th£y thuoc tranh dugc cac tuong tac
sau nay khi ke don, gdp phan vao chan doan va dieu tri.
+ Thu thap va tra ldi cac cau hdi ve thuoc:
Trong khi thuc hanh dugc lam sang, mdi sinh vien cd nhiem vu phai thu thap va giai
dap cac cau hdi cua thay thuoc va nhan vien y te, cua benh nhan lien quan den thude va
viec dung thuoc. Day la ca hoi de sinh vien phat huy dugc tfnh tfch cue chu dong hoc
tap, d<§ dang hoa nhap vao tap the doi ngii dieu tri, san sdc benh nhan, nam bat dugc thuc
te lam sang, dua dugc kien thtic da dugc hoc va dugc .bo sung vao thuc hanh, tong hop
cd phan tfch, ly giai mot van de trong trudng hop cu the.
Cau hdi cd the la d£, nhung trong moi trudng hgp can can nhac, than trong, cd tham
khao tai lieu, kien thtic va kinh nghiem cua thay hudng din, dam bao tra ldi nghiem tuc,
dung, theo yeu cau hop ly an toan. De tra ldi cac cau hdi cua benh nhan, nhieu khi sinh
vien phai tham khao y kien ciia thay thuoc dieu tri de tranh viec benh nhan cd the suy
doan ra hudng chan doan va dieu tri, ma thay thuoc cho la chua phai la thdi diem can
cho benh nhan biet.
+ Mot sd thi du ve tinh hudng cu the :
CACH TRA LCil CAU HOI CUA THAY THUOC
Cau hoi ve qui che ke dan :
Nhirng qui dinh nao can phai thuc hien trong viec ke don Skenan 30 (vien morphin
30mg - cd tac dung keo dai)?
20
Tra ldi :
- Skenan 30 la vien morphin sulfat 30mg dang vi nang, cd tac dung giai phong
thude keo dai; la che pham cd chtia morphin, nen phai thuc hien nghiem ttic "qui
che quan ly thude gay nghien" (QD 939/BYT-QD ngay 06/06/1995 qui dinh
thanh 7 chuong). Tai benh vien chti y chuong "ke dan su dung" de ting dung vao
cau hdi nay.
- Chi ke dan Skenan cho cac trudng hop dau nang, ma cac thuoc chdng dau khac
khong cd tac dung (Bac thang cudi cua thang chdng dau cua To chtic Y te The
gidi, dac biet dung cho dau do ung thu).
- Phieu linh thuoc doc, thuoc gay nghien cho benh nhan noi tru phai ghi ten ho
va sd giudng benh nhan - lieu lugng dung (ghi bang chu).
- Dan cho benh nhan ngoai tru phai ghi day du theo che do dan doc-nghien, kem
theo d dong chan doan. Vi du "ung thu giai doan cudi". Phai ton trong Luat 7
ngay trong ke don thude A nghien.
- Chu y: Lieu tdi da tiem dudi da va bap thit cho 1 ldn cua morphin la 0,05g
trong 24 gid. Skenan la dang nang cd do giai phong hoat chat keo dai, nen tuy
udng mot luc 30mg - nhung khong cham phai lieu tdi da va nguang doc vi
thuoc dugc giai phong tir tti.
Cau hdi ve chat lugng thuoc:
Tai sao insulin dang tiem dung cho benh nhan X (40 dan vi/ngay) da cho dung 2
ngay nhung ham lugng dudng/mau khong xudng ma lai tang cao han? Thuoc hong?
Thuoc qua han?
•- Tra ldi : Day la 1 khieu nai cua thay thuoc, nghi van ve chat lugng insulin .
Mot sd viec phai lam:
- Xem ngay lo insulin dang dung thay: Dung loai; Dung sd 16 Khoa dugc dang
cap phat; han dung con dai.
- Loai va sd 16 do dang dugc dung cho cac benh nhan noi tru tai cac khoa, tac
dung tot.
- Xem benh an: Benh nhan 56 tuoi, phat hien dudng mau cao, da dung cac
su Ifam id ha dudng huyet khong cd ket qua. Benh nhan khong thuoc nhom dai thao
dudng typ 1 (phu thuoc insulin) cung khong thuoc nhom khang insulin.
- De nghi vdi thay thude: Ngung insulin, cho dung Glibenclamid (Daonil,
Maninil) phoi hop vdi Metformin (Glucophage) vdi lap luan: Glibenclamid kfch
thfch tuyen tuy tiet insulin, Metformin cd tac dung tang su dung glucose d te
bao, cai thien mdi lien he insulin vdi thu the, tic che tan tao glucose d gan, giam
hap thu glucose d ruot.
21
- Dong thdi cung cap cho thay thude cac thong tin day du ve dugc hoc cua
Glibenclamid va Metformin de thay thuoc chi dinh.
Ket qua dieu tri dugc danh gia la rat tot, benh nhan khong phai tiem insulin.
CACH TRA LCJI CAU HOI CUA NHAN VIEN Y TE
Cac cau hdi cua nhan vien y te thudng tap trung hdi ve ten thude, each tfnh lieu
lugng va each dung. Yta la ngudi true tiep thuc hien menh lenh dieu tri cua thay thude
nen can than trong vi neu sai thi cd the gay tai bien ngay cho benh nhan. Dong thdi
nhieu khi thay thude cd can nhac, tfnh toan trong chi dinh, nen can thong qua thay thude
cac cau tra ldi nhat la khi tra ldi ngugc vdi chi dinh cua thay thude hoac ngay ca khi
phat hien sai nham trong chi dinh cuathay thude.
Cau hdi ve each dung thuoc:
1. Efferalgan la gi? Tai sao vien thude phai pha vao ede nude, khong udng thang dugc?
Tra ldi:
- Efferalgan la vien paracetamol 500mg sui bot nen khi udng phai pha vao 1 ede
nude. Vien cd kfch thude ldn, khong dugc udng thang.
2. Trong y lenh thay thude chi dinh aspirin bao tan trong ruot 250mg each 1 ngay
udng 1 vien. Khoa dugc chi cd aspirin pH 8 mdi vien 500mg. Vay cd the cat doi vien
thude dugc khong?
Tra ldi:
Khong dugc vi vien aspirin pH 8, cd vd bao khong tan trong da day, chi tan trong
phan cudi cua ruot ta trd xudng. Neu cat doi vien thude thi ta da pha va phan vd bao,
lam mat tac dung khong tan trong da day. Trudng hop nay cd the de nghi keo dai
khoang each dung thude. Vi du, each 2 ngay udng 1 vien aspirin pH 8- 500mg) vi de
chdng ket tap tieu cau chi can lieu nhd va thdi gian ban thai cua aspirin pH 8 cao han
cac loai aspirin thudng khac nen van dam bao ndng do cd tac dung trong mau.
Cau hdi ve xu tri khi gap di ting thude:
Tai sao gan day tiem tinh mach vitamin C-0,5g, phai cd hop cap ctiu chdng choang
phan ve? Neu dung dng vitamin C ngoai thi cd can thiet nhutren khong?
Tra ldi: Phan ldn cac che pham vitamin C tiem (ca noi Ian ngoai) chtia mudi natri
cua cac loai sulfit (Bisulfit, Metabisulfit...) la tac nhan cd the gay choang phan ve, tuy
hiem nhung da gap; do vay, phai cd san phuang tien chdng choang.
CACH TRA LCJI CAC CAU HOI CUA BENH NHAN
Cac cau hdi cua benh nhan (hoac ngudi nha benh nhan) rat da dang. Sinh vien cd
thuan lgi la d<§ gan han, benh nhan cd the trinh bay cac thac mac mot each thoai mai han
22
(vdi dieu kien la sinh vien cd phuong phap tiep xtic tot, gay dugc long tin cua benh
nhan). Viec giai dap cho benh nhan can luu y:
- Can nh^c de y kien giai dap khong ngugc vdi y do di&u tri cua thay thude, vdi
kha nang (ve nhieu mat) cua benh vien. Cac giai dap ngugc vdi chi dinh cua thay
thude nhat thiet phai thong qua va dugc su dong y cua thay thuoc dieu tri va thay
hudng dSn.
- Xac dinh ro gidi han cua viec chuyen giao thong tin cho benh nhan, theo dting yeu
cau dung thude "hop ly- an toan" (tranh de benh nhan suy doan ve benh tat, tu chua
benh thieu kien thtic, lam dung thude, tam ly thieu tin tudng va thieu cong tac vdi
thay thude).
Mot sd thi du ve cau hdi ciia benh nhan:
1. Benh nhan Y: Cung nam dieu tri trong mot phong benh ma benh nhan X dugc
truyen dung dich dam, con toi lai khong dugc truyen?
Qua xem benh an va y kien cua thay thude dieu tri dugc biet benh nhan X can tang
dinh dudng nhung dudng ruot cd thuang ton, khong hap thu dugc - phai nuoi dudng
ngoai dudng tieu hoa con benh nhan Y thi dudng tieu hoa tot - khong can truyen - chi
truyen dich khi bat d&c di, vi qua dudng truyen cd the gap tai bien, hoac do cd chdng chi
dinh vdi benh nhan Y (suy tim mat bu).
Tra ldi benh nhan Y nen giai thfch la: Do benh nhan Y tim dang yeu, khong nen
truyen...
2. Benh nhan Z: Toi bi loet da day, trudc vln dugc dung Tagamet ngay 2 vien (sang
va tdi). Nay bac si doi thuoc, nghe ndi cung loai, nhung chi dugc udng mdi 1 vien vao
buoi tdi. Tai sao?
Xem lai benh an thi thay: Trudc la Tagamet vien 400mg - loai thude do het. Hien
nay dang dung Cimetidin 800mg. Nhu vay la dting thude, dting lieu va dting each dung.
3. Benh nhan ngoai trti X hdi: Toi bi thudng xuyen nhtic dau rat khd chiu, da dung
aspirin, paracetamol khong dd, vay nay nen dung thti thude nao?
Cau hdi mdi nghe tudng dl - nhung tra ldi benh nhan thi can than trong, vi nhtic dau
la trieu chting cua nhieu benh (do dau 1/2 dau, do huyet ap cao, sau chan thuang, do bi
mot chting benh ve mat - tai mui hgng, do xtic dong, do cang ca, do tam than, do viem
tinh mach noi so, do khdi u hoac di can so nao v.v...). Trong trudng hop nay nen khuyen
benh nhan den mot bac si noi khoa kham de cd chan doan va chi dinh dting.
4.7. Nghien ciru ca lam sang
Trong khi tien hanh thong tin va truyen thong (lam lich sir dung thude cua benh
nhan, tra ldi cac cau hdi cua thay thuoc, cua benh nhan...), vdi su hudng dan cua thay
23
(dugc, y) sinh vien chon mot sd ca cd tinh trang benh nang, cap ciru, phtic tap ve sinh
ly benh, khd khan trong dugc tri lieu, hgi tu nhieu van de quan he vdi dung thude hgp
ly-an toan-hieu qua, de nghien ctiu sau ve "ca lam sang".
Viec nay doi hdi sinh vien phai thu thap nhieu thong tin ve lam sang, can lam
sang, dugc hoc, gitip sinh vien cd ca hoi thuc tap phan tfch, tong hoa kien thtic da dang
trong mot ca cu the, tao cho sinh vien chu dong chon lua phuang phap hoc va hanh tot.
Thi du:
De tra ldi cau hdi cua thay thude: Benh nhan X dung Digoxin 0,25mg x lvien/ngay,
mdi dung trong 2 ngay nhung da xuat hien trieu chting "nhi6m doc Digital", tai sao?
De tra ldi cau hdi nay sinh vien phai lam nhirng viec sau day:
- Nghien ctiu ho so benh an cua benh nhan :
+ Benh nhan X, 73 tudi, suy tim do 3, ca the suy kiet, can nang 39kg.
+ Xet nghiem mau: Protein toan phan thap (50g/l), creatinin mau cao (105
jumol/1), ure mau cao (10 mmol/1), K+ mau thap (3,4mmol/l).
+ Benh nhan da dugc dieu tri: Furosemid 40mg 1 vien x 2 Ian/ ngay trong 7
ngay trudc khi vao benh vien.
+ Tir horn nhap vien: Digoxin 0,25mg 1 vien/ngay trong 2 ngay lien tiep; tdi
ngay thti ba xuat hien cac trieu chting nhu: Rdi loan tieu hoa (non, ia long),
nhtic dau, chdng mat, loan nhip, nhip tim cham (56 lan/phtit).
- Tir cac thong tin tren, sinh vien thu thap cac thong tin dugc ly, dugc dong hoc
chfnh ve Digoxin va Furosemid:
+ Digoxin gan protein huyet tuong 29%, phan tu do cao (80%) nen tac dung
nhanh, manh, chuyen hoa tai gan ft (10%) dao thai chu yeu qua than, thdi gian
ban thai trong huyet tuang la 36 gid.
+ Furosemid: Lgi nieu (loai bai nieu mudi), tac dong chu yeu d quai Henle, tic
che tai hap thu Na+ va CL. Tac dung bai nieu mudi nhanh va keo dai 7-8 gid.
- Phan tfch va tong hop cac thong tin tren, sinh vien cd the ket luan:
+ Dung la benh nhan bi nhi6m doc digital.
Nguyen nhan nhiSm doc cd the do:
# Benh nhan gia yeu nen cd the chtic nang than bi suy giam.
# Cd the benh nhan bi suy kiet, protein mau thap din den hau qua tang phan
Digoxin tu do .
# Benh nhan lai cd suy chtic nang than (creatinin, ure mau cao), da dung lgi tieu
nhieu ngay lam ndng do kali mau giam.
- Suy than va kali mau thap la nhan to thuc day va lam tram trong them tinh trang
"nhi6m doc Digital".
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Sau ket luan, sinh vien cd the de nghi vdi thay thude dieu tri:
- Tam ngimg Digoxin 2-3 ngay, sau do neu thay thude xet thay can thi nen chi
dinh vdi lieu thap (bang 1/3 den 1/2 lieu thong dung).
- Bo sung kali, gidi thieu cac dang thude mudi kali ma Khoa dugc cd, vf du: Dung
dich kali clorid 3%, vien kali clorid 0,6 (biet dugc la Diffu K) vien kali tartrat 0,5
(biet dugc la Natri K)... de thay thude chgn lira thti thfch hgp, lieu lugng thfch hop
ma chi dinh.
4.8. Theo doi bao cao phan ung cd hai nghi do thuoc
Trong nam hoc dugc lam sang, trudc cac hien tugng cd nghi van ve tac dung cd hai
(Adverse Drugs Reactions) hay con goi la tac dung khong mong mudn cua thude, sinh
vien can thu thap, ghi chep, phan tfch va bao cao. Viec nay tao cho sinh vien tap hgp
kien thtic ve cac mat trai cua thude, thuc tap va lam tot "canh giac thude"
(pharmacovigilance).
Xem chuong " Canh giac thude".
4.9. Bao cao "khuyet tat ve chat lugng thuoc"
Thu thap thong tin tir benh phong ve chat lugng cua thuoc dieu tri de phan anh kip
thdi ve Khoa dugc cung la mot nhiem vu quan trong, giup cho dugc si xu ly kip thdi
nhung trudng hgp thuoc khong bao dam chat lugng, tranh dugc nhung tai bien dang tiec
va gdp phan nang cao chat lugng dieu tri. Day cung la mot mang cua hoat dong thong
tin thuoc tai benh phong, giup cho bac si dieu tri danh gia chfnh xac han cac phan ting
bat lgi (neu gap) va quyet dinh xu ly kip thdi. (Xem m&u sd 3 "Bao cao khuyet tat ve
chat lugng thuoc" - phan phu luc).
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PHU LUC
Mau so 1
Ngay.
Benh vien
thang
nam.
Khoa
Phong
PHIEU THONG TIN VE THUOC
2. Tra ldi sau
Theo yeu cau cua:
Thay thude
•
• hg ten
Sinh vien
• hg ten
Y ta
• hgten
Nhan vien khac • hg ten
Benh nhan
•
ho ten
Cac ngudi khac • ho ten
Lap tai:
Can cti vao:
Khi tham benh phong
Tai phong kham
Qua dien thoai
Qua thu
•
•
•
•
- Tu tim tai lieu de tra ldi
(ghi ten tai lieu)
- Tai lieu do thay chi din
•
(ghi ten tai lieu)
- Cac nguon khac
Noi dung cau hdi
•
Cach tra ldi :
Ndi
•
Qua dien thoai
•
Viet
•
Noi dung cau tra ldi...
Trd ldi
...gid, ngay
•
thang
1. Tra ldi ngay
nam
•
Noi dung cau tra ldi
Can cti de tra ldi:
- Ten sinh vien
- Kien thtic hoc d trudng •
- Kien thtic hoc d lam sang •
- Thay hudng dan
- Danh gia chat lugng thong tin:
- Cac tai lieu khac
dung du • dung - thieu • sai •
(ghi ten tai lieu)
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•
Mau so 2
PHIEU THONG TIN
VE LICH SlTDUNG THUOC
Benh nhan
Khoa
:
Ngay... thang... nam
Phong
Sinh vien
Nam-Nu
Khoa
Tuoi
Lap
I.
Ly do vao vien (ghi ro chting, benh chfnh va kem theo).
H-
Thdi quen sinh hoat:
An; udng:
Thude la: cd • khong • ;
HI-
Rugu: cd • khong •
Trudc khi vao vien cd dung thude Q khong dung thuoc D
Neu cd dung thude gi?; lieu lugng, each dung:
1
2
3
4
Thudng xuyen • thinh thoang •
Neu thudng xuyen: Tren 1 thang • (may thang?
Tren 1 nam • (may nam?
)
IV.
)
Do chi dinh cua thay thude •
Thay thude benh vien • - ca sd y te • - thay thude tu •
Thude gi? (ghi sd thude dmuc III)
Theo dting chi dinh cua thay thude • - khong •
Neu khong can ghi ro (vf du: Tu y tang lieu • - giam lieu • - ngting thude •)
V-
Do tu ydung thude • - Thude gi? (ghi sd thude d muc III
)
Do khuyen bao cua ngudi khac • - Thuoc gi ? (ghi sd thude d muc III
VI.
)
Neu cd thi la thude gi?
Mo ta phan ting
Phan ting thude: cd • - khong •
Neu cd thi la thude gi ?
Mo ta phan ting
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VII. Thude dung tti khi vao vien, lieu lugng, each dung?
la
lb
lc
Id
VIII.
Hieu qua, hau qua:
IX.
Xu ly cac thong tin, nhan xet va bien luan cua sinh vien:
X.
Y kien cua thay hudng dan
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