DSpace at VNU: Tìm hiểu tư tưởng giáo dục của Hồ Chí Minh

TIM HIEU Tl/TirdNG GIAO DUC CUA HO CHi MINH
Le Tin Ninh
Khoa Giao due chinh trj
Truitng DHSP - DHQG Ha Ngi
Hd Chi Minh khdng chi la mdt nha cich mang vl dai, nha van hoi Idn m i edn la mdt thiy
giio, mdt nha giio due vl dai ciia din tdc Viet Nam. Tu tudng giio due ciia Ngudi tieu bidu ebo
tu tudng giio due tidn bd eua tbdi dai, ciia dit nude, phan inh tfnb quy luit khich quan ciia q u i
trtnh xiy dung va phit trien ndn giio due ciia eic nude dang pbit trien, ddng tbdi phan inh gia
trj tmydn thdng quy biu ciia dng eba ta. Ndi len ude nguyen chin ebinb vi siu sic eua quang
dai quin cbiing nhin dan lao ddng vi quydn Igi va banh pbiic duge bgc tip.
Di san tu tudng Hd Cbf Minh vi giio due dao tao, ren luyen eon ngudi rit phong phii. Tu
tudng ciia Ngudi da chi ra nhung phuong hudng eo ban eua chidn luge eon ngudi, chidn luge
phit tridn giio due d nude ta trong sudt may ehue nam qua va ea thdi gian sip tdi.
Viee nghien cthi tu tudng ve giio due ciia Hd Chi Minh gitr vj tri dae biet quan trgng trong
xay dyng chidn luge giio due trong chang dudng diu eua thdi ky qui do len CNXH d nude ta.
Dya vao nhihig Idi phit bidu ciia Hd Cbf Minh vi giio due tdi he thdng thanh mdt sd quan
didm CO ban eua Ngudi: Tie dung va nbiem vu eua giio due; ddi tugng giio due; tfnb chit eua
ndn giio due XHCN va phuong hudng phit tridn ndn giio due XHCN.
I. Tac dung va nhiem vu ciia giao due
Trong bai tho "Nira dem" khi vidt: "Hidn dfr phai dau la tfnb sin. Phin nbidu do giio due
ma nen". Hd Cbf Minh da khdng eljnh tie dung ciia giio due. Mdt mat Ngudi da ud'n ndm quan
niem cu cho ring "eba me sinh con triti sinh tfnb", nhung mat khie Ngudi eung khdng edng
nhin giio due la van nang, ma chi cho ring giao due gdp phin vao viee ren luyen eon ngudi.
Tin tudng d tie dung eua giio due, nen trong sudt eude ddi boat ddng each mang eua
minh, Ngudi ludn ludn chim lo ddn vSri dd giao due va dao tao con ngudi. Dae biet quan tim
ddn cdng tic giio due vi Ngudi thiy rd giao due rit cin thidt cho each mang: "Khdng ed giio
due, khdng ed cin bd thi cQng khdng ndi gi ddn kinh td, van boa" va "xa bdi cang di tdi, edng
viee cang nbidu, may mde cang tinh xao. Minh ma khdng ehju bgc tbi lac hau, ma lac haiu l i bj
dao thai, tu minh dao thai minh"'".
Rit tin tudng vao tic dung ciia giao due ma Bie Hd da ty khdng dinb "vi Igi feb tram nam
tbi phai trdng ngudi" '-' va "mot din tdc dot la mdt dan tdc yen". Do dd ngay sau khi thanh lip

nude Viet Nam Din ebu Cong boa, Ngudi da chi tbj: "Mdt trong nhung cdng viee phai thye hien
cip tdc trong liic niy la ning cao din tri nbdm muc dfeb dao tao nhung edng din tuong lai tdt
cho nude nha" "'.
Vj tn' eua giio due ddi ve'ti each mang nude ta dugc xic djnb bdi vai trd va tic dung ciia
giio due. Hd Chi Minh da vaeb ra nhiem vu giio due ciia eic nganh dai bgc, tmng bgc va lieu

(1) Bii ndi ct H6i nghi NghiCn cu\i Lich sir Dang (28-11-19.S9)
(2) Bii ndi khi ddn tham Idp chinh hiiaii he l9.'iH
(3) Thugiri giao su, hoc .sinh, ciiii be) ihiuih nieii va nlii ddng (31 - 10 - ]955)

65


pbd thdng ehdc chdn thidt thye, thfeh hgp vdi nbu eiu va tidn dd xay dimg nude nha, bd nhung
phin nao khdng cin thidt cho ddi song thye td. Tidu bgc chi cin giao dye eic ehiu tbieu nhi:
Veu td qude, yeu nban dan, yeu lao ddng, ycu khoa bgc, trgng eua edng" '"
II. Ddi tugng giao due
Hd Cbf Minh rit quan tilm ddn giao due cho lit ea nhin dan, nhung theo Ngudi mdi ddi
tuong, mdi nganh lai ed nhfmg yeu eau khae nhau.
Ddi tuong giio due ma Hd Cbf Minh quan tam nbidu nbit la eic ehiu tbidu nhi. Ngudi rit
tin tudng b eic ehiu tbidu nhi, nhirng "tidu ebu nhin eiia mdt nude doc lap va Ngudi mong sac
mdi ehiu la mdt anb hung tbidu nhi". Nhin ngay khai tmdng diu tien ciia nude Viet Nam DSn
ebu Cdng boa (9/1945) Ngudi da viet thu cho eic ehiu: "Chiing ta phai xay dyng lai eo dd ma t6
tien dd lai ebo ehiing ta, lam sao cho ehung ta theo kjp eic nude khae tren hoan eiu. Trong cdng
eude kidn thidt dd, nude nha trdng mong chd dgi d eic ehiu rit nbidu", va Bie ludn ludn mong
mudn eic ehiu tbidu nhi dirge hudng mdt "ndn giio due nd se dao tao eic ehiu nen ngudi cdng
dan ed ich ebo nude Vict Nam, mot nen giao due lam pbit tridn boan loan nhung nang luc sdn
ed eua eic ehiu".
Ndi dung giao due tbidu nhi Bie da khii quit trong 5 didu:
"Yeu Td que'ic, yeu ddng bao

Hge tap tdt, lao ddng tdt
Doan kdt tdt, ky luit tdt
GiO gin ve sinh that tdt
Khiem tdn, that tha, dung cam".
Phuong phap giio due tbidu nhi theo Ngudi la mdt khoa hge, Ngudi vi viee day tre nhu
trdng cay non "trdng cay non duge tdt thi sau nay cay len tdt". Tre em trong nhu t ^ guong, cai
tdt dd tidp thu, eii xiu eung dd tiep thu cho nen thiy ed giio, eba me... ddu phai gUOng miu tit
Idi ndi den viee lam. Ngiriti con nhin manh rdng trong luc hge cin phai lam cho cbiing vui, trong
liic vui Cling cin lam ebo chiing hge.
Vdi thanh nien Hd Cbf Minh eung quan tim, Ngudi dinb gii rit cao vai trd eua thanh
nien trong sy nghiep xay dyng dit nude. Trong thu giri eic ban thanh nien (17/8/1947) Ngudi
vidt: "Nude nha tbjnb hay suy, yeu hay manh mdt phin Idn la do cac thanh nien", Ngudi coi
"tudi tre la mila xuin eua xa bdi". Rit tin tudng d thanh nien vi theo Ngudi, thanh nien la ngudi
tidp siic cich mang cho thd be thanh nien gia, la ngudi diu dit the he thanh nien tuong lai. Vi
vay giio due va ren luyen thanh nien thanh ngudi ed dire, ed tai vira hdng, vira chuyen la nhiem
vy cich mang quan trgng ed y ngbla chidn luge.
Ttr dd Hd Cbf Minh dd ra nam ngi dung ehii ydu giio due thanh nien:
1. Phai ludn ludn nang cao cbf khf each mang, tmng vdi nude, bidu vdi din nhiem vu nao
eung boan thanh, khd khan nao cQng vugt qua, ke thu nao eung dinb thing. Khdng sg gian khd
by sinh, hang bai tbi dua tang gia san xuat va anb diing chidn diu, xung phong di diu trong sU
nghiep ehdng My eiiii nude.
2. Phai tin tudng siu sde d lye lugng va tn kie ciia tap thd, eua nban dan, tang eudng doan
kdt va giiip dd lin nhau, ning cao y thire td ebiife va ky luat. Kien quydt ehdng ebu ngbla c i nhin
va ehii ngbla ty do.
(I) Tliu giri giao sit, hoc sinh, can b6 thanh ni^n va nhi d6ng (31 - 10 - 1955)

66


3. Ludn ludn giii gin dao diic each mang, khiem tdn va gian dj. Chdng kieu cang, ty man.

4. Ra sure hge tip nang cao trinb dd ehfnh trj, van hoi, khoa bgc ky thuat va quin sy, dd
cdng hidn ngiy cang nbidu cho Td qude, ebo nban dan.
5. Ludn ludn ehii y diu ddt va giao due tbidu nien va nhi ddng, lam guong tdt vi mgi mat
cho din em noi theo *".
Sy quan tam giio due ciia Hd Cbf Minh ma nbidu thd he thanh nien da kd tidp nhau thi
dua thye hien khiu hieu "Dau Dang cin thi thanh nien ed, viee gi khd thi thanh nien lam". Mdt
ddi tugng giio due ma Hd Cbf Minh rit coi trgng dd la cin bd, theo Ngudi can bd quydt djnb
mgi viee va mudn viee thanh edng hoac tbit bai ddu do cin bd tdt hoac kem. Vi vSy Ngudi
khdng djnb: "Huin luyen cin bd la cdng viee gde" "' va phai ren luyen hg trd thanh can bd
guong miu, xirng ding vdi Idng trdng mong tin ciy eua Dang, Chinh phu, ciia quin ddi va ciia
nhin din.
Theo quan didm eua Hd Cbf Minh thi cin bd ciia ta rit tdt nhung vi didu kien khd khan
ma sd ddng can bd, dang vien ebua duge huin luyen ban hoi, cho nen tu tudng v i trinb dd ehfnh
trj con thi'p kem, lech lac. Vi vay Ngudi rit quan tim ddn giio due cin bd nbit la cin bd dang
vien va tri^ tbtic. Trong viee giio due hg Ngudi nhin manh nam ndi dung:
1. Vd giio due tu tudng ehfnh trj: mdi ngudi phai ed tu tudng xa bdi ebu nghia dung ddn
thi mdi ed thd gdp phin xung ding vao viee xiy dyng CNXH.
2. Giio due dao dire each mang, Ngudi khdng djnb: dao diic cich mang khdng phai tren
trdi sa xudng, m i do diu tranh ren luyen bdn bi hang ngay ma pbit tridn va eung ed, eung nhu
ngge cang mai cang sing, vang cang luyen cang trong.
3. Giio due tic phong XHCN cin phai bai trtf ba can benb trim trgng dd la: benh ehii
quan, ba boa v i hep bdi.
4. Giio due ndp sdng mdi ed tbdi quen: tip the due hang ngay, sinh boat diing gid, tdn
trgng nguyen tic ky luat, ehdng hinb tbilrc, chdng thdi ludi bidng eiu tha.
5. Giao due y thiie nang cao trtnh dd van hoi, y tbire thye hien kbiu hieu eua Lenin: "Hge
tip, bgc tap nix, bgc tip mai".
Phu ntr l i mdt trong nhung ddi tugng giio due trong tu tudng Hd Chi Minh. Theo Ngudi
"phy ntr cing phai bgc". Trong sudt eude ddi boat ddng ciia minh, Ngudi ludn ludn quan tim
de'n phu nu. Khi vidt tac pham "Ban i n chd dd thye din Phip" Ngudi da gianh rieng chuetng ndi
vd ndi thdng khd ciia ngudi phu nir ban xii'.

Sau khi cich mang thanh edng, Ngudi thudng xuyen ebu y ddn viee hge tip eua phy nir:
"Da liu chi em bj kim ham. Diy la liie eic ehj em phai ed gdng dd kjp nam gidi, dd xirng dang
minh la mdt phin tir trong nude". Bie nhin djnb ring "phu ntr ham hge hon nam gidi". Ngudi
khuyen khich phu nir gdng hge tip: "Chj em phai cd gdng, hge van hoi, bgc chinh trj, hge nghd
nghiep ndu khdng hge thi khdng tien bd"*^'.

(1) Thugiri thanh nieu (20 - 9 - 1965)
(2) Siia ddi Id 161 \hn viee. NXB Sy that, 1954, tr 52.
(3) Ldi phat bie'u tai H6i nghi can bo nQ midn nui (19 - 3 - 1963)

67


Nam 1964, ddn tham tmdng Dai hge su pham Ha Ndi Bie ndi "d day cd 4000 bgc sinh,
mdt phin tu la ehiu gii nhu thd la ed tidn bd nhung duong edn ft"'".
Hd Chii tjeh rit quan tim ddn viee phit tridn giao due b midn niii, Ngudi ndi: "Cin phii
mang chinh sich ciia Ddng va Chfnh phu len thye hien b midn nui".
Bie xic dinb nhiem vu ciia thanh nien midn nui la thi dua bgc tap dd sau nay gdp phin
vao viee md mang que buong minh va viee xay dyng nude Viet Nam yeu qui eua chiing ta". Bie
dae biet chu S ddn ddn nhihig tmdng thanh nien dan tdc, vira bgc vira lam va khdng djnb li "loai
tmdng rit tdt". Ngudi khuydn khich nhihig giio vien xung phong len midn niii "lam thiy giio
midn nui li mdt trieh nhiem nang nd nhung that vd vang".
Tu tudng ciia Ngudi vd ddi tugng giio due rit phong phii, da dat ndn mdng cho sy nghifip
giio due nude nhi.
III. Tinh chat nen giao due XHCN:
Hd Chi Minh khdng djnb tfnb lich sir va h'nh giai cip ciia giio due: "Chd dd khic thi giio
due eung khie". Dudi chd dd eua cbiing ta, nha tmdng phai la phao dii ciia CNXH, mdt cdng cti
eua chuyen chinh vd san.
Ngudi da phit bidu rit nbidu lin trong nhihig nam 1956-1961 ring "Mudn xiy dyng chii
ngbla xa hdi thi phai ed con ngudi xa bdi cbti ngbla". Con ngudi XHCN phai do nha tmdng ciia

cbiing ta dao tao. Dd xay dyng CNXH, nha tmdng ehung ta "tmdc hdt phai ra siic tiy sach anh
hudng giio due nd djch eua thye dan edn sdt lai nhu: thii dd thd o vdi xa bdi, xa vdi ddi sdng
lao ddng vi diu tranh eua nban dan, bgc d^ liy bang cip, day theo Idi nhdi sg" va cin phai "day
va hge dd phue vu Td qude, phue vu nban dan".
Giio due phai phue vu dudng Idi chinh trj ciia Dang va Chinh phii, tir quan didm dd mi
Ngudi yeu eiu giio due phai pbit tridn manh dd phue vu yeu eiu each mang.
Hd Chf Minh coi "giio due la sy nghiep ciia quin ehung", Ngudi rit tin quin chiing va
ludn ludn khuydn khieh cbiing ta phai bgc hoi quin chiing va "bgc 6 tmdng, bgc b sich vd, hge
lan nhau va hge d nban dan. Khdng bgc nban dan la mdt thidu sdt rit Idn". Do vay Bie yeu eiu
nganh giio due phai bidt dya vao quin ehiing, phit buy siic manh sing tao ciia quin chiing lao
ddng, bgc tip kinh nghiem eua quin ehung.
Tinh chit eua ndn giio due XHCN theo quan didm eua Hd Cbf Minh con thd hien 6
phuong cham va nguyen ly giio due. Nha tmdng XHCN phai kdt hgp giao due vdi lao ddng san
xuit, 1^ luan phii lien he vdi thye td. Ngudi day bgc ly luan dd dip dung thye td, ndu khdng ip
dung thye td tbi "khae nao mdt cai hdm dimg sich". Ttr sy thdng nbit giira ly luin va thye tidn,
Hd Chi Minh ludn ludn nban manh m6i quan he bien ehung gitra bgc va banh "Hge phai di ddi
vdi banh" va "Hge ma khdng banh thi vd I'eh. Hanh ma khdng hge thi banh khdng trdi chay".
Nam 1964 ndi chuyen vdi sinh vien tmdng Dai hge Su pham Ha Ndi, Ngudi day: "Hge phai suy
nghi, phai hen he vdi thye td, phai cd thf nghiem va thye banh. Hge va banh phai kdt hgp vdi
nhau".
"Hge di ddi vdi hanh", quan didm ciia Hd Cbf Minh da trd thanh nguyen tic vang ngge
ciia phep su pham. Nguyen ly nay cho phep eiing mdt liic hinb thanh ea tn tbii'c va ky nang.

(1) Bie n6i tai tnt5iig Dai hoc Su pham Ha N6i (21 - 10 - 1964)

68


Hd Chf Minh khdng dinb ring "van boa giio due li mdt mat tran quan trgng trong cdng
cudc xiy dyng CNXH b midn Bde vi diu tranh thye hien tmydn thdng nude nha. Nhung ngudi

ddi hdi phai "tmdc hdng, sau chuyen, ma hdng thi phai ddn nci va chuyen thi phai ddn chdn".
Do viy trong giio due khdng nhung phai ed tri thire pbd thdng ma phai ed dao dii'c cich mang:
"Cd tai phai cd dure". Theo Ngudi, day eung nhu bgc phai bidt chii trgng ea tai lin diic.
IV. Phuong hudng phat trien nen giao due XHCN:
Tu tudng Hd Chf Minh vd phuong hudng phit tridn ndn giao due XHCN Viet Nam.
Thur nhit: Ngudi danh gii rit cao vai trd ciia ngudi thiy giio: "Khdng cd thiy giao, khdng
cd giio due" va "ndu khdng cd thiy giao day dd eon em nhin din thi lam sao ma xiy dimg
CNXH dugc. Vi viy nghd thay giio la rit quan trgng, rit ve vang"'".
Bie xic djnh nhiem vu eua thiy giio trong chd dd XHCN la bdi dudng thd he cdng din,
cin bd sau nay. Lam tdt thi thd he sau anh hudng tdt va ngugc lai lam khdng tdt thi anb hudng
khdng tdt. Ngudi thSy giao mudn lam nhiem vu cao ea ciia minh phai tu duong vd mgi mat, phai
ning cao trtnh dd ciia minh. Vi vay, ngudi thiy giio phai ed ging hge tip them vd chinh tri va
chuySn mdn. Khdng nhung thd thiy giio edn "phai tidn tmdc dd dua din tdc tidn len mai".
Bie yeu eiu thiy giio phai guong miu mgi mat, khdng ngtmg bdi duSng dao dure each
mang, lip tmdng chfnh trj, phai ra siic doan kdt giiip dd nhau eung tidn bd. Nhung mat khae,
Ngudi ddi hdi phai cd phuong phap day phti hgp "eic thiy, cd giio phai tim each day eii gi, day
nhu thd^ nao dd trd bidu chdng, nhd liu, tidn bd nhanh""'.
Thur hai: Thiy thi dua day, trd thi dua bgc.
Hd Chf Minh phat ddng phong trio thi dua yeu nude, do vay ndu toan din thi dua thi
nginh giio due eung phai thi dua. Trong nha tmdng thiy thi dua day, trd thi dua bgc, dd la
phong trio thi dua "hai tdt" tire la day that tdt - hge tbit tdt. Theo Ngudi, thi dua khdng nhihig la bidu
hien ciia tinh thin yeu nude mi edn la cich rit tdt, rit thidt thye dd lam cho mgi ngudi tidn bd.
ThVi ba: Trong nha tmdng cin cd din ebu.
Theo Ngudi, trong tmdng bgc XHCN cin phai cd dan ebu. Din chu thd hien trong mgi
vSin 6i thiy trd ctlng nhau thao luin dan chu nhung trd phai kinh biy, thiy phai phai quy trd chii'
khdng phai ci ddi bang diu.
Ngudi mong mudn nhihig ngudi lanh dao nha tmdng phai bidt kdt hgp vdi quin cbiing
trong tmdng ma tidn hinb mgi viee.
Thii tu: Tmdng bgc phai lien he chat chd vdi gia dinb va xa hdi.
Nha tmdng khdng nhihig phai tranh thii sy ddng gdp ciia nhin vien va bgc sinh ma edn

phai hen he vdi gia dinb va xa bdi. Trong chd do eiia ehiing ta, giao due ddi hdi sy cdng tic tay
ba giiia nhi tmdng - gia dinb - xa hdi. Hd Chf Minh nhin manh: "Giao due trong nha tmelmg chi
l i mdt phin, cin cd sy giio due ngoai xa hdi va trong gia dinh di giiip cho viee giio due trong
nhi tmdng tdt ban. Giao due trong nha trudng du tdt miy nhung tbidu giao due trong gia dinh va
ngoii xa hdi thi kdt qua eung khdng boan hao" '". Mat khie Ngudi ddi hdi nhi trudng phai lien
he chit che vdi gia dinb va xa hdi, Ngudi edn chi tbj cho cac doan thd thanh nien, phu nir, eic
cip chinh quydn. Dang... phai thye sy quan tim ddn nhi tmdng, den viee bgc tip eua con em
minh.

69


Hd Chi Minh ludn keu ggi nhin din gdp cdng siic vao xiy dyng giio due, ddng thdi
Ngudi quy trich nhiem cho mdi ngudi trong viee giio due. Do vay cin phai hen he chat che vifc
giao due giira nhi tmdng vdi gia dinh, vdi xa hdi, giira nha tmdng vdi doan thd ma tmdc hdt la
doan thanh nien.
C^uan didm giio due eua Hd Chf Minh la nhtmg cdng hidn vl dai cho nganh giio due Viet
Nam. Diy la mdt bancuong llnh cho toan nginh giio due. Oio tdi nay quan didm ciia Hd Chi
Minh vd giio due, dae biet vd phuong chim, phuong phap giao due eua Ngudi vin edn nguyen
gii trj ly luin va thye tidn, li nhihig "khudn vang thudc ngge", bai hge kinh nghiem Idn trong cai
cich, phit tridn giio due, ning cao dan tri tao ra siic manh tinh thin mdi ciia dan tdc, dap img
yeu eiu ciia sy nghiep cdng nghiep boa, hien dai hoi dit nude, ehuin bi hanh trang vihig budc
vao thd ky XXI diy tridn vgng.
Tdi lieu tham khdo
1. Hd Chi Minh vd vin dd hge tap. NXB Ha Ndi, 1971.
2. Hd Chf Minh vd vin dd giio due. NXB Giao due, 1977.
3. Hd Chi Minh toan tip. NXB Sy tbit Ha Ndi, 1985.
4. Hd Chf Minh vdi sy nghiep giio due. NXB Sy that Ha Ndi, 1990.
5. Mdt sd quan didm giio due eiia Hd Chii tjeh. NguySn Lan, 1970.
6. Nhung miu chuyen vd ddi boat ddng eua Hd Chii tjeh. NXB Van bgc Ha Ndi, 1964.

7. Tap chi nghien eihi cbii nghia Mac Lenin va tu tudng Hd Cbf Minh.
8. Cic bai phit bidu eua Hd Chf Minh:
+ Trong eic eude hdi nghj cin bd nganh giio due.
+ Thu giri ebo can bd, hge sinh.
+ Bai phit bidu tai tmdng Dai hge Su pham Hi Ndi.
SUMMARY
The study of Ho Chi Minh pedagogical ideology
Ho Chi Minh is a great teacher of Vietnamese people. His pedagogical ideology showed
basic direction of man's strategy, that is strategy of pedagogical development in Vietnam.
The research of Ho Chi Minh ideology for pedagogy in general is hold the important role
of building up the pedagogical strategy development at period of transition to SociaUsm in
Vietnam.
Ideological legacy of Ho Chi Minh for pedagogy is very rich. Now, His view-point of
pedagogical responsibility, object and developmental direction of sociahsm education is a lodestar and His pedagogical view-point is great contribution for Vietnamese pedagogy.
Up to now. Ho Chi Minh view-point has remained its real worth of reasoning and practice
for pedagogical reform and development in Vietnam.

70