DSpace at VNU: Ứng xử của người dao vùng Tây Bắc với rừng, nước và phát triển bền vững

UNG Xir CUA NGUOI DAO VUNG TAY BAC vOl
NUdC VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VtTNG

RITNG,

Trdn HCru San

Nghien euu ve ngudi Dao d Viet Nara trude nara 1945 da duge radl sd hgc gia
nuac ngoai quan lam. Trong dd ndi bat la cac lac phim cua A.Bonifacy (1904,
1905, 1906, 1907...) vilt vl cac nganh Dao dudi dang "dan toe chi". Sau nam 1975,
viec nghien euu vl ngudi Dao a Viet Nara it duge cac nha khoa hgc nude ngoai chu
y. Mot sd nha khoa hgc Viet Nara bude diu dh cap din mot sd vin dl vl nhan hgc
sinh thai ciia ngudi Dao voi mdi trudng ty nhien nhu: Trin Hdng Hanh (2002),
Trin Van Ha (2007), Td Xuan Phiic (2006, 2007), Nguyin Trudng Giang (2011),
Tran Hiiu Son (2010, 2011)... Tuy nhien, nhijng vin dh ea ban trong ling xu ciia
ngudi Dao vdi tai nguyen dit va nude lai ehua duge dl cap sau, nhit la chua ed
edng trinh nao gin viec nghien euu dac dilm ung xu vdi radi truang ty nhien, vdi
viec khae phuc thien tai, dinh hudng phat triln bin virng.
Hiu bet cac Iran IQ quel, lii dng trong thap ky qua ehii ylu xay ra a vung ngudi
Dao a hien tugng dac biet. Ly giai vin dl nay ein fim hilu vl ung xu ciia ngudi
Dao 7di radi trudng rung, nude fiong truyin thing va hien tai. Dae dilra ling xu
nay fhan anh dara net a phuong each ehgn noi eu tni, lara nha, lap thdn lang... din
cac piuong thue su dung, quan ly tai nguyen rirng, nude...
Dia ban cu tni la ylu td phan anh rd net each ung xu ciia ngudi Dao voi mdi
trudrg rimg va nude. Chgn noi o, ehgn dit lam nha, lap lang la nhiem vu quan
trgng nhit. Cac ylu td chgn noi cu tni se anh hudng din euge sing, radi trudng.
Ddn^ thai eung chiu sy tac dgng raanh me ciia mdi trudng ty nhien. Ngudi Dao ed
ten tv ggi la "'kirn mun" hay '"klem mlin" dIu ed nghTa philm chi la "ngudi a rung".
Ten 13c danh da phan anh mdi quan he cua ngudi Dao vdi rimg.
Dia ban cu tni cua ngudi Dao chu ylu d cac khe, ngdi. Khi di cu din Lao Cai,
Yen 3ai, ngudi Dao deu di cu theo dudng sdng Hdng nguge len cac con ngdi (chi

luu) ;ila sdng Hdng va filp tuc ngugc len diu nggn sudi. 6 vung Yen Bai, ngudi
TS.,Sd Van hoa. The thao va Du liehfinhLao Cai.
747


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU^

Dao Quan Chet (Nga Hoang) nguge sdng Hdng cu tni d thugng ngudn ngdi Lau,
eon ngudi Dao Hg (Dao Quan Trang) lai ngugc sdng Chay eu tni a cac xa ven sdng
thude huyen Yen Binh, Lye Yen. Thdng ke 21 ban gia pha tieng Dao ggi la ''Chd
phin sad' hoae 'Try. chdng sdu'' ciia ngudi Dao Dd d cac huyen Bat Xal, Sa Pa, Van
Ban thude linh Lao Cai; Than Uyen, Sin Hd thude linh Lai Chau, huyen Lye Yen
tinh Yen Bai cho Ihay cac ddng hg deu tir Quang Ddng, Quang Tay di cu den Van
Nara vao Viet Nara tu thugng ngudn cac con sdng Hdng, sdng Chay, sdng Nam
Na... Ddng bao xudi theo ddng sdng, ngugc cac eon ngdi, ddng sudi, cu Iru d cac
khe sau, sudn cac nui cao d cac linh Tay Bac. Vi vay, ten cac lang ngudi Dao deu
mang ten la khe, sudi, hd, ngdi... Trong sd 466 lang ngudi Dao eu trii d Lao Cai
hien nay, ed Idi 151 lang ed dia danh lien quan den ngudn nude, nhu 48 lang cd ten
"Nara" (nhu Nara Xay, Nara Bd, Nara Siu...), 25 lang cd ten khe (nhu Khe My,
Khe Chiu, Khe Quyt, Khe Bde), 21 lang cd ten sudi, hd (nhu Sudi Thau, Can
Hd...). d huyen Sin Hd, tinh Lai Chau, trong sd 60 lang cua ngudi Dao thi ed tdi 22
lang cd dia danh lien quan den sudi, khe, hd, nude...
Ngudi Dao Tuyin (Dao Ao Dai) khi lap lang deu ehgn 1 eon khe dan nuoe
ehung ciia lang. Cac gia dinh deu d ven cac khe. Moi khe la radl lang, du lang dd
chi cd vai ba hd gia dinh nhu d thdn Khe Diing, xa Thai Nien, huyen Bao I'hang,
linh Lao Cai cd tdi 5 lang nhd la Khe Thanh, Khe Lge, Khe Mai, Khe Ma, Khe Ao.
Hoae d thdn En, xa Tri Quang cd 6 lang cu Iru theo 6 con khe. Mdi lang dd deu cd
bg may ty quan rieng, cd mot ngdi milu thd Thanh hoang lang rieng ggi la "giang
man". Cd the Ihiy, dii eu tni d nhirng do cao khae nhau nhung cac nhdin Dao deu
cd dac dilm ehung khi chgn dia ban cu tni la gan rimg, can ke ngudn nude.

Quan niem ciia ngudi Dao la d gan rung nhung khdng bao gid ngudi Dao d
sat cac khu rirng. Ngudi Dao ihudng d each cac khu rirng khoang 300m den 500m.
Tuy nhien, trong khudn vien cua cae lang ngudi Dao Dd d cac huyen Sa Pa, Bat
Xat linh Lao Cao dIu ed nhilu cay. Mdi gia dinh cd 5 den 7 cay to, nhd khae
nhau. Cay to Ihudng rage d ng5 va phia sau nha, each nha khoang 20in den 30in.
Vi vay, lang ngudi Dao Ihudng mat quanh nara nhung khdng am udt, khdng ed
hien tugng cay bi do vao nha. Nhin tii xa lang ngudi Dao Dd nhu an minh trong
tan rimg. Lang ngudi Dao ciing a gin cac mach nuoe, khe sudi. Lang d gan khe
sudi nhung nhirng ngdi nha cd truyen ciia ngudi Dao bao gid cung each xa sudi
300m din 500m. Cac ngdi nha dya lung vao sudn nui. Hai ben lang deu cd niii
bao bgc, ehd che. Vi vay, mot dac dilm ndi bat ciia cae lang ngudi Dao Dd la
Ihudng nim d vi tri giao nhau ciia 2 qua niii lao thanh cac khe nhd. Ddng ba) cu
tni d ven khe, ed nui chd che, Ihuan lien gan ngudn nude. Quan nigra na} trd
thanh kinh nghiera chgn dat lara nha:
748


LTNG XLT QUA NGLTQI DAO VUNG T A Y BAG...

"Lam nha trong khe, hem radi giau
Dal rag tren cao, ngudi ngudi hanh phiie"
Nhu vay, lang cua ngudi Dao Dd thip Ihoang trong lura cay, in rainh ben khe
sudi. Lang cua ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg lai dya lung vao sudn ddi, trude raat cd
ddng sudi chay qua. Phia sau va cao hon lang la rung xanh. Trude raat la khe nude,
rudng bac thang.
Ngudi Dao cdn lao ra ea radl he thdng ung xu vdi rimg, ngudn nude hieu qua
nham bao ve radi trudng ty nhien, bao ve euge sdng, phdng chdng thien tai. Dilm
ndi bat trong he thing ung xu vdi ty nhien cua ngudi Dao la tao dyng cac khu rimg
cam, xay dyng ea chi thieng hda ve rung va nude, ed luat tuc va chi tai xu phat
nghiera khae ngudi vi phara.

Trong xa hdi ndng nghiep cd truyin, vin dl thieng hda sy vat, hien tugng ludn
cd lac dyng dinh hudng du luan, quan ly xa hdi. Vi vay, raudn bao ve rung ngudi
Dao xay dyng ea chi thieng hda nilra tin vl cae loai rung thieng, rimg cim. Nguoi
Dao phan chia thanh cae loai rung khae nhau, dinh hinh cac khu rirng rieng biet vdi
chuc nang rieng.
Rimg thieng la khu rirng thd thin lang, tugng trung cho linh bin thieng lieng
ciia lang. Mdi lang ngudi Dao dIu ed mot khu rung thieng nim each xa lang tir
0,5kra trd len. Khu rimg thieng nay ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg ggi la "kilra giang".
Khu rung nay khi xua la rirng nguyen sinh (nay la rimg tai sinh hoae ehi cdn ragt
vai cay to, la xanh). Khu rirng thieng ciia ngudi Dao Dd ggi la "pudng kilm", cd
dien fich khoang tir 2 din 5ha, a each xa lang tir 1km din 2km. Rirng thieng la noi
dat milu thd thin lang (ngudi Dao TuyIn ggi la "tang man", ngudi Dao Hg ggi la
''gldng man", cdn ngudi Dao Dd ggi la ''To tang dng"' hoae "Tang mien". Day la vi
than thd dia cai quan vung dit nay. Milu thd ed thI dyng thanh ngdi milu nhd ed
raai che (nhdm Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg) nhung ciing cd khi ehi la ba hdn da xip theo
hinh raai nha dudi gde cay to, la ludn xanh (cay da, cay si, cay gao....). Loai cay
nay phai cdn nguyen canh, khdng cd sau due than. Ngudi Dao coi day la ea mot kho
tang huyen thoai ve cac loai ma. Theo quan nigra cua ngudi Dao Dd a cac khu riing
huyen Bat Xat cd tdi 6 loai ma; quan nigra cua ngudi Dao TuyIn d huyen Bao Yen,
tinh Lao Cai ed tdi 11 loai ma rung vdi cac sy fich huyin bi linh thieng. Hang nara,
lang dIu td chuc cung rung thieng radi nam 1 lin vao cae ngay Thin thang 2 am fich
hoae ngay 6/6 (ngay cung Than Ndng). L I ciing nay ngudi Dao Dd ggi la ll "sip
raien", ngudi Dao TuyIn ggi la "Tit giang man". Ngay ciing thin lang la ngay hgp
mat cua ea lang. Thay cung va trudng lang chu tri ll eting. Thiy ciing radi ggi cac
vi thin vl dy ll ciing (ngudri Dao Hg radi 9 thin, ngudi Dao TuyIn radi tit ea cac
749


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
than duge thd cung trong raieu gan 100 vi thin gdra he thing cac thin thd dia, cac

than thanh hoang lang, Nggc Hoang, Ban Vuong, Thien Ldi). Thiy cung dgc bai
cung eau raong thai liel thuan hda, ngudi yen, vat Ihinh, khdng xay ra chay rung,
thien tai. Trudng thdn nhae lai cae quy ude bao ve rung... Cac quy ude nay dirge
dgc trude sy chiing giara cua than linh, trong khdng khi khae Ihudng nen eang dirge
thieng hda. Cac quy ude bao ve rung dudng nhu deu duge cae vi thin bao trg,
nghiera cam ngudi vi phara. Thye hien quy ude, nguoi Dao kien quyet khdng vao
rung thieng, khdng lay cui, san ban, hai lugra a rimg thieng.
Rung cam dau ngudn la loai rung nguyen sinh nam o sau lang, phia tren cao.
Ngudi Dao Dd a lang Tung Chin xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xal ggi rimg cam la
"khoal kem soong" hoae "klem on". Ngudi Dao Dd d huyen Sa Pa, linh Lao Cai,
Van Yen finh Yen Bai lai ggi rirng cam dau ngudn la "kem cd". Ngudi Dao Tuyen d
Lao Cai, Yen Bai ggi rirng cam dau ngudn nude la "kem vodrn zdu di ghui". Rung
cara dau ngudn ed dac diera ehung la rirng ed mach nude dan ve lang. Khu rung nay
ed chuc nang bao ve ngudn nude, bao ve lang. Ciing nhu khu rirng thieng, khu rirng
cam dau ngudn thude sd h&u cua ea edng ddng lang va duge quan ly nghiera ngat.
Trong khu rirng, ngudi Dao chgn radl cay ed la xanh quanh nam, than xii xi lam cay
thieng dat mieu da thd nhu d rirng thieng. Nhung khae vdi rirng thieng - noi ngudi
Dao thd than ban raenh ciia lang thi d rimg cam dau ngudn ngudi Dao lai thd vi
than cai quan ca mdi vimg. Cac vi than nay ngudi Dao Dd ggi la "tay chleu mien".
Khu rung cam "kiem on" la noi Id chuc nhieu nghi le ciing trong nam va theo chu
ky hang chuc nam. Chu tri le cung la ngudi thay mat edng ddng quan ly rung "cun
ken". Mot nam trude day ngudi Dao Ihudng cung vao cac ngay let ed truyin". d
nhieu lang ngudi Dao Dd cdn giu duge cudn sach cd ggi la "khoai ken sau" hudng
dan cac nghi le ciing rirng, cae phep Ihual, nghi thue bao ve rung. Trong dd ed nhilu
nghi le md cua rung, khai mach nude, lam phep eau mong cho rimg cd nhieu cay to
xanh lot. Sach cdn hudng dan each bao ve cay non, bao ve hoa riing, Iain phep cho
rimg phat trien nhanh.
Trong nghi thue ciing ragt nam ngudi Dao Dd cd le "khoi kin" vao ngay 2/2.
Day la le cung rad cua rirng. Trong nghi le cd nhieu trd dien mdi than linh ve dy,
bao ve rimg. Dac biet thay cung cdn dien xudng, phat rung, trong rirng, le nude bin

phuong eau mong rirng xanh Idt. Sau nghi le khai rimg "khoi kin", ngudi dan trong
lang duge vao rimg 7 ngay khai Ihac gd, cac lam thd san khae theo quy ude cua
edng ddng. Mot nam khu rimg cam chi rad cua rung trong 7 ngay, cdn nhfing ngay
thirdng khdng ai duge vao rimg cara. Ngudi Dao d lang Ngai Chd, xa Den Sang cdn
1. Ngay 1/1 (ciing nhan dip dau nam mdi), ngay 2/2 (le ciing md ciia rung), ngay 3/3 (le ciing
khai rung, trong rung), ngay 6/6 (le ciing dong cua rung), ngay 9/9 (le ciing ta on than rung).

750


IJ'NG XLT CUA NGLTQl DAO VUNG TAY BAC.

ed nghi ll "phiing van" - le lien dich, liln bd til ea cae loai raa lara hai, cac tai nan
Ihuang xay ra d rung, cac hanh vi ung xu xiu vdi rung... Trong ll "phiing van" cac
lhi>- cung dien xudng ggi til ca cae loai raa xiu, cac vy xara hai rirng din dy ll liln
ma. Sau khi dung kiem phep don cac raa xau pha hoai rung vao ehiec thuyin bing
be chudi ca lang danh trong, thdi ken, danh chieng xua duoi la ma ra khoi lang va
tha thuyen chua ma xau xudng sudi vdi niem fin cac loai raa xiu xa pha hoai rung
se xudng sdng xudng be khdng quay lai.
d viing ngudi Dao Dd huyen Bat Xat va Sa Pa tinh Lao Cai, theo chu ky 50
nam ngudi Dao td chiire le cung "chia on" la on thin rirng. Toan bd nghi ll ciing
nay nhu radl ngay hdi, ed nhieu canh dien, trd dien khae nhau, trong dd cd cae trd
dien la lai nghi le trdng rung voi sy thara gia ciia cac thiy phu ll va cae thanh nien
trai trang. Hg trdng 12 cay thanh vdng trdn bilu tugng cho rirng mdi. CJ day diln
ra cac nghi le tudi cay, trdng cay, phat cd, chara sdc cay, ganh phan gia siie bdn
cho cay. Trong le eiing cung cd raan dien xudng diln la sinh boat khai thae rung
ciia ngudi Dao nhu canh di san ban, hai lugra, bit ea sudi... Phin eudi eiia ll
"chia on" la cae nghi le, trd dien rad la canh ddng cua rung. Trong dd ed cac canh
viet sd eau mong than linh bao ve rung. Dae biet trong cac nghi ll ed 3 ll ddn thin
"lin chieu" la vi than cai quan rirng xudng dy le, lara raua lara rirng, di ngya xera

rirng, dang hoa qua, cae san vat ciia rirng cho thin. Dd dang cung thin "lin chilu"
phai la cac radn thit chudt, iMl sdc, thit chira, hoa rirng... Trong budi ll cd cae
man dien xirong dien la cay rung duge trdng ra sao, dom hoa kit trai the nao va
lara bua phep bao ve rirng.
Nhu vay, ngudi Dao da diing nhieu hinh thue thieng hda rirng. Trude bet la
chgn 2 khu rirng: rirng thieng, rirng cam de bao ve nghiera ngat. Nham bao ve
rirng ngudi Dao ciing sang lao ra ca mot he thdng than linh (ca he thdng raa ae) tni
ngu d trong riing. Cac vi than linh da tang thera sue raanh huyen bi cimg vdi cae
eau chuyen c6 raang tinh chat ran de ke xiie phara den than rirng va y thue bao ve
rirng da lara tang chat thieng cua rirng. Nhung chat thieng do cdn duge thang hoa
bing nhirng nghi le, trd dien ma ea edng ddng deu thara gia vdi y niem bao ve
rirng. Thdng qua cac nghi le eau ciing bao ve rirng hang nam, ca edng ddng deu
thye hanh niera tin vao than rirng. Cae nghi le nhu nhirng bai hgc nhae nhd edng
ddng ve cae hanh ddng trdng rirng, bao ve rimg, chdng nan khai thae rirng bua bai,
pha hoai rirng...
Ca che bao ve rimg cua edng ddng ngudi Dao cdn duge phan anh dam net d
viec xay dimg quy ude va bg may quan ly rung. Mdi lang ngudi Dao deu cd quy
ude rieng ve bao ve rimg theo dac thii ciia tirng lang. Nhung nhin ehung, ndi dung
quy ude deu hudng den viec td chuc bao ve rimg, xu phat nhung hanh vi vi phara.
751


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TCT

Quy uoc quy dinh rd rung thieng phai duge bao ve nghiem ngat, raoi nara chi duge
phep vao rung trong le ciing than bao ve lang "giang man". Ddi vdi rirng cini, rirng
gia nguyen sinh a dau ngudn, radi nara lang ehi rad cua rimg radl lin (ed thdi ban 3
ngay, hoae 7 ngay). Chi trong nhung ngay rad cua rung nay ngudi dan mdi duge
vao rimg lay gd, lay cui, hai nam, hai rau... Cdn nhirng ngay khae ai vao rung kliai
thae deu bi lang phat. 6 thdn Pd Sin Ngai, xa Trung Chai, huyen Sa Pa quy dinh ai

vi phara chat 1 cay vau phat 30 bat gao, 30 bat rugu, 30 kg Ign cho lang de Id chuc
le cung rimg nam sau. Ai lay raang non ciing hi phat 30 bat gao, 30 bat rugu. Quy
ude ciia thdn Den Sang, xa Den Sang, huyen Bat Xat quy dinh ai tha rdng gia siic
vao rimg cara, rung thieng thi ngudi quan ly rung cd quyen bat giir eon vat dd de
lam le ciing rimg. 0 lang Tung Chin, xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xat lai quy dinh ai
chat 1 cay trong rimg dau ngudn phai nop 1 con ga, 1 chai rugu lara le la loi thin
rimg ngay tai raieu ciia than. Ai vi phara lara chay rirng cua edng ddng ngudi do
phai buy ddng ca ddng hg trdng lai rirng.
Nhiing quy ude bao ve rung cua ngudi Dao dya tren eo sd lap quan phap
truyen raieng, ddng thoi cdn dya tren yeu eau cy the eiia timg lang. Nhfing quy ude
nay lac ddng den mgi thanh vien ciia lang dii ngudi dd la chuc dich hay dan Ihudng,
la ngudi ciia ddng hg nay hay ddng hg khae... Quy ude cua lang da tao ra sy euang
che cua ca edng ddng vdi ragi thanh vien trong lang. Dac biet khi thdng qua quy
ude trong le ciing rung dau nam thi mgi thanh vien deu duge ban bac dan chii,
thdng nhat ndi dung quy ude. Quy ude lai duge thdng qua trong nghi 16 ciing thin,
cd sy ehung dam cua than linh nen cd sue raanh eiia ca thin linh. Quy ude thye sy
duge thieng hda va trd thanh radl sgi day vd hinh nhung lai ben chat ed kit mgi
thanh vien trong lang thye hien viec bao ve rimg. Sire raanh eiia quy ude, sue manh
ciia sy thieng hda quy dinh bao ve rirng lai eang tang eudng thdng qua du luan edng
ddng. Du luan edng dong lang la edng cu ciia ca edng ddng nham bao ve tap quan
phap va quy ude ve rung. 0 cac lang ngudi Dao vimg cao radi trudng giao fiep hi
khudn chat trong cac mdi quan he giira ngudi lang vdi nhau thi du luan cua lang
eang ddng vai trd ndi trdi. Du luan lang lac ddng den y thue cua tiing thanh vien,
ehi phdi y chi ca nhan, dieu chinh no phu hgp vdi cac quy ude, chuan myc bao ve
rimg. Du luan lang cdn gdp phan cd vii, khieh le cae thanh vien chap hanh quy ude,
ddng thai cdn cd lac dung ran de, ngan ngira nhirng ngudi ed hanh ddng vi pham
quy ude. Du luan lang eang duge thieng hda bang cac chuyen ke, cac huyen Ihoai
huyen bi ve lye lugng sieu nhien trimg phat nhirng ke vi phara quy ude bao ve rung.
Nd cd tac dung biing nd nhanh, bao vay chat cae ddi tugng vi phara. Sue manh ciia
du luan lang eang duge lang eudng khi duge thieng hda, khi duge nhiing nguoi lao

ngudn du luan lai la nhung ngudi cd uy tin trong lang nhu gia lang, trudng lang,
trudng hg...
752


LTNG XLT CIJA NGL/Cd DAO VUNG TAY BAC...

Mdi lang ciia ngudi Dao Tuyen, Dao Quan Chet deu ed 2 ngudi lam nhiem vu
quan ly rung. O vung nguoi Dao Dd lye lugng bao ve rirng duge tang eudng nhieu
hon. Khao sat lang Tung Chin 1 d xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xat ehiing tdi thay dii
lang chi cd 20 hd gia dinh nhung ed tdi 2 ngudi bao ve rimg. Trong dd ed dng "cun
ken" phai la ngudi thude ddng hg dau lien lap ra lang, cd uy tin, due do. Chirc vu
nay Ihudng la cha truyen con ndi. Giiip viec cho dng "cun ken" ed tir 1 den 2 ngudi
phy viec thude cac ddng hg khae. O cac xa Den Sang, xa Nam Pung huyen Bat Xat,
xa Ban Phiing huyen Sa Pa cd 4 ngudi quan ly rimg. Trong do ehi cd dng "cun ken"
theo che do cha truyen eon ndi khdng phai bau, cdn 3 ngudi khae deu do edng ddng
ban trong ll "khoi kin" hang nam. Nhiing ngudi bao ve rimg cd nhiem vu quan ly
rung, xu phat nhiing hanh vi vi phara bao ve rung theo quy ude ciia lang. Dii khdng
duge che do "bdi duong" nhung nhiing ngudi bao ve rung trong xa hdi truyen thdng
eiia ngudi Dao deu rat tan tuy vdi edng viec va coi bao ve rimg ciing la hanh ddng
duge cac lye lugng sieu nhien phii hg.
Nhu vay, cac thanh vien trong lang ngudi Dao khdng chi chiu sy dieu hanh,
hudng dan ciia bg may bao ve rimg ma cdn hi giam sat chat che ciia he thdng tap
quan phap, quy ude thdng qua du luan lang. Bg may quan ly rimg ciia lang quan ly
cac thanh vien bang cae raenh lenh xu phat nghiera khae. Cdn tap quan phap, quy
ude lai la lye lugng chii yen de eudng che thanh vien bang du luan. D6 chinh la ea
chi quan ly, bao ve rung ciia lang ngudi Dao cd truyen.
Ngudi Dao cdn xay dyng ragt he thdng ung xu raem vdi viec khai thae tai
nguyen rimg va ngudn nude nham dap ung nhu eau sinh ke. Trong canh tac ngudi
Dao da sang tao ra phuong phap "huu canh" hieu qua vdi viec canh tac nuong riy.

Mdi gia dinh ngudi Dao dIu c6 5 din 7 manh nuong khae nhau. Ngudi Dao Ian lugt
r

canh tac timg manh nuong theo mot chu ky 3 nam lai bd hda va canh tac tiep raanh
nuong khae. Manh nuong bd hda van thude quyen sd huru ciia gia dinh ngudi Dao
nhung thdng Ihudng ddng bao bd hda khoang 10 nam. Sau khi dat bd hda duge
phuc hii (nhd cay rimg tai sinh), ngudi Dao lai tiep tuc canh tac. Ngudi Dao cdn cd
he thing ung ySi thieh hgp trong viec lya ehgn, bd tri cay trdng phu hgp vdi timg
loai dit. Loai dit lit "dau chun" la loai dit khai thae tren nuong napi diu ngudi Dao
uu lien trdng cae loai cay luong thye, thye phara chinh (liia, dau, bau, bi, khoai...).
Nam thu hai, thiir ba dit xiu "dau che" ngudi Dao lai trdng ngd, san sau do bd hda.
CI nhilu vung nguoi Dao TuyIn huyen Bao Thang, finh Lao Cai, ngudi Dao Dd
huyen Van Yen, tinh Yen Bai ngudi Dao da xay dyng duge he thing ling xu vdi
timg loai dia hinh khae nhau. Tren dinh niii va sudn niii ngudi Dao trdng rimg tai
sinh va bao ve rimg nguyen sinh nham phdng hd giir nude. O cac sudn niii cd do
die tren 25 do ngudri Dao tia rimg trdng qui dudi tan rung. Rimg qui ban che ddng

753


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TlT

chay eiia nude, bao ve dat khdng hi xdi radn. 0 chan cac day niii va sudn dii thip
do doc dudi 25 do ngudi Dao radi Ira liia nuong va trdng sin. 6 khe niii ven sudi
thuan ngudn nude ngudi Dao khai khin rudng bac thang. Diln hinh la khu rudng
bac thang ky vT 121 bac d lang Vu Lung Sung cua ddng hg dng Lii Qui) Vang.
Ngudi Dao cd nhilu tri thue ban dia trong viec chdng xdi radn, rua trdi dit va duy
tri do raau mo cua dat. Ben canh ky thuat luan canh va huu canh tao cho dit nghi,
nguoi Dao cdn lien hanh ky thuat trdng xen canh. 0 nuong ngd khi cay ngd da ben
rl, ngudi Dao trdng bi xanh, bi dd, mudp, dau dua. Din khi thu hoach ngd, ngudi

Dao lai trdng cac loai rau cai, bau, ca ghera... d nuong lua, ngudi Dao trong quanh
Ian nuong ragt sd cay gia vi nhu hanh, tdi... d hai ben ldi di vao nuong fiii trdng
nghe, gimg, gieng; d nhiing khu dat am lai trdng xen canh khoai sg. C) nhung nai
nuong ddc lai trdng cac cay an qua quanh nuong nhu ehudi, du dii, cam, dao,
man... Cae kien thue ve gieo trdng, ung xu phii hgp vdi thai liel khi bau ciia ngudi
Dao da duge due ket trong he thdng tuc ngir, ldi ran day va dac biet la cudn sach
Thung sdu. Trong cudn sach nay ngudi Dao da long ket nhiing ngay mua, nang. sau
benh, gid bao anh hudng den mua mang giiip cho viec lya chgn ngay, thang, thdi vu
gieo trdng lung loai cay phii hgp. Vi du: ngay gieo trdng nuong thi Iranh nhung
ngay vudng sau, khd ban...
Ngudi Dao ung xu vdi ngudn nude ciing mang tinh thieh ung, mem deo. Hg
lya chgn mdi mot kieu dia hinh khae nhau cd hinh thue khai thae va su dung ngudn
nude khae nhau. Khi khai thae rudng bae thang, ngtrdi Dao xay dyng ca mgi he
thdng dan nude (ndi va chira) phii hgp vdi timg loai dia hinh, ed he thong md cura
thoat nude, dan nude thieh hgp. Dac biet ngudi Dao ed each dan nude vao rudng
bac thang klia dgc dao. Du cho din nude bang hinh thue nao, each lam nao thi
nguyen tac co ban va chii yeu nhat trong vice dan nuoe vao rudng ciia ngudi Dao
van la dua nuoe vao bac thang cao nhat, rdi thao Iran tir rudng cao xudng rudng
thap. Til khi cay bira den khi lua udn eau, rudng phai lien tuc cd nude. Khi lua vao
may, udn eau, hg thao sach nude trong rudng de cho lua chin nhanh, rudng khd, de
thu hoach. Khi mudn lieu nude, hg dap dat ngan d phia dau nuong cho nude khdng
vao rudng; ddng thdi thao nude cho Iran bet khdi cac trien rudng xudng sudi.
Viec chia nude vao rudng phu thude khdng ehi d yeu td dia hinh, mire do doi
dao eiia ngudn nude ma cdn a quy md sd rudng canh lac va tap quan ciing nhu each
ling xu ciia con ngudi. Ngudi Dao d Sa Pa ed each chia nude vao rudng khae nhau
d hai vung sinh thai diln hinh.
Viec chia nude vao rudng ciia ngudi Dao d cae xa Tmng Chai, Ta Phin, Ban
Khoang (thude vung sinh thai dai nui trung binh) duge thye hien theo 2 each ap
dung vdi 2 kieu rudng khae nhau. Vdi nhiing thua rudng moi khai pha, hg liy dng
754

LTNG XU" CUA NGUOl DAO VUNG TAY BAC...

buong lam cua dan nude tir rauong vao thua rudng cao nhat, rdi thao Iran nude tir
thua rudng dd xudng cac thua rudng thap hon. Vdi loai rudng da canh lac lau nara,
hg lam cua lay nuoe bang dat ngay tai bo rudng. De dieu liel nude cho tirng thua
rudng, hg thay ddi do to nhd, cao thap cua eua lay nude. Nhiing thua rudng cd bd
vung ehae, ngudi ta thao nude qua eua bang dat duge md ngay tren bd rudng.
Rudng nhd rad radl eua, rudng Idn rad tu 2 den 3 eua. Cae loai cua lay nude duge
linh loan do to nhd, sao cho lugng nude trong rudng vira du, khdng de Iran bd
nhung ciing khdng de thieu nude. Cae eua rad d rudng ciing md theo hinh dich dac
nham Iranh vo bd trdi dat.
Ngudi Dao d cac xa Ta Van, Thanh Kim, Ban Phiing, Thanh Phii, Ban Hd,
Nam Sai, Nam Gang (thude vimg sinh thai dai niii thap) lai ap dung hai each chia
nude khae. Mot la, dieu liel do to nhd, cao thap ciia cua lay nude. Hai la, phan chia
quay vdng theo thdi gian, mdi hd duge vai ngay de lay loan bg sd nude chay trong
rauong raang vao rudng ciia gia dinh rainh. Hd nay lay xong den hd khae, eu the
quay vdng cho den bet mua vy. Vdi each chia nude nay, ddi khi ciing xay ra tinh
trang Iranh chap giiira cac hd diing ehung ngudn nude. Gap trudng hgp ay, trudng
lang dung ra giai quyet bang each kiem Ira thye trang rdi fim each hda giai, dieu
chinh. Nhiing trudng hgp vi phara nhieu Ian, trudng lang se phai trieu tap mot euge
hgp loan the lang de phan xet.
Ddi vdi ngudn nuoe mach, ngudi Dao khdng su dung trye tiep raa phai din
ngudn nude ra ngoai, chay qua he thdng rauong. Nhieu noi khdng xii ly duge,
ngudi ta phai su dung gidng lua dia phuong lay d khu ed nude mach de thieh hgp
vdi dieu kien sinh thai.
Xac dinh duge lam quan trgng ciia nude ddi voi cay liia nen nude d rudng
ludn duge dat trong mot che do hgp ly. Kinh nghiem dan nude va lieu thoat nude
eua hg cho thay nude d rudng nao ciing o muc tir 15 den 20 era la tot nhat. Chi khi

nao chuan hi thu hoach thi mdi thao can nude de mat rudng khd cung lai cho de gat
va thuan lien trong khau van chuyen.
Ben canh viec giir nuoe, ngudi Dao ciing quan tam den viec chdng xdi radn
dat mau, nhat la d nhung noi ed do ddc Idn nhu Trung Chai, Ban Khoang. Bien
phap plid bien la viec tinh loan myc nude can thiet trir d rudng, rdi radi dat dudng
chia nude cho nude chay di. Theo each lara nay, gifia cac bd rudng a diera cao each
mat rudng khoang tir 5 den 7 cm ngudi ta khoet mot Id nhd va dat vao dd mot dng
vau cd dudng kinh khoang tir 3 den 4 cm de thdng nude va dat cao each mat rudng
khoang 3 ddi ngdn tay. Dieu nay cd tac dung lieh eye trong viec giu raau, chdng xdi
nidn dit.
755


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

Phuong thue urng xu vdi rirng va ngudn nude cdn mang tinh chit he thong.
Khdng chi bao ve nghiem ngat rirng diu ngudn, tao ra eo chi thieng hda ma nguai
Dao cdn tao ra cac tieu he thdng ung xu vdi dit, vdi nude, vdi rung mang ;inh
chit thieh ung chu khdng ddi chgi. Dae biet nhu phin tren da phan lieh, nguai
Dao eQng tao ra cac he thing lya ehgn phan loai dit va su dyng edng cy lam dit
phu hgp, bd tri cay trdng thieh hgp vdi tirng loai dit, xay dyng he thdng ehliig xoi
mdn, rua trdi va duy tri do man rad ciia dit, iing xu ea trong viec lya chgn Vc xu
ly gidng cay trdng phu hgp vdi tirng loai dia hinh... Mdi filu he thing diu cdeae
ung xu raang tinh chit thieh nghi, thieh ung chu khdng raang tinh chit "ddi clgi",
khai thae kiet cung.
Suit mot thdi gian dai tir thap ky 60, 70 din eudi thap ky 80 eua thi ky CX,
ung xir eiia nguoi Dao vdi radi trudng ty nhien da biln ddi. Cac ll ciing rung Cage
cho la rae tin di doan nen cac lang ngudi Dao d dgc sdng Chay va sdng Hong eiia
finh Lao Cai, Yen Bai deu bai xich, khdng td chuc ll ciing rirng. Phdng vin ht\ co
ngudi gia a cae Lang En (xa Tri Quang), Nam Xiu (xa Ban Phiet), Lang Siin (xa

Ban Phiet) huyen Bao Thing; Ban Trang (xa Dien Quang), Mai Dao va Vai Sieu
(xa Thugng Ha) ehung tdi nhan thay chinh quyin co sd d day nhiing niim 70 80
cua the ky XX deu cam le eting rimg cim. Diu nhirng nara 80, chinh quyIn ca: xa
Cdc Ly, Nam Del d huyen Bac Lla ciing nghiera cim cac nghi ll ciing rimg cim ciia
ngudi Dao. 0 hau hel cac xa ddng nguoi Dao eu tru cua huyen Bao Yen, 3ao
Thang tinh Lao Cai nghi ll ciing rimg thieng hi bai bd din den finh trang cac ichu
rung thieng bi giai thieng va mil thieng. Ddng thdi d cac huyen Mudng Khutng,
Bat Xat finh Lao Cai; huyen Phong Thd, finh Lai Chau do chiln Iranh bien gidi Ian
pha nen cac khu rimg cam, rimg thieng bi xam hai. Mat khae do sip xIp lai dar: eu,
nhieu tgc nguoi khae den cu tni d viing ngudi Dao da ty do khai thae rung lam
nuong ray ciing la nguyen nhan tan pha ca rimg thieng, rirng cam. Do mat do dai sd
tang nhanh (ca ve tang ty nhien va eo hgc) nen di?n lieh rimg d cac huyen Bao 'r'en,
Bao Thang cua tinh Lao Cai, Van Yen cua finh Yen Bai diu bi suy giam nghiem
trgng. Hau bet cae lang ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg dgc theo sdng Hdng va King
Chay ciia tinh Lao Cai va Yen Bai deu khdng cdn rimg cim, rirng thieng. 1 ronr sd
97 lang ngudi Dao d huyen Bao Yen ehi ed 3 lang cdn rimg cam d khu runj tai
sinh. Dan lang phai td chuc raieu thd d ragt vai cay hip xiip, lo tha each lang vai
tram met. Trude day cac raieu thd o rung thieng va riing cam deu to chuc d cac
canh rimg gia. Theo quan nigra cua ngudi Dao, chi rimg nguyen sinh cd nhieu cay
to cd thu mdi la dia dilm duge chgn lam riing cim, rimg thieng. Dilu Ira 20 ang
ngudi Dao Dd o hai huyen Sa Pa va Bat Xat thi cd 6 lang cdn rung cam la rung gia,
7 lang khong cdn rimg gia nen rimg cam, raieu thd phai dyng a rung tai sinh. Con 7
lang nhu cac lang Ngai Chd, xa Den Sang, huyen Bat Xat; lang Chanh, xa >uan
756


IJ'NG XIJ' CUA NGLTQl DAO VUNG TAY BAC...

Giao, huyen Bao Thing; lang Phin Hd, xa Ban Khoang, huyen Sa Pa... khdng cdn
rirng gia dl td chuc le ciing ning nen ngudi dan phai Id chuc d khu vyc dat trdng

diu lang. Dilu Ira lang Timg Chin 1 - radl lang hi IG quel cudn trdi 31 ngudi nara
2008, ehung tdi nhan thay sy bien ddi nhanh chdng ve each ling xii eua ngudi Dao
voi mdi trudng. Vao nhung thap ky 60 eiia the ky XX trd ve trude, dien lieh rung
gia ciia thdn Tung Chin kha Idn, ude tinh 900ha. Cudi thi ky XX lang Tung Chin
tach thanh 3 thdn nhung dien fich rung gia ehi cdn khoang 120 ha. Phong tuc thd
Cling d rung thieng, rirng cim chi thiy lang Tung Chin 2 duy tri, cdn lang Tiing
Chin 1 va Tung Chin 3 phong tuc nay da biln rait tir thap ky 70 cua thi ky XX.
Dien lieh rung eua ngudi Dao d Tiing Chin bi suy giara do nhieu nguyen nhan.
Trude hit la do eo ehi thieng hda rimg cim, rung thieng hi raat (2 lang Tung Chin
1, Tiing Chin 2 khdng cd rung eira). Nhung nara ciia thap ky 70, 80 ciia thi ky XX
viec lam nuong phat triln manh din din finh trang chay rung nghiem trgng nhu vu
chay loan bg khu rimg niii 6ng Ray, niii Ddng Gie. Mat khae, do thay ddi co ehi
quan ly rimg ciia thi ky trude, quyIn sd hu-u ve rirng cua edng ddng chuyin sang
hgp lac xa, sau nay do UBND xa quan ly din din tinh trang "cha ehung khdng ai
khdc". Ngudi dan quan niem do la rimg Nha nude nen khdng cd nghTa vu bao ve.
Nhang quan niem dd cimg vai sy rang huge cua eo che thieng hda riing khdng cdn
nen tin ngudng rimg thieng d lang Tiing Chin 1 khdng cdn nua. Truoc day, ngudi
Dao d Tung Chin cdn duy tri duge chi do "huu canh" va luan canh theo chu ky 10
nam. Nhung hien nay do sire ep ciia dan sd gia tang, sd nuong cua cac gia dinh phai
chia cho eon edi nhilu vi Ihl chi do "huu canh" da nit ngin chi con 4 din 5 nam,
Iham chi cd gia dinh chi "huu canh" duge 3 nam. Dinh niii Tha Bdng San trude day
la khu rimg nguyen sinh diu ngudn ein bao ve, nhung hien nay nguoi Dao a Tung
Chin da khai thae triet dl noi day dh trdng thao qua. Dien lieh 50 ha rimg thao qua
cua ngudi Dao a Tung Chin chu ylu duge khai thae tren rung gia, rimg nguyen
sinh. Dien tich rifiig gia, riing diu ngudn da bi thu hep, nhung ngay ea chat lugng
rimg gia, rimg diu ngudn cGng bi suy kiet da dang sinh hgc vi trdng thao qua. Trong
ky thuat canh tac thao qua ngudi Dao chi dl lai cac cay co thu tang cao cd tan che,
cdn loan bg cac cay a ting giira va ting thip diu chat trui dl trdng thao qua. Do do
cae khu rimg diu ngudn da suy giam tac dung phdng hg, it cd kha nang ngan can lii,
trir lugng nude raua. Day la nguyen nhan chii ylu da dan din vu lu quel thara khdc.

Dem ngay 9/8/2008, radl Iran lu quel khiing khilp da quel sach 19 ngdi nha ciia
ngudi dan a Tiing Chin 1 khiln cho 24 ngudi hi chit va rait tich. Tir nara 2009 din
nay, thdn Tiing Chin lien tilp xay ra cae vu chay rimg nghiem trgng. Mtia khd nam
2009, d Tung Chin xay ra 2 vu chay rimg thieu rui 4 ha thao qua va 1 ha rimg ty
nhien. Thang 4/2012 cQng xay ra lien filp 2 vu chay rimg gay thiet hai 2 ha o khu
rimg tai sinh.
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VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THlT TU

Ciing nhu o Tung Chin, hiu hit cac lang ngudi Dao hi lu quel diu do bi rail
rimg cim, rimg thieng bao ve lang. Nhu phin tren da phan fich, mdi lang ngtrdi Dao
deu lya chgn cac khu rimg phia sau va tren lang lam rimg thieng, rimg cim. Cae
khu rijmg nay cd cac ngudn nude dan vl lang, d phia tren cao, bao ve lang. Khi cac
canh rimg nay bi tan pha khdng cd thara thye vat ngan gifi nude, vi vay nhung Iran
raua Idn vai tram miliraet xay ra keo dai thi IQ dng, IQ quel cung do ap xudng cae
lang ngudi Dao. Rung diu ngudn, rung cim, rung thieng - nhung lira ao giap bao
ve lang hi con nguoi xe toang thi thien tai ciing dd xudng diu dan lang. Mot nguyen
nhan quan trgng khae la cae lang ngudi Dao trong xa hdi cd truyin trude da>' tuy cu
tni d ven sudi, ven khe nhung ddng bao khdng bao gid lam nha gan sudi. Cac hd gia
dinh diu dyng nha each xa ddng sudi vai tram met din niira cay sd. Nhung hien nay,
do mat do dan sd tang cao, cae gia dinh ngudi Dao trong lang ed xu hudng lam nha
sat ven sudi. Diln hinh nhu lang Nam Xiu, xa Ban Phiet, huyen Bao Thing nam
1922 radi chi ed 5 hd dan, eudi nara 1979 cd 24 hd, din nara 2012 da phat triln len
78 hg. Truoc day, ngudi Dao lang Nara Xiu d each sudi 300ni thi nhung nam diu
thi ky XXI, hg lam nha Ian theo ven sudi, din din finh trang nude IQ lien filp cudn
trdi ngudi dan ciia Nam Xiu. Tir nam 2000 din nay, ngudi dan lang Nara Xiu 4 lin
hi lii lut de dga. Tran \u thang 8/2000 da tan pha din 70% sd hd trong lang.
Ngudi Dao d cac finh Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Lai Chau trong 30 nam qua lien tilp

bi thien tai de dga. Chi finh rieng 2 huyen Bat Xat va Sa Pa tir nam 1971 din nay dia
ed 43 Iran Id nui, lii quel xay ra, trong do cd nhilu vu sat Id, IG quel nghiem trgng,
gilt chit nhieu ngudi. Diln hinh nhu nam 1998 thdn Pd Sin Ngai, xa Tmng Chai,
huyen Sa Pa hi Id niii va lii quel lam chit 8 ngudi. Ngay 15 - 17/7/2000 mua Idn
gay ra lii quel d cac thdn ngudi Dao d 6 xa Ban Hd, Su Pan, Thanh Kim, Ban
Phiing, Thanh Phii, Sudi Thiu thude huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai lam 20 ngudi chit,
25 nguoi bi thuoiig. Nam 2004, lang Simg Hoang, xa Phin Ngan xay ra Id mil lam
chit 23 ngudi. Gin day nhit, rang sang ngay 31/8/2012 tai 2 thdn ngudi Dao la
Nam Chang va Nam Lii, xa Nam Liic, huyen Bic Ha, tinh Lao Cai da xay ra lu quet
lam 10 ngudfi chet, cudn trdi 12 ngdi nha ciia ngudi dan.
Trude thye trang nay, nhin nhan dudi gde do nhan hgc sinh thai chiing tdi thiy
can phai thye hien ragt loat cac giai phap quan trgng va cip bach:
- Trude het, ngudi Dao can trd lai vdi truyen thing ung xii hai hda vdi mdi
trudng ty nhien. Trong xa hdi truyen thing, ngudi Dao eu tni d ven khe, ven sudi
nhung khdng bao gid a gan khe, sudi. Mat khae, thoi ky do cdn ed rimg cim, rimg
thieng tao thanh hue thanh ngan mua lii Iran ve lang. Cdn hien nay, rimg da bi tan
pha, lii quel eang hung ban hon. Vi vay, ein phai khao sat cac lang ngudi Dao dh di
chuyen cac hd ngudi Dao cu tni gan khe, sudi, gan nhirng noi ed nguy co hi lu quel
758


LTNG XLT CUA NGUCi] DAO VUNG T A Y BAC.

len dia dilra cao hon. Kinh nghiera nay da duge ap dung a lang Nara Xiu, xa Ban
Phiet, huyen Bao Thing. Sau Iran lii quel nara 2000, lang Nara Xiu da di chuyen 30
hd ngudi Dao gan sudi len diera cao nen da Iranh duge con lii lieh su nam 2008.
Mot dac dilm eu tru khae eua ngudi Dao la d gan rimg nhung coi cae rimg phia tren
lang, phia ngudn nude la than hd raenh cua ea lang, ngudi Dao trude day khdng bao
gid pha rung diu ngudn. Ca ea che thieng hda rimg va he thdng quy ude, tap quan
phap cua cac lang da gdp phin bao ve rimg. Truyen thdng nay can duge phat buy.

- Hien nay dien tich rimg nguyen sinh, rimg gia a cae tinh Tay Bac cd xu
hudng suy giam nghiera trong ea ve sd lugng va chat lugng. Hau het cae huyen
vung thip cua tinh Lao Cai, Yen Bai khdng cdn dien fich rung gia nguyen sinh.
Trong khi dd dien tich rung gia cdn bi thu hep va suy giara chat lugng vi phong trao
trdng thao qua. Nhieu tinh coi viec trdng cay thao qua la bien phap xda ddi giara
ngheo, nhilu gia dinh trd thanh ti phii nhd thao qua. Md hinh trdng thao qua duge
ca cae tinh viing Ddng Bic nhu Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan hgc tap. Tuy cay
thao qua ed gia tri kinh ll cao nhung viec canh lac thao qua edng lam suy giam chat
lugng rimg nguyen sinh. Nhilu khu rirng gia cd nhieu tang lop cay nhd thi nay ciing
trd thanh thua thdi vi trdng thao qua. Trdng thao qua de dga nghiera trgng den sy da
dcing sinh hgc vung cao. Trdng thao qua khdng phai la hudng phat trien ben virng.
Vi vay, Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn can ed ke hoach dieu chinh quy
hoach trdng thao qua, nghiem cim finh trang pha riing nguyen sinh dh trdng thao
qua. 6 mot sd tinh Tay Bac hien nay ciing rd len phong trao trdng cay cao su. Nhieu
tinh cung xac dinh trdng cao su la miii nhgn kinh te, dan den tinh trang pha ea rirng
gd lau nam, rirng tai sinh dl trdng cao su. San phim cao su chua phat triln nhung he
luy cua viec pha riing la da gay ra nhieu hau qua thien tai...
Trong xa hdi eo truyin, ngudi Dao vung Tay Bic da xac lap the ting xu "mem",
thieh ung voi mdi trudng ty nhien. Hg da xay dyng ca mot he thdng thieh ung vdi
rirng (thdng qua co chi thieng hda rung vdi tap quan phap bao ve rimg, xay dyng
cac luat lye bao ve rimg diu ngudn bing cac hinh thue rimg cam, rimg thieng...).
Ddng thdi, ngudi Dao ciing xay dyng cac kilu ung xu thdng qua he thdng edng eu,
ky thuat canh tac nuong ray, khai pha rudng bac thang, he thdng chgn Igc bd gidng
xen canh thieh hgp vdi tirng loai dia hinh, ting ket tri thire dan gian trong cac sach
ed... Nhung rit tile truyin thing ung xu linh boat, uyin chuyen va mem deo cua
ngudi Dao voi rimg va nude da khdng duge phat buy trong thoi ky chuyen ddi hien
nay. Co chi thieng hda bao ve rimg da hi giai thieng do nhieu quan niem au tri ta
khuynh. Quan dilra vl phat triln bin vimg ehua duge chlnh quyen co so quan tam
thda dang va van dyng trong thye tiln. Trude thye trang nay eang can phai di sau
nghien ctiu va van dung cac kinh nghiem ling xu truyen thdng cua ngudi Dao vao

thue tiln.
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VlfT NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TlT

Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Viet Chuc (2002), Vdn hda ung xir ciia ngudi Hd Ndi vdi mdi trudng thien
nhien, Vien Van hda va Nxb Van hoa thong tin, Ha Ndi.
2. Le Trgng Ciic, A.Terry Rambo (1990), He sinh thdi ndng nghiep trung du miin Bdc Viet
Nam, Tmng lam Van hda ngdn ngiir Ddng - Tay xuil ban.
3. B I Vill Ding, Nguyin Khie Tung, Ndng Tmng, Nguyen Nam Tiln (1971), Ngudi Dao
a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi, Ha Ndi.
4. Nguyen Trudng Giang (2011), Qud trinh khai thdc vd canh tdc rudng hgc thang cua cdc
tgc ngudi Hmdng, Dao a huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai, Luan an tiln sT Sir hge, P3ai hgc
Khoa hge Xa hdi va Nhan van, Dai hge Quie gia Ha Noi.
5. Tran Hong Hanh (2002), Tri thirc dia phuang trong sic dung thude nam cua ngudi Dao
Dd (qua nghien euu dxd Td Phin, huyen Sa Pa, tinh Ldo Cai), Tap ehi Ddn tgc hoc, si 5,
tr. 23-38.
6. Pham Quang Hoan - Hiing Dinh Quy (Ddng chu bien) (1999^, Vdn hda truyin thdng cua
ngudi Dao a Hd Giang, Nxb Van hda dan lge, Ha Noi.
7. Roy Ellen, Peter Parkers, Alan Bicker, Dai hge Kent, Canterbury, Anh (2010), Tri thirc
bdn dia ve mdi trudng vd nhiing bien ddi: Cdc quan diem nhdn hgc phe phdn (bien tap),
Nxb Thi gidi. Ha Ndi.
8. Tran Hiiu San (2009), "O'ng xiir eiia ngudi Dao Hg (Dao Quin Tring) d Lao Cai vdi
ngudn nude" trong sach: Tri thirc bdn dia vd vdn hda sinh thdi ciia cdc ddn tgc thieu sd
a Vi^tNam ve mdi trudng vd bdo ve mdi trudng, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi.

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