Đánh giá rủi ro hàm lượng kim loại nặng trong rau muống và ảnh hưởng tới sức khỏe con người ở thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (Luận văn thạc sĩ)

...................................................................................................................... I
................................................................................................... III
.................................................................................................... IV
T.................................................................................. VI
............................................................................................VII
.........................................................................................................................1
1.

..........................................................................1

2.

....................................................................................1

3.

................................................................................2

4.

......................................................................................2

5.

.....................................4
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.

.............................................................................................4
.............................................................................................4

..........................................................................................4
.......................................5

1.1.
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.1.2.1.
1.1.2.2.
1.1.2.3.
1.1.2.4.
1.1.3.
1.1.3.1.
1.1.3.2.
1.1.3.3.
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
1.2.3. Phâ
1.2.4.
1.2.5.
1.2.6.
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2.

........................................................................................5
...............................................................................................5
....................................................................6
....................6
..............................................12

...........................................................15
......................17
....................................................................................19
................................19
......................20
.........................................22
.....................................................................29
.......................................................................................................29
......................................................................................29
..........................................................................................................30
.........................................................................................30
.........................................................................................31
.............................................................................32
............................................................................33
..........................................33
.................................................................34

1.4.
...............................................................................................................35


1.4.1.
1.4.2.

..................................................................35
......... 36

1.5.

.....37

1.5.1.
1.5.2.

..................................................................37
..................................................................41
...........................43

2.1.

...44

2.2.

......................................................................44

2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
2.2.4.
2.2.4.1.
2.2.4.2.
2.2.5.
2.2.5.1.
2.2.5.2.
2.2.5.3.
2.2.6.
2.2.7.

...............................................44

...................................................................................44
.....................................................................44
....................................................................................47
.................................................................................47
....................................................49
-M
.........................................................................................................52
..............................53
-MS ...............................53
.......................................................................................................54
..........................................................55
-EPA........................................................................................................55
................................................................57

3.1.
....................................................................................................57
3.1.1.
3.1.2.

..........................57
.......................65

3.2.

.....................................................................................70
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
3.2.5.

.............................................................70
..............72
...............75
..............78
..............80

3.3.
.......................................................................................................................82
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.
3.3.4.

...82
i......83
.......83
.......84
.....................................................................................87
...........................................................................................88


mg/kg)..............................................................................................................................8
(mg/kg) ............................................................................................................................8
.........8
.........................10
..........................................................................11
.......................12
.......................................13
.................................14

..........................14
..................................................................31
..................................................................31
..................34
..........36
........................41
nghiên c

.....................................................................................................................46
.....................................................................................................................46
....................................................................48
.......................48
g cm-3) ..............................................54
..........................................56


D
Hình 1.1.

.....................5
................................................................................................................7
.......................................15
....................................17
............................................................44
.....................................................................................47

Hình 2.3. Máy ph

-MS .......................................52
-

.....................53

...............................................................57
..............................................................57
...................................................58
...............................................................................59
........................................................60
....................61
.......................................61
..................62
........................................................................63
..........................................................63
...............................................................64
......................................64
...............................65
............................................66
2

)....67

Hình 3.16
...................................................................................................69
............................................................................................69
...........................................70
.........................................................71
........................................................71
..................................................72
....................................73
.............................................................73

..73
..................................................76
....................................76
.....................................76
...77
.................................................78
....................................79
..................................................................79
..79
..................................................80
....................................81
.....................................81
..81
..................................82
..................................83
..................................83
..................................84


As

: Asen

ATVSTP

: A

BVTV

BOD

: Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Cd

: Cadimium

COD

:

DTCT

:

DTGT

:

Dw

:
:

Fw

: Fresh w

FAO

: Food and Agriculture Organiza

GA3

: Gibberellic acid

ICP-MS

: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

KLN

: K

Pb

: Chì

PTNT

:

RAL

:

RMN

: R

Tp.HCM

: Tp HCM

TSS

:

WHO

:

Zn


Rau m

(Ipomoea aquatic)

-

(KLN) cao. Ngoài ra, nông dân thâm canh rau m
BVTV)
m

C
khi

,

trung bình và

m

gây nguy
m

m
VSATTP)

m

ABSTRACT
Water spinach (Ipomoea Aquatic) in Ho Chi Minh City is planted near the canals
- which receive wastewater from industrial areas and from the production facilities
along the canal basin. Sediment in these canals contains hazardous ingredients and
heavy metal pollution. In addition, farmers have a trend to abuse the use of fertilizers
and plant protection chemicals which has increased the risk of environmental
contamination, especially heavy metal residues in soil, directly influencing the quality
of vegetable crops.
The amount of heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Zn in 3 samples (sediment,
water and water spinach) is met the standard of Vietnam. For exception, there are
sample NCC24 and RHM19 have metal heavy amount higher than permission level.
Index pollution risk assessment of arsen, lead, cadmium and zinc on health when
used the vegetable is from low to medium, and there is 1 sample with high level,
causing danger to human health when uncontrolled effectively.
The survey results show that the consumers are aware of health care, and they
want to know information about pollution in the vegetable. For growers, lack of
awareness about food hygiene and safety because of profit, facilitate the production
and unreasonable using of agricultural chemicals lead to heavy metal contaimination.

Key words: water spinach, heavy metal, food safety.


1. TÍNH

...

KLN
KLN
,

KLN

Tp HCM

[2, 11, 17,
21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 36]

KLN

KLN
KLN
ng, chúng
trong

2. M


KLN
rau

3.
Cây

n

Tp HCM

KLN

4.
Tp HCM, theo các ph

ng ti n thông tin

nóng v vi c m t an toàn v sinh

mà

i chúng, hi n nay có nh ng i m
tài

c bi t quan tâm, nh rau

tr ng t i m t s vùng nh quanh l u v c c a kênh Tham L
C u L n, rau trên
kênh Ba Bò (d n n
và c ng thoát n

ng Ngô Chí Qu c (ph

ng Bình Chi u, Q. Th

c th i ô nhi m c a khu công nghi p

cg nc uv

t Gò D a;

c a khu công nghi p V nh L c...

ng (Q.12), r ch
c) n m bên

ng An thu c Bình D

ng)

qu n 12 n m bên kênh x th i

tài c ng chú tr ng các vùng có s n l

ng rau

l n và t p trung thâm canh s n su t trong khu v c Tp HCM nh qu n 8, qu n
7, huy n C Chi ...
,

Lý do ch

sen, K

[5,6,7,27,28,39]

SH có trong enzim. Các


2+

dehy

cytochromes.

Asen can

.
Ngoài ra, Asen còn
da.


có 2 lo i là m c d
khác nhau nh
y

ru ng,

tài nghiên c u

l y

tài l a ch n rau

kênh r ch

c và trên c n, c ng nh nhi u cách tr ng
phao,

bè,

tích l y KLN trong RMN.

KLN trong bùn, n

HCM.

in

n

c,
c

thúng.
tài chú tr ng s tích

trong kênh, r ch trên
c tr ng trên ru ng n

a bàn Tp

c

nghiên c u,
Tp

HCM.

5.
5.1.
và tron
5.2.

5.3.

Tín

các
rau
.


NGHIÊN
1.1.

KLN

1.1.1.

KLN
KLN

KLN
3

[5,6,7]

Hình 1.1

Hình 1.1.
KLN
c
KLN

KLN trong môi
KLN


có
[28]

KLN
ion hóa trong
KLN
[38]

này

4 KLN

KLN,
Asen (As),

Chì (Pb), Cadimium (Cd) và

. Trong danh sác

,

Asen (As), và Cadimi
[5,6,7,10,14,15,27,35,37,38]

1.1.2.

quá trình oxy hóa

1.1.2.1.

KLN trong

Nguyên nhân

là do

KLN
KLN


KLN

KLN theo
[3]

phân bó

BVTV, phân

tán trong
ng

Hình 1.2 C
KLN
phâ


B

KLN
[38]

Phân photphat
Phân Nitrat
Vôi
HCBVTV

Pb
2 - 7,00
1,3 - 2240
0,4 - 27
4 - 1000
2 - 120
20 - 1250

Cd
< 1 - 3410
0,01 -100
0,1 - 0,8
0,1 - 190
0,005 8,5
0,04 - 0,1

Zn
91- 49000
82 - 5894
15 - 566
1 42
10 - 450
-

11 - 26

-

-

< 20

< 0,05

-

[38]

KL

Phân

Phân

Phân
BVTV

As

<1 - 120

2- 120

Cd

0,1 - 190 <0,1- 9

Pb

4 - 1000

2 - 120

0,1 - 24

2 - 30

<0,05- 0,1

2 - 3000

20 - 250

2 - 1000

<1 - 25
<0,10,8
0,1 - 16

<10

3 - 30

20,05

-

<20

11 - 26

[38]

As
9,5
0,3
0,35

20,9
10,3
6,6
10,4

16 16 8
20 20 0
Supe lân
16 16

8 13S
-

Pb
3,1
6,5
4
3,5
0,24
14,1
4

Cd
2,1
2,2
0,59
186,2

KLN
Tp HCM

- 2002),
phép

[24]

KLN
- T


KLN
KLN
KLN
p thu

.
KLN
cho rau.

.[7]

Tp HCM

ng

KLN

KLN.


[15]

trong
khô)
31.600
8.000
Crom: 3 9.574
Chì: 545 11.000
28.900

210.000
1.800
Cadimi: 1 833
Chì: 3 19.000
446.000

KLN
KLN
KLN

.
KLN

KLN
KLN
KLN


KLN
KLN.
HCM

có
[22]

.5. K
[4]

t
Thông

Tháng 5/2012
phép
0.3(mg/m3)

0.44-0.81(mg/m3)

93

Không quy

0.38-0.54 (µg/m3)

Không
nh

NO2

0.3(mg/m3)

0.16-0.23(mg/m3)

42

CO

30(mg/m3)

9.77-15.13(mg/m3)

1

70 dB

68-87 dB

99

Pb

0.40.58(mg/m3)
0.210.29(µg/m3)
0.160.21(mg/m3)
9.6115.46(mg/m3)
73-86 dB

85
Không quy
Không có
2
100

[8,25]

cho


Phun n
, ngoài ra t

các KLN,

.
.6.

STT

1

[42]

KLN

(Ravenol,VSiSAE5W-40)

Cu

Mg

Cr

Sn

Pb

Fe

Zn

Mn

Cd

0

72

0

0

0

0

1200

0

0

4,6

81

1,5

1,6

14,6

72

1280

1,5

1

(Ravenol,VSiSAE5W-40)
2
3000 km)
Ngoài ra còn c

[3,5,6,7,15,16,20]

1.1.2.2.

KLN
KLN

1

[20]

1.7.
pH
Pb2+ <
0,5mg/l
Cd2+ <
0,5mg/l
Ni2+ <
0,5mg/l
Zn2+ <
0,5mg/l
Fe2+ <
0,5mg/l
Cu2+ <
0,5mg/l
Cr3+ <
0,5mg/l
Al3+ <
0,5mg/l
Sn2+ <
0,5mg/l
Fe3+ <
0,5mg/l
pH

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

2;

KLN
[51]

.8.


1.8.

[15]

KLN trong

STT
- MgCl2
CH3COONa
Exchangeable

-

- CH3COONa
-

Carbonate

ê - NH2OH.HCl 0,04M trong CH3COOH
25%
960
magiê oxyt.

- HNO3 0,02 M trong H2O2 30%(w/v)
o
C và
thêm
CH3COONH4 3,2 M trong HNO3
2O2 30% (w/n) trong

- KLN

0

HNO3

Residual
hiên.
KLN
1.9. K

KLN

Oxy hóa

axit

Trung tinh
Se

Cao
Trung bình

Se
Se, Hg
Hg, As, Cd
As, Cd
Pb, As, Sb, Ti Pb, As, Sb, Ti
Te
Te

As, Cd
Pb, As, Sb, Ti
Te

Te, Se, Hg
Cd, Pb, Bi, Ti


KLN
d
KLN
KLN

[5,6,7]

Hình 1.3
1.1.2.3.

KLN
[5,6,7,10,15,37]

KLN

KLN

KLN trong
(cation) và
KLN


- Các ion

KLN

là hút bám trao

KLN

KLN vào trong cây
KLN

:

KLN

-

Cu và H+
KLN

bào này sang

-

các nhóm

KLN
c
KLN


KLN

-

KLN

Hình 1.4.
1.1.2.4.

KLN trong
KLN[1,5,6,7,10,15,27,37]

.

o

KLN
KLN
KLN
KLN
KLN