Tăng cường quản lý giáo dục đại học ở việt nam từ góc độ kinh tế tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY

HO VIET THINH

STRENGTHENING HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
IN VIETNAM FROM ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE

MAJOR: ECONOMICS MANAGEMENT
CODE: 9.31.01.10

DISSERTATION SUMMARY OF DOCTOR OF ECONOMICS

HA NOI - 2019


THE DISSERTATION IS COMPLETED AT:

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY

Name of Scientific Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr Do Huy Tung

Reviewer 1: Prof. Dr. Bui Xuan Phong

Reviewer 2: Dr Nguyen Duy Lac
Reviewer 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Hong Thai

The disertation is defensed at the University doctoral review Board at
.... o’clock ... date ... month ... year ...

The dissertation can be found at:

Hanoi National Libraryor Ha Noi University of Mining and Geology’s Library


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PREFACE
1. The Importance of Research Topic
Education, especially higher education always plays an important role in the training
of high quality human resources having good moral qualities, good at expertise, acumen,
creative and having competency to catch up with the Global integration and development,
thereby contributing to promoting the National economy development. The role of Higher
education become more important when the Fourth Industrial Revolution is having a great
impact on all contries and nations. For developing countries like Vietnam, Higher education
is playing a key role, makes education, economy and culture of the country proactively
participate in international economic integration. On the other hand, only Higher education
really contributes, quickly shortens lagging gap between Vietnam and developed countries.
Therefore, the State of Vietnam has always determined that investment in education should
be of the first concern and priority, education and training are considered as factors that
determine the success or failure of the nation. This is also clearly reflected in the Education
Law passed by the Xth National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at the 9th
session on the 4th of December 2009: "Education and training is the first priority of the
national policy, is career of the State and of the whole people ".
In the process of international economic integration, Vietnam’s higher education has
accessed to modern development trends, good experiences of education in the world,
promoting cooperation in the process of educational development. At the same time, it also
has conditions to attract resources for educational development from abroad, especially for
larger investments in infrastructure , teaching equipment, modernization of learning
conditions and forces of educational expert. However, besides the great opportunities,
international economic integration also brings challenges to Vietnam's higher education
such as: (1) Ensure education commitments within the framework of the General Agreement

on Trade and Services (GATS) as well as protect national sovereignty, fulfilling the basic
objectives of education; (2) The quality of Vietnam’s higher education is still low, hasn’t
met the demand for human resources in the context of strong development of science and
technology; (3) Competitiveness of Vietnam’s higher education institutions is limited, is
incapable of participating in international education competition, is incapable of attracting a
lot of foreign students to Vietnam... To facing those challenges, transforming challenges
into opportunities for educational institutions and improving the quality of education in
Vietnam, we need a scientific and systematic management for higher education institutions.
In recent times, management activities for higher education have been gradually
improved. Management thinking for higher education has been renewed towards quality
management with specific steps and in accordance with practical requirements. The
financial and facilities management of higher education institutions has also been developed
and completed to ensure the necessary conditions for the quality of higher education. Doing
multichannel the supplying system and variability the level of funding for higher education;
encouraging foreign investment in higher education; value and attract investment resources
from outside, etc.
However, management activities for higher education still reveal many limitations and


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disadvantages such as: Incompleted legal framework for decentralization in management of
higher education institutions, especially financial and investment management; The
management institutions of higher education is slowly reformed and also focuses on
administrative management; The management system of higher education is lacking in
synchronization; The development policy of higher education has been targeted but has not
yet shown the effectiveness and reality. The tools of financial policy and investment policies
for higher education have not been promoted; Institutions and policies on tuition, fees and
scholarships have not really ensured fairness in higher education on the rights and
obligations of students; The checking, supervising and handling violations of higher

education activities have not been effectively implemented. The above limitations and
disadvantages are putting an urgent need to have feasible and scientific solutions to enhance
the management of higher education in Vietnam from an economic perspective.
Based on that fact, the study of the problem of "Strengthening the higher education
management in Vietnam from an economic perspective" is the topic of Economic
management Doctoral Dissertation which is necessary as well as has deep theoretical and
practical significance.
2. Research Purpose
Proposing scientific and practical bases for solutions to enhance the management of
Vietnam’s higher education from an economic perspective in the coming years in order to
orient development, improve quality and efficiency of Higher education management to
meet the development goals of country.
3. Research Subject and Scope
a. Research subject:
The research subject of the dissertation topic includes the content and factors affecting
the State management on economic for Vietnam’s higher education.
b. Research scope:
- Scope of content, the dissertation topic mainly researches the contents of State
management on economics for Vietnam’s higher education.
- Scope of space and time: The dissertation studies the management of higher
education from an economic perspective in Vietnam in the period of 2013 - 2017; Solutions
applied to Vietnam’s higher education in the period of 2019 - 2025.
4. Research Methodology
In order to implement the research orientation, the dissertation uses the main research
methods:
- General theory: used to collect secondary information for theoretical research
through official documents and reports on management of higher education.
- Descriptive statistics method: Used to study documents, study previous studies of
relevant domestic and foreign authors. Moreover, this methods help to find research gaps
and to orient the research topic. At the same time, it also supports to analyze the current

situation, causes and factors affecting higher education management from an economic
perspective in our country in the past time. It is considered as basics to propose solutions for
strengthening the management about economics for higher education in our country.


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- Methods of analysis and synthesis, evaluation: Used to study documents related to
the dissertation through dividing the content into each part, aspect, constituent element to
discover trend, the dissertation in research, at the same time arranging the system of
research content to refine the data and draw logical reasoning to follow the object and
research objectives of the dissertation
- Expert method: Used to point out the causes of economic management status for
higher education in Vietnam in the period of 2013 - 2017 and propose solutions to
strengthen economic management for higher education in Vietnam in the coming time.
- Inductive method: Based on different ways of thinking, approaching, synthesizing,
evaluating and combining personal opinions to generalize into general issues and
recommendations for Vietnam.
5. Scientific and practical significance of the dissertation
5.1. Scientific significance of the dissertation
The research results of the dissertation contribute to clarifying and adding to the
system of theoretical basis of state management for higher education.
5.2. Practical significance of the dissertation
Firstly: Assess the status of higher education management. Point out the
achievements, limitations and causes of limitations in higher education management from
an economic perspective.
Secondly: Proposing solutions to strengthen higher education management from an
economic perspective in the socialist-oriented market economy.
6. New contributions of the topic
Firstly, in terms of scientific development: The dissertation systematizes and

supplements the theoretical basis of higher education management from an economic
perspective, in which economic management activities are approached from a state
management perspective; On the basis of the content of state management on higher
education, the dissertation introduce the criteria for assessing higher education management
from an economic perspective and a scale system to help quantify criteria for assessing
higher education management. These criteria and scale system can also be used as a basis
for analyzing the situation and proposing solutions to strengthen higher education
management from an economic perspective suitable to the higher education development
strategy of our country in the coming time and suitable to the trend of globalization of
higher education.
Secondly, in terms of practice: On the basis of the scales that have been built, the
dissertation conducts data survey and assesses higher education management from an
economic perspective in our country in the recent period in order to show the achievement
of higher education management from an economic perspective according to the criteria
given out, quantify the influence of factors affecting higher education management and
propose economic solutions to enhance the management of higher education in our country
in the coming period.
7. Structure of the dissertation
Besides the preamble, conclusion, reference, appendix, the dissertation is structured
into 4 chapters.


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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCHING WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION
AND RESEARCHING METHOD
1.1. Research works related to the thesis and research
a. Domestic research projects
It can be affirmed that so far, there have been many research works related to higher

educational management. These works are very useful in orienting, providing the higher
educational management content and method in order to improve the effectiveness of the
management and quality of higher education. However, it is possible to generalize some of
the general issues about research projects related to the dissertation as follows:
- About approach: The researches on higher educational management about economics
in our country during the past have mainly been approached from the decentralization,
financial autonomy of higher education.... but not yet approached from an economic
management perspective. The researches on state management on higher education mainly
address the limitations of the higher education quality in our country. There are no real
studies on state management for higher education from an economic perspective in our
country.
- About the scope of research: The researches on higher educational management in
our country during the past have mainly been implemented either with public Universities
or non-public Universities. However, there should be comprehensive researches for all
Universities to get an overall view of higher educational management, creating equal
conditions for Universities to develop together.
- About the content: The researches on educational management in our country in
recent times have mainly been approached in the direction of improving the quality of
education or decentralizing management for higher education activities. There are currently
no deep researches on economic management of higher education in Vietnam with the
contents of economic management such as planning, enforcement, examination and
evaluation of the implementation of economic policies on education.
- About the method: The research has pointed out the factors affecting the higher
educational management and analyzed the influencing factors on the secondary database.
However, management activities are often related to managed subjects and the perception,
attitude and feeling of managed subjects to management decisions , this causes a significant
impact on management effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to have quantitative research
based on primary data, especially survey data from managed subjects on management
decisions as well as quantitative data assessing the impact of factors affecting higher
educational management from an economic perspective, thereby drawing the conclusions

and solutions to enhance the higher education management from an economic perspective.
b. Overseas research works
Overseas studies provide a number of valuable theoretical and experiential issues
about macro management, how to control universities in the direction of promoting
autonomy and social responsibility. However, there are aspects that are not suitable for
domestic circumstances, conditions and views. These works are also references used by the


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author in the process of carrying out the dissertation.
c. The remaining content and issues that the dissertation continues to study
- About approach: The higher education management in economics is approached
from the state management perspective for higher education through economic management
tools such as the legal system, strategies and policies for developing higher education and
management mechanisms for higher education institutions, including: monitoring,
evaluation and financial handling for educational management activities;
- About the scope of research: The higher education management in economics is
studied overally to create equal and environmental conditions for the development of
educational institutions, thereby improving the quality of education of the country;
- About the content of the research: (1) Continuing to complete the theoretical basis of
higher education management from an economic perspective, especially clarifying the
content and tools used and criteria for evaluation of educational management from an
economic perspective; (2) Research and evaluate the status of education management from
an economic perspective for Vietnam in the period 2013-2017 on the basis of secondary and
primary data, especially the primary data on the level according to the economic
management criteria for higher education which are collected from managed subjects; (3)
Proposing some solutions to enhance the higher education management in Vietnam from an
economic perspective.
1.2. Data collection and processing method

1.2.1. Data collection methods
a. Secondary data collection method
The author collects, systemizes and analyzes published domestic and overseas
documents and research works related to higher education from an economic perspective
such as: system of legal documents related to higher education from an economic
perspective, strategic and development policies for higher education in the period 20102025; scientific articles, curriculum, scientific research topics, doctoral dissertation, etc.
This method helps to find out theoretical and practical gaps so that the dissertation can
contribute. On that basis, it will systematize the theoretical basis of higher education from
an economic perspective, as a basis to formulate the research theoretical framework as well
as identify the observed variables to be included in the model of analysis and design of
survey tables. It is expected that the number of variable groups included in the survey is 5:
legal system for higher education; quality of strategy and policy for higher education
development; implementing strategies and policies for higher education development;
checking the status of legal implementation and policies at the educational institutions;
conformity of development policies for higher education; etc.
b. Primary data collection method
Primary data of the dissertation is collected by method of expert interview and survey
by questionnaire for managers and higher education institutions.
- Expert Interview
The purpose of the interview is to obtain deep and multi-dimensional evaluated
information about the educational management activities from an economic perspective, at


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the same time to orient solutions to enhance Vietnam's educational management from an
economic perspective to be consistent with the context of Vietnam.
- Questionnaire survey for State management officials on economics higher education
and higher education institutions
The purpose of the survey is to collect information on the current status as a basis for

analysis and evaluate higher educational management in economic and propose solutions of
higher educational management in economic in our country in the future. The questionnaire
is designed to collect information based on the system of evaluation criteria and the
functions of higher economic management in economic.
1.2.2. Processing data method
The collected data is cleaned and processed by SPSS 16.0 software. Accordingly, the
concepts are tested by Confirmatory factor analysis CFA to provide the factors that really
important to the higher education management in economic in our country.
Conclusion of chapter 1
- State management for higher education is one of the important contents of state
management. Therefore, during the past, many authors have studied the state management
for higher education through doctoral dissertation, master dissertation, scientific research
topic and scientific articles, etc.
If approaching from an economic perspective, the state management of economics for
higher education is understood as the goal of developing higher education, strategic
planning, promulgating the legal system, etc and if it is done well, it will contribute to use
resources for higher education activities effectively and at the same time, contribute to
improve the quality of human resources of the country.
CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS ON HIGHER EDUCATION
MANAGEMENT FROM AN ECONOMIC VIEW
2.1. Concepts and characteristics of higher education
2.1.1. Concepts of higher education
According to the Education Dictionary, higher education is understood as "high-level
professional education training level with the goal of training learners with political and
ethical qualities, consciously serving the people, having knowledge and capacity for
professional practice corresponding to the level of training, having health to meet the
requirements of national construction and defense ”[33]. In Vietnam today, although there
is no formal definition of higher education, it is understandable that higher education is the
form of educational organization for the following levels of high school with the training

levels: university, master and doctor.
Higher education plays a particularly important role for the prosperity of a modern
economy - the "knowledge economy", which will become increasingly decisive to the
prosperity of humanity in the future.
2.1.2. Characteristics of higher education in a market economy
- Higher education services have the characteristics of other types of services.
- Higher education services in the market economy have both the economic content of


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a commodity product and the content of social production relations.
- Higher education services are a special commodity that requires state management.
- Higher education services are purchased / sold as regular services
- Higher education services are provided in the education market
2.1.3. The role of higher education in social development
a. Higher education contributes to increasing the scale of human capital concentration
for the entire national economy.
b. Higher education contributes to promoting the development of the economy
comprehensively.
2.2. Higher education management from an economic perspective
2.2.1. Concept of higher education management from an economic perspective
In the field of education, the State is the main subject of higher education activities,
the higher education system is uniformly managed by the State, though it exists in many
different types: public, non-public or domestic and with foreign countries. The participation
of social components in higher education is necessary and reasonable, but the role of the
State must be key, provided that the role is conceived logically and clearly in the context
that simultaneous existence of public and non-public higher education systems complement
each other
State management of higher education from an economic perspective can be

understood as the process of planning, organizing, guiding and examining the activities and
using resources of higher education facilities to achieve the set goals of higher education.
The above concept shows:
+ The subject of educational management is the State with the system of state
authorities of the Government and the system of state management system on higher
education from central to local level.
+ The objects of higher education management are the system of education facilities
and people involved in the process of higher education.
+ The objective of the educational management is to effectively use the resources of
the education facilities, in other words, it is resources of the economy. In order to achieve
management objectives, the State needs to plan goals in the field of higher education,
planning development strategic of higher education, promulgating the legal system and
policies for developing higher education, inspection, examination and supervision the
implementation of laws, strategies and policies for higher education development of higher
education facilities in order to achieve the goals of higher education identified in each
period and meet the educational and economic development goals of the country.
+ The role of higher education management in the market economy is to create a
higher education environment that is convenient, safe and equal through such factors as:
good infrastructure, a complete and stable legal system and a clear administrative
background and a clean and healthy state system, etc. The above factors are all created by
the state (and only by the state) in order to attract domestic and foreign investment to meet
the development objectives of higher education.
2.2.2. Content of higher education management from an economic perspective


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2.2.2.1. Planning a strategy for higher education development to achieve the goal of
higher education and education in general.
The planning and implementation of the strategy for higher education development is

one of the important contents of economic management for higher education, makes higher
education activities to develop in the right direction, well fulfilling the determined
objectives of higher education.
2.2.2.2. Promulgating a system of legal documents related to higher education
management from an economic perspective
Laws relating to higher education management from an economic perspective include
a system of legal regulations promulgated by the State and guaranteed to regulate social
relations arising in the process of organizing and operating higher education.
2.2.2.3. Developing policies for higher education development in each period to
implement the planned higher education strategy.
On the basis of the higher education strategy along with the identified goals, the State
conducts to plan policies for the higher education development with the nature of
concretization of guidelines of the Communist Party of Vietnam and State in higher
education.
2.2.2.4. Organizing an economic management system for higher education
The state management system of economics is the premise of higher education
management efficiency from an economic perspective. The State management system on
economy has the role of promulgating a system of documents guiding the implementation of
strategies and policies for higher education development as well as the agency conducting
inspection, examination and supervision of the implementation of policies and strategies for
higher education development of higher education facilities.
2.2.2.5. Inspecting and supervising the implementation of strategic objectives and
policies for educational development of higher education facilities
Inspecting and supervising the implementation of strategic objectives and policies for
educational development of higher education facilities include: inspecting, examining and
supervising activities of financial management of higher education and facilities of higher
education facilities; human resources management of higher education: educational
inspection; inspecting and controling the observance of law on higher education, preventing
the violations of law and policies; protecting the benefits of learners and education facilities;
guaranteeing quality and confirming education quality, handling violations of higher

education laws.
2.2.3. Higher education management tools from an economic perspective
- Legal tools: Including legal documents regulating the conditions and legal corridors
for activities of higher education facilities. This is the most important tool in education and
higher education management.
- Strategic tools: The development strategy of higher education includes the target
system, solutions and plans for implementing higher education activities to achieve the
defined objectives.
- Policy tools: The economic policy of the state on higher education is an overall view


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of ideas, general objectives and basic methods to carry out the development objectives of
higher education in each period.
2.3. Criteria for evaluating higher education management from an economic
perspective
Criteria for evaluation of educational management from an economic perspective firsly
must include criteria for evaluating management activities, selected and considered
according to internal basis of higher education management from an economic perspective
and the content of management activities. From the concept and content of higher education
management from an economic perspective which has been determined, the evaluation
criteria of higher education management from an economic perspective include: (1)
Effectiveness criteria; (2) Efficiency criteria; (3) Conformity criteria; (4) Fairness criteria.
2.4. Factors affecting to state management of higher education from an economic
perspective
- State management thinking on higher education from an economic perspective;
- State management capacity on higher education from an economic perspective;
- Methods and ways of state management on higher education;
- Quality of inspection, inspection, supervision and handling of violations of the law

on higher education management;
- Requirements of the development of market economy, globalization and international
integration;
- Mechanism to maintain and improve social responsibility of higher education
institutions.
Conclusion of chapter 2
- Clarifying some theoretical issues about higher education management from an
economic perspective through clarifying the concept and role of higher education in the
market economy; Determining the concepts, content and management tools of higher
education management from an economic perspective.
- Analysing factors affecting to higher education from an economic perspective in the
current period in order to have more scientific basis for proposing solutions to enhance
higher education management in Vietnam,
- Researching experience in higher education management in some countries in the
world and learning lessons for Vietnam.
CHAPTER 3
HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT SITUATION IN VIETNAM FROM AN
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
3.1. Overview of higher education in Vietnam
3.1.1. The process of higher education development in Vietnam
Vietnam’s higher education has changed and developed, showing innovation in
awareness of reducing state control in managing universities.
3.1.2. Results of higher education in Vietnam
After more than 30 years of renovation since 1986, Vietnam's higher education system
has developed in both scale and variety of types, forms of training, providing the main


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source of highly qualified labor for industrialization and modernization of the country.

About the university network
By the end of 2016-2017 school year, currently the system has 235 universities and
institutes (including 170 public schools, 60 non-public schools, 5 schools with 100% foreign
capital), 37 scientific research institutes assigned doctoral training, 33 Teachers Training
Colleges and 2 Teachers Training Secondary shools.
About the scale of higher education
In this period, the scale of higher education increased rapidly, exceeding the target of
university training scale development but only meeting a little people's needs.
About lecturers development
In the 2016-2017 school year, the total number of lecturers in the universities was
72.792, increased 4.6% compared to the 2015-2016 school year, of which lecturers with
number of doctorate degree of 16.514, increased 21.4% and number of masters are 43.127
people, increased 6.68% compared to the 2015-2016 school year. The change in the number
of highly qualified lecturers shows a significant investment in the quality of human
resources of higher education.
About quality of higher education is still low, there is a clear distinction between full
time education and part time education, among key public universities compared with some
local public universities and non-public universities.
3.2. Analyzing the situation of higher education management in Vietnam from an
economic perspective in the period 2013 - 2017
3.2.1. Results of higher education management in Vietnam according to the criteria
3.2.1.1. Effectiveness of higher education management from an economic perspective
The current strategy of higher education
development has contributed to improving the…

3,53

State management agencies carry out inspection
and evaluation for higher education activities…

3,43

Current education development strategy
contributes to improving the operational…

3,63

The current education development strategy is
consistent with the education and training…
The legal system for higher education ensures the
implementation of strategic objectives of…

3,42

3,34

3,15 3,2 3,25 3,3 3,35 3,4 3,45 3,5 3,55 3,6 3,65

Figure 3.5. Effectiveness of higher education management from an economic perspective
Source: results of analysis of survey data
The analyzed results show that 100% of higher education facilities in our country in
the past time have absolutely complied with the legal regulations on the organization of


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system of management, admissions, training and research activities. science, investment,
financial management ... issued by the State.
3.2.1.2. Efficiency of higher education management from an economic perspective
The current strategy of higher education

development has contributed to improving the…
State management agencies carry out inspection
and evaluation for higher education activities…
Current education development strategy
contributes to improving the operational…
The current education development strategy is
consistent with the education and training…
The legal system for higher education ensures the
implementation of strategic objectives of…
3,1

3,53
3,43
3,63
3,42
3,34
3,2

3,3

3,4

3,5

3,6

3,7

Figure 3.6. Efficiency of higher education management from an economic perspective
Source: results of analysis of survey data

According to analytical results, the activity of higher education management in
Vietnam in recent years has not only contributed to achieving the goals in the field of
education but also contributed to achieving the quality of human resources development, is
a premise for socio-economic development.
3.2.1.3. Conformity of higher education management from an economic perspective
The frequency of inspection and evaluation for
higher education activities is reasonable
The form of examination and evaluation for
higher education activities is appropriate
The current education development strategy is
consistent with the education and training…
The level of general relevance for the
development policy of higher education
The legal system for higher education ensures
the implementation of strategic objectives of…
The legal system for higher education facilitates
equal development for all types of university…
2,80

3,65
3,17
3,42
3,46
3,34
3,10
3,00

3,20

3,40

3,60

3,80

Figure 3.7. Conformity of higher education management from an economic perspective
Source: results of analysis of survey data
Indicators that are considered to be highly suitable are activities of promulgating legal
documents, activities of strategic planning, policies and monitoring and supervising
activities for higher education facilities. Indicators of creating an equal environment for the
development and operation of educational institutions which have not been evaluated with a
high degree of conformity, the average score of 3.10 indicates that although the recent legal
system for the university has been adjusted to fit the trend and requirements of higher


12

education development, in the opinion of managers, in higher education facilities there
should be adjustments in the system of legal documents to create equal conditions for higher
education facilities in the activities of admissions, investment in facilities, joint venture, etc.
3.2.1.4. Fairness of higher education management from an economic perspective
Through the data, from the higher education facilities, fairness in higher education
management in our country in recent years is considered relatively high with an average
score of 3.67 to 3.82 on a scale of 5.
Current education development strategy has
contributed to increasing the ability to socialize
higher education

3,79

The legal system on higher education ensures the
balance between rights and obligations of higher
education institutions

3,67

The legal system on higher education creates
conditions for higher education institutions to
well exploit opportunities from the market and…
3,55

3,82

3,6

3,65

3,7

3,75

3,8

3,85

Figure 3.8. Fairness of higher education management from an economic perspective
Source: results of analysis of survey data
3.2.2. Situation of implementing the contents of higher education management from
an economic perspective
3.2.2.1. Situation of developing a strategy for higher education development in

Vietnam from an economic perspective
Higher education institutions in Vietnam have properly
implemented Vietnam's higher education…

3,47

The current strategy of higher education development
has contributed to improving the quality of human…

3,53

Current education development strategy has contributed
to increasing the ability to socialize higher education

3,79

Current development strategy of higher education
has contributed to increasing the number of higher-…

3,68

Current education development strategy contributes to
improving the operational efficiency of higher…

3,63

The current education development strategy is
consistent with the education and training…

3,42

3,20

3,30

3,40

3,50

3,60

3,70

3,80

Figure 3.9. Situation of planning and implementing the strategy of developing HE
Source: results of analysis of survey data
In general, the development strategy of higher education in the past time is evaluated
relatively high, with the average score from 3.42 to 3.79 according to the scale of 5,
showing that the quality of higher education management according to the criteria of
strategic planning is relatively good.
However, experts believe that the consistency between the development strategy of
higher education and the strategy of education development in particular and the socioeconomic development strategy in general has not been clearly shown.


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3.2.2. Situation the system of legal documents on higher education management
Survey data on the Situation of the system of legal documents on higher education is
calculated and presented in Figure 3.10.
The legal system for higher education ensures the

implementation of strategic objectives of…
The legal system for higher education facilitates
equal development for all types of university…
The legal system of higher education is fully and
specifically communicated
The legal system for higher education is effective
and appropriate
The legal system on higher education is fully
implemented through guiding documents
0,00

3,34
3,10
3,08
3,43
3,89
1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

Figure 3.10. The level of managing HE through the system of legal documents
Source: Results of analysis of survey data
Through survey data, most education facilities highly appreciate the completeness and
timeliness of the legal document system for higher education, the average score is 3.89
points. Criteria for the conformity and effectiveness of the legal system are also highly
appreciated with an average score of 3.43 points

The thinking of state management on quality and quality assurance of higher education
has actually been institutionalized in legal documents: Education Law; The Law on Higher
Education 2012. Highlights in the system of legal documents implementing the
development objectives of higher education is Circular 12/2017 / TT-BGDĐT together with
the set of basic quality assessment standards in the national education system. According to
Circular 12, the standard set includes 25 standards and 111 criteria, assessing the entire
operation of an education facilities.
3.2.3. Situation of planning and implementing policies for higher education
development
The policy of developing higher education
quality is reasonable
The policy of focusing on accrediting higher
education quality is reasonable
The policy on financial autonomy for
educational institutions is reasonable
Human resource development policy in higher
education is reasonable
The policy of promoting autonomy and social
responsibility of higher education…
The policy of diversifying the higher
education system is reasonable

3,43
3,79
3,33
3,34
3,64
3,24
2,90 3,00 3,10 3,20 3,30 3,40 3,50 3,60 3,70 3,80

Figure 3.11. Situation of policies for higher education development
Source: Results of analysis of survey data


14

Through the survey results, the opinions highly appreciated the focusing on inspection
of higher education and promoting the autonomy and self-social responsibility of higher
education facilities, the average score reached 3.64 to 3.79 points.Experts and managers at
higher education facilities have not appreciated the policies of education diversification,
policies of quality development of human resources and policy of financial autonomy for
higher education, the average score reached 3.24 points to 3.33 points.
3.2.4. Situation of inspection and supervision of activities of higher education
facilities
State management agencies carry out inspection
and evaluation for higher education activities…
The process of checking and evaluating for higher
education activities is clear and transparent
The content, inspection and evaluation criteria for
higher education activities are correct
The frequency of inspection and evaluation for
higher education activities is reasonable
The form of examination and evaluation for higher
education activities is appropriate
2,80

3,43
3,67
3,41
3,65

3,17
3,00

3,20

3,40

3,60

3,80

Figure 3.12. The level of educational management according to the inspection and
evaluation criteria for higher education facilities
Source: Results of analysis of survey data
According to the survey results, higher education facilities highly appreciate the
process and frequency of inspection and evaluation for higher education activities in the past
time. Every year, the Ministry of Education and Training conducts inspections and
evaluations of higher education facilities on a number of aspects such as training programs,
training quality, investment, finance, etc. Before each examination, there are announcements
about the process and clear criteria to help the higher education facilities to actively prepare
documents on the inspection content, ensuring the effectiveness of the inspection activities.
3.2.5. Situation of the state management system on economics for higher education
3,13

The capacity of higher education staff is good
The higher education agencies have good
coordination
Decentralized management of higher education is
reasonable
The functions and tasks of higher education

institutions are clear
The organizational structure of the management
apparatus of higher education is reasonable
The level of specialization in higher education in
economics is high

3,29
3,32
3,47
3,10
3,11
2,90

3,00

3,10

3,20

3,30

3,40

3,50

Figure 3.14. Situation of the state management system on economics for HE
Source: Results of analysis of survey data


15

In general, the decentralization in the organization of education management system in
general and higher education is evaluated as reasonable, the functions of the parts in the
management system are also clearly regulated through the legal document system. This
makes the coordination between the parts in the management system also highly
appreciated. However, the level of specialization in education management has not been
highly appreciated, the decision-making authority in Vietnam's higher education system is
quite wide and consequently the management of the system is very weak.
3.3. Results, limitations and major reasons of limitations in state management of
higher education in Vietnam from an economic perspective
3.3.1. Achievements
Activities of higher education management in Vietnam in recent years have achieved
important results, as follows:
- Innovating the thinking of state management on higher education in the direction of
quality management with specific steps and in accordance with practical requirements. The
thinking of state management on higher education has been reflected in the perspective of
creating an institution and policy for the management system organization, inspection,
examination and handling of violations.
- Setting up a national quality assurance agency.
- Forming and gradually improving the state management institutional framework on
higher education quality and applying it into practice.
- The institution of financial management and facilities of higher education facilities
has also been developed and completed to ensure the necessary conditions for higher
education quality. In Vietnam today, the norms and principles for allocating state budget for
public higher education facilities are implemented according to: (1) Decree No. 43/2006 /
ND-CP dated April 25, 2006 of the Government on autonomy mechanism , responsibility
for the implementation of tasks, organize the staff and finance for public non-business units,
(2) Decision No. 151/2006 / QD-TTg dated June 29, 2006 of the Prime Minister on the
norms for allocation of regular budget estimates of the state budget; (3) Circular No.
71/2006 / TT-BTC dated September 6, 2006 of the Ministry of Finance guiding the

implementation of the Government's Decree No. 43/2006 / ND-CP on the on the
implementation of financial autonomy and financial self-responsibility for public nonbusiness units; (4) Joint Circular No. 21/2003 / TTLT / BTC-BGDĐT-BNV dated March
24, 2003 of the Ministry of Finance for public education and training establishments with
income-generating activities. Regular expenditures for higher education facilities to
implement the autonomy mechanism and self-responsibility under the provisions of Decree
No. 43/2006 / ND-CP dated April 25, 2006 of the Government and the Circular guiding No.
71/2006 / TT-BTC dated August 9, 2006 of the Ministry of Finance.
- Affirming the autonomy of higher education facilities. The higher education law
clearly shows that the state has paid special attention to the role of educational institutions
with the quality of training. The autonomy and social responsibility of higher education
facilities are proving that of state management of higher education is positively innovating
to effectively manage the quality of higher education.
- Doing multichannel the supplying system and variability the level of funding for
higher education; encouraging foreign investment in higher education; value and attract
investment resources from outside through bilateral and multilateral cooperation programs


16

with countries and international organizations, non-governmental organizations and official
development assistance (ODA); opening up higher education in accordance with the
provisions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) according to the route to
join the World Trade Organization (WTO).
3.3.2. Limitations and major reasons of limitations
3.3.2.1. Limitations on state management institutions on higher education
- The legal framework on management decentralization for higher education
institutions has not yet been completed, especially financial management and investment;
- The state management institutions on higher education is slowly renovated and still
focuses on administrative management of higher education facilities;
- The system of state management institutions on higher education still lacks

uniformity and systematicity.
3.3.2.2. Limitations on planning and implementing strategies for higher education
development
- The policy of higher education development has targeted but has not yet shown the
effectiveness and reality;
- The tools of financial and investment policies for higher education have not been
promoted;
- Institutions and policies on tuition, fees and scholarships have not really ensured
fairness in higher education about the rights and obligations of students.
3.3.2.4. Limitations on state management system for higher education
The analysis results show that the state management apparatus for higher education is
still scattered, at the same time there is overlap between function of the state management
and function of providing public services.
- The thinking of educational management is slowly being renovated towards quality
management and international integration
- Mechanisms and methods of the state management on higher education have not
fully approached according to the requirements of quality management, have the situation of
taken more responsibilities than he can handle and distracting the state management
function; not yet implementing the unified management, maintaining discipline in
education, at the same time not promoting the autonomy and responsibility of the school
3.3.2.4. Limitations on inspection and supervision activities for higher education
facilities
- State management on quality of higher education has no solutions to attract the
participation of social community;
- There are no an effective institution and mechanism for monitoring higher education
quality;
- The mechanism of examining, supervising and handling violations of higher
education activities has not been effectively implemented.
Conclusion of chapter 3
- The state management of higher education in Vietnam in recent years has achieved

important results, first of all, it is a shift in management thinking for higher education
towards quality management with detailed steps and compliance to practical requirements.
- The thinking of state management on higher education has been shown on the
perspective of creating an institutional framework and policy to organize the management,


17

inspection, examination and handling of law violations on higher education.
- Higher education management in Vietnam still has many limitations on investment
management, finance and human resources, on administrative reform, on the renovation of
economic management, finance, labor use, wage policy, etc. The above limitations are
putting an urgent need to have innovative solutions and enhance the higher education
management in Vietnam in the coming time.
CHAPTER 4
SOLUTION TO STRENGTHENING HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN
VIETNAM FROM ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
4.1. The trend of higher education development and higher education
management in Vietnam
.
- Developing higher education and educational management in the direction of
diversifying training methods, investment sources for higher education, improving the
quality of human resources.
- Enhancing the application of information technology in higher education and higher
education management
- Enhancing autonomy, self-responsibility, increasing the competitiveness of higher
education facilities
4.2. Viewpoint to strengthen higher education management in Vietnam from an
economic perspective
4.2.1. Innovating thinking of higher education management

The thinking of educational management needs to change in the direction of: (1)
Establishing the higher education system mixed between the public and the non- public
higher education facilities to ensure flexible and diverse requirements in providing higher
education services; (2) Emphasizing the importance of personal responsibility and
encouraging local communities and socio-economic organizations to create additional
educational opportunities and mitigate the budget burden for the state; (3) Mechanism for
the division of market-oriented financial resources; (4) The expansion of the number and
subjects of students paying tuition on the basis of expanding the area of non-public higher
education which is a condition to create a closer interaction between the industrial sector
and the higher education sector.
4.2.2. Diversify the model of higher education system
Higher education management must aim at training Vietnamese people with good
health, comprehensive development of intellect, will, competence and morality; capable of
self-learning, self-training, dynamic, proactive and creative; knowledge and global working
skills; quick adaptability to changing work environment.
4.2.3. Transfer higher education system from narrow-scale training to broad-based
training
The educational institutions are the intellectual and cultural centers of the community,
the place of producing and developing knowledge, preserving and promoting the
quintessence of the nation and humanity, where new ideas and forecasts are proposed, is
factors for social progress. Higher education is a system consisting of educational
institutions that implement all or part of post-secondary education programs, organized in a
variety of ways about the objectives, structure and training methods, about the type of
ownership, mobilizing resources.


18

4.2.4. Renovating the structure of higher education system
Restructuring university system in the country according to the trend: (1) Higher

education includes all post-secondary, short-term or long-term education programs,
provided to those who have high school level knowledge, skills and attitudes appropriate in
different career lines, academic or applied; (2) The basic qualification structure of higher
education includes undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications with relevant degrees:
bachelor, master and doctoral degrees; division of higher education programs in two main
directions: research-deployment direction and career orientation - practice to increase
learning opportunities and level of trained human resources; (3) Expanding the first phase
for university programs and narrowing the scale of the next stages to improve the quality
and ensure the structure of the pyramid of human resources to meet the needs of use. ;
4.3. Solutions to strengthen higher education management in Vietnam from an
economic perspective
4.3.1. Completing the system of legal documents on higher education
4.3.1.1. The basis of the solution
The system of Vietnamese legal documents on higher education is assessed to be
highly effective, full and timely. However, there are some remaining limitations because
legal documents have not really created equality in activities and in taking advantage of the
opportunities between the public and non-public higher education institutions, while the
educational institutions as a provider of higher education services with high legal and
autonomy has not been considered, in addition, they have also not created high equality in
higher education among higher education institutions, related organizations and
individuals...
4.3.1.2. Content of the solution
- Completing the system of legal documents on higher education management in the
direction of considering higher education institutions as legal entities with high autonomy
- Perfecting the legal system of tuition, fees, scholarship regimes, allowance policies
and student support;
- Legalizing the relationship between the state and the university;
4.3.1.3. The expected effect of the solution
- Complete legal framework for management and decentralization for higher education
institutions, especially financial management and investment. Through the improvement of

the system of legal documents on strengthening the financial autonomy of educational
institutions, on the management and supervision of educational institutions, the state
management of economic activities for educational institutions will be more focused and
broader, contributing to strengthening management and improving efficiency of using state
resources for higher education and resources of the whole economy;
- Separating the role of the state management subject in economics for higher
education institutions and the subject of higher education activities. Improving the
institution of quality assurance, social responsibility enhancement. Strengthen autonomy
and self-responsibility for higher education institutions. Completing mechanisms and legal
regulations in supervising and assessing the quality of higher education;
- Clearly identify legal status for training institutions, create conditions for higher
education institutions to be more active and dynamic in training and researching scientific
activities, enhancing socialization of education and making use of get resources from


19

society and therefore improving the efficiency of using resources of the State and other
economic sectors;
- Create equality for learners about the selection of higher education institutions, the
opportunity to study, the opportunity to participate in the labor market after graduating from
university, thereby creating equal conditions for higher education institutions in the
enrollment, training and development.
4.3.2. Perfecting strategies and policies for higher education development
4.3.2.1. The basis of the solution
It is considered as important role to implement the goals of developing education and
using human resources effectively, strategies and development policies for higher education
understand the basic and key contents of the state management on economy with higher
education.
4.3.2.2. Content of the solution

a. Completing education development strategy
Developing a proactive strategy to respond to bilateral and multilateral international
agreements related to transboundary higher education services. Training and retraining all
kinds of human resources directly serving integration. Improving the quality of national
researching and training programs to attract international researchers and international
students ...
b. Completing financial policies to develop higher education
Firstly, diversifying income from revenue sources, other cost-sharing programs such
as tuition fees, student loans, donations and donations from businesses etc.
Secondly, encouraging the participation of non-state educational service providers.
Thirdly, there should be a clear distinction between a for-profit and a not-for-profit
school in issuing and enforcing financial-related policies rather than just discriminating on
the model of current ownership.
Fourthly, facilitating higher education institutions, especially non-public higher
education institutions, flexible decision on financial issues.
Fifthly, as the subject of state management, the State needs to implement unified and
equal financial support for all types of higher education.
c. Completing investment policies in higher education
Firstly, decentralization of agencies to make investment decisions for the education
sector is Ministry of Education and Training; only make investment decisions when there
are sufficient grounds as prescribed by law and clearly identify capital sources, within the
scope of decentralization, avoiding the approval of project investment capital in excess of
the balancing capability.
Secondly, the establishment of a project management board (organizational structure
such as departments, institutes) under the Ministry of Education and Training, assisting the
Minister to implement management of projects in higher education, to ensure
professionalism in all stages of the project implementation process.
Thirdly, clearly define personal and unit responsibilities related to project quality and
investment efficiency
Fourthly, building a roadmap for partial socialization or 100% of training institutions

invested by the State, except for national key training institutions.


20

Fifthly, implementing equity in investment policies for beneficiaries are officials,
lecturers and students in higher education institutions.
Sixthly, promoting the link between universities, research institutes and businesses to
connect training, science and business production.
d. Completing the policy of diversifying higher education model
The policy of higher education development in the coming years must affect the
process of diversification and multiplication of investment resources for higher education;
reallocating market-oriented financial resources through tuition policies and expanding the
private sector by promoting the formation, development and improvement of the "fake
market" model; making higher education a commodity that can be met by competitive
suppliers and the purchase of higher education services is determined based on service
prices and users' affordability.
e. Complete the enrollment policy
Completing enrollment management is also a solution for autonomous schools, the
State needs to allocate all enrollment activities to schools. Schools determine additional
eligibility requirements for qualifications, skills, fitness or aptitude; about recruitment form.
f. Complete the training program
- MOET needs to make schools more proactive in developing social demand training
programs, which many countries around the world have successfully implemented, only
when education products of schools are accepted by the society, the schools just confirm
their positions and ensures the existence of the school.
- Ministry of Education and Training standardizes high quality training programs to
adjust higher education institutions.
g. Perfecting policies to develop human resources for higher education
- Developing and implementing the plan of teaching staff and educational management

staff, ensuring sufficient quantity, improving quality, meeting the requirements of
innovating higher education.
- Innovating recruitment methods in an objective, fair and competitive way.
- Renovating the process of appointing and dismissing the titles of professors and
associate professors in the direction of assigning higher education institutes to implement
based on the general criteria and conditions prescribed by the State.
h. Perfecting scientific research policies
Ministry of Education and Training should study and issue a separate regulation on the
organization of management of scientific research activities and the task of scientific
research of lecturers in educational institutions to create a legal basis. Each school will
develop its own regulations based on that legal basic to connect all teachers for scientific
research activities with a high sense of responsibility for the purpose of school development,
develope and improve professional capacity for each lecturer.
4.3.2.3. The expected effect of the solution
- Improving the effectiveness of strategies and policies for education development
thanks to planning the synchronous and systematic strategic solutions systems. The main
orientations for educational development are built on the basis of science and a close
relationship with the development strategy of higher education. The implemented solution
will contribute to achieve the set goals in the field of higher education, thereby using human
resources will be more effective;


21

- Contributing to promoting the role of financial policy instruments and investment
policies due to the coherent distribution of investment in higher education with the need to
ensure the quality of training, not encouraging the adjusting the training occupational
structure of each higher education institution. On the other hand, the granting of financial
autonomy for higher education institutions will create a favorable and flexible environment
for higher education institutions to actively mobilize investment capital from sources of

socialization, diversifying training forms ...
- Enhancing fairness in higher education about the rights and obligations of students in
each higher education institution and among higher education institutions, especially in the
policy of tuition fees, scholarship support, and preferential loans for poor students. ...
4.3.3. Strengthen inspection, examination and supervision of the operation of
higher education
4.3.3.1. The basic for implementing the solution
Inspection, control and supervision activities are an important content in the state
management in general and the state management of economy for higher education in
particular. Inspection, control and supervision have the effect of ensuring that institutes
comply with the laws and regulations of the State in general and regulations on higher
education in particular; ensure the detection, handling and timely prevention of
manifestations and behaviors contrary to the regulations on human resource management,
financial management, investment management, enrollment management and training ... in
educational institutions ; warn and prevent corruption and waste of State property.
4.3.3.2. Content of the solution
In the process of management, it is necessary to unify and clearly define the
responsibilities in the management, supervision and inspection of the operation of higher
education institutes, there must be a comprehensive and profound changing solution in
detai:
- Performing cross-checking work among schools, this is an implementation of both
checking and monitoring and learning each other of higher education institutions, helping
higher education institutions to improve more and more in stages from organization,
training, finance ....
- Implementing the process of social monitoring and supervision of citizens if training
services of higher education are accepted by society.
4.3.3.3. The expected effect of the solution
- Contributing to creating institutions and mechanisms for effective quality supervision
of higher education through coordination between organizational units, unions, individuals
with functions and powers of inspection, examination and auditing. supervising activities of

higher education institutes;
- Enhancing efficiency, especially the accuracy and timeliness in the inspection and
quality inspection of higher education due to regulations on periodic implementation of
inspection activities and the mechanism of accountability for the results of inspection and
examination units;
- Strengthening the participation of the social community in the inspection work to
check the training activities of educational institutions through cross-checking between
higher educational institutions and people;


22

- Improving the effectiveness of the mechanism of checking, supervising and handling
law violations on higher education activities by specifying regulations on rights and
obligations of higher education institutes, especially in the field of enrollment, finance and
investment. These regulations will be the basis for administrative and legal handling of
educational institutions when violations occur.
4.3.4. Complete the higher education management apparatus
4.3.4.1. The basic for implementing the solution
Higher education management apparatus in economics plays an important roll in the
state management of economics for higher education. Higher education management
apparatus in economics is the unit implementing specific institutions, strategies and policies
for the development of higher education of the State, as well as implementation, inspection
and supervision for higher education institutions. Completing the educational management
apparatus includes improving the management apparatus, perfecting the capacity and
qualifications of the management team, perfecting the content and management methods.
4.3.4.2. Content of the solution
a. Complete management mechanism
Eliminating the mechanism of managing ministries and build a mechanism of state
ownership representation for higher education institutions. Ensuring the role of community

inspection and supervision; promote the role of mass organizations, especially professional
associations in supervising the quality of higher education.
b. Complete management decentralization
State management focuses on building and directing the implementation of
development strategies; directing the implementation of the system to ensure and verify the
quality of higher education; perfecting the legal environment; strengthening inspection and
inspection work; regulating macro-structure and scale of higher education, meeting the
country's human resource demand in each period.
c. Complete management principles
Managing higher education in the socialist-based economy orientation should be in
line with the basic principles of the market economy to promote higher education to develop
quickly, effectively and sustainably in both scale and quality; successful integration with
international higher education, enabling people to have equal opportunities to access higher
education and implementing social justice.
d. Complete management content
Strengthening the state management on prices for some forms of training and
exclusive services, ensuring compliance with the requirements of the market mechanism
and international commitments. Establishing some training quality standards; Strengthening
the supervision, inspection and control on training quality ...
3.4.4.3. The expected effect of the solution
- Contributing to perfecting mechanisms and modalities of state management, meeting
the requirements of quality management for higher education and meeting the needs of
developing higher education activities according to the trend of globalization, regionalizing
higher education.
- Completing the model of intensive and specialized educational management model,
in which, MoET performs general management through strategy and policy of education
development and key management is training quality management


23

- Improving the quality of the state management apparatus on higher education
through the innovation of management education thinking in the direction of quality
management, international integration, improvement of capacity, educational management
qualifications in line with practice and development needs.
Conclusion chapter 4
To enhance the management of education from an economic perspective and achieve
management efficiency, in the coming time, the Government and the State management
agencies on economics for higher education should implement synchronous solutions
covering the contents of management. From planning activities to develop higher education
to issuing laws, building and implementing policies for higher education development,
organizing management and inspection apparatus, monitoring and supervising activities of
HEIs.
The main priority when implementing solutions is: (1) Diversify the education system
to diversify investment sources, take advantage of financial advantages from non-state
organizations and individuals for development. Higher education; (2) Create conditions for
higher education institutions to improve the quality of training, enhance the autonomy and
self-responsibility and enhance socialization of higher education; (3) Improve operational
efficiency for higher education institutions on the basis of creating fairness, stability and
flexibility in the operation of HEIs.
The dissertation has proposed a number of systematic solutions to influence the
management content to create the effect of solutions to promote the management of
education management in our country in the coming time to achieve the goal in higher
education in general and the objectives of higher education management from an economic
perspective in particular.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS
1. Conclusions
In the process of development and international economic integration, higher
education in Vietnam has changed and achieved achievements: approaching modern
development trends, good experiences of higher education in the world, promoting

international cooperation in the process of developing higher education. At the same time,
there are conditions to attract the development resources of higher education from abroad,
especially the larger investment in facilities, teaching equipment, modernization of learning
conditions and education experts. .. Besides great opportunities, international economic
integration also brings Vietnam's higher education challenges.
The dissertation has given the criteria for evaluation of educational management from
an economic perspective, as a basis for analyzing the situation and proposing solutions to
enhance educational management from an economic perspective in accordance with the
development strategy of higher education of our country. in the future and in line with the
trend of globalization of higher education. The dissertation has built scales to assess the
management of higher education from an economic perspective in our country in the past
period to quantify the influence of factors on higher education management from the corner.
economic level, showing the level of achievement of higher education management from an