Xác lập cơ sở khoa học ứng dụng công nghệ địa tin học xây dựng cơ sở dữ liệu đánh giá chất lượng môi trường nước mặt vùng mỏ cẩm phả, quảng ninh tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY

NGUYỄN THỊ LỆ HẰNG

ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR STUDYING
ON APPLICATION OF GEOMATICS IN CREATING
DATABASE AND ASSESSING SURFACE WATER
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN CAM PHA, QUANG NINH

Speciality: Geodetic Engineering - Mapping
Code:

9520503

ABRIDGED TECHNICAL DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

Hà Nội - 2018


The Dissertation has been completed at: Division of Mining Geodesy
Department of Surveging, Mapping & Land Management
Hanoi University of Mining and Geology (HUMG)

Science Supervisors:
1. Assoc. Prof PhDr. Kieu Kim Truc
2. PhDr Vuong Trong Kha

Opponent Reviewer 1: Assoc. Prof PhDr Tran Xuan Truong
Opponent Reviewer 2: Prof. PhDr Vo Chi My

Opponent Reviewer 3: Assoc. Prof PhDr Nguyen Ngoc Thach

The Dissertation will be upheld in front of HUMG Board of The
Dissertation Evaluation at the meeting to be held at ...............................,
Hanoi University of Mining and Geology at ... .. hours ... day ... month
... year 2018.

The Dissertation can be found at the libraries: National Library, Hanoi,
or Library of Hanoi University of Mining and Geology


1
PREFACE
1. The urgency of the subject
Water is an extremely valuable resource, an essential component
of life and environment. Water can be considered as a decisive factor in
the survival and development of each nation.
Vietnam is a country with abundant surface water resources. Due
to geographic features and natural conditions, the total surface water of
our country is unevenly distributed both in time and space, leading to
frequent flooding situations in some areas, meanwhile other areas suffer
prolonged drought. Moreover, surface water resources in Vietnam are
not endless. Surface water is also vulnerable to being severely exploited
to meet the needs of living avtivities and socio-economic development.
In addition, along with the strong socio-economic development, the
negative impacts of these activities on water resources have caused
severe surface water pollution. The rapid pace of industrialization,
urbanization, water transport, mining, aquaculture and population
growth have increased the pressure on surface water resources in
systems of rivers, lakes, as well as coastal areas. Surface water in many

parts of the world is heavily polluted by waste water, waste gas and
solid waste. Creating a surface water quality database is an urgent
matter for the management, protection and sustainable use of surface
water resources in Vietnam.
Vietnam is rather rich in mineral resources, some of which have
large reserves compared to that in the region such as coal, iron, oil and
gas… Mining industry plays an important role in economic
development, making significant contribution to the socio-economic
development of Vietnam in recent years. Beside the enormous benefits,
the mining industry also has a strong impact on natural resources and
environment, disrupting the inherent harmony of the natural landscape
over large areas. In the open-pit mining areas, due to the absence of
settling ponds, most of the plants had directly discharged water into the
environment without treatment. In addition, many mining units only had
concerned about economic interests in short term but paid less on
environmental protection. Consequently, many of the resource and


2
environmental components of the mining region have been severely
impacted and altered, among that surface water is an important object,
directly or indirectly affecting the livelihoods of people living in the
areas.
Like other regions of the country, Cam Pha is an agriculturalindustrial city. In addition to the mining industry, other types of
industries such as thermal power, cement, mechanical etc. are
increasingly developed. Along with the industrialization and
urbanization, the population is increasing, and the demand for water for
industry, agriculture and living is increasing. The paradox is going on
fiercely: the more industry grows, the more the population increases,
and the more surface water resources are deteriorating in both quantity

and quality. Surface water sources in lakes, rivers, streams and coastal
waters of Cam Pha mining region are severely polluted. Beside the
common causes of pollution of air, solid waste, liquid waste from
industrial activities, transportation, agriculture and people's daily life,
the surface water quality of Cam Pha is heavily depreciated by mining.
Water discharge from open-pit mines, underground mines, washing
plants, waste dump sites and coal storage yards, etc., are factors that
increase the scale and level of pollution, seriously degrade surface water
quality in Cam Pha area. Increasing of population, tourism activities,
mineral mining industry, mechanical engineering, cement industry are
all the causes of total deterioration of surface water resources quality of
Cam Pha. So all studies for identifying causes, analyzing components
and evaluating surface water quality in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh are
urgent needs to determine water quality, locate and identify polluting
components, aiming at developing solutions for the management and
treatment of surface water sources in the area, contributing to the
prevention and mitigation of negative impacts and raising the quality of
clean water for the people in Quang Ninh province in general and Cam
Pha area in particular.
There are many methods for evaluating surface water quality. Each
method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Whatever the
method, it must be based on database. Despite being monitored
frequently for long time, surface water data of Cam Pha mine in Quang


3
Ninh is still fragmented in format, structure, standards, etc. A fully
complete database, built with progressive methods and technologies and
with timely updates, management, analysis, display, and sharing
capabilities, is the basis for accurate and effective assessment of the

components of the environment in general and the surface water
resources in particular [10]. Geo-informatics (Geomatics), which is
representative of Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
Environmental Data Qualification & Management (EQW) and Remote
Sensing (RS), is a modern tool that meets these requirements.
For the above reasons, the Dissertation "Eshtablishing scientific
basis for studying on application of Geomatics in creating database and
assessing surface water environmental quality in Campha, Quangninh”
should have significant practical and scientific meanings. The results
obtained in the study has contributed to improving the efficiency of the
application of Geomatics, as well as providing timely information and
approriate tool to help managers in monitoring, evaluation and
protection of the surface water environment in the mining areas.
2. Objectives and tasks of the study
a/ Objectives:
The research objective of the Dissertation is to Eshtablish scientific
basis for application of Geomatics in creating database and assessing
surface water environmental quality in Cam Pha mining region, Quang
Ninh province.
b/ Tasks:
- Overview of research issues: overview of surface water
resources and causes of surface water pollution in Vietnam, methods of
surface water quality assessment; Overview of domestic and foreign
research in relation to the application of Geomatics in database creation
and surface water quality assessment.
- To study the scientific basis for the creation and exploitation of
database of sample data from surface water environmental monitoring
programs by Geomatics for the management, monitoring and
evaluation of surface water quality.
- Collection of surface water quality monitoring data at 15

monitoring stations in mainland and 20 stations in coastal water of Cam


4
Pha mining region for database creation; Collection of Remote sensing
data (Sentinel-2A satellite image) to define concentration of some
water quality parameters in the coastal water.
- To study combining and integrating GIS and EQWin
environmental management and evaluation softwares for creating
surface water environment database applied in case-study of Cam Pha
mining region, Quang Ninh province.
- Using the surface water quality database for creating thematic
maps on water quality parameters, assessing the water quality by the
Water Quality Index (WQI) and combining with Remote Sensing data.
3. Limit and scope of the study
a/ Study objects
The study object of the Dissertation is the quality of surface water in
the area with mining activities.
b/ Study scope
- Spatial scope: Case-study in Cam Pha mining region, Quang
Ninh province.
- Time scope: The surface water monitoring data measured directly in
Cam Pha in period 2011 – 2016; Two satellite images of Sentinel 2A in 2016
are used to assess the distribution of concentration of some surface water
environmental quality parameters in coastal water of Cam Pha.
4. Study methods
- Analytical and synthesis methods: synthesize and analyze
domestic and foreign studies related to the Dissertation contents; Data
on surface water quality in the study area.
- Method of data collection: In the Dissertation, data collection

was conducted at 15 monitoring stations of surface water quality
monitoring network in the mainland area and 20 stations in the coastal
water of Cam Pha mining region, Quang Ninh province in the 20112016 period.
- GIS application methodology: combining, integrating GIS
software (MapInfo, ArcInfo/ArcGIS) with environmental data
management and assessment software (Environment Qualification
EQWin) to create database, to qualify and to assess quality of sample
data from surface water environmental monitoring programs in Cam


5
Pha, Quang Ninh.
- Geostatistical method: used in geostatistical analysis to evaluate
quarterly and yearly surface water quality in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh
areas at 15 inland stations.
- Remote Sensing method: used in Sentinel 2A optical satellite
image processing to define concentration distribution of some
parameters of water quality in coastal water of Cam Pha, Quang Ninh.
5. Upheld Thesis
Thesis 1: Geomatics is an effective tool in database creating and
management for sample data from various surface water environmental
monitoring programs of the mining area on the basis of integration of
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Environmental Data
Qualification & Management (EQW) and Remote Sensing (RS)
softwares.
Thesis 2: Using of surface water database and with application of
Geomatics through techniques of geostatistical and spatial topological
analysis helps to effectively manage, monitor and evaluate the quality
of surface water environment over both time and space.
6. The new points of The Dissertation (Findings)

Firstly, integrating GIS and EQWin environmental management
softwares for creating surface water quality database is an appropriate
and effective option for the current status of infrastructure and data
acquisition of surface water quality monitoring in the mining area in our
country.
Secondly, the created database makes it possible to provides an
effective tool for management, assessment and monitoring of surface
water quality through the creating water parameter thematic maps in
GIS, calculating Water Quality Index WQI, defining concentration of
water quality parameters by Remote Sensing data assessment.
7. Scientific and practical significance
Scientific significance: The results of the Study help to improve
the scientific basis and prove the effectiveness and reliability of applied
Geomatics in creating and exploiting databases of surface water
environment monitored parameters.
Practical significance: Databases of surface water environment


6
monitored parameters created in The Dissertation can be used for
management, assessment, monitoring and sustainable usage of surface
water resources in general and surface water in the mining area in
particular.
8. The Dissertation structure
The Dissertation consists of the preface (introduction), three
Chapters of main contents, conclusions and references.
CONTENTS OF THE DISSERTATION
Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES
1.1 Concept of surface water and its quality assessment
1.2 Factors that affecting surface water quality

1.2.1 Public living activities discharge water
1.2.2 Industrial discharge water
1.2.3 Medical waste water
1.2.4 Agricultural waste water
1.3 Using of WQI to assess surface water quality
The assessment of water quality as well as the level of water
pollution may be based on a number of aggregate indicators. These
indicators are divided into three groups: physical indicators (pH, color,
turbidity, suspended solids), chemical indicators (dissolved oxygen
concentration in water - DO, biological oxygen demand BOD, chemical
oxygen demand - COD, heavy metals, phosphorus compounds,
sulphates, nitrogen compounds ...) and biological indicators (E. coli).
The assessment of surface water quality according to the aggregate
indicators can be done by comparing minitored values with that of
QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT Standards.
The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an index calculated from water
quality monitoring parameters used to quanlify the water quality
quantitatively and usability of the water source, and is displayed
through a scale. This is an effective method of evaluating water quality,
which is widely used in Vietnam [1,7,12,16]. The WQI values range
from 0 to 100, with water quality divided into five Grades as shown in
Table 1.2.


7
Table 1.2 WQI values corresponding to the water quality assessment
Grades

WQI
value

I

91 – 100

II

76 – 90

III

51 – 75

IV

26 – 50

V

0 – 25

Category of water quality assessment
Good to be used for drinking water
supply purposes
Used for drinking water supply
purposes, but appropriate treatment
measures are required
Used for irrigation and other similar
purposes
Used for water navigation and other

similar purposes
Highly polluted water, treatment
measures in the future are needed

Color scales
Blue
Green
Jelow
Orange
Red

1.4. Overview of study on application of Geomatics in creating
database and assessing surface water environmental quality
1.4.1 In the world
Over the past decades, Geomatics in general, GIS and Remote
Sensing inparticular, has become an effective tool in creating database
and assessing surface water environmental quality in the world. These
include the studies of Bilhimer [28], Boubakri and Rhinane [29],
Silberbauer [67], Zaidi [79], Zeilhofer et al. [80], ... Geostatistical and
topological analysis tools are widely applied. Data from the surface water
quality database have been interpolated with methods such as IDW,
Kriging ... to create map of distribution of concentration of surface water
quality parameters in the studies of Gharbia et al. [40], Gunarathna et al.
[43], McKinney and Annning [52], Mayer [53], Nas [53], Oke et al. [59],
Raikar et al. [61], ....
Remote Sensing data is also combined with GIS in evaluating
surface water quality. Because of that the spectral reflectance
determined from optical satellite images can reflect the characteristics
of some water quality parameters [62-64], Remote Sensing data has
been processed in combination with monitoring data to build regression

function of water quality assessment. Some studies can be listed as
Doxaranet al. [37, 38], Cheng and Lei [35], He et al. [46], Olet [60],
Wang et al. [73], Sudheer et al. [69], Xing-Ping Wen [78], Yuan-Fong
Su [77]...


8
Affluent from mineral mining activities is an important cause of
pollution of surface and groundwater resources in the mining areas.
Some studies, such as Alaghmand et al. [26], Evans [39], Mays [50],
Pierre-Yves [65], Twardowska and Szczepanska [70], Tomic [71],
Woldai [74]… used Geomatics for creating of database and quality
assessment of surface water environment of mining areas.
1.3.2 In the Country (Việt Nam)
There is some studies in Vietnam on assessment of surface water
quality with use of WQI indexes through water samples, such as studies
by Pham The Anh and Nguyen Van Huy [1], TruongVan Dan et al [3],
Ton That Lang [6], Nguyen Duy Phu [12], Le Van Thang et al [15]...
Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been some
researches and applications of Geomatics for database development and
surface water quality assessment. This may include studies by scientists
at the National Remote Sensing Research Department (Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment), Nguyen Thi Thu Ha et al [5],
Nguyen Quoc Phi et al. [11] , Nguyen Van Thao [14], Trinh Le Hung
[72] ... For Quang Ninh area, in addition to projects on environmental
assessment of surface water due to the influence of coal mining, there
are some studies such as Doan Van Kien et al [4], Kieu Kim Truc et al.
[17, 18] that have initially used Geomatics for management, assessment
and response to surface water pollution.
1.5 Mining and its impact on surface water quality in Cam

Pha, Quang Ninh
1.5.1 Surface water resources in Quang Ninh mining province
Quang Ninh has a system of rivers and streams of over 10 km in
length, with a basin area of approximately 3000 km2. Major rivers are
Ka Long, Tien Yen and Ba Che with area of nearly 1000 km2. The
network of rivers and streams is dense with average density of 1 to 1.9
km/km2, some places reach 2-2.4 km/km2. In addition to the big rivers,
Quang Ninh also has some small rivers with a length of about 10 km
and basins are under 300 km2, distributed along the coast from Mong
Cai town to districts of Hoang Bo, Dong Trieu and Yen Hung.
1.5.2 Impact of mineral exploitation on surface water quality in
Cam Pha, Quang Ninh
In order to produce 1 ton of coal, it is necessary to remove 8 - 10


9
cubic meters (m3)of soil and discharge 1 - 3 m3 of waste water. Only in
2006, the coal mines of the Vietnam National Coal and Mineral
Industries Group (Vinacomin) have discharged about 182.6 m3 of rock,
70 million m3 of waste water, leading to some areas of pollution,
including Cam Pha. In 2009, the total volume of mine wastewater was
more than 38 million m3 (excluding discharge from mine sites). Surface
water quality in Cam Pha has been declining for many years. The TSS,
BOD, COD, etc. in the river of Mong Duong, streams of Bang Nau,
Bang Tay, Khe Cham etc., observed in the 2005-2009 period, were
rather high, e. g. suspended sediment in 2006, 2007, 2008 exceeded
Permit Limit of Standards of QCVN for surface water in 1 ÷ 15.2 times.
Most surface water in rivers, streams in Cam Pha, especially those
located near coal mining areas are contaminated with organic
substances, inorganic and grease pollution. The monitoring results in

2005-2009 showed that the content of ammonium and nitrite in water of
rivers and streams were higher than the Standards. The parameters of
toxic heavy metals and microorganisms in water are beyond the
permitted level of QCVN.
1.6 Conclusion of Chapter 1
Due to inadequate application of Geomatics technology in creating
database and assessing surface water environmental quality in the
mining region, monitoring data management is still in difficult and
unsatisfaction status. The surface water quality data of the mining area
has not been uniform, not overall, incomplete, and especially does not
easily mention the time factor in conjunction with parameter value and
space coordinates, as well as has poor uniformity in data structure
design. The main result is usually separate maps with layers of
geographic information, separate data sheets with environmental
parameter values, but there is poor link between geographic and time
data. Meanwhile, display of information is limited and difficult to
follow, as well as data modeling results are not close to reality. All that
leads to limit of access and use of data.
The monitoring of the water environment in mining region of the
country has been done by many different agencies over many years, in
many time series, with many parameters and at many stations, so
creating very large volume of data. There are great difirences between


10
report forms from different agencies, observations, as well as data has
neither been updated into an uniform database nor standardized, causing
difficulties for users.
Geomatics in general, GIS and Remote Sensing in particular, has
become an effective tool in creating database and assessing surface

water environmental quality. Researches in homeland and abroad have
shown that geostatistical and topological analysis tools of GIS when
combined with Remote Sensing technology advantages such as shortterm image receiving, diversified spectrum and large area overlay, as
well as Environment Qualification softwares (EQ), have provided full,
advanced analysis and data management capabilities to perfect
monitoring and assessment of surface water environment quality in
mining areas.
Chapter 2. SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF
APPLICATION OF GEOMATICS TECHNOLOGY IN
CREATING DATABASE AND ASSESSING SURFACE WATER
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
2.1 Study and selection of Geomatics application solution to
create databases for surface water quality assessment
2.1.1 Concept of Geomatics and Database
Geomatics, or Geospatial Technology, Geo-Informatics, is the
science of gathering, storing, processing and providing geographic
information, or spatial information. Geomatics is fairly new. The term
was apparently coined by B. Dubuisson in the year 1969 from the
combination of geodesy and geoinformatics terms. It includes the tools
and techniques used in land surveying, Remote Sensing, cartography,
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Navigation Satellite
Systems (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, COMPASS), photogrammetry,
and related forms of earth mapping. Originally used in Canada, because
it is similar in French and English, the term geomatics has been adopted
by the International Organization for Standardization, the Royal
Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and many other international
authorities, although some (especially in the United States) have shown
a preference for the term geospatial technology.
Database is a set of raw data collected for a specific purpose,
stored with large number in computer in accordance with certain rules.

11
The data in a database can be managed and processed into different
forms of information, and can be shared between different applications.
Database is an important component and considered as the core of GIS.
Depending on the purpose and requirements of users, database can be
designed (organized and structured) in different levels of complexity.
2.1.2 Applicability of Geomatics for database creating and
surface water quality assessment
GIS with data storage, analysis and display capabilities is an
effective tool in database development, as well as surface water quality
assessment. All popular GIS softwares such as AcrGIS, MapInfo,
MicroStation ... allow to create database of information in general, and
database of surface water environment quality in particular in
convenient. Monitoring data can be standardized, easily converted
between GIS softwares, stored in a unified database and conveniently
used for surface water quality assessment. Users can easily access,
exploit, use and update water quality data. GIS surface water quality
database can also provide information to managers to apply specific
measures for the assessment, monitoring and sustainable use of surface
water resources. Especially with the development of the Internet
nowadays, a new emerged technology - WebGIS technology, allows
users to access and exploit database from anywhere.
Along with GIS, since the late twentieth century, Remote Sensing
has been applied widely and has had an important effect in the study of
water quality. Remote Sensing images with various ranges of spatial
resolution enables to research and monitor water bodies of different
scales (Table 2.1).
Bảng 2.1 Sensitivity Sensors commonly used in WQA [42]

Range

SatelliteSensor

High
resolution

Digital Globe
WorldView–1
Digital Globe
WorldView–2
NOAA
WorldView–3

Launch
date

Spatial
resolution
(m)

Bandwidth
range

Time
resolution
(days)

18/09/2007

0,5

17,7

1,7

08/10/2009

1,85-0,46

16,4

1,1

13/08/2014

1,24-3,70,31

13,1

1-4,5


12
Digital Globe
Quykckbird
GeoEye
Geoeye – 1
GeoEye
IKONOS

Medium
resolution

Low
resolution

18/10/2001

2,62-0,65

18

2,5

06/09/2010

1,65-0,41

15,2

<3

24/09/1999

3,2-0,82

11,3

3

60

2-3

30

5

SPOT–5 HRG

05/05/2002

CARTOSAT
ALOS AVNIR
–2
Landsat 8
OLI/TIRS
Landsat 7
ETM+
Landsat 5 TM
Landsat 5 MSS
EO – 1
Hyperion
EO – 1 ALI
Terra ASTER
PROBACHRIS
HICO

05/05/2005

2,5; 5-1020
2,5

24/01/2006

2,5-10

70

2

11/02/2013

30-15-100

170

16

15/04/1999

30-15-60

183

16

01/03/1984
01/03/1984

30-120
80

185
185

16
18

21/11/2000

30

7,5

16

21/11/2000
18/12/1999
22/10/2001
10/09/2009

185
60
14
45-50

16
16

7
10

Terra MODIS

18/12/1999

10-30
15-30-90
18-36
100
250-5001000

2330

1-2

01/03/2002

300-1200

1150

Dayly

01/08/1997

1130

2806

16

24/10/1978

825

1556

6

17/06/1991

1000

500

3-6

22/04/1995

1000

500

3-6

01/03/2001

1000

500

3-6

28/10/2011

375-750

3060

1-2 /day

Envisat – 1
MERIS
OrbView – 2
SeaWiFS
NIMBUS – 7
CZCS
ERS–1ATSR–
1
ERS – 2 ATSR
–2
ENVISAT
AATSR
Suomi NPP
VIIRS


13

NOAA – 16
AVHRR

11004000

21/09/2000

3000

9

2.2 Procedure flow-chart of creating surface water quality
database
Determining the purpose, objects
and scope of research

Data collection

Observation data,
statistical data

Graphical data (satellite
images, maps ...)

Surveying data

Creating thematic data
belonging to tính

Standardizing data

Import data to the geodatabase

Database of surface water environment quality

n 2.3 Procedure Flow chart of surface water quality database creating

2.3 WQI calculation method
The process of calculating and using WQI in water quality
assessment includes the following steps [21]:
a) Step 1: Collection of monitored data from onland surface water
monitoring stations (processed data).
b) Step 2: Calculate the WQI parameter values.
c) Step 3: WQI calculations.
d) Step 4: Compare WQI with water quality rating tables.
2.4 Application of Geomatics to exploit surface water quality
database
2.4.1 Creating surface water quality map with interpolation
method
2.4.2 Geostatistical and topological analysis
2.4.3 Modeling water environmental quality data


14
2.5 Selecting suitable application solution for Cam Pha mining
region of Quang Ninh
2.5.1 Intergrating GIS and EQW environmental softwares in
creating surface water database
Nowadays, there are many different GIS softwares that can be
used effectively in creating database of surface water environment

monitoring parameter such as ArcGIS, MapInfo, MicroStation ...
Depending on the characteristics of the collected dataset, storage status
of data and availability, appropriate software can be choosed. In
addition, many environmental softwares also allow integration with GIS
software to improve efficiency in database development and
environmental quality assessment, including surface water quality data.
In Vietnam, EQWin Software (Gemteck Environmental Software Ltd.)
has been introduced and got positive results in evaluating the surface
water quality of the mining areas. EQWin is fully integrated with
Microsoft Excel and GIS MapInfo, giving the flexibility and power to
analyse environment data. Therefore, Intergrating GIS and EQW
environmental softwares, combining their advantages is an appropriate
option in Vietnam conditions for the management and evaluation of
water environment quality.
2.5.2 Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS data processing
The integration of Remote Sensing and GIS facilitates the
construction and updating of data. Due to the limited number of
monitoring points, the use of GIS interpolation methods to determine
the concentration of water quality parameters does not always achieve
high accuracy, especially when used for large area. Moreover, the
ability to update data by field observations is a significant limitation due
to the high cost of time and money. The integration of Remote Sensing
and GIS allows to solve this problem on the basis of the relationship
between the water surface reflectivity and the concentration of water
quality parameters. As the time taken to update satellite imagery at a
point on the ground is quite short, it is possible to use functional models
to show the relationship between surface water reflectivity and
concentration of water quality parameters for creating maps water
quality assessment.

15
2.6 Conclusion of Chapter 2
From the last decades of the twentieth century, with boom
development of Remote Sensing, GIS ..., Geomatics has been widely
applied in researching and evaluating quality of surface water
environmental parameters and has became an important tool in creating
database and assessing surface water environmental quality.
The surface water environmental quality database can be used for
water quality assessment and monitoring with advanced methodologies
such as intergration of geostatistical and topological analysis, spatial
interpolation for mapping of contentration of water quality parameters,
creating thematic maps, and Remote Sensing data analysis.
In recent years, along with the development of GIS on the Internet,
a new technology - WebGIS - enables the improvement of the
efficiency in the management, monitoring and sustainable use of surface
water resources.
Chapter 3. CASE-STUDY CREATING AND EXPLOITATION OF
SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY DATABASE IN
CAMPHA MINING REGION, QUANG NINH PROVINCE
3.1 Characteristics of the study area
Cam Pha coal region is a part of the Quang Ninh coal basin, with
an estimated potential reserve of over 3 billion tons among total 8.4
billion tons of coal reserves in Quang Ninh. The land area of Cam Pha
is 48.623 km2, the population is about 16.745 mln p.(2006) [80]. Over
the past time, the situation of environmental pollution in general and
surface water pollution in particular in Cam Pha has been very
complicated, in which the main cause is the impact of mining activities
(Figure 3.3).
3.2 Characteristics of materials used in The Dissertation

3.2.1 Surface water quality monitoring data
Monitoring network for inland fresh surface water consists of 15
stations, symbolized as NM1 to NM15 with names such as Ha Rang
port, Vu Mon stream, Mong Duong river ... They are influenced by coal
mining activities and household wastewater in the region, as they
receive water discharge affluent from mining sites and residential areas
(Table 3.1).


16
Table 3.1 Names of monitoring stations and environmental parameters
of surface water in Cam Pha
Nbr

Monitoring station names

Parameters

The intersection of three
streams Bàng Tây, Bàng Nâu,
Khe Chàm
Middlestream of River Mong
Duong (Cầu Ngầm)
Stream H10
Stream Lép Mỹ
Stream Hà Ráng (next to Coal
Enterprise Hà Ráng)

BOD5

6

Port Hà Ráng II

NH4+

7

Stream Khe Rè (Toe of
Bridge 10 QL 18A)

NO2-

8

Stream Vũ Môn

NO3-

9
10
11
12

Stream Ông Linh
Stream Cầu 1
Stream Cầu 2
Stream Cầu 4
Stream Cầu 5 (Stream Hoá
Chất)

Stream Cầu 6
Stream Khe Sim

As
Cd
Pb
Cr6+

1
2
3
4
5

13
14
15

Instrumentation
and analysis devices

pH
DO
SS
COD

-HYDROLAB
(USA)
- PALINTEST (GB)

- Atomic absorption
spectrometer AAS 800

- Colorimeter UVVIS

Cu
Fetp
Hg

Besides, the monitoring data of surface coastal water quality in the
period 2012 - 2016 at 05 stations in Cam Pha area are used. They are 5
coal loading stations at ports like port Km6 of Duong Huy Coal
Company, port Cua Ong, port of Cam Pha logistics company, port Khe
Day and port Km6 of Dong Bac coal company. In addition, water
quality sampling data were collected at 15 sites in the coastal water of
Cam Pha, Quang Ninh (Table 3.15).
3.2.2 Remote Sensing data
Remote Sensing data used in The Dissertation includes 02 satellite
images of Sentinel-2A taken on 16/4/2016 and 02/12/2016 in coastal


17
water of Cam Pha, Quang Ninh. The photos were of good quality, not
affected by cloud and fog, and were taken close to the time of water
quality monitoring at 05 coastal stations of Cam Pha. Channels used are
in the visible wave band (blue, green, red) and sub-infrared, having a
spatial resolution of 10 m to determine the concentration of some water
quality parameters.

Figure 3.5, 3.6: Image data Sentinel-2A taken on 16/4/2016 (left) and

02/12/2016 (right) of area Cam Pha, Quang Ninh, RGB = 432
3.3 Creating database of monitored parameters of surface
water environmental quality of Cam Pha, Quang Ninh
Database of monitored parameters of surface water environmental
quality of Cam Pha, Quang Ninh consists of two main components:
(1) base-map data and environmental monitoring parameter data. The
base-map data is designed with the main information layers such as:
Transport system (with the name set to GT_nCPha); Hydrological
system of rivers, lakes and streams (TV_nCPha); Map of mineral
mining areas or coal mines (CPha_mine); Terrain contour map
(contour_diahinh_nCPha); Administrative civil map (bando_CPha_sh);
Coordinates frame(Frame)...; (2) Environmental monitoring parameter
data values (parameters of Table 3.1).
Database can be created from GIS or EQW softwares with
appropriate format, then data can be imported from Excel spread sheets
as all they are designed and choosed to be fully integrated with each
others. The main benefit, as well as the main purpose, is ”to create
database carefully once and use it many times for many different tasks”.


18
3.4 Management and exploitation (use) of databases for
assessment and monitoring of surface water environmental quality
3.4.1 Creating thematic map of surface water parameters
Using GIS software based on the database allows to create
thematic topographic maps of surface water quality. Thematic maps of
surface water parameters such as TSS, pH, BOD5, COD ... are very
important inputs for water quality assessment as well as other
environmental models because of its perfect visualisation (Fig. 3.10).

Fig 3.10 Creating thematic map of Coliform for Quarter IV/2016
3.4.2 Surface water quality assessment by statistical method
Using EQWin software allows to assess the development of water
quality parameter values at the monitoring stations in each quarter from
2011 to 2016 (Fig. 3.12).
60
55
50

BOD - 5 Day (mg/l)

45
40
35
30
25

Suoi Ong Linh
Suoi Cau 6
Suoi Cau 5
Suoi Cau 4
Suoi Cau 2
Suoi Cau 1
Suoi H10
Suoi Khe Re
QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT

BOD - 5 Day (mg/l)

65

20
15
10
5
0
02-11 08-11 02-12 08-12 02-13 08-13 02-14 08-14 02-15 08-15 02-16 08-16

180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Cang Ha Rang
Suoi Ha Rang

Suoi Khe SIm
Suoi Lep My
Nga 3
Suoi Vu Mon
Song MD
QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT

02-11 08-11 02-12 08-12 02-13 08-13 02-14 08-14 02-15 08-15 02-16 08-16

Figure 3.12 Graphs of BOD parameter values for monitoring series at
the stations in period of 2011-2016 and QCVN 08:2008.


19
3.4.3 Evaluate fluctuation of concentration of water quality
parameters by quarter
As the water quality parameters are monitored at 15 points inland
for the quarters in the 2011-2016 period, based on the created surface
water quality database, the fluctuation of these parameters can be
assessed accoding to seasons (quarter) of the year. Two parameters
were chosen: TSS (Figure 3.16) and pH to evaluate quarterly changes.

Figure 3.16 Graphs of seasonal TSS concentration for 2011 - 2016 at
15 surface water monitoring stations in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh


20
3.4.4 Assessment of water quality by WQI
The water quality index WQI is used to assess surface water
quality in Cam Pha area based on monitoring data at 15 stations from

2011 to 2016. Some of the WQI at the monitoring stations for each
quarter and full year 2014 are shown in Table 3.12.
Table 3.12 WQI for the quarters and for the year 2014
Nbr

Stations

I2014

II2014

III2014

IV2014

WQI
2014

1

The Intersection of three streams
Bàng Tây, Bàng Nâu, Khe Chàm

53

45

21

52

43

15

42

42

43

35

46

57

18

19

35

16

44

42

19

30

35

54

42

19

37

41

61

46

35

46

44

40

23

45

38

8

Stream Lép Mỹ
Stream Hà Ráng (next to Coal
Enterprise Hà Ráng)
Port Hà Ráng II
Stream Khe Rè (Toe of Bridge 10
QL 18A)
Stream Vũ Môn

41

49

24

42

39

2
3
4
5
6
7

Middlestream of River Mong
Duong (Cầu Ngầm)
Stream H10

9

Stream Ông Linh

43

47

28

50

42

10

Stream Cầu 1

47

49

27

52

44

11

Stream Cầu 2

40

44

26

49

40

12

Stream Cầu 4

39

40

21

52

38

13

Stream Cầu 5 (Stream Hoá Chất)

18

40

19

47

31

14

Stream Cầu 6

37

52

19

48

39

15

Stream Khe Sim

17

42

45

20

31

3.4.5 Defining concentration of surface water quality parameters
by Remote Sensing data analysis
In this study, the concentration of suspended solids and NH4+ were
defined from the Sentinel-2A satellite imagery. For Total suspended
solid parameter, the Normalized Suspended Material Index (NSMI) [52]
was used to define the regression function with TSS values at
monitoring stations (Table 3.15). Meanwhile, for NH4+, the reflected


21
spectrum was used at the visible and sub-infrared channels to construct
the regression function.
a) Defining the concentration of TSS
The NSMI is calculated by the formula [53]:

NSMI 

 RED  GREEN   BLUE

 RED  GREEN   BLUE

(3.2)

For the Sentinel-2A images, the spectral reflectance is used in
channels 2 (blue), 3 (green), 4 (red) and 8 (NIR).
The regression equations showing the relationship between the
suspended solid concentration and the NSMI value defined from the
Sentinel-2A optical satellite image of Cam Pha, Quang Ninh province
are as follows:

TSS04/2016  4697 x 2  603, 4 x  66,56
TSS12/2016  8705 x 2  827,6 x  70,10

(3.3)

Where: x is NSMI

Figure 3.22, 3.25: Result of defining of suspended solids concentration
in Cam Pha coastal water from Sentinel-2A satellite image dated
16/4/2016 (left) and 02/12/2016 (right)
b) Defining concentration of NH4+
The NH4+ concentration values at 15 monitoring stations and
random sampling places were selected for regression calculation, the
NH4+ values at the remaining 5 stations were used to evaluate the
accuracy. The regression equation expressing the relationship between
the NH4+ values and the spectral reflectance at the visible and subinfrared channels of the Sentinel 2 satellite images is shown in the
following formulas:

22
NH 4 04/2016  7,92 B 2  30,06 B3  3,34 B 4  49,18B8  2,04

(3.4)
NH 412/2016  7,10 B 2  7,12 B3  0,54 B 4  1,89 B8  3,56
Where: B2, B3, B4 and B8 are the spectral reflectance values for
the blue channels (channel 2), green (channel 3), red (channel 4) and
sub-infrared (channel 8) satellite images of Sentinel 2. The coefficient
R2 for these regression functions is 0.750 and 0.732 respectively for Q1
and Q4/2016 monitoring series.

0,51 (mg/l)

7,08 (mg/l)

0,44(mg/l)

6,93 (mg/l)

Figure 3.28, 3.29: Result of NH4+ concentration definition in
Cam Pha surface coastal water from Sentinel-2A satellite image taken
on 16 April 2016 (left) and 02/12/2016 (right)
3.5 Conclusion of Chapter 3
The integration of GIS (MapInfo, ArcInfo/ArcGIS) with
environmental management softwares (EQWin), as well as Remote
Sensing analysis and MsExcel, is an appropriate application option for
storing, managing, analyzing and reporting on data gathered from
environmental monitoring programs of mining operations in case-study
of Cam Pha mining areas, Quang Ninh, or for Vietnam conditon in
general.

The first important and most-effort task is creating then assessing
database of surface water environtmental quality monitoring parameters.
Softwares are designed to be fully integrated with each others, including
report format of MsOffice (Excel, Word). The main benefit, as well as
the main purpose, is to "create database carefully once and use it many
times for many different tasks”.
Evaluation of results of water quality at Cam Pha monitoring


23
stations in period of 2011 - 2016 shows that some parameters of water
quality exceed the Permit Limit of Standards of QCVN 08: 2008 and
QCVN 08: 2015, some exceeding even several times. It means that the
mining process in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh affect the quality of the
surface water environment.
Sentinel-2A optical satellite image can be used effectively when
combined with monitored values at measurement points to define the
concentration of some water quality parameters such as suspended
solids, NH4+. The results show that the R2 values for 2 daylight
Sentinel-2A images taken on April 16, 2012 and December 2, 2012
were both high (above 0.9 for suspended solid and above 0 , 7 for the
NH4+parameter).
CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS
A. CONCLUSION
Mining is an important economic activity for the country
development. For Vietnam, coal mining is the dominant industry, the
main pillar of supplying materials for national energy security.
However, the mining process in general, coal mining in particular also
cause negative impacts on the environment, including the quality of the
surface water environment. The concentrations of water pollution

parameters in mining areas is often high and exceed Permitted
Standards in many times, seriously affecting the living environment of
the people. This can be seen from the results of assessment of surface
water quality parameters, as well as the WQI in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh
at 15 inland monitoring stations in the period of 2011-2016.
In case of current Vietnam mining situation in general and
environment monitoring in particular, the integration of GIS (MapInfo,
ArcInfo/ArcGIS) and Environmental Data Qualification & Management
softwares (EQWin), as well as Remote Sensing analysis and MsExcel, is
appropriate, effective, time-save, cost-save and feasible application for
storing, managing, analyzing and reporting on data gathered from