Quan hệ Việt Nam và Thái Lan trong lịch sử

QUAN HE GIUTA VIET NAM VA THAI LAN
TRONG LICH SUT
SONG JUNG NAM*

1. Md dau
Vipt Nam va Thai Lan deu n i m tren
ban dao Ddng DQdng ed nhQng diem tUdng
ddng ve dia Iy vd tinh tiep giap ve vat ly
nen cd quan hp tQ r i t sdm qua dUdng biln.
NhUng 80 vdi cac nUdc nhU Indonesia,
Chiem Thdnh va Campuchia thi mdi quan
hp cua hai nUde khdng h i n la ed tQ sdm vi
thdi ky thanh ldp vUdng qudc Thai Lan so
vdi cae nQdc ndy trong dd ed ea Vipt Nam
mudn hdn..
Cdng cupc Bic Tien cua Chiem Thanh
tQ sdm da cd tinh chit tQdng tQ vdi Nam
tien ciia Trung Qud'e vdi rnue dich mang
tinh kinh te'-chinh tri va ed tinh hieu chien
da trd thdnh mpt yeu td bien lich sii Viet
Nam thanh lich sii d i u tranh (1). Thai Lan
mud'n n i m chii quyen nen mpt each til
nhien cd mdt lich sii d i u tranh trong sQ ddi
lap vdi cac nQdc lang gieng nhQ Mien Dipn.
Vdi tinh hinh nhQ vay, ca Vipt Nam va
Thai Lan mpt mat eo' ging khic phue dieu
nay nhQng mot mat tieh cQc va kien tri
Ddng tidn va Nam tien de md mang lanh
thd. Do dd, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam va Thai
Lan trong lich sii bi anh hQdng bdi tinh
hinh khai pha ve phia Nam va phia Dong

eiia hai nQdc eung nhQ bi anh hQdng bdi

• GS.TS. Trudng Dai hpc Ngoni ngQ Hdn Qudc

tinh hinh ciia hai nQdc ben canh la Chiem
Thanh va Campuchia. Ngoai ra, quan hp
giQa hai nQdc cung h\ anh hQdng khdng
nhd bdi tinh hinh ndi bd va cac yeu td ben
ngoai khae theo tQng thdi ky.
Nam tien eua Vipt Nam dUdc trien khai
dQa vdo yeu td dia chinh tri vd triet I^ eua
sQc manh mpt each tript de. Bie tidn vd
Tay tien thi khdng t h i do nui non hilm trd,
dai va ddc tQ Bic den Nam ddng thdi cd
Trung Qudc manh hdn nhQng Nam tien thi
ed t h i do Chiem Thdnh vd Campuchia ydu
hdn Vipt Nam. Ket qua la Chiem Thdnh bj
xda ten tren ban dd vd Thuy Chan Lap ciia
Campuchia thi bien thanh lanh thd cua
Vipt Nam. Cdn Lao la nQdc anh em cd mpt
khdng hai. Trong dd, sQ kipn mdt p h i n Idr
lanh thd eua Campuchia trd thdnh lanh thd
eiia Vipt Nam, den nay, cung anh hQdng
khdng nhd den tinh hinh quan hp ddi ngoai
giQa Vipt Nam va Campuchia.
Mpt mSt, Nam tien vd Ddng tidn ciia
Vipt Nam va Thai Lan trong lich sii deu cd
ehung mdt doi tQdng la Chiem Thanh va
Campuchia nen da cd anh hudng Idn den
quan hp ddi ngoai giQa hai nQdc. Du vdy,

quan hp giQa hai nQdc khdng phai Id quan
hp giQa Vipt Nam vd Campuchia hay quan


Quan h$ giira Vi^t Ram v6 Th6i Lzin.
h$ giQa Thai Lan vd Campuchia vi cd
Chiem Thanh va Campuchia la vung dpm
giQa hai nQdc. Vdy, phai chang mdi quan
hp giQa hai nQdc la mdi quan hp hQu nghi
lang gieng? Di nhien la cung khdng phai
vay vi ea hai nQdc la nhQng nQdc manh
giQa cac nQdc ydu.
Bai viet nay xem x6t mdi quan hp giQa
Vipt Nam va Thai Lan trong lich sii. Do ed
gidi han ve dung iQpng bdi vidt nen ehung
tdi da phdn chia thdi ky. Vipc phan chia
nay dQa vao lich sii Vipt Nam ke tQ trQdc
Cdng nguyen cho den ndm 1802, khi trieu
dai cudl cung ciia Vipt Nam dQdc thdnh lap
dl chia ljch sii quan hp eua hai nQdc thanh
hai thdi ky: lue bi gian doan va ngQde lai
lue quan hp phQc tap. Cho du lich sii Thai
Lan b i t d i u tQ d i u the ky XIII nhUng hai
thdi k^ nay khong the tach khdi tinh hinh
quan hp ddi ngoai trong khu vUc va the gidi
ke tQ giai doan d i u tQ khi Vipt Nam hi
Trung Qudc thdng tri tQ ndm 111 trQdc
Cdng nguyen de'n khi thanh lap vUdng
trieu Hdu Le, giai doan sau la tQ vUdng
trieu Hau Le den vUdng trieu Tay Sdn.

Bai vidt nay ehii ydu tham khao cac tai
lipu nhu Dgi Viet sQ ky todn thU (trong bai
nay sd gpi t i t la Todn ThU), Dgi Viet sQ ky
tien biin, Viet sQ thdng gidm cQcfng mue
chinh biin (trong bai nay se gpi tdt la
Chinh Biin), Dgi Nam thiic luc chinh biin,
Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyen scf tap,
ngoai ra edn ed Viet sQ: XQ Ddng Trong
1558-1777. Tai lipu nghien cQu d Han Qudc
lien quan den bai nghien cQu nay Id 1 p h i n
trong npi dung eua chUdng 3 "Quan hi
chinh tri cua Thdi
Lan-Campuchia-Viit
Nam thi' ky 17: Campuchia - con tdm giQa
hai con cd voi" cua Cho Hong Guk. Bai
nghien cQu nay khdng ehi dap Qng yeu eiu
ciia tac gia Cho Hong Guk la "phai tham
khao tQ lipu Vipt Nam dl hieu rd mdi quan

33

hp Vipt Nam, Campuchia, Thai Lan trong
pham vi rpng ldn" (2), ma edn gdp p h i n lam
sang td mdi quan hp ddi ngoai giQa cac
qudc gia Ddng Nam A trong lich sii (tQ
trQdc Cdng nguyen cho den ndm 1802).
2. Thdi ky 111 triidc Cong nguyen 1428 sau Cong nguyen
Ve mat dia ly cho du Vipt Nam vd Thai
Lan deu d Ddng Nam A nhQng khae nhau
ve van hda. Tnldc het, dieu dd b i t ngudn tQ

vi tri dia chinh tri. Thai Lan gin gui hdn
vdi vdn hda An Dp, cdn Vipt Nam gin gui
hdn vdi vdn hda Trung Qudc. Du vdy, van
hoa Vipt Nam cung khong phai hoan toan
khae bipt vdi van hda An Dp vi >Jho giao
eua Trung Qudc, Hindu cua An Dp vd Phat
giao da cpng tdn d Vipt Nam tQ r i t sdm.
Phat giao cua Vipt Nam lue diu dUpc du
nhdp tQ An Dp trong thdi ky bi Trung Qudc
cai tri cho den ndm 938 nen sQ phat trien
eua Phat giao cd sU anh hudng eua Trung
Qud'e (3). Vdi sU hdp n h i t Chiem Thdnh vd
Chan Lap, Vipt Nam da trd thdnh mpt
nUdc cd ca dao Hindu, Phdt giao Tieu thQa
va Dai thQa. Do tiep giap bien gidi va cd
quan hp lau ddi vdi mue dich ehinh trikinh te' va ydu to' dia chinh tri nen Vipt
Nam bi anh hUdng mpt each tU nhien vdn
hda Trung Qud'c, vd ket qua la ve mdt dia
ly cho du thupc Ddng Nam A nhUng ve mat
vdn hda thi Vipt Nam, dae bipt la mien Bie
Vipt Nam thupc vung van hda Ddng Bie A.
Do yeu td dia ehinh trj nen tQ sdm Vipt
Nam cd quan hp gin thi vdi Trung Qud'e, xa
thi vdi An Dp. Thdi ky Vipt Nam ed quan hp
doi ngoai vdi Trung Quoe, An Dp... cac
nUde khae cung cd quan hp ddi ngoai vdi
Vipt Nam nhU Lam Ap (Hoan VUdng hodc
Chiem Thanh), Phu Nam, Dudng Minh (4).
Di nhien thdi ky nay (179 trUde CN-938) do
Vipt Nam n i m dUdi sU cai tri eiia Trung

Qud'c nen cac nUdc ndy khong the noi Id cd


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quan hp vdi Viet Nam, nhUng cac nUde nay
mudn cd quan hp vdi Trung Qudc thi n h i t
dinh phai thong qua lanh thd ciia Vipt
Nam bay gid hay thdng qua mdi quan hp
khae vdi Trung Qudc ed anh hudng trUe hay
gian tiep ddn Vipt Nam nen ndi eae nUde
nay cd quan he ddi ngoai vdi Viet Nam
cung khdng phai la khdng cd cd sd.
Mdi quan hp ddi ldp giQa Vipt Nam vdi
Trung Qudc d phia Bic cung nhU vdi Chiem
Thanh d phia Nam da cd tQ r i t sdm. Su ddi
ldp eua Viet Nam vd Chiem Thanh dUde
nhen nhdm tQ thdi ky Trung Qud'e eai tri va
kdt thuc nam 1697 vdi sQ sat nhap Chiem
Thanh vao Vipt Nam. Tham chi, trUdng
hdp eua Phu Nam ndm 280 cung da ddng
gdp vdo sU xam lUde Vipt Nam cua Lam Ap
(5). Va'n de nay se dUde de cdp sau nhQng
eung anh hudng ldn ddn quan hp doi ngoai
cua Vipt Nam va Thai Lan do Campuchia
tiep giap vdi Vipt Nam
Ngodi Trung Qud'e, Lam Ap va Phu
Nam, trong thdi ky cai tri eiia Trung Qudc
edn ed cac nQdc Cha Va, Cdn Ldn, Chan
Lap va Nam Chieu. Vipt Nam va nhQng

qud'e gia nay ngoai quan hp thdng thQdng
edn ed quan hp xung dpt. TrUdng hdp Java
va Cdn Luan, nam 767 da xam nhap vdo
ban dao Ddng Dudng bao vay ea tinh Tdng
Binh (6). Nam 651 dan tpc Thai eua Thai
Lan ngay nay xay dUng Nam Chieu (7) d
tinh Van Nam ciia Trung Qudc. Sau khi
Nam Chieu tUdng ddi cd the' lUc, ldi dung
s\f suy tan ciia nha Dudng da b i t d i u xam
lupe An Nam tQ nam 846. Trong thdi ky
xam iQdc tQ nam 862-863, Nam Chieu da
giet hai hdn 150 ngdn ngQdi An Nam va
den nam 866 da cai trj An Nam (8). Vipc
xam iQ^e An Nam ciia Nam Chieu cung
tidp tuc vai l l n sau dd.
Ngodi Nam Chieu, ehung ta eung ed the
tim tha'y mdi quan hp giQa Vipt Nam vdi

Rghl6n ciiru Lich si3r. sg 8.2008
cac vQdng qudc do dan tdc Thai xay dQng. 0
Todn thQ cd doan: "Mua xuan, t h i n g 2 nam
1149, thuyen budn ba nQdc Trao Oa, Lp
Lac, Xiem La (hoac Tiem La) vao Hai Ddng,
xin d lai budn ban, bdn cho Idp trang d nOi
hai dao gpi la Van Ddn de mua bdn hang
hda quy, dan tien san vdt dia phQdng" (9).
SQ ghi chdp ve 3 nUde nay theo each
phien am thUdng dupe dung trong Nguyin
sQ va Minh sQ theo chii thach cua Todn thU
do Cao Huy Giu? (Chu?) dich doan Trao Oa

la dao Java eua In-dd-ne-xi-a ngay nay. Lp
Lac thi dupe Todn thU q. 6 chdp la nQdc La
Hdi (10), q. 7 lai chdp lai Id nQdc Lp Hae
(11), cd le deu la nQdc La Hoc, p h i n phia
Bie eua nQdc Thai Lan ngay nay (12). Theo
chu thich ciia Todn thU do Ngd DQc Thp
dieh thi Lp Lac: chQa ro ehi nQdc nao. Thdi
Trin, ed thuyen budn Ld Hac den Van Ddn.
Cd le Lp Lac chinh la Lp Hac. DQa vao phat
am ed the eho r i n g Ld Hac Id nQdc La Hpc
dQpc nhic den trong thQ tich Trung Qudc
thdi Nguyen-Mdng. La Hoc Id qudc gia
Lavo d Lopburi, Thai Lan. Ld Hac ed kha
nang la nQdc Locac dQdc n h i c de'n trong du
ky cua Marco Polo (13).
Ndi dung d Todn thU ndm 1149 va ca b
Chinh biin "Biy gid cac nQdc Qua Oa va
Tiem La cd nhieu nha budn ddng d Hai
Ddng, Ta bdn lap trang d tren cQ lao dl eho
hp d, gpi la Van Ddn trang". Npi dung ndy,
trong 3 nQdc khdng cd de cdp den Lp Lac.
v a ehu thich ciia Chinh biin ve Tiem La
thi theo sdch Thanh nhdt thdng chi, Tiem
La, ddi Tuy DQdng, gpi Id nQdc Xich Thd, d
ve phia Tay Nam nUde Chiem Thanh, la
mpt tdc ngUdi cua nUdc Phu Nam; sau chia
lam hai: nUde Tiem va nUde La Hpc. Hdi
d i u nien hipu Nguyen Trinh ddi Nguyen,
vdo cdng nha Nguyen. Ve sau, nUde La Hpc
manh hdn, thdn tinh ca d i t Tiem, mdi ddt

ten nude Id Tiem La Hoc, dUdi trieu Hdng


Quan h^ giira Vi^f Ram va Th61 Lan..
Vu nha Minh, Tiem La Hpc vao chiu, vua
Minh ban eho I n Tiem La qudc vUdng. TQ
dd mdi gpi Id nQdc Tiem La (14).
Ghi chdp eua T r i n Trpng Kim ddi vdi
lich sii Thai Lan trong thdi dai nay nhQ
sau. Den quang nha Tuy va nha DQdng ben
Tau la vao quang the ky thQ 6, thQ 7 thi
da't Phu Nam chia ra lam hai: mpt niia ve
phia Ddng cd mdt dan toe khae den lap ra
nQdc Chan Lap, cdn mdt nvla ve phia Tay
thi ngQdi Phu Nam d gpi la nQdc Xich Thd.
vao quang nha Tdng, nha Kim (the ky thQ
XI-XII) thi nQdc Xich Thd lai chia ra lam
hai: mpt nQdc gpi la La Hoc, mpt nQdc gpi la
Tiem. Thdi nha Nguyen cua Trung Qudc
(the ky XIII-XIV) thi svl ed chdp hai nQdc
nay sang cdng. Ve sau nQdc La Hoc thdng
n h i t nQdc Tiem, mdi gpi la nQdc Tiem La
Hoc. Den d i u nhd Minh (cudi the ky thQ
XrV) vua nQdc nay sang ciu phong ben
Trung Qudc, vua Thai To nha Minh mdi
phong la nQdc Tiem La (15).
Npi dung tren eua Todn thU vk Chinh
biin vk ghi ch6p eua T r i n Trpng Kim theo
tdi deu cd v i n de ein ldm sang td. TrQdc
het d hai tai lipu trQdc dUpe dd cdp, vipc

dan tpc Thai xdy dQng vQdng qudc
Sukhothai vdo ndm 1149 (1238-1438) vd
thdi ky thanh lap vQdng qud'c Ayutthaya
(1350-1767) deu khdng thdng nhit. Va nhQ
de cap ciia T r i n Trpng Kim "vao thdi Tong,
DQdng tdn tai Xiem va La Hpe d the ky XIXII" thQc td khdng thdng n h i t vdi thdi ky
tdn tai eiia Sukhothai va Ayutthaya. Thdi
diem thdnh lap Sukhothai vao nam 1149
each khoang 100 ndm so vdi nam 1238, va
thdi ky thanh ISp Ayutthaya vd nam 1350
each nhau den 200 ndm. Nien dai thanh
lap 2 nQdc Sukhothai va Ayutthaya cung
each nhau hdn 100 ndm. Nhung vao nam
1149, eung thdi ky dd ca Sukhothai va
Ayutthaya ddu den Vipt Nam la mpt dieu

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khd tin. Ndi thdi diem ra ddi ciia Xiem La
vdo nam 1149 thi cung khdng cd cd sd.
Ngay nay, ddi vdi nhQng qudc gia dung
chQ Han nhU Viet Nam, Hdn Qud'c, Nhat
Ban va Trung Qudc, Thai Lan trong lich sii
dupe bidt den vdi ten gpi la Xiem La. Xiem
La la Siam va chQ trUde eiia Lop Buri hoac
Lavo kdt hdp thanh, nhU Xiem ehi vUdng
qudc Sukhothai va La ehi Ayutthaya hoac
la tQ La Hoc hdp thanh (16). Vay thi vipc
ghi Xiem La ciia Todn thU hay Chinh biin
thi Xiem Id ghi sai. Cho du the, vdo nam
1149 phai giai quydt the nao doi vdi vipc

Xiem hay la Sukhothai khdng dQpc thanh

lap.
Lich sii khdng t h i cd gia dinh, nhQng
ngoai Lp Lac va Xiem La vao nam 1149 thi
vipc ghi eh6p ve viee dan tpc Thai xay dQng
cac vQdng quo'c khae ngodi vUdng qudc
Sukhothai Id khdng chinh xac, hodc la neu
eho r i n g qud'e hipu cua cac vUdng qudc
Thai Lan liy ten thii dd ldm cdn cQ, vd cho
du Sukhothai va Ayutthaya chinh thQc
khdng dQdc thdnh ldp nhQng vao ndm 1149
nhQng ngQdi dan khu vQe ndy vao Vipt
Nam va da khdng dUde ghi lai dja danh ndi
minh eU tru (?).
Gia dinh nay cd nhieu kha nang hdn.
Todn thu hay Chinh biin sau nam 1149
v i n ghi la Xiem La va Xiem. Diem cin chu
y d day Id Todn thU sau nam 1149 vin ghi
la Xiem La hoac Chinh bien can nhic den
thdi ky hinh thdnh eae vUdng qud'e da phan
bipt va ghi Xiem, Xiem La. Ching han, d
Todn thu thi ghi "nam 1182 nUdc Xiem La
sang cd'ng" (17) cdn d Chinh biin thi ghi
"nUde Xiem ddn tidn cdng" (18). Tiep theo,
Todn thu thi ghi "ndm 1184 ngUdi buon ciia
cae nude Xiem La vd Tam Phat Te vao t r i n
Van Ddn, dang vdt quy dl xin buon ban"
(19).

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Ndm 1149 va 1184, ngoai vipc thUdng
nhan hay thQdng thuyen liy mue dieh ddi
thdng thQdng vao khu vQc cd cung ten la
Van Ddn nhQng khdng ghi lai dia danh cQ
tni thi ehung ta eung c i n chu y sQ thdt Id
vao ndm 1182 da ed qudc gia vao cdng nap..
Trong lich sii, trieu cdng la mdt hinh thQc
de xay dQng quan hp ngoai giao giQa eae
qud'e gia thong qua eae sQ t h i n . NQdc nhdn
trieu cd'ng khdng the ghi sai ten qudc gia,
nen qud'c hieu ciia nam 1182 dQdc xem Id
chinh xac. Do dd, vipc giai thich theo lich
aii ciia Thai Lan vao the ky XIII ve qud'c
hipu eiia cac qudc gia ndy hoan toan khdng
ed cd sd nhQng theo cae tQ lipu eua Vipt
Nam dQdc de cdp tren day hay can cQ vao
Logic thi dd ehinh la cac vQdng qudc truyen
thd'ng eua Thai Lan. NhQ vdy, l l n d i u tien
vipc giai thich lai vd thdi diem thdnh ldp
vQdng qud'c Thai Lan, vQdng qudc
Sukhothai dQdc dat ra.
Theo tai lipu lich sii dQdi trieu Ly, vUdng
trieu Vipt Nam cd 3 l l n cd quan hp ddi
ngoai vdi vUdng trieu Thai Lan. Hai l l n Id
thdng thUdng va mpt l l n Id trieu cdng, t i t
ca la Thai Lan trieu cdng eho Vipt Nam.
Lue dd. Thai Lan trieu cd'ng cho Vipt Nam

khong phai la do quan hp quan t h i n ma la
do quan hp thdng thUdng hay quan hp hQu
nghi lang gieng.
Sau 3 l l n tidp xuc, quan hp ddi ngoai
giQa hai nQdc khdng bidt dQdc tidn hanh eu
the nhQ the nao vdo Trieu dai nha T r i n va
vao d i u trieu dai Hau Le. DQdi trieu Ly thi
quan hp giQa cac vQdng qudc Thai Lan
khdng cd xung dot, cd the xem Id quan hp
giQa hai nUde tUdng ddi tdt. Dieu nay se
dUdc ndi them sau... TQ thdi nha Ly, vipc
md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam Vipt Nam
eho du dQdc tien hanh nhUng v i n chUa cy
t h i va luc dd 2 nUde Chiem Thanh vd
Campuchia ddng vai trd la vung dpm giQa

Rghl&n cijru Ljch sJr, sg 8.2008
Thai Lan va Vipt Nam. Nhd dd, dudi thdi
n h i Ly, Thai Lan da md rdng the iQc ve
phia Chiem Thanh hay Chan Lap nen
khdng vUdng qudc nao ed the gay anh
hudng ddn trieu dai nha Ly. Mat khae, luc
dd Campuchia da hinh thdnh tpc Khomer
hung manh n h i t trong Ijch sii va dd cung
la yeu td giup eho quan hp giQa Thai Lan
va Vipt Nam dUdc d l dang hdn.
Thdi nha T r i n cua Vipt Nam la thdi ky
tdn tai vUdng qud'c Sukhothai va Ayutthaya
ma dan tpc Thai Lan ldp nen. Tuy ed sQ
ehenh Ipch chut it ve thdi gian va mdc du

tdn tai hai vUdng qudc nhQng quan h$ doi
ngoai giQa hai nUdc so vdi trieu dai Ly
khdng cd gi thay ddi. O Todn thU, quan h$
ddi ngoai giQa hai nQdc ehi xay ra 2 lln.
Ching han nhQ "thang 3 ndm 1305, nQdc
La Hdi sai ngudi dang vai lien la va cac
thQ" (20) va "mua ddng thang 10 nam 1360,
thuyen budn ciia cac Lp Hac, Trd Nha,
Xiem La den Van Ddn budn ban, dang cac
vat la" (21).
TQ sau ndm 1300, thUdng thuyen eua 3
nUde nay da ddn Van Ddn d l thdng thUdng.
Thdi ky ehdng Dai Mdng ket thuc, ban dao
Ddng DUdng tUdng ddi dUpc dn dinh da cho
phdp ndi lai quan hp thdng thUdng eua Vipt
Nam vdi cac nUde phUdng Nam nhU trong
qua khQ. Vao nam 1360, trong 3 nQdc, Lp
Hac vd Tra Nha dQqic gpi II La Hpc vk
Java, cdn Xiem La thi do thdi ky Ayutthaya
chUa h(?p nha't Sukhothai nen Xiem La Id
each gpi sai cua Xiem.
Vudng qudc Ajnatthaya la mpt vQdng
qudc budn ban. VQdng qudc Chiangmai hay
Sukhothai n i m d Bic-Trung bp lpi dyng
dQdng bien d l thdng thQdng ddi ngo^i
nhQng khdng de dang, ngQcjc lai vQdng
qudc Ayutthaya d phia Nam da lpi dyng
dieu kipn dia ly thudn lpi nen cd t h i trd
thanh qudc gia trung tam dQdng biln. Thdi

Quan h$ giihi Vt$t Ram vt Th6i Lan.
ky nam 1368-1398 va 1403-1424, vQdng
qudc Ayutthaya da phai thuyen cdng nap
cho nQdc Minh den 57 lln; Nam 1425-1570,
thuyen eiia nQdc LQU Khu len den 56 chide
(22) da chQng minh cho dieu nay.
NhQng dilm dang nghi ngd la luc dd
Ddng Nam A chii yeu ldi dyng gid mua d
vung biln duyen hai vd Vipt Nam la nQdc
n i m tren true dudng ma tau thuyen ciia
cae qudc gia nay qua lai thi vipc thdng
thUdng giQa Thai Lan vd Vipt Nam khdng
t h i khdng tdn tai. Hdn nQa, trong khi
vQdng qudc Sukhothai eiia Thai Lan thi vai
eh\ie lln, vQdng qudc Ayutthaya thi gin
100 l l n phai sQ t h i n vd thuyen cdng nap
eho Trung Qudc (23) nhQng tai sao cdng
nap eho Vipt Nam thi ehi cd mdt hai lln.
Trieu dai nha T r i n xung dpt gay git vdi
Mdng Cd trong thdi gian ddi se Id mpt ly do
chinh nhQng ly do ldn hdn khdng phai Id
xung dot trile tiep md la do sQ banh trQdng
eua vQdng qudc Thai Lan, nen giQa 2 nQdc
da tQng tdn tai sQ ddi ldp. Chung ta thiy
diu hipu ndy vao d i u triiu dai T r i n nam
1313. Ching ban, "Liy an phu sQ Dd Thieu
HQ lam kinh iQdc sQ. Biy gid nQdc Chiem
Thanh bj nQdc Xiem La l l n cQdp, vua sai
Thien HQ di kinh iQpc Nghp An vd Lam

Binh dl sang cQu Chiem Thanh. Sau pham
kd hoaeh lo lipu ve bien gidi phia Tay, Minh
Tdng deu uy cho Thien HQ" (24).
Theo ljch sii, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam va
Chiem Thanh nhQ nQdc vdi liia. Chiem
Thanh n i m d mien Trung ciia Vipt Nam lac
h^u v l kinh td, tQ thd ky thQ 2 trQdc CN dd
rdi vdo tinh trang mau t h u i n trong vipc
chdng l^i sQ md rpng lanh thd vd vipc thdng
qua Nam tien eua Vipt Nam di khic ph\ic
ndn kinh td lac hdu (25). NhQ da de cap,
sau cupc xung dpt giQa 2 nQdc nam 1697,
Chiem Thanh hoan toan bj hpp n h i t vdo
Vi^t Nam va bj xda ten tren ban dd. NhQng

37

trieu dai nhd T r i n cung trai qua tinh trang
tQdng tQ va ed sQ thay ddi trUde cupc chinh
phue thd gidi eua Mdng Co. De ddi mdt vdi
sU xam lUde cua Mdng Co, ca hai nUde chan
thdnh mong mudn quan hp hdp tae nhU
rang va mdi. Kdt qua la nam 1282, khi
Mdng Co xam lUde Chiem Thanh (hay
Chiem Thanh cua Xiem dupe de cdp d tren)
thi Vipt Nam da giii ehi vipn (26). Do do,
den nay Vipt Nam khd chip nhdn sU that
Thai Lan chiem Chiem Thanh lam lanh
thd cua minh, va di nhien la Vipt Nam da
dQng ra ddi phd vdo nam 1313

Trong trat tQ qudc te dd, sQ xam iQpc
Chiem Thdnh eua vUdng qudc Sukhothai di
nhien dd khieu khich Vipt Nam va eung vdi
cupc d i u tranh chdng quan Mong ciia Vipt
Nam, quan hp ciia 2 nUde hi anh hudng
khdng nhd. Ddc bipt ve mat ddi ngoai,
vUdng qudc Ayutthaya dd theo dudi sU
bdnh trUdng nhanh chdng vd dap lai yeu
ciu quan hp doi ngoai ciia Thai Lan ring
"thang 9 ndm 1467, thuyen budn eiia nUde
Xiem La den trang Van Ddn, dang bieu
bing la vdng va dang san vdt dia phUdng.
Vua khude tQ khdng nhan" (27) d day thi
Vi$t Nam eung dQpc nhic den. TQ trieu dai
Ly den nay, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam vd
Thai Lan du khdng mat thidt nhQng Vipt
Nam chQa bao gid tQ chdi yeu ciu quan h$
ddi ngoai eiia Thai Lan. Do dd, tQ thdi k^
vQdng qud'c Ayutthaya cua Thai Lan va
Hau Le eua Vipt Nam, quan hp eua 2 nUde
da rdi vao tinh trang ddi lap vi deu cd chinh
sach md rpng lanh thd rieng eiia minh.
Theo tai lipu ciia Vipt Nam, dudi trieu
dai nha Hd, quan hp giQa Thai Lan va Vipt
Nam hoan toan khdng dQpc de cdp. Dieu dd
la do chfnh sach md rpng lanh thd khdng
thay ddi giQa hai nQdc vd do thdi gian tdn
tai ciia trieu dai nha Hd qua ngin. TrQdc
khi trieu dai Hau Le ra ddi, trong thdi gian

Rghi&n curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2008

38

eai tri eua nhd Minh, giQa 2 nUde ciing
khdng ed quan hp ngoai giao.
3. Thdi k y 1428-1788
Thdi gian nay quan hp giQa Thai Lan va
Vipt Nam la quan hp xung dot. Di nhien
thdi ky ndy quan hp eiia hai nQdc ngay tQ
d i u khdng phai la quan hp xung dot. Trong
lich s^, d i u the ky XVH, trQdc khi Chiem
Thanh bi xda ten tren ban dd va trQdc khi
Vipt Nam can thipp vao ndi tinh eua
Campuchia, md hinh cua trieu dai nha Ly
v i n dupe duy tri. Mpt mat, ve cudl thdi gian
nay, quan hp hdp t i e than thipn dUde hinh
thanh va tren cd sd dd vUdng trieu cudl
cung eua Vi$t Nam tiep tuc duy tri moi
quan hp nay trong mpt chQng mile n h i t
dinh.
Vipc trieu dai Hau Le tdn tai trong thdi
gian ddi eung Id mdt ydu td hinh thanh mdi
quan hp xung dpt gay git. Trong thdi gian
dd, quan hp ddi ngo^i giQa hai nQdc so vdi
trQdc phQc tap vd td nhi hdn d nhieu mat.
O ddy, ea 2 nQdc khdng ngQng mQu eiu
chinh sdch md rpng lanh thd ra ben ngoai,
ddc bipt la trQdng hpp cua Vipt Nam, BicNam bi chia cit, ddi lap gay g i t nen khao

khat thuc diy chinh sach Nam tien hdn
bao gid hdt. Vd kdt qua la trong quan h |
Vipt Nam-Thai Lan thdi gian dd, Chiem
Thdnh vd'n la vung dpm d i n d i n hi xda bd
do sQ can thipp vdo ndi bp vUdng qudc
Angor ciia Thai Lan va Vipt Nam tang theo
svl suy yeu nhanh chdng eiia vUdng qudc
Angor.
Trong lich sii Vipt Nam, trieu dai Hdu
Le la trieu dai md rpng lanh thd Vipt Nam
nhieu n h i t . O Quang Nam ddn cQc Nam
lanh thd hipn tai cung dQpc hinh thanh
trong thdi k^ nay (28). Lue dd, vUdng qudc
Ayutthaya eiia Thai Lan eung quyet tam
md rpng lanh thd. Vipc chinh phyc

Campuchia ciia vUdng qudc Ayutha ya
cung tae dpng ldn den quan hp ddi ngoai
giQa Vipt Nam va Thai Lan.
DQdi trieu dai Hdu Le, quan hp giQa
Vipt Nam vd Thai Lan dQ(?c b i t d i u khi cae
thuyen budn cua Xiem La sang cdng vdo
thang 8 nam 1437 dQdi trieu vua Le Thai
Lan Tdng (29). Lue nay, vUdng qudc
Ayutthaya chiem Angor, tiep theo h(?p n h i t
hoan toan Sukhothai. Thang 11 nam d6
nUde Xiem La da phai sQ t h i n di trieu
cdng.
"NQdc Xiem La sai sQ la Trai CQdng Lat
sang cd'ng. Vua dQa eho sic thQ bao mang

ve, va trQ cho p h i n thud budn giam xudng
b i n g niia p h i n nfim trUde, 20 thu 1 phin,
rdi thudng eho ra't hdu. Ngoai ra ve phin
qud'e vUdng cho 24 ta'm l\ia, 30 bd bat sQ, ve
p h i n qudc phi cho 5 td'm l\ia, 2 bp bat sQ,
mdi bp la 35 chide" (30).
Ndi dung tren da chQa dUng nhieu a\}
that mdi. O trieu dai trUde khdng cd ten eae
sQ t h i n eiia Thai Lan, day Id l l n d i u tien
duc^c de cap. TrQdc dd, khi thUdng thuyen
hay quan lai cua Thai Lan npp le vat da
giii thu n h i n va de cdp ndi dung mpt each
eu the vd thud thdng thUdng so vdi thdi ky
trUde va ed the phan doan thai dp eua Vipt
Nam nhu the nao qua vipc giii do dap le
eho qudc vUdng va hoang hau Thai Lan.
Ndi dung "trQ cho p h i n thud budn giam
xudng b i n g niia p h i n ndm trUde" da eho
tha'y quan hp thdng thUdng giQa hai nQdc
dQpc trien khai them mdt bUde. Do dn dinh
npi bp trong thdi ky d i u eiia vQdng trieu
Hau Le nen luc dd Vipt Nam d thdi ky ma
ehinh sach Nam tien hoan todn khdng dQpc
xuc tien. Day cung Id thdi ky md ngoai
Xiem La ra, Vipt Nam cd quan h$ trieu
cdng vdi Trao Oa, Tam Phat Te, Chiem
Thanh, Man Lat Gia (31).


Quan h$ giira Vi^ Ram va Th61 Lan...

Sau Le Thai Tdng, Le Nhan Tdng, trong
thdi gian tai vi eiia Le Thanh Tdng, quan
hp giQa Vipt Nam vd Chiem Thanh rdi vao
quan hp xung dot. Nam 1470, Le Thanh
Tdng da d i n mdt dai quan hung manh gdm
150 ngdn linh chiem linh Chiem Thanh va
den trieu dai nhd Hd thi da hpp n h i t
nhQng dQdi thdi cai tri ciia nha Minh da bi
Iiy lai Quang Nam va Quang Ngai. Ngoai
sQ kipn dd ra thi Idnh thd Vipt Nam da
dQpc md rdng den Binh Dinh (32). Khdng
nhQng the, Le Thanh Tdng edn vd hipu hda
sQc manh cua Chiem Thdnh vdi hinh thQc
dat 3 vua tren 3 vung edn lai ciia Chiem
Thanh (33).
Tham vpng hdp n h i t Chiem Thanh eiia
Vipt Nam va sQ xung dot vdi Chiem Thdnh
d phfa Nam eung da anh hQdng den mdi
quan hp doi ngoai giQa Vipt Nam vd Thai
Lan. Di nhien khdng biet rd nguyen nhan,
nhQng nhQ da de cdp d tren lipu cd d sQ tQ
chdi eiia Vipt Nam ddi vdi vi^c dang le vdt
ciia thQdng thuyen Xiem La vao nam 1467
khdng?. Lue nay quan hp vdi Thai Lan
hoan toan khdng c h i m dQt. Tuy nhien cung
khdng tim t h i y tai lifu nao ghi quan hp tdt
dpp qua trieu cdng va thdng thQdng eua hai
nQdc. NhQng thang 11 nam 1485 khi xem
xdt ndi dung sic ludt ve vipe sQ t h i n eae
phien bang ddn trieu cd'ng nhQ Chiem

Thdnh, Lao Qua, Xiem La, Trao Oa, Lat
Gia (34) thi khdng t h i ddn gian di ddn ket
luan la Vipt Nam hoan toan khdng ed quan
hp vdi Thai Lan.
Svl that Vipt Nam da tQ chdi quan hp vdi
Thai Lan tQ giQa the ky XV dd tao nen mpt
hinh anh r i t phQc tap khi nhin nhan trat
tQ tUdng lai cua Ddng Nam A. Vipt Nam da
thue diy Nam tien d l hpp n h i t Chiem
Thanh, sau dd npi loan trong thdi gian ddi
vd giQa Nam-Bic da cd sU doi lap gay git,
phia Nam tidp t\ie Nam tien dl hpp n h i t

39
Chiem Thanh va Chan Lap. Thai Lan thi d
trong tinh trang chien tranh gay git di
tranh gianh Uu the' va md rpng lanh thd
trong vung d i t hda binh vdi cac vUdng qudc
Ddng-Tay-Nam-Bie. Vdi ludt rQng an va bj
an l l n nhau nhQ the. Nam tien eiia Vipt
Nam va va Ddng tie'n Thai Lan khdng t h i
khdng anh hQdng de'n quan hp ddi ngoai
giQa hai nQdc.
TQ d i u the ky XVI quan hp ddi ngoai
ciia Vipt Nam vdi cac nUdc lang gieng bao
gdm ea Thdi Lan da giam di do tinh hinh
trong nUde nhU cude chidn tranh Nam-Bic
(1527-1592) hay sQ ndi loan cua ndng dan
tren todn qudc xay ra tQ ndm 1511-1522. Vi
the, svl ehinh phvie Chiem Thanh ciia mien

Nam Vipt Nam bi gian doan tam thdi. Cupc
d i u tranh quyen iQc eiia Trinh-Nguyen
phan chia Vipt Nam thanh 2 mien NamBic va sQ md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam
dQpc trien khai mpt lln nQa.
Ndu sQ md rpng lanh thd trQdc day vdn
cd mve dieh kinh te, ehinh trj thi si^ md
rpng lanh thd luc ndy n h i m phpc hdi sQc
manh dl tim lai quyen iQc da m i t (35). Do
dd sQ md rpng lanh thd vd phfa Nam luc
nay khdng chi gidi han ddn Chiem Thanh
ma mpt each tQ nhien md rpng den tdn
Campuchia ndi tiep giap vdi Chiem Thanh.
Ket qua la cho den bay gid khdng t h i tranh
dQpc sQ xung dot vdi Thai Lan, nQdc tidp
tyc dung quyen iQc gdy anh hQdng d
Campuchia.
Trong l;eh sii, quan hp giQa Vipt Nam
vdi Campuchia Id quan hp quan thin.
Campuchia da trieu cdng eho Vipt Nam tQ
nam 1012 dQdi thdi nha Ly (36). NhQng
trong quan hp quan t h i n , quan hp giQa hai
nQdc ket cue v i n khdng em dpp. Vi vay,
Campuchia thQdng xuyen chiem doat Vipt
Nam. Trong qua trinh dd, Campuchia da
lien hipp vdi Chiem Thdnh la nQdc nim d v\


40

tri quan trpng cung thanh ldp ehien ham

va trong lich sii, luc thinh vU(?ng nha't
Campuchia da vai l l n chiem Vipt Nam vao
the ky XII. Vdi lich sc( nhU the, sQ mong
mdi hq)p nhd't Chiem Thanh eua nhQng
ngQdi Vipt Nam trong qua khQ va sQ cin
thiet phai md rdng lanh thd cua chua
Nguyen dQdi thdi ky ddi lap Nam-Bic giQa
sau the ky XVI da thuc diy sQ hdp n h i t
Campuchia ciia Vipt Nam.
D i u the ky XVI, do tinh hinh trong nUde
hon loan, vipe Nam tien bi tri trp,
Campuchia n i m dudi sU cai tri cua Thai
Lan. Sau dd, vUdng qudc Ayutthaya thdnh
thupc qudc cua Mien Dipn (1569-1584) nen
tan dung cd hdi ndy, Campuchia vdi tim lai
ddc ldp tam thdi va rdi lai bi lp thude vao
vUdng qudc Ayutthaya. Lue dd vUdng qudc
Ayutthaya da cai quan h i u het lanh thd
eua Thai Lan. 0 Vipt Nam, ehua Nguyen la
ngUdi ed anh hQdng d phia Nam da triln
khai hdp n h i t p h i n lanh thd cdn lai ciia
Chiem Thanh b i n g vipe b i t d i u hdp n h i t
Cu Mdng va Dai Linh eiia Chiem Thanh.
Tham vpng md rpng lanh thd ciia Vipt
Nam khdng ehi dQng lai d Chiem Thdnh.
Nam 1620, chua Nguyen da ky kdt ddng
minh va kdt hdn vdi Chey Chettha ddi thQ
2 eiia Campuchia (37). Ldi dung dieu ndy,
Campuchia da mQdn sQc eua Vipt Nam de
thoat khdi sQ eai tri ciia Thai Lan (38). Vipt

Nam ed ed hpi can thipp vao Campuchia
mdt each hdp phap vdi tQ each Id ngQdi dan
trong nQdc, ddng thdi tren ed sd dd,
Campuchia ed dQdc cd hdi tuypt vdi cd t h i
can trd Thai Lan tien vao xam chiem lanh
thd eiia minh.
Sau khi ket hdn ddng minh, ngUdi Vipt
di tru ddn Campuchia nhieu hdn, quan hp
ddi ngoai ciia hai nUdc cung sau sic hdn va
Thai Lan da b i t man trong quan hp khdng

Rghito ciiru Lich sit. s6 8.2008
man ma vdi Campuchia nen nam 1623 va
nam sau dd da hai l l n xam chiem
Campuchia nhQng t h i t bai (39). DQdi
chfnh sach ngoai giao g i n Vipt xa Thai Lan
cua Campuchia, nam 1658, vipc yeu eiu
Vipt Nam tham gia vao Campuchia de giai
quyet tranh cha'p vUdng v\ (40) da lam eho
quan hp giQa Thai Lan vd Vipt Nam them
cdng t h i n g hdn. Nhan cd hdi nay, Vipt
Nam da giii quan dpi den Campuchia giup
giai quydt phan tranh rdi bien Campuchia
trd thanh thupc qudc. Thai Lan da hai lln
phai sQ t h i n vao nam 1659 vd 1660 eho
ehua Trinh dang cd chien tranh vdi chua
Nguyen (41) la mdt sach lUdc ngoai giao dl
ham lai sU Nam tien cua ehua Nguyen.
Mdt mat, sau khi bien Campuchia thanh
thupe qudc, thang 3 nam 1660 khi chua

Nguyen phai sQ doan thQdng mai ddn
vUdng qudc Ayutthaya khdng dUpe Thai
Lan tiep dai tii td dd la mpt sQ trQng phat
hay tra dua. Ddi vdi vipc phai sQ doan sang
thi Cho Heung Guk eho dd la sach iQpc
ngoai giao eiia Vipt Nam de n i m b i t phan
Qng cua chinh phu Thai Lan nhQ thd ndo
ddi vdi vipc tham gia quan sQ vdo
Campuchia vdn cd anh hQdng cua Thai Lan
trong truyen thdng (42), va cung eho biet
bay gid minh 11 nQdc ba chii ddi vdi
Campuchia va mudn tranh xung dpt. Hdn
nQa, n h i m liy lai sQc manh bi tieu hao, lap
trQdng ciia Chua Nguyen Id hdn luc nao
hdt d n diy manh thdng thQdng vdi ben
ngoai, vipe c i t dQt quan hp thQdng mai vdi
Thai Lan khdng cd Ipi nen da phai sQ doan
thQdng mai sang Thai Lan n h i m duy tri
mdi quan hp nay. Dieu nay dQpc suy luan
qua vipe chua Nguyen danh thue xuit
nhap eang eae tau thuyen nQdc ngodi tidn
den phia Nam ndi chua Nguyen cai tq.
"Xdt lp thue do Ipnh sii tau cu Id Vo Chan
Dai ke khai thi tau ThQdng Hai lp thud ddn


Quan h4 giijra Vi^t Ram vt Th6i Lan.
la 3.000 quan, thud ve la 300 quan, tau
Quang Ddng lp thud den la 3.000 quan,
thud ve la 300 quan, tau d Phue Kien lp

thud la 2.000 quan, thue ve la 200 quan,
tau Hai Nam thud ddn la 500 quan, thud ve
la 50 quan, tau Tay DUdng lp thud ddn
8.000 quan, thud ve la 800 quan, tau Ma
Cao lp thud den Id 4.000 quan, thud vd la
400 quan, tau Nhat Ban lp thue den la
4.000 quan, thud ve la 400 quan, tau Xiem
La lp thud den la 2.000 quan, thud ve 200
quan..." (43). Trong tinh hinh ehinh tri ddi
lap Trinh-Nguyen, dieu khoan eho t h i y ddi
ngoai thdng thUdng giQa Thai Lan va Vipt
Nam binh thQdng hdn lue nao hdt.
Ve sau, vipc tranh gianh ngdi vi d
Campuchia v i n dQpc tidp tuc. Campuchia
khdng the tQ giai quyet vipe nay dupe, nen
mdi khi ein thi lai yeu eiu sU giup dd eua
Thai Lan va Vipt Nam kd can (44), Thai
Lan va Vipt Nam vd'n dang ehd ed hdi hdp
nha't nen lpi dyng dieu nay nen hai nQdc da
d^t tham vpng eua minh vd do dd khdng
t h i tranh khdi sQ xung dpt gay git.
Vipe tranh gidnh vQdng vi vdo nam 1674
da tao ed hpi cho Vipt Nam phai quan dpi
den Campuchia l l n thQ hai (45). Kdt qua Id
xay ra sQ xung dpt vu Ivle l l n thQ n h i t vdi
Thai Lan vd'n b i t d i u can thipp quan sQ va
chinh tri vao Campuchia vao d i u nhQng
nam 1670. Vipt Nam chidn t h i n g da bd
nhipm Nde 6 n g Thu, Nac Ong Ndn lam
qudc vQdng va phd qudc vQdng va cho cQ

tni d Udong (Long Ue), Sdi Gdn. Do can
thifp vdo npi tinh ciia Campuchia, Vipt
Nam da dQa ra ly do Id con chau hoang tpc
nen da bd nhipm Nac 6 n g Thu than Thai
Lan lam qudc vQdng ehinh chQ khdng bd
nhifm Nan 6 n g Npn thdn minh du minh Id
nQdc chidn t h i n g Id mdt each cdng nhdn
Thai Lan manh hdn minh (46). Thdt ra lue
dd chua Trinh vd ehua Nguyen dang tidn

41

hanh cude chidn tranh l l n thQ 7 vd cung
mudn tranh xung dot vu iQc vdi Thai Lan.
Lue nay Campuchia phai trieu cdng eho ca
Thdi Lan va Vipt Nam.
Sau dd, ndm 1679, giQa qudc vQdng vd
phd qudc vQdng ciia Campuchia xay ra
xung dot, Vipt Nam va Thai Lan ddng thdi
cung can thipp quan sQ d Campuchia nen
da xay ra chidn tranh d dd (47). Mdt mdt,
vao nam 1679, nhieu ngQdi dan eua nQdc
Minh gia eU vdo Campuchia (48) da lam
cho tinh hinh them phQc tap. Vipt Nam da
lpi dung hp dl thue diy hpp n h i t lanh thd
eua Campuchia va ke't qua la b i t diu phat
triln lanh thd rpng ldn ve phia Ddng ciia
Campuchia nhQ Ddng Phd, My Tho, Bien
Hda vd rdi nam 1698 da hpp n h i t toan bp
(49). Tidp theo, nam 1680, Mac Ciiu la mpt

cQu t h i n eua nha Minh, que d tinh Quang
Ddng Trung Qud'c dUdc b i u lam quan ly
eua Campuchia da khai thac todn bp Hd
Tien nhUng nam 1708, dng ta dd than phuc
Vipt Nam nen them mpt lln nQa Vipt Nam
ed dQdc lanh thd phia Nam cua Chan Lap
(50). Con trai eua Mac Ciiu \k Mac Thien
TQ, nam 1739 dQdc cdng nhan cd cdng lao
ngan chdn Campuchia nhan chi vipn cua
Xiem La va dupe phong ldm dd ddc (51).
Sau dd, cupc phan tranh vUdng vi cua
Campuchia vd sU can thipp npi tinh eua
Thai Lan va Vipt Nam vao Campuchia vd
so' l l n va quy md ngay eang tang. Ket qua
la sU md rpng lanh thd Campuchia eua hai
nude dupe tiep tvic. Nam 1757, Thuy Chan
Lap va Lue Chan Lap (52) vdn bi phan chia
vao the ky VIII da dupe hpp n h i t thdnh
todn bp Chan Lap va Vipt Nam da cd dUpe
lanh thd nhU ngay nay.
Dudi thdi vUdng qudc Thonburi (17671782), Thai Lan da cd anh hUdng manh
hdn den Campuchia. Luc dd, chua Nguyen
b phfa Nam rdi vdo hdn loan, sQc thdng trj


42

yeu di do cd eudc nd'i loan ciia dan tdc thieu
sdva ndng dan. TQ nam 1771, cupc ndi loan
ciia ndng dan Tay Sdn b i t d i u uy hiep den

sQ tdn tai cua ehua Nguyin va sQ dipt vong
cua trieu dai hdu Le. Tinh hinh dd da can
trd vipc md rdng lanh thd v l chua Nguyen
di nhien khdng t h i can thipp dQdc vao ndi
tinh ciia Campuchia. Vipc khdng the md
rdng lanh thd hdn nQa cung la do trong thdi
gian n g i n ehua Nguyen da md rdng lanh
thd r i t ldn va khdng dii kha nang de quan
ly khai thae. Vdi cd hpi nay, vQdng qudc
Thonburi cua Thai Lan va vQdng qud'c
Rattanakosin (1782-den nay) da dpc chidm
quyen lanh dao ddi vdi Campuchia.
Thdi gian ddi lap giQa Tay Sdn va chua
Nguyen (1771-1802) cung da tao ra mdt
khfa canh mdi trong quan hp giQa Vipt
Nam va Thai Lan. Vd phia Vipt Nam, eho
de'n biy gid chua Nguyen d phia Nam vdn
chii dao moi quan hp vdi Thai Lan da thua
trong cupc chien vdi Tay Sdn va s i p bi dipt
vong edn Thai Lan thi vUdng qudc
Thonburi dUpe thanh ldp va vUdng qud'c
Aj^thaiya hi suy tan nhUng trong thdi gian
dd mdi quan hp cdng t h i n g giQa eae nha sQ
va ehien tranh ddi ngoai trong thdi gian ddi
da ling diu, vd tidp nol vQdng qudc
Thonburi, vQdng qud'e Rattanakosin trong
thdi gian d i u xay dQng d i t nUde khdng
dupe dn dinh, da xay ra ehien tranh vdi
Mien Dipn, Java vdi quy md ldn.
Vdi tinh hinh dd, quan hp giQa hai nQdc

hodn toan xay dvfng tren ed sd mdi. Thang
11 nam 1781, khi Chakri eiia Thai Lan
xam chidm Campuchia, Chudng cd Nguyen
HQu Thuy eua Viet Nam nhftn Ipnh cua
Nguyen Phuc Anh chi vipn cho Campuchia.
Trong thdi gian hai phia ddi d i u d
Campuchia thi d Thai Lan da xay ra phan
loan, luc dd gia dinh ciia Chakri d Bdng
Cdc bi bit. Luc dd, Chakria da ky ket hpp

Rghl&i ciiru Lich sit, sg 8.2008
tae vdi Nguyen Huy Thuy (53) dang d trong
tinh trang khdng t h i tien hanh chidn tranh
dQdc nQa ma phai elp bach xii Iy tinh hinh
trong nQdc nen da n i t quan de quan dpi vd
ban than dQpc an todn. Vi vdy, cho du
Chakri ky kdt vdi Vipt Nam vdi cQdng vi
qudc gia nhQng v i n thd'y tfnh ca nhan
manh hdn. Khi xem xdt tinh hinh Iiic dd thi
dd chfnh Id dieu Udc ky ket ciia ca nhan cua
Chakri. Lue dd, thdt ra, chua Nguyen ciia
Vipt Nam dang ehien d i u vdi quan Tay Sdn
da tidp nhan yeu c i u cua phia Thai Lan.
Ky kdt giQa hai ngUdi sau ndy da dem
lai sU thay ddi r i t ldn cho quan hp giQa hai
nUdc. Chung tdi se de cap sau, nhUng ehua
Nguyen thdng qua vipc ky kdt nay, trUde
hdt da bao vp sinh mang ciia minh vd
nhQng ngQdi ung hd minh d l khdng chi
chuin bi cd sd cho vipc quay trd lai md cdn

duy tri mdi quan hp hQu nghj hpp tac vdi
nhau cho du sau khi thdnh Idp vUdng trieu
thinh thoang cd xung dpt giQa hai ben.
NhQng sQ kipn sau day cd t h i dem lai
kdt qua eho quan hp hpp tac giQa chua
Nguyen vd Chakri. TrQdc hdt, trong cupc
da'u tranh vdi anh em nhd Tay Sdn, Nguyen
Phue Anh da phai Nguyen HQu Thyy, Trin
Xuan Trach den Thai Lan vao t h i n g 4 nam
1782 va ed t h i da yeu eiu chi vipn (54). Tiep
theo vdo thang 3 ndm 1784, trong cupc chien
tranh, Nguyen Phuc Anh da d i n nhQng
ngUdi iing hd minh lanh nan d Thai Lan
(55). Cd t h i dupe xem gidng nhU tnidng hpp
eua tQdng Vinhlyma cua Thai Lan bi b i t
sdng trong cupc chien vdi anh em Tay Sdn
mdt ndm trQdc vao t h i n g 7 nam 1783. Khi
vUdng qudc Thonburi gap hdn loan, dng ta
da dem 200 binh Ifnh va miy chyc chidn
thuyen den Vipt Nam tranh nan dang giup
ehua Nguyen thi bj b i t (56).
Vua
Chakri
eiia
vQdng
qudc
Rattanakosin da nhan yeu c i u chi vipn cua


Quan h$ giura Vi&i Ram vd Th6i Lan...

Nguyen Phue Anh, thang 7 nam 1784, hai
chau Chieu Tang, Chieu SQdng dem 300
ehien thuyen vdi 2 van quan ehi vipn eho
Vipt Nam. Lue diu, lien hipp quan ciia hai
ben gin nhQ thing, nhQng bi quan Tay Sdn
mai phue nen da h\ thua. Quan bai trdn
ciia Thai Lan da n i t quan qua Campuchia.
Nguyen Phue Anh mdt l l n nQa iQu vong d
Thai Lan vdo thang 4 nam 1785. Vua Thai
Lan da di cho dng ta cQ t n i d Ddng Khoai
(d ngoai thanh Vpng Cae) ngoai thanh eua
Bang Cdc (57). Ong ta sdng d dd nhQng
phai ngQdi ve nQdc de chieu mp quan Ifnh,
n i m tinh hinh ciia quan Tay Sdn, chuin h\
khdi phue. Thang 2 nam 1786, Midn Dipn
xam chidm Thai Lan, dng ta lanh dao va
giup dd Thai Lan danh bai quan Mien
Dipn. Vua Thai Lan da tdng nhieu ll vdt va
hQa giup dng ta la'y lai quyen iQc. Thang 3
eung nam, trQdc cude xam chidm eiia Java,
dng ta cung xui't binh va ldp dQdc chidn
cdng (58).
Thang 3 nam 1787, Nguyen Phue Anh
n i m dQpc tin quan Tay Sdn rdi vdo tinh
trang hdn loan va dng ta nhanh chdng trd
ve nQdc. NhQng luc ndy dng ta cho r i n g
trong qua trinh ehien d i u vdi quan Tay
Sdn, quan Thdi Lan da khiep sp edn ngQdi
dan khu vvie cd cam tinh vdi quan Tdy Sdn,
svl giup dd cua Thai Lan trd nen khdng cd

hipu qua nen da vd nQdc. Ong ta den hdn
Tre (True Du), d dd dng ta da chat thu elp
cua cai cd Trung vdn dang hoat dpng hai
tac vdi nhQng doi tQpng la thQdng thuyen
ciia Thai Lan rdi giii sang cho Thai Lan.
Vipc ndy cung giup eho mdi quan hp hpp
tac giQa hai ben phat trien (59).
Quan hp hdp tac giQa hai ben v i n dQpc
tidp tyc sau khi ehua Nguyen ve nQdc 1
nam sau khi phvie hdi Gia Dinh ndm 1789.
Cd nhQng sQ kipn nhQ da ehi vipn 8.800
bao ngii cdc eho Thai Lan dang gap khd

43

khan bdi han han va ddi kdm (60). Nam
1789, trQdc sQ xam iQpc eua Mien Dipn,
Vipt Nam da giii 100 chidn thuyen va 7.000
quan ehi vipn cho Thai Lan (61). Ndm
1791, neu nhQ vipc vQdng trieu Chakri
chuyen nhQpng tu binh cua Tay Sdn tQ
vQdng qudc Van TQdng eho chua Nguyin la
vipe cd that thi chua Nguyen - vUdng qudc
Chakri-vUdng qudc Van TUdng da lien hipp
danh lai Tay Sdn (62).
4. Ket l u a n
Chung tdi da gidi ban vipe xem xdt quan
hp giQa Vipt Nam va Thai Lan tQ thdi ky
nha Han Trung Qudc cai tri Vipt Nam den
tridu dai cudi cung ciia Vipt Nam.

Vipt Nam va Thai Lan d trong ban dao
Ddng DQdng vd dQdc ndi lien bdi dQdng
bien giQa Chiem Thdnh va Campuchia nen
da cd quan hp tQ sdm. NhUng theo quan
nipm lich sii "quan hp giQa cac nUde lang
gieng khdng tot" nen quan hp ddi ngoai cua
hai nUde cung khong dUde mdn md. Quan
hp ddi ngoai giQa Vipt Nam vd cae nUde
lang gidng bao gdm ca Thai Lan khdng
dupc td't dpp mpt p h i n do y thQc tieu Trung
Hoa thdng qua qua trinh d i u tranh gay git
vdi Trung Qudc. May thay, giQa hai nUdc cd
Chiem Thdnh va Campuchia lam vung
dpm nen cd the giam bdt sU ddi ldp va xung
dpt. NhUng Chiem Thdnh din din bi xoa
ten tren ban dd vd Campuchia bi thua
trong cupc canh tranh vdi cac nUdc lang
gieng nen quan hp hai nUde cd khi rdi vao
ddi ldp vd xung dpt.
TQ sdm, Vipt Nam vd Thai Lan da diu
tranh va ddi ldp gay git vdi cac nQdc lang
gieng vi sQ sinh tdn va thinh vQpng. Quan
hp giQa hai nUde da bj anh hudng bdi dieu
ndy. Do dd, thdi ky Chiem Thanh va
Campuchia vQng manh, quan hp giQa hai
nQdc em dpp nhUng khi Chiem Thanh va


44

R g h i ^ curu Lich sJr. sg 8.2008

Campuchia bi yeu di thi tinh hinh da trd
nen phQc tap hdn.
Quan he giQa hai nUde khdng chi bi t i e
ddng bdi tinh hinh Chiem Thanh va
Campuchia. Tinh hinh ehinh tri trong nUde
ciia Vipt Nam va Thai Lan cung nhU tinh
hinh ndi bp va quan he cua eae nUde lang
gidng
khae
ngoai
Chiem
Thanh,
Campuchia eung gay anh hudng den quan
he cua Vipt Nam va Thai Lan. NhUng tinh
hinh Chiem Thanh va Campuchia la yeu td'
gay anh hudng ldn nha't den quan hp hai
nUde dd la bien sd. Trong dd, yeu td quydt

CHU

dinh nha't la tinh hinh Campuchia.
Ly do tinh hinh Campuchia trd thanh
yeu td quyet dinh la do Thai Lan va Vipt
Nam tiep can Campuchia vdi tham vpng
n i m quyen lUe, md rdng lanh thd cua minh
thdng qua vipc giup dd giai quyet van dd ke
thQa vUdng vi d Campuchia. Nhd cd hpi
nay, hai nUde da cd dUpe mpt lanh thd r i t

ldn cua Campuchia. Ket qua la ngay nay,
quan he giQa ba nUdc ma dac bipt la quan
hp Viet Nam-Campuchia, quan hp Thai
Lan-Campuchia v i n bi anh hUdng khdng
nhd.

THICH

(*). Tac gia xin chfin thfinh cam dn Quy nghien
Cliu ciia Trildng Dai hpc Ngo^i ngiJ Han Quoc
(2008).
(1). Cho Jae Hyun-Song Jung Nam, Su nhin
vdo Viit Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc Ngofii ngiJ Han Quoc,
2005, p. 75, 129.
(2). Cho Hung Guk: Political Relations between
Thailand,
Cambodia, and Vietnam in the
Seventeenth Century, The Southeast Asian Review,
Vol. 5, The Korean Association of Southeast Asian
Studies, 1997, p. 64.
(3). Song Jung Nam, A Study of Buddhism of
Vietnam, Joural of International and Area Studies,
Vol.19 No. 1, Institute for International and Area
Studies, 2001.

cdu Lich sd, so 46, 1963; Trin Trpng Kim, Vi^t
Nam sd lUgc, Nxb. Vfin h6a Thong tin, Hfi Npi,
1999, p. 69; Dfio Duy Anh, Lich sd Viit Nam, Nxb.
Van h6a Thong tin. Ha Npi, 2002, p. 149; Trin
Quoc Vupng-Ha Van Tfi'n, Lich sd che dd phong

kii'n Viet Nam, Tfip I, Nxb. Giao dye, Hfi Npi,
1960, pp. 182-183; Kim Young Aih, Lich sd Thdi
Lan, Nxb. D^i hpc Ngo^i ngiJ Han Quoc, 2002,
p.28; Kim Hong Gu, Nhap mdn Thdi Lan hgc,
Nxb. DHNN PS, 2000, p. 75; See Ga Seo, Dgi Ly cd
dgi vdn hda khdo, HilOng Gang, 1979, pp.120-122;
Cho Hung Guk, Phfit gido Thdi Lan vd Nudc Qudc
Vuang, Nxb. Sonamu, 2000, p. 22.
(8). Dgi Vi?t sd ky todn thU, T^p I. Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi, 1971, pp.134-137.

(5). Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng mue chinh biin,
T 4 P I, Nxb.Van Sd Dja, p. 109.

(9). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thu, T$ip I, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xfi hpi. Ha Npi, 1971, p. 281; Dgi Vift sd ky
tiin biin, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1997, p. 283; Vift
sd thdng gidm cUang mt^c chinh biin, T^p FV, Nxb.
Vfin Sii Dja, 1958, p. 355.

(6). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, T^p I. Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi, 1971, p. 130.

(10). Dgi Vi4t sd ky todn thu, T4p II, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1972, p. 101.

(7). Vo Vfin Nhung, NgUdi Thdi phdi chdng Id

(11). Dgi Vi^t sdky todn thU, T$p II, sdd, p.l63.

ngUcfi sdng ldp nUdc Nam Chii'u? T^p chi Nghiin

(12). Dgi Vi4t sd ky todn thu, T^p I, add, p. 349.

(4). Phan Khoang, Viet Sd: Xd Ddng Trong
1558-1777, Nxb. Khai Tri, 1969, p. 20.


Quan h^ giura Vitt Ram v6 Th61 Lan.

45

(13). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Tflp I, sdd, 1998,
p. 317. Theo Du ky cua Maroco Polo thi nildc Locac
la La Hpc. Kim Ho Dong, Du ky cua Marco

Polo,

Nxb. Sagyejul, 2006, p. 428.

(28). Song J u n g Nam, The Name and
of Vietnam,

(14). Viit sd thdng gidm cUcfng mue chinh

biin,

T^p rv, Nxb. Vfin Sd Dja, 1958, p. 355.
(15). T r i n Trpng Kim, Viet Nam sd lugc, sdd,

Territory

Southesat Asia Journal, V16, N.2,

2006, p.107.
(29). Dgi Viit

pp. 354-355.

sd ky todn thU, Tfip III, sdd,

p.l20.
(30). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, T^p III, sdd,

(16). Choi Byung Wook, Lich sd Ddng Nam
thdi dgi truyuin

(27). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu, Tfip III, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1972, p. 215.

A-

thdng, Nxb. Cong ty giao khoa D^i

Hfin, 2006.

p.125.
(31). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip III, sdd,
p.132.

(17). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Tfip I, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1972, p. 295; Dgi Viit sd ky
tiin bien, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1997, p.
298.

(32). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip I, sdd, pp.
233-239; Dfio Duy Anh, Lich sd Viet Nam,
J u n g Nam, The Name

(18). Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng mue chinh

biin,

jfip rv, Nxb. Vfin Sd Dja, 1958, p. 372.
(19). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip I, sdd, p. 295.
(20). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, T^p II, sdd, p.
101; Dgi Viit sdky

tiin biin, sdd, p. 405.

(21). Dgi Viit sdky

Nxb.

Vfin h6a Thong tin. Ha Npi, 2002, p. 237; Song
and Territory

of

Vietnam,

Southesat Asia J o u r n a l , V.16, N.2, 2006, p.107.
(33). Dao Duy Anh, Lich sd Viit Nam, sdd, p.
236.
(34). Dgi Vi?t sdky todn thU, T$p III, sdd, p. 292.
(35). Cho J a e Hyun-Song J u n g Nam, SU nhin

todn thU, Tfip II, Nxb. Khoa

hpc xa hOi, Hfi Npi, 1998, p. 140; Dgi Vi?t sd ky

vdo Viit Nam,

Nxb. Tnidng D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfl

Han Quoc, 2005, p. 97.

todn thu, T^p II, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi,
(36). Dgi Viit sdky

1972, p. 315.
(22). Kim Hong Gu, Nhdp

mdn Thdi Lan

hgc,

todn thU, T^p I, sdd, p. 193.

(37). P h a n Huy Le, Chu Thien, Vaong Hoang

Tuyen, Dinh Xufin Lfim. Lich sd chddd phong

Nxb. DHNN PS, 2000, pp. 80-81.

Viet Nam,
(23). Kim Young Aih, Lich sd Thdi Lan,

Nxb

D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfl H a n Quoc, 2002; Kim Hong Gu,
Nh^p mdn Thdi Lan hgc, Nxb. D H N N PS, 2000.

kien

T^p III, Nxb. Giao dvc, Hfi Npi 1961,

p. 105; Le Nguyin, Xd hdi Dgi Viit qua but ky cua
ngudi nUdc ngodi, Nxb. Vfin ngh§ Thfinh pho Ho
Chf Minh, 2004, p. 171; Song J u n g Nam, Lich sd

(24). Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, T§p II, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1972, p. 13.

Vi^t Nam,

Nxb. D^i hpc Su ph^m, Hfi Npi, 2001,

p.193, 304.

(25). Song J u n g Nam, A Study on the Battles of

Chiem Thanh against Mongolia, Korean Association

(38). You In Sun, Lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb. Isan,
2002, p. 219.

of Vietanmese Studies, V.5, 2004, p. 37.
(39). P h a n Khoang, Viit Sd: Xd Ddng
(26). Song J u n g N a m , Foreign
Middle Ages of Vietnam:
Invasion

Vietnam,

Policy in the

The Case of the

Mongol's

J o u r n a l of International Area

Studies, V.IO, N l . Spring 2006, pp. 221-222.

Trong

1558-1777. Nxb. Khai Tri, Sfii Gon, 1969, p.400.
(40). Dgi Nam

thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip I, Nxb.

Sii hpc, Hfi Npi, 1962, p. 98.


Rghi&n ciiru Ljch sJr. sg 8.2008

46
(41).

Cho

Hung

between Thailand,
Seventeenth

Guk:

Cambodia,

Century,

Political

Relations

and Vietnam

The Southeast

in the

Asian

Review,

Vol. 5, The Korean Association of Southeast Asian
Studies, 1997, p. 56.
(42).

Cho

Seventeenth

Guk:

Cmabodia,

Century,

Political

Relations

and Vietnam

The Southeast

in the

Asian

Review,

Vol. 5, The Korean Association of Southeast Asian
Studies, 1997, pp. 55-56.

(44). Cho H u n g Guk: Political Reations
Seventeenth

Century,

and

between

Vietnam

The Southeast

in

Asian

the

Review,

Vol. 5, The Korean Association of Southeast Asian
Studies, 1997, p. 53.

nUdc Ldo, Campuchia

tUcfng lai Ddng Nam A, Nxb.

D^i hpc Ngo^i n g a H a n Quoc, 1999, p. 135.
(53). Dgi Nam

thUc luc tiin biin. Tap I, Nxb.

Sii hpc, Hfi Npi, 1962, p. 202; Dgi Nam chinh

biin

sa tap, Nxb. Thufin H6a, Hu§', 1993, pp.

565-566; T r i n Trpng Kim, Viet Nam sd lugc, Nxb.

(54). Dgi Nam

thUc ti^c tiin biin, T^p I, Nxb.

thUc luc tiin biin, T$p II, Nxb.

Sd hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 4 1 .
(55). Dgi Nam

chinh

biin

li^t truydn sa tdp,

Nxb. Thufin H6a, Hue, 1993, pp. 566-567.
(56). Dgi Nam

(45). Dgi Nam

Nxb.

Van h6a Thong tin, 1999, p. 377.

Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 1977, pp. 213-232.

Cmabodia,

(52). Dao Duy Anh, Lich sd Vi^t Nam,

Vfin h6a Thong tin, Ha Npi, 2002, p. 373; Cha

liet truyin

(43). Le Quy Don, Phd biin tgp luc, Tfip I, Nxb.

Thailand,

thUc luc tiin bien, Tfip I, Nxb.

Sang Ho-Yang S e u n g Yun-Kim Suong J u , Cdx

Hung

between Thailand,

(51). Dgi Nam

SQ hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 202.

thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip II, Nxb.

Sii hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 48.

Svl hpc, Hfi Npi, 1962, p . l 2 2 .
(57). Dgi Nam
(46). Dgi Nam

thUc luc tiin biin, T^p I, Nxb.

th\tc ti^c tiin biin, T^p II, Nxb.

Sd hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, pp. 54-59.

Sd hpc, Hfi Npi, 1962, p.122.
(58). Dgi Nam
(47). P h a n Khoang, Viit Sd: Xd Ddng
1558-1777,

Trong

thilc luc tiin biin, T^p II, Nxb.

Sd hpc. H a Npi, 1962, pp. 60-61.

,

Nxb. Khai Tri, Sfii Gon, 1969, pp.410(59). Dgi Nam

411.

thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip II, Nxb.

Sd hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 65
(48). Dgi Nam

thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip I, Nxb.
(60). Dgi Nam

Sii hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 125.
(49). flat Nam

thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip I, Nxb.

Sd hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 125; Le Quy Don, Phu
biin tgp luc, Tfip I, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi,

Sii hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p . 93; Dgi Nam chinh
liet truyin
567.

• ,,a
thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip II, Nxb.

Sii hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 280; Dgi Nam chinh
(50). Dgi Nam

thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip I, Nxb.

Sii hpc, Hfi Npi, 1962, p.p.202; Song J u n g Nam, A
Study

on

Expansion
Mid-16

the

Land

in Southern
Century

to

System

and

Territorial

Part of Vietnam:

18

Century,

From

The

Historical Review, V.36, J u n e 1999, p. 57.

the

Pusan

Hit truyin

biin

sa tap, Nxb. Thufin H6a, H u C 1993, p.

(61). Dgi Nam

1977, p. 62.

thUc luc tiin biin, Tfip II, Nxb.

biin

sa tap, Nxb. Thufin H6a, Hu6', 1993, p.

567.
(62). Dgi Nam

thUc tuc tiin biin, T^p II, Nxb.

Sii hpc. Ha Npi, 1962, p. 140; Dgi Nam chinh
Hit truyin
618-619.

biin

so t^p, Nxb. T h u ^ n H6a, Hu^, 1993, pp.