Tình hình ruộng đất ở Nà Lữ (Hoà An - Cao Bằng) nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX qua tư liệu địa bạ

TiXH niNH UUOIVG DAT 6 NA L C (HOA AN - CAO BANG)
Nl/A DAIJ THK KY XIX QUA Tl/ LIKIJ DIA BA
NGUYfeN THI H A I '

N

i LQ n i m trong vung sinh thai
trdng Ida nUdc cua cac dan tdc
ngdn ngQ Tay - Thai nen con ngUdi den tu
cU d day tQ sdm. Trong lich sd, Na LQ l i
trung tam kinh td, chinh tri, v i n hda, quan
sU cua Cao Bing - mdt tinh bien gidi thudc
"ndi phen d i u thQ tU vd phUdng Bic" nUdc
ta (1). Ngay tQ the ky IX, Cao Bien da cho
xay diing t h i n h Na LQ, dUa ndi day trd
thanh c i n cQ quan sQ quan trpng cda nha
Dudng de chd'ng lai quan Nam Chidu. Td
dd cho den cudi the ky XVII, Na LQ ludn
ddng vai trd l i trung tam kinh td, chinh tri,
vin hda cua Cao Bing. Die bipt, vao cudi
the ky XVI dau the ky XVII, Na LQ da trd
thanh kinh dd cua n h i Mac v i b i t dau dUdc
ddi thanh phudng (2). PhUdng Na LQ dUdc
duy tri tQ dd cho den nda cud! the ky XIX thi
chuyen thanh xa. Tim hieu tinh hinh rudng
da't phudng Na LQ nda d i u the ky XIX se
giup chung ta cd cai nhin khoa hpc hdn ve
tinh hinh kinh te', xa hdi cung nhU nhQng
chinh sach cua cac vua dau trieu Nguyen
ddi vdi vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing ndi
chung v i khu vUc Na LQ ndi rieng.

1. Tinh hinh chung
Khac vdi tai lieu dia ba cua Binh Dinh,
Ha Ddng, Ha Ndi, dia ba cua phudng Na LQ
chi neu ra tdng rudng da't cdng tU dien thd
cac hang ma khdng de cap den di't vien tri

' Th.S. Dai hgc Su pham Thai Nguyen

hay than td, phat tU. Thiic td, da't than td
phat tu (tQc l i rudng di't cdng d i n h cho
vipc thd cung den vua Le) da tdn tai d
phUdng Na LQ mudn nha't l i n i m 1813. Bia
Den Vua Le lap n i m Gia Long 12 (1813) da
ghi rd vd chdng Hoang Trung Cin cung 5
d i t bac, 10 m i u rudng vio den. Sau khi
dng ba mi't, dUdc tdn l i m h i u mai maj,
dUdc cung vio ngiy sinh, ngay gid (3).
NhUng sd rudng n i y cung khdng dUde phan
anh trong dia ba Minh Mpnh n i m 1840.
Dieu dd chQng td ring, dia ba N i LQ dQdc
l i p chi ke khai rudng da't phai nop thud cho
n h i nQdc. Sd' rudng cda den dUdc chia cho
mdt sd hd ciy d y , h i n g n i m phai nop san
pham de td chQc cung le d den nen khdng
phai nop thud.
Thdi Gia Long, tdng dien tich dien thd cac
hang l i 382 m i u 13 thUdc 5 ti'c, trong dd tU
dien l i 344 m i u 7 sio 3 ti'c (90,3%), thd trach
(quan thd) l i 37 m l u 3 sio 13 thUdc 2 ti'c
(9,7%), khdng cd quan didn. N i m 1840, Minh

Mpnh cho lap lai sd rudng di't d cac tinh mien
nui phia Bic do nhieu n i m chidn tranh loan
lac, nhan dan phieu tan, rudng di't bd hoang
nhieu. Theo dd, tdng sd cdng tU dien thd li
385 miu 13 thUdc 5 ti'c, ting so vdi dia ba
Gia Long 4 (1805) l i 3 miu, hoin toan do
khai hoang, thudc loai tU dien. Die bipt, luc
n i y phudng Na LQ da xui't hipn cdng dien.


Tinh hinh ru6ng dat d Ra LOr...

31

nhung khdng dang ke, chi chiem 0,4% tdng
dipn tich rudng di't.

nhan, nhi't l i d nhQng vung xa trung tam,
dieu kipn di lai khd khin. N i LQ l i mdt
cinh ddng cd, hinh thanh tQ sdm, lai la ndi
cd dieu kien thuan ldi cho canh tac, nim d
khu vUc trung tam kinh te - chinh tri lau
ddi cua vung nen qua trinh tu hQu hda dien
ra nhanh, manh cung phan nio phan anh
sQ phat trien cua kinh te tQ hQu ci the (xin
xem Bang 1).

So sanh vdi qua trinh tU hQu hda d cac
x i khac trong tdng H i Dim, chau Thach
Lam cd cung dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) va

Minh Menh 21 (1840), ta thi'y: Sd hQu tQ d
tdng H i D i m chiem ty Ip ri't cao (95,23%
vi 91,8%), trong dd cd nhidu xa, phudng da
tu hQu g i n nhu h o i n toin, tieu bieu l i Gia
Bing, Kim Giap, Phuc Cd, N i LQ. Ty Ip n i y
cao hdn nhidu so vdi trung binh cua d nUdc
luc bi'y gid. Theo Si hoq,n tu tri luc cua
Nguyin Cdng Tiep thi luc dd, da't tU hQu
chiem tren 80% dien tich canh t i c ca nUdc.
Nhu viy, CO sd kinh te cua cU dan N i LQ
khdng phai l i rudng di't cdng m i chinh l i
rudng di't thudc quydn sd hQu cua gia dinh.
Tu hQu p h i t trien manh thudng cho ph^p
chung ta lien tudng ddn sU hung thinh cda
kinh te h i n g hda. Didu dd dung vdi cac
l i n g xa d ddng bing, cdn d mien nui thi
khdng ddn gian nhU the. Rudng di't tU
nhidu cd the do mua ban, cd the do cic gia
dinh tu khai pha cac thung lung, bai bdi,
canh t i c lau d i n bidn t h i n h sd hQu tU

Rudng di't N i LQ hoin toin l i rudng
hang 2 (43%) v i hang 3 (57%). Xdt ve mit
dia hinh, phudng N i LQ cd ddi nui xen lln
vdi ddng rudng, cd dien tich canh tic Idn,
chiem 39,04% dipn tich tdng H i Dam. Theo
Ddng Khdnh dU dia chi, rudng di't huyen
Thach Lam theo sd gd'c l i 7659 miu 7 sio 7
thudc 6 ti'c (4). Trong khoang thdi gian tQ
Gia Long cho den Ddng Khanh, sd lUdng

rudng di't ting, giam khdng dang ke, do dd
chung tdi tam thdi coi dd l i sd lipu rudng
di't chung cua d huypn Thach Lam thdi
Nguyen. Neu nhU viy, sd dien cua phUdng
Na LQ chiem tdi 40,99% rugng di't cac hang
ciia huypn. Khdng chi cd sdng Bing, Na LQ
cdn cd nhieu md nUdc ngim, dam bao nguon

B a n g 1: I)dng t\i d i e n t h d c u a c a c x a , p h i f o ( n g t h u o c l o n g
Gia Lon ; 4 ( 1 8 0 5 )
T§n x a ,
phudng

TUdiln

M inh M ^ n h 2 1 (1840)
Q u a n d en

Tudien

Quan d en

So lUiJng

Tyl«

So lUdng

Tyl$

So'lUqlng

Tyl?

So lU(?ng

Tyl$

(miu.s&o.

(%)

(mSu. s i o .

(%)

(miu.sio.

(%)

(mfiu. s i c .

(%)

thudc. t4'c)

thudc. ta'c)
N4 LQ (5)

Ha Dam

thudc. ti'c)

thudc. ti'c)

344.7.0.3

100

0

0

347.1.13.3

99,6

0.5.2.0

0,4
11,8

l U D i r a (6)

115.4.7.6

85,16

20.1.1.8

14,84

117.4.7.6

88,2

15.7.1.8

Kim Giap (7)

40.6.14.3

100

0

0

40.6.14.3

100

0

0

Xu4n An (8)

173.8.1.1

97,57

4.3.5.5

2,43

175.8.1.1

97,5

4.3.5.5

2,5

Vu Tuygn (9)

166.3.13.1

94,87

9.0.0.0

5,13

Gia Bfing (10)

28,6.12.4

100

0

0

28.6.12.4

100

0

0

8.5.0.0

100

0

0
115.6.0.1

68,7

52.6.3.2

31.3

825.4.3.8

91,8

PhvicCddl)
Gil Sdn (12)
Tdng

868S.S.8

95,23

29.1.1.8

4,77

Ngudn: Dia bg Gia Long 4 (1805). Minh MM 21 (1840)

69.1.12.5

8,2


Rghi&i cdu Lich sd. sg 6.2009

22

nUdc tudi cho mua vu nen rudng di't dUdc t i n
dung triet de. It cd rudng di't hoang hda. Day
l i dieu kien het sQc thuan ldi de phat trien
kinh te ndng nghipp d Na LQ.
2. Tinh hinh phan bo' sd hdu tuT nhan
Tong hdp dipn tich tU dien cua dia ba

N i LQ d d hai thdi diem Gia Long 4 (1805)
va Minh Mpnh 21 (1840) theo each cdng
dipn tich sd hQu cua tdng chd ta thi'y cd sU
chenh lech so vdi sd lieu tdng q u i t ke khai
trong dia ba. Thdi Gia Long theo thd'ng ke
trong dia ba la 344 miu 7 sio 3 ti'c nhUng
khi cdng lai chi cd 341 m i u 7 sao 3 ti'c. Thdi
Minh Menh, dien tich thd'ng ke trong dia ba
nhieu hdn 9 sio. Su chenh lech khdng dang
ke dd cd the do n h i m lln khi lip hoic sao
chdp dia ba. Vi the, chiing tdi giQ nguyen sU
khac biet dd nhim tdn trpng tii lieu gdc,
nhUng khi phan tich vd sd hQu tU nhan,
chung tdi cin cQ vao sd lieu lipt ke theo tiing
chu sd hQu (xem Bang 2).
Sd chd cd mdc sd hQu dUdi 5 m i u thdi
Gia Long la 79, chiem 84,04% tdng sd chu
v i sd hQu 59,06% dipn tich rudng da't; thdi
Minh Menh giam xud'ng cdn 56 chu, chidm

72,73% tdng sd chd v i 38,83% di$n tich
rudng di't. Cd the coi day la bd p h i n ndng
dan tu canh cua phudng N i LQ.
Sd ehu cd sd hQu td 5 m i u trd l#n vio
n i m 1805 cd 15 chd, chiem 15,96% tdng sd
chd v i 40,94% dien tich rudng dit. Den
n i m 1840, sd chd dd t i n g len 21 ngUdi,
chiem 27,27% tdng sd chd va 61,18% di^n
tich canh tac. Ndu nhU n i m 1805, phudng
N i LQ chUa cd ehu sd hdu dat 20 mSu thi

den n i m 1840 da cd 2 chd dat tren 20 miu
l i Bui Duy Doanh (28.5.0.0) v i D i m Vin
Khoa (21.5.13.0). NhU viy, mdc dp t i p
trung rudng di't cua N i LQ ngay cang ting.
Vd cd ban, xu hudng n i y phu hdp vdi quy
l u i t phat trien cda lich sd.
Neu li'y mdc sd hQu 5 m i u l i m gidi han
xic dinh chd rudng kha gia v i so sinh vdi cac
dia phUdng khic, ke ca mdt sd huypn mien
nui nhu huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing) (13),
Ngan Sdn (Bic Kan) (14) hay mpt sd tinh
ddng bing nhU Thai Binh (15), H i Ddng (16)
vio thdi diem Gia Long 4 thi ty 1$ sdchd kha
gia cda N i LQ l i thIp nhit.
Nhu viy, m i c du qua trinh tU hQu hda

Bang 2: Quy mo sd hvtu rudng ti^ pbticfng N& LQ
Minh Mf nh 21 (1840)

Gia Long 4 (1806)
Quy mo sd
hChi

Di6n tich sd hihi

So chu
So luclng

Tyl?
(%)

Dif n tich

Ty
(%)

If

So chu
SolU(3ng

DiSn tich sd huTu

Ty
(%)

If

Dif n tich

Ty If
(%)

DiJ6il mau

4

4,26

2.7.0.0

0,79

1

1,30

0.9.0.0

0,26

1 - 3 mSu

43

45,74

79.1.0.0

23,15

38

49,35

68.1.5.3

19,68

3 - 5 mau

32

34,04

120.0.0.0

35,12

17

22,08

65.4.0.0

18.89

5 - 10 mau

8

8,51

47.5.10.0

13,92

16

20,78

117.6.10.0

33,98

10-20mlu

7

7,45

93.3.5.3

27,02

3

3,90

44.1.0.0

12,74

2

2,60

50.0.13.0

14,46

77

100

346.2.13.3

100

20-50mlu
Tong cpng

94

100

341.7.0.3

100

/Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LO, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Mtnh 21/


Tinh htnh ruOng dat d Ra Liir..

S3

Bieu do 1: Quy mo sd hijfu tvt nh&n phudng Na Luf
50.00%

~--_-——-TTT^

•« '.v^T !

.-.-^:;--

45.00% Jr^T
'

40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15,00%
10.00%

•

-

'

•

.

/

'

• - : • • ,

.

'

,

'

, , : •

-

•

'

/

'

•

•

^

• • -

'

.

"

-

:

•

'

•

y

.

,

:

5.00%
0.00% J
Dutrl A m&u

1 - 3 miu

3 - 5 m5u

5 - 1 0 mSu

B S O CHO "mOfJ GIA LONG
• S O C H O • m O l MINH M^NH

10-20m5u

20 - 50 mSu

I DT SO HLCU TTH&I GIA LONG
I DT s O

H O U TTHCI M I N H M $ N H

Biiu do 2: Ty 16 chu kh& gia \k sd hOu ruong dat cua ho d mot so dia phiYcTng theo thong k6
dia ba Gia Long

Nd LO

Q u d n g H6a

HA OOng

Thdi Blnh

Ngan Sorn

r S6 chu • Di$n tich

rupng di't d N i LQ dien ra nhanh v i b i t
d i u cd hi^n tUdng t$p trung rudng di't vio
tay mpt so ngudi, tao thanh nhQng chu sd
hQu Idn nhung chUa manh, chd ydu v i n li
sd hQu nhd, manh miin.
Ndu 80 sanh binh quan dipn tich cua
mdi chd sd hQu cua N i LQ vdi mdt sd' dia
phUdng khac trong tinh, ta cd bang sau
(Bang 3).
Nhin vio bang 3 ta thi'y, N i LQ l i ndi cd
binh q u i n sd hQu mpt chd thi'p nhi't trong
sdxa dupe chpn d Cao Bing. Die diem d cac
tinh midn nui l i dan cU thUa thdt, di't dai
rOng, nhi't l i trong cac thung lung ving.

Mdt chu sd hQu khdi lUdng rudng dat Idn cd
the do hg den sdm, khai pha dUdc nhieu
rudng di't, hoic do chii dd cd quyen liic Idn,
lau ddi tai dia phUdng, cd tidn mua rugng
di't xung quanh, cd nhieu nhan liic de khai
hoang. Vi the, trong cic xa mien nui heo
lanh thudng xui't hipn chu sd hQu Idn,
t h i m chi tdi hdn 50 m i u rudng nhu d
huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing), binh quan
sd hQu mdt chu cd x i ri't cao, len tdi hdn 14
m i u nhQ x i Mdc Hoc. Trong khi dd, chii Idn
nhi't cda N i LQ n i m 1805 li Dim Dinh
DUdng sd hQu 18m.8s v i chi cd 2 chu sd

hQu tren 15 mlu, binh quin sd hQu ciia
mdt chd chi l i 3m.6s.dth.3t. Con sd trgn


Rghien ciiru Lich sd, s6 6.2009

34

Bang 3: Binh quan sd hvlu mot chu cua mot so xa, phiidng Cao B&ng
nda dau the ky XIX (17)
Gia L o n g 4 (1805)
Xa p h u d n g

Dif n tich thuc

So chu

M i n h M e n h 21 (1840)

Binh quan

tinh sd hiJu

Dien tich thUc

So chii

Binh quan

tinh sd hiiu

NaLa

341.7.0.3.0

94

3.6.5.3.0

346.2.13.3.0

77

4.4.14.5.8

Cach Linh

336.4.8.1.0

49

6.8.9.9.6

336.9.8.1.0

52

6.4.11.9.8

Ngil3ng Dong

343.9.14.5.0

62

5.5.7.2.5

379.2.4.7.7

107

5.5.12.1.0

Ngoc Q u a n

302.5.11.8.0

45

6.7.3.5.9

318.0.14.9.0

57

5.5.12.1.0

thi'p hdn so vdi tinh hinh chung cua cac xa
mien niii d nUdc ta ndi rieng v i Cao Bing
ndi chung. Sang den thdi Minh Menh, du

mdc dp t i p trung rudng di't cda Na LQ cd
t i n g nhUng cung khdng cd nhieu thay ddi.
Neu chu cd mQc sd hQu cao nhi't d N i LQ
mdi dat hdn 28 mau thi cac xa d Quang
Hda da cd chu dat tren 70 m i u (18). Cd
hipn tUdng tren bdi le N i LQ n i m trong
vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing, sd' lUdng
ngUdi sinh sdng ddng, lai l i ndi thudng
xuyen cd bidn ddng ve dan cU, chinh tri, di't
dai dUdc khai pha sdm, do dd, khdng the
tao ra mdt chu sd hQu Idn nhd khai hoang
hoic cd the lUc Idn lau ddi. Vi viy, mQc do
sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn, mang tinh
dan trai, manh mun la die trUng cua rudng
dat Na LQ nda d i u thd ky XIX.
3. Sd h d u r u o n g c u a c h u n d , p h u c a n h
Vao dau thd ky XIX, viec phu nQ ddng
ten chu sd hQu rudng da't l i hien tUdng k h i
phd bidn, la ndt doc dao cua x i hdi Vipt
Nam thdi trung dai (19). PhUdng N i LQ
cung khdng n i m ngoii tinh trang chung i'y
(Bang 4).
TQ so' lieu thd'ng ke d bang 4 cd the tha'y,
sU bidn ddng manh me cua sd hQu nQ trong
khoang thdi gian 1805 - 1840. Dau the ky
XIX, trong tdng so' 94 chu sd hQu cd tdi 34
chu la nQ, chidm 36,17% s d c h d v i 29,05%
dien tich rudng da't tU. Trung binh mdi chu

nQ sd hQu 2 m i u 9 sio 3 thude, thi'p hdn

mdc binh quan sd hQu cda toin phudng.
Trong khi dd, "d vung Bic Bd, ty Ip rudng
di't cua chu nQ thudng thi'p hdn ty Ip sd
chu nhUng d hai ty le n i y h l u nhU khdng
vUdt qua 1/4" (20). NhU viy, ty Ip phan bd
chu sd hQu nQ d Na LQ cao hdn cac vung
khic, nhi't l i so vdi cae xa khac thudc Cao
Bing. Theo nghien cdu dia ba huypn Quang
Hda (Cao Bing) cua PGS.TS Dim Thi Uyen
thi sd chu nQ d day chi chiem 10,83% (21).
Dieu dd cho thi'y d Na LQ, ngUdi phu nQ
ddng vai trd khdng nhd trong kinh td gia
dinh. Sd rudng chd nQ ddng ten cd the l i cua
hdi mdn dUdc bd mp ting; cd the do mua
bin, hoic khai hoang, hoic do gda chdng.
NhUng den n i m 1840, sdchd nQ chi cdn
mdt ngUdi l i Tdng Thi LQ, sd hQu 2 mlu 6
sio vdi tu each l i phu canh. Sd chd sd hQu
nQ giam do nhieu nguyen n h i n : cd the do
dan sd ting, die bipt l i nam, trong khi
rudng di't khai p h i h l u nhU khdng ting
nen vipc chia di't cho con gii trong cic gia
dinh khdng dUdc duy tri nhU trUdc; hoic cd
the do ngUdi phu nQ d i chuyen giao quyen
sd hQu cua minh cho chdng hoic con trai
khi l i p lai dia ba...
-I- Phu canh l i hipn tUdng phd bidn ciia
ndng thdn Vipt Nam thd ky XIX. Cd nhieu
trUdng hdp, ngUdi d x i thdn niy nhiing lai cd
rudng d mdt hoic vii xa thdn lan cin cung

Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra Liir...

25

Bang 4: Phan bo chu sd hufu tU dien phudng Na Luf
Gia L o n g 4 (1806)
So c h u

Di?n tich scl hQu
(m&u.s^o.
thudc.ta'c)

M i n h M $ n h 21 (1840)

Di^n tich binh
quan (mHu.B^o.
thudcta'c)

So chu

Di?n tich scl
hQu (mlu.eao.
thuflcta'c)

Di^n tich binh
quan (mlu.s&o.
thu6c.t4'c)

Tong so c h u

94

665.7.0.3

3.6.5.3

77

346.2.13.3

4.4.14.6

Chu scl hiiu nQ

34

99.2.10.0

2.9.3.0

1

2.6.0.0

2.6.0.0

P h v canh

49

179.4.3.5

3.6.9.3

16

79.3.0.0

4.9.8.5

(Nguon: Dia bg phu&ng Nd La, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]

tdng, huypn hoic thudc tdng, huyen khic. Sd
chu phu canh cua N i LQ thdi Gia Long la 49,
chiem 52,13% tdng sdchd v i 52,51% dien tich
canh tic. Die biet, trong sd 7 chd sd hQu tren
10 m l u chi cd 1 chd l i chinh canh. NhU viy,
diu the ky XIX, rudng di't dUde mua ban,
trao ddi khdng ehl trong pham vi phUdng N i
LQ, m i cdn md rdng ra pham vi tdng, tri'n.
Nim 1840, sd chd phu canh cQng giam
dang ke, ehl cdn 16 ngUdi (20,78%), sd hQu
22,9% rudng di't. Cic chd sd hQu Idn tren 20
mlu deu l i chinh canh. Dieu dd cho thi'y,
thdi Minh Mpnh, rudng di't d N i LQ tUdng
ddi dn dinh, it cd sU trao ddi, mua ban hay
ngUdi tQ ndi khic den xin khai hoang ciy cay.
4. Sd hdu ruong cua chdc sac

Dia ba l i ngudn t i i lipu quy, khdng chi
cho chung ta thi'y bQc tranh chung vd tinh
hinh rudng di't m i cdn cung ci'p nhQng
thdng tin quan trpng vd td chQc bd miy
ling x i cung nhU vai trd kinh te' cua cac
chQc sic. ChQc sic bao gdm chQc dich va
sic myc. Chdc dich l i bd p h i n chdc sic
quan ly l i n g x i n i m trong hp thd'ng td chQc
h i n h chinh, dUdc n h i nUdc cdng nhin. Sic
muc l i bd p h i n tii quan cua ling xi bao
gdm nhQng ngUdi dUdc d i n ling cd ra, dai
dipn cho cdng ddng (22).
Theo thd tuc h i n h chinh, cudi dia
bao gid cung cd p h l n ghi ten v i diem
cda nhQng chQc sic chiu trich nhipm
dia ba. Vi viy, chung ta biet dUde chinh

ba
chi
lip
xic

ten va chQc vu cua mdt sd chdc sic phUdng
N i LQ. Vao thdi Gia Long, ddng dau
phudng l i phudng trUdng (trong khi dQng
d i u cac xa la xa trUdng), nhUng den nim
1840, dQng d i u N i LQ lai la ly trQdng. TQ
t h i n g 7 n i m 1828, Minh Menh quy dinh
viec d i t ly trQdng d Bic t h i n h "cho cac xa
thdn cac phUdng deu d i t 1 ly trUdng, dinh

sd 50 ngUdi trd len thi d i t them 1 Phd ly
trudng, dinh so' 150 ngUdi trd len thi dit
them 2 Phd ly trUdng. Deu li'y ngUdi vit liic
d n can cho lim, do Cai tdng cung dan ling
ddng tQ b l u cd, phu huyen xdt ky lai, bim
len tri'n de d p vin bing v i mpc trien cho.
Pham cdng vipc trong lang deu chju trach
nhipm. Lim viec dUdc 3 nim, xdt ra gidi
giang thi tau xin khen thudng, Ly trUdng se
bd lim Phd tdng ngoai uy hay Cai tdng thi
sai, Phd ly trUdng se bd Ly trudng. NgUdi
hen kdm tham d thi cich di, ngUdi blu cd
cung phai tdi thi't sat" (23). NhU viy, thdi
Minh Menh, chQc danh cua cac chQc dich
trong ling xa da dUdc thdng nhi't d cac ddn vi
hinh chi'nh ci'p cd sd, du dd la xa hay phUdng.
Dieu dd chQng td, Minh Menh da thuc hien
chi'nh sach quan ly ling xi mang tinh thdng
nhi't v i chit che tren pham vi d nUdc.
Phan cudi dia ba phUdng N i LQ lip nim
Gia Long thQ 4, ngoai phUdng trUdng
Nguyen Trpng Td v i sic muc l i Dam Dinh
Van, cdn cd ba ngUdi khac cung ky ten diem
chi m i khdng ghi rd chdc danh. Hp cd the
l i chdc sic, cd the chi l i nhQng ngUdi cd uy


Rghito curu Ljch sd. stf 6.2009

36

Bang 5: Sd h d u r u o n g dat cda chdc s^c phUdng Na Luf n&m 1805
Ten
s i c muc Dim Dinh Van
Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td
Pham Ding Quan

Tdng

Di§n tich sd hihi
3.0.0.0
13.4.0.0
1.1.0.0
24.1.0.0

Ty le (%)
12.45
55.60
4.56
100

[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4]

Bang 6: Sd hiifu r u 9 n g dat cda chiic sdc phiidng N i Lvl n a m 1840
Ten
Lf trudng Hoing Kim Cue
Hudng muc Nguyen Duy Muu
Cai tdng BQi Duy Doanh

Tdng

Di@n tich
7.1.0.0
5.2.0.0
28.5.0.0
40.8.0.0

Ty le (%)
17,40
12,75
69,85
100

[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd La. Minh Menh 21]

tin vdi l i n g xa dUdc mdi de l i m chQng cho
vipc l i p dia ba. O day, chung tdi tam coi hp
l i chQc sic cua phudng de budc d i u phan
tich vai trd kinh te cua hp trong ling xi.
NhUng khi phan tich quydn liic kinh td
giQa chdc dich- v i sic muc, chung tdi chi
phan tich dUa tren sd lieu cda nhQng ngUdi
ghi rd chQc danh n h i m dam bao tinh khoa
hgc v i chin thiic cua tU lieu.
Cac chdc sic deu cd rudng di't tU, song
mdc dp sd hQu khdng cao, chidm 5,3% sd
chu v i 7,05% dipn tich rudng tU cua
phudng. Tuy nhien, t i e gia chUa cd dieu
kipn khae sat toin bd dia ba cua chau
Thach Lam cung nhU Cao Bing thdi Gia

Long de thd'ng ke sd rudng eua hp d d c xa
khac vdi tu each la phu canh. Do dd, ket
qua thd'ng ke, phan tich chi diia vio p h l n
rudng di't m i hp sd hQu d phudng N i LQ
(xin xem bang 5). NgUdi ed sd hQu cao nhi't
l i Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td, chidm
55,6% sd rudng thudc quyen sd hQu cda
chdc sic. Vdi mdc sd hQu len ddn 13 m l u 4
sio, Nguyen Trpng Td dQng thd ba trong
nhQng ngUdi cd rudng nhieu nhi't d N i LQ,

song hai chd kia deu l i phu canh nen cd
the coi dng l i ngUdi cd thd lUc kinh te manh
nhi't phudng. PhUdng trUdng l i ngUdi ddng
d i u trong h i n g ngu chQc dich, chju trach
nhipm chinh ve cac nghia vu cua phQdng
vdi chinh quyen ci'p tren (tdng, chau...).
Trong khi dd, sd hQu cua sic muc chi chidm
12,45%. NhQ viy, d N i LQ vio nhQng nim
cudi the ky XVIII d i u the ky XIX, chdc
dich la nhQng ngUdi cd quyen lUc thiic sii
ve chinh tri va kinh te.
Theo thdng ke trong dia ba Na LQ nim
1840, ngoii cac chQc ly trUdng, hUdng muc
ci'p xa, phudng cdn cd chdc sic ci'p tdng li
ngUdi dia phUdng.
Mdc dp sd hQu cda cac chdc dich nim
1840 t i n g len dang ke. Cai tdng Bui Duy
Doanh l i ngQdi cd mdc sd hQu cao nhi't vdi
28 m l u 5 sio. Day l i ngUdi vda cd thd liic

vd chinh tri, vda cd tiem lUc ve kinh td, chi
phoi manh me den l i n g xa. Vd bd may d p
phudng, sd rudng di't cua chdc dich v i sic
muc cd sii chenh l$ch nhUng khdng dang
ke. So vdi thdi Gia Long n i m 1805, mdc sd


Thih hinh ru^ng dat d Ra LOr...

37

hQu cua ngudi dQng d i u bd m i y chQc dich

d p phUdng v i n dUpc bao dam.

ci'p phUdng giam, trong khi mdc sd hQu cua

5. s d h d u t h e o n h o m ho

ngudi dQng d i u bd may tti quan ling xa ting.
Song, quyen liic cua chQc dich trong bp may

Qua dia ba, chung ta cd the nghien cdu
sau hdn ve vi'n dd ddng hp trong ling xa.

Bang 7: Tinh hinh sd hvtu cua cac nhom hq phiidng Na Lii
Gia L o n g 4 (1805)
TT

H9

So' chu

Minh M§nh 21 (1840)
So'chu

Dipn tich sd hQu

Dipn tich sd hQu

1

Be

0

0

1

2.6.0.0

2

BCii

0

0

5

41.8.0.0

3

Chu

1

1.0.0.0

0

0

4

Cdng

1

6.6.0.0

0

0

5

Dim

4

15.7,0.0

9

59.6.13.0

6

Ding

1

3.3.0.0

1

2.6.0.0

7

Danh

5

20.1.0.0

0

0

8

Dio

1

4.5.0.0

1

12.5.0.0

9

Dd

4

14.8.10.0

2

3.5.0.0

10

DUdng

1

2.0.0.0

0

0

11

Giap

1

5.5.0.0

3

8.9.0.0

12

Hi

1

4.3.0.0

1

1.0.0.0

13

Hoing

4

8.4.0.0

3

18.6.10.0

14

Ling

1

3.4.0.0

1

3.3.0.0

15

Le

6

21.1.0.0

7

23.4.0.0

16

Ly

1

2.0.0.0

0

0

17

Nguyen

6

34.1.0.0

14

46.2.0.0

18

NhQ

1

3.2.0.0

0

0

19

Ndng

1

4.2.0.0

4

11.9.0.0

20

Ph^m

3

8.0.0.0

4

19.0.0.0

21

PhQng

1

3.3.0.0

0

0

22

Tdng

0

0

1

2.6.0.0

23

Trin

1

1.0.0.0

3

6.9.0.0

24

Vu

1

2.4.0.0

0

0

[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]

Rghi&i curu Lich sd. atf 6.2009

38

Bang 8: Tinh h i n h sd hQu cda cac n h o m ho Idn phiidng N i Ld
Gia Long 4 (1805)
TT

Minh Menh 21 (1840)

Hp
So'chu

So' chu

Dien tich

Dien tich

1

BQi

0

0

5

41.8.0.0

2

Danh

5

20.1.0.0

0

0

3

Dd

4

14.8.10.0

2

3.5.0.0

4

Dam

4

15.7.0.0

9

59.6.13.0

5

Hoing

4

8.4.0.0

3

18.6.10.0

6

Le

6

21.1.0.0

7

23.4.0.0

7

Nguyen

6

34.1.0.0

14

46.2.0.0

8

Ndng

1

4.2.0.0

4

11.9.0.0

9

Pham

3

8.0.0.0

4

19.0.0.0

[Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd Ui, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]

Tuy nhien, chi vdi thdng tin trong dia ba
thi chUa du de k h i n g dinh nhQng ngUdi
mang hp gid'ng nhau la cung chung huyet
thd'ng. Tren thtic te, cd nhieu ngUdi cung hp
nhUng khdng he biet nhau, ke d khi liet ke
den ten dem thQ hai. Bdi le, ten dem cua
mdi hg du dUdc quy dinh rd r i n g nhUng
khdng h i n dUdc thiic hipn nghiem tuc, con
chau ddi sau cd the li'y ten dem khac, v i
ten dem cua ddng hg khdng sd dung cho
con gii. VI du trUdng hdp hp Nguyen: qua
khao sat thiic te dia phUdng, d phudng Na
LQ hdi thd ky XIX cd 2 hp Nguyen rieng
biet l i Nguyen Khanh, Nguyin Trpng,
nhUng trong dia ba chi cd duy nhi't mdt
chu sd hQu nam hp Nguyen Trgng, cdn lai
l i Nguyen Vin, cac chu sd hQu nQ deu l i
Nguyen Thi. Den dia ba Minh Mpnh 21
(1840), khdng cd hg Nguyen dem Nguyen
Trpng hay Nguyen Khanh nQa m i chi cd

Nguyen Vin, Nguyen Duy... Dieu dd chQng
td ten dem cua ddng hp la khdng dn dinh,
khdng the cin cd vio dd de xae dinh ddng
hp. Tuy nhien, d day chung tdi chi xet trong
mpt phudng (xa) nen cd ban nhQng ngUdi

cung ten hp, khdng phai phu canh cd the
coi l i mdt hp. De dam bao tinh khach quan
cua tu lipu khi phan tich ve ddng hp, chung
tdi xep nhQng ngUdi chinh canh, cd cung
ten hg vio mdt nhdm, gpi chuiTg l i nhdm hp
Nguyen, nhdm hp Pham, nhdm hp Dim,
nhdm hp Bui ... Qua dieu tra thiic tdtai khu
vUc phudng N i LQ, chi cd nhdm hp Nguyen
v i hp D i m gdm cd hai hp, cdn lai l i mpt
ddng hp. Do dd, chung tdi li'y sd rudng cua
nhQng ngudi chinh canh de phan tich ve sd
hQu theo ddng hp.
Trong vdng 35 n i m , tinh hinh sd hQu
rudng di't theo cac ddng hp cua N i LQ cd
nhieu bidn ddng, phan anh sii bien dpng
cua xa hdi, the hien qua vipc so sanh quy
md sd hQu cua d c nhdm hp d ca hai thdi
diem. Cu the nhU sau:
Theo dia ba n i m 1805, N i LQ cd t i t ca
26 nhdm hp nhUng trong dd cd 20 nhdm hp
tnic tiep sinh sdng d phUdng N i LQ (chinh
canh) vdi 45 chu chidm 47,87% tdng sdchii
va 47,14% tdng rudng di't. Sdchd cung nhU
sd lUdng rudng di't cua chu chinh canh it

Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra LCr...

39

hdn so vdi chd phu canh. Den n i m 1840,
tuy phudng N i LQ chi cdn 17 nhdm hp
chinh canh, nhUng chiem 79,22% tdng sd
chd v i 77,1% sd rudng, cao hdn nhidu so vdi
phu canh. NhU viy, chi trong vdng 35 nim,
dan sd eua N i LQ t i n g nhanh v i bien ddng
ve ddng hp cung tUdng ddi Idn. Cd 8 ddng
hp vdn sinh sd'ng d N i LQ thdi Gia Long da
chuyen di vio thdi Minh Menh, trong dd cd
nhQng ddng hp Idn nhU hp Danh; ddng thdi
cd 3 hp chuyen den l i hp Bui, Bd, NhQ. Su
bidn ddng manh me i'y the hien rd nhi't
qua cac ddng hp cd thd liic d N i LQ.

thUa thdt, d i t dai rdng nen rudng dat do cac
gia dinh khai hoang da trd thanh tU hQu.
Qua trinh tU hQu d N i LQ cdn do day la ndi cd
giao thdng thuin tien, thUdng nghiep phat
trien. Tuy nhien, rudng di't N i LQ nda diu
the ky XDC mang tinh chi't manh mun, dan
trai, mdc dp sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn.

Ndu nhu thdi Gia Long, nhdm hg
Nguyen, Le, Danh l i 3 nhdm n i m trong tay

nhieu rudng di't, cd the lUc vd kinh te thi 35
n i m sau, quyen liic kinh td i'y thudc ve
nhdm hp Dim, Nguyen v i Bui. Dieu dang
ehu y d day l i ddng hp Danh vao n i m 1805
cd tdi 5 chd, sd hQu 20 m l u 1 sio thi den
n i m 1840 khdng cdn mdt chu sd hQu nio d
N i LQ. Trong khi dd, ddng hp Bui mdi
chuyen den sau thdi diem n i m 1805 lai
nhanh chdng t i p trung rudng di't trong tay,
sd hQu tdi 41 m i u 8 sio vao nim 1840.
Cung vdi dd l i sU Idn manh nhanh chdng ve
tiem liic kinh te cua nhdm hp Dim, hp
Hoing v i hp Pham.

Qua dia ba Na LQ cho thi'y, cd d u td
chQc ling ban d i dn dinh. D i n cQ sdng t i p
trung tren mdt khu di't dUdc quy dinh cu
the, tao thanh ling ban. Lang ban khdng
chi cd mpt hp m i cd nhieu hp cung sinh
sdng. Quy md sd hQu rudng di't ciia cac
nhdm hg d N i LQ khdng Idn. So sanh giQa
hai thdi diem (Gia Long 4 v i Minh Mpnh
21), mQc do sd hQu rudng da't cua cac
nhdm hg cd sii bidn dgng rd rpt. Mgt sd
nhdm hg cd sd hQu Idn thdi Gia Long den
Minh Mpnh lai mi't vai trd kinh te, ngUdc
lai nhieu nhdm hp lai vUdn len n i m nhieu
rudng di't trong tay. Die bipt, cd ddng hp
Idn sinh sd'ng d Na LQ thdi Gia Long
nhUng de'n thdi diem Minh Menh lai

khdng cdn nhU hp Danh, cd nhQng ddng hp
mdi den sau thdi diem 1805 nhUng lai
n i m trong tay nhieu rudng da't nhU hp
Bui. Do dd, d N i LQ khdng cd hien tUdng
mdt ddng hp Idn cd the lUc ve kinh te liu
ddi chi phdi sti phat trien cua dia phUdng
trong thdi gian dai. Dieu dd phan anh sii
xio trdn ve dan cU v i mQc dp bien ddng xa
hdi cua N i LQ.

Nhu vay, rudng di't N i LQ vao nda diu
the ky XIX h l u hdt l i tU hQu, chiem hdn
99%. Qui trinh tU hQu hda d N i LQ cd le dien
ra td cudi thd ky XVI, khi n h i Mac dly manh
chinh sich khai hoang v i phat trien ndn kinh
te hing hda. Rudng di't tu hQu d mien nui
phat trien nay sinh tren hai cd sd chu ydu,
mpt m i t l i tU hQu hda tren cd sd rudng di't
mang danh nghla rudng cdng cua ban mudng
trUdc dd; mdt m i t l i do d mien nui, din cU

Thdng qua dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) v i
Minh Mpnh 21 (1840), chung ta thi'y chu
phu canh suy giam rd ret ve ca sd lUdng
chu v i rudng di't sd hQu. Dieu dd chQng td
cQ dan N i LQ d i d i n dn dinh vi gin chit
vdi ddng rudng.


40

Rghi&i cdu Lich sd. sg 6.2009

CHU THICH
(1), Nguyen Trdi todn tap, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa
hoi, H& Noi, 1976, tr. 240.

(8). Dia bg xd Manh
KH:DB. 254, TTLTQG 1.

(2). Theo chiing toi, phudng Nk Lii bfit diu c6
tit khi n h i Mac len Cao Biing, chon N i Lii lim
kinh do. PhUdng \k mpt ddn vi h i n h chinh c&'p cd
sd cua do thi, tUdng dUdng v6i xa h ving nong
thon, c6 chiic n&ng to chiic vi quan ly cU dfin do thj
theo dia vUc. Nhi Mac da ap dicing mo hinh to chflc
kinh do d Thing Long de to chtic kinh do Ni Lvl
khi xay dung chi'nh quyfe'n cat cii cl Cao Bing. Sau
khi nhi Mac bi danh bai hoin toin (nim 1677),
trieu (finh Le - Trinh, tiep do li cac vua diu trieu
Nguyin vSn giiJ nguyen ddn vi phUdng dii cho Ni
Lii khong con li kinh thinh. Trong thdi ky niy,
Ni Lii da tiing bu6c nong th8n h6a, yeu to "thj"
din bien mi't, phucing b day du^c coi li ci'p xa
trong to chiic hinh chinh ciia dia phUdng vi de'n
ddi Dong Khanh thi doi thinh xa Ni Lfl. Xem
them: Mong To Trin, Cao Bang thu hien li?t
phuong danh, lUu trii tai Bao ting Cao B^ng,
tr.ll8; Vifn Nghien ciiu Han Nom. Ten Idng xd
Viet Nam ddu the ky XIX (cdc tinh tii Nghe An trd

ra), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, H i Npi, 1981, tr. 93;
Ngo Diic Tho-Nguyen Vin Nguyen- Philip Papin.
Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, t^p 1, Nxb. The gidi, Hi Npi,
2003, tr. 659.

(9). Dia bg xa Gia Bang. Gia Long 4, KH:
DB.172; Dia bg xd Gia Bdng, Minh Menh 21, KH:
DB. 173, TTLTQG 1.

(3). Bia Den Vua Le, Ling Den, xi Hoing
Tung, huyfn Hoa An, tinh Cao B^ng lip nim
1813.
(4). Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4, KH
DB.130; Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Minh Menh 21,
KH: DB. 131, TTLTQG 1.
(5). Dia bg xd Hd Dam, Gia Long 4, KH:
DB180; Dia bg xd Hd Dam, Minh Menh 21, KH:
DB. 181, TTLTQG 1. .
(6). Dia bg xd Kim Giap, Gia Long 4, KH: DB.
141; Dia bg xa Kim Giap, Minh Menh 21, KH: 142,
TTLTQG 1.
(7). Dia bg xd Xudn An, Gia Long 4, KH: DB.
329; Dia bg xd Xudn An, Minh Menh 21, KH: DB.
330, TTLTQG 1.

Tuyin,

Gia Long 4,

(10). Dia bg xd Phuc Co, Gia Long 4, KH:

DB.200, TTLTQG 1.
(11). Dia bg xd Cd Scm, Minh Minh 21, KH:
DB.165, TTLTQG 1.
(12). Ngo Diic Thp, Nguyin Vin Nguyen, Philip
Papin: Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, t i p 1, Nxb. Th^
gidi, H i Npi, 2003, tr. 665.
(13). Dim Thi Uyen: Huyen Quang Hda (tinh
Cao Bdng) tii khi thdnh Idp de'n givCa theky XIX,
Luin an Tien si Lich sii, trUcIng D^i hpc Sii ph^m
H i Npi, MS: 5.03.25, 2000, tr. 57.
(14). Nong Quoc Huy: Huy?n Ngdn Sdn, tinh
Bac Kgn the ky XIX, Luin vin Thac si Lich sii,
trudng Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyfin, MS:
60.22.54, 2008, tr. 26.
(15). Phan Huy Le, Nguyin Diic Nghinh, Vu
Minh Giang, Vii Vin Quin, Phan PhUdng Thao:
Dia bg Thdi Binh, Nxb. Th6' gidi, H i NOi, 1997, tr.
30.
(16). Phan Huy Le, Vu Minh Giang, Vii Vfin
Quan, Phan PhUdng Thao: Dia bg Hd Ddng, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xa hpi. H i Npi, 1995, tr. 26.
(17). Trir Ni Lii, cic x i con l^i diu thupc huy$n
Quang Hoa, tinh Cao Bing. Tic gia chpn nhQng x5
c6 tong rupng di't thi^c tUdng dUdng vdi Ni Lfl cl ca
hai thdi diim. S^ li^u tren duijc li'y til: Dim Thj
Uyen, sdd, tr. 58, 59, 69.
(18). Dim Thi Uyen, sdd, tr. 57, 70.
(19). Phan PhUdng Thao: Chinh sach qudn diin
nam 1839 d Binh Dinh qua tU li^u dia bg, Nxb.
Thg'Gidi, Hi Npi, 2004, tr. 55.

(20). Phan PhUdng Thao, sdd, tr. 55.
(21). Dim Thj Uyen, sdd, tr. 60.
(22). Phan Phudng Thao, sdd, tr. 58.
(23). Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyin: Dgi Nam
thuc luc, t i p II, Nxb. Giio due, Hi N^i, tr. 754.