Vài nét về Chi bộ Cộng sản nhà ngục Sơn La (12/1939–8/1945)

VAI NET VE CHI BO CdNG SAN NHA NGUC SON LA
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(12/1939-8/1945)
PHAM VAN Ll/C*

R

a ddi trong hoan canh dac biet
trong lao tQ cua de qudc (12-1939),
nhQng ngay tQ khi thanh lap, Chi bp Cpng
san Nha ngyc Sdn La da diy manh cdng
tac tuyen truyen giac ngp each mang ddi
vdi quin chung, gay dQng cd sd each mang
trong ddng bao cac dan tdc ben ngoai nha
tu, diu tranh de ty giai thoat va lanh dao
nhan dan cac dan tpc Sdn La khdi nghia
gianh chfnh quyen thang 8-1945 t h i n g lpi.
Ket qua nay cd the ndi la m i u myc cua vipc
trien khai, van dung sang tao chu tradng
dadng ldi each mang ciia Dang vao dja
phadng mien nui cd nhieu dan tpc thieu sd
sinh sdng, trinh dp dan tri t h i p .
1. Nha nguc Stfn La va cuoc dau tranh
cua cac chien si Cong san den thang
12-1939
Sdn La la mpt tinh d trung tam khu vyc

Tay Bic, dja hinh hiem trd, khf hau khic
nghipt 'T,am sdn chadng khf', diu the ky XX
giao thdng chaa phat trien, d day lai cd nhieu
dan tpc thieu sd sinh sd'ng, b i t ddng ve ngdn
ngQ; dac bipt h i u het ddng bao cac dan tgc
Sdn La luc dd deu khdng biet tie'ng phd thdng.
Cd the ndi, Sdn La luc a'y trong tiem thQc mgi
ngudi nghe th^t riing rpn:
"Ai len Hat Lot, Chieng Le
Ngay di thi cd, ngay ve thi khdng".

• TS. Tradng Dai hgc Tay Bic

TQ nam 1908 thyc dan Phap da cho xay
dyng d trung tam Thj xa Sdn La mgt nha
tu, luc d i u de giam tu thadng pham, tie'ng
Thai gpi la nha tdi (hUdn myt).
Theo thiet ke cua Sd kie'n true trye
thupc Nha Cdng chfnh Bic Ky (10-1907)
Nha tu Sdn La dupc xay dyng cd dipn tich
500m^; gdm cd 2 budm giam ldn, 4 budng
giam nhd (1). Ngay tQ khi dat nhQng vien
gach d i u tien cho vipc xay dyng nha tu,
thyc dan Phap da nghien cQu, thiet ke khu
nha ch6o nay r i t dac biet. Tadng nha tu
dapc xay bing da hoc, mai Ipp tdn, buc tu
cung dapc xay bing da hgc, mat lang xi
mang, mep ngoai cQng cd gin cum dai bing
chieu dai cua bye. Vdi ldi kien true nay,
khu nha da tao ra khdng khf dac bipt: mua

he ndng nhQ thieu nha dot, mua ddng lanh
tha'u xadng.
Lien vdi budng giam la budng de tu chet.
Trong mdi budng giam deu cd thung dyng
phan khdng cd n i p day. Xa lim vdn da chat
chdi, nggt ngat lai them mui phan nong
nac, khdng khf bj d nhiem, ngadi tu bj giam
trong dd rat khd chju. Cach thiet ke nay da
de doa trye tie'p tam 15^ ngadi bj giam d day.
Vdi so tu nhan kha ddng nhdt trong 1 xa
lim chat hpp, sud't ngay dem phai ngiii mui
phan ndng nac se khien ngadi bj nhdt trong
dd cd cam giac ve mgt cugc sd'ng e che tdm


50

Rghien eiru Lich sil'. so 2.2010

Cudi nam 1931 (sau cao trao each mang
1930-1931), chung tiep tuc dQa hai doan tu
cd 90 ngadi tQ nha giam Hoa Ld (Ha Npi)
len giam giQ d Sdn La.

tadng bao cd mdt dadng de b'nh gac di tuin.
Dac bipt, trong dpt md rpng nay, chung xay
mpt day xa lim ngam n i m sau dadi d i t
3,5m, gdm 8 xa lim va mpt budng giam cd
mpt ldi di hep qua cic xa lim. Trong bndng
tdi, cd cum sat tap the g i " chat vao bye

giam tQ 3-5 ngQdi tren mpt dipn tfch hdn
8m^. Tren canh cQa bang go kien cd' cd mdt
Id nhd trdng ra ldi di. Mdi budng tdi cdn cd
mpt c^a s i t , cd d khoa ldn. Budng xa lim ca
nhan r i t hpp (l,68m^) cd bp nam dai Im
g i n cQm s i t . D i u be cd mpt hoc lien vdi
buc, tren de cdm, nQdc, dadi de bd dyng
phan va nadc tieu. Mdi xa lim ca nhan cd
mdt Id thdng hdi nhd, khi canh ciia gd ddng
lai thi mdi xa lim ca nhan bien thanh mdt
hpp kfn, ngadi tu n i m khdng cya quay
dapc va cung khd phan bipt dapc rgay va
dem.
.. ,

Thang 2-1933 doan tu chfnh trj thQ 4
gdm 210 ngadi lai bj thyc dan Phap day len
nguc Sdn La, trong dd cd cac ddng chf Vu
Thipn Chan (tQc Chan Bua), T Q Nghj (tQc
Giang Ky). De'n cudi nam 1933, tdng so' tu
chfnh trj bj thyc dan Phap daa len giam
giQ d nguc Sdn La la 324 ngadi.

Doi dien vdi day h i m n g i m la mpt be
ldn chQa nadc chim sau dadi dit. Toan bp
khu xa lim nay chi cd mpt ldi xudng bing
21 bac da nhd hep, cd mpt cvta s i t kien cd
ngay dem khoa chat, khien cho khdng khf
trong xa lim n g i m luc nao cung i m adt, hdi
ham va ve ban dem thi rat lanh.

Sy cd mat cua cac doan tu chfnh trj da
lam thay ddi h i n tfnh chat cua Nha tQ Sdn
La. Nha tu Sdn La khdng cdn la nha tu
hang tinh dung de giam giQ tQ thadng
pham nQa ma da bj thyc dan Phap bie'n
thanh mdt trung tam giam giQ, day ai tu
chfnh trj ldn d phfa Bic Viet Nam va Ddng
DQdng. Cudi nam 1930, thQc dan Phap cho
md rpng Ngyc Sdn La ra phfa sau gip 3 l i n
dien tich thiet ke ban dau tQ SOOm^ (1908)
len ISOOm^ (1930) (3). Tadng bao quanh
nha tQ cung dapc xay dyng xong cung vdi
he thd'ng nha giam mdi, gdm 5 nha giam
chi'nh, 4 Id cdt cd chdi canh d 4 gdc va mdt
sd' gian dung lam xadng xay lua, nha kho,
bep, nha thud'c va ban giiy. Phfa trong

Khu nha bep dapc chung xay dyng ngay
tren trai ldn cu, ldi len xud'ng h i m ngim
nam ngay dadi bep. NhQng tu nhan mdi
de'n khd cd the phat hipn ra day h i m ngim
va ldi len xudng cua nd.

1dm de d i n de'n nhQng y nghi bi quan tieu
cyc, chan ddi. Them vao dd thyc dan Phap
cdn lpi dung sQ k h i c nghiet cua tQ nhien de
dung mudi rQng Andphen va mgt loat "hd'
xf ndi" trong phdng giam lam ndi truyen
benh nhanh chdng.

TQ nam 1930, lpi dung hiem the ciia Sdn
La thyc dan Phap da bien ndi day thanh
ndi day ai cac chien si each mang. Cudi
nam 1930, doan tQ chfnh trj d i u tien gdm
24 ngQdi d l bj thQc dan Phap daa len giam
gJQ d day; thanh phan tu nhan luc nay cd
ca tu chi'nh trj "cpng san" va tu Qud'c dan
dang (2).

Vdi ldi xay dyng n h a tren, ac y cua ke
thu la lam cho tinh t h i n nhQng ngadi bj
giam ludn cang t h i n g . Thdi tiet khic
nghiet, nha giam u am, che do quan If nha
tu ha khac de lam cho tu nhan giam sut
nghj lyc va y chf.
De dung vdi ban c h i t ciia nd, LU r.im
1930, thyc dan Phap cung ddi ten gpi Nha
tu Sdn La thanh Ngyc Sdn La (tQ Prison
ddi thanh Pentencier).


Vai nef ve Chi bp Cong s^n...
Am mQu tham ddc dd da dapc ten cdng
sQ Sanhpuldp (Saint Poulope) ndi r i t ro
trong bao cao giii thdng sQ Bic K^:
"... Chi cin mpt thdi gian khdng lau, sdt
rdt, bpnh tat va cdng vipc khd sai se tieu
hao chung (tQc tu chfnh trj) mpt each em
thim". Mpt bao cao khac, ten nay lai qua
quye't ring: "Chi 6 thang, vi trung sdt r6t se

lam cho chung (cac tu chfnh trj) trd nen
hien lanh, dl bao ..." (4).
Cung vdi sy phat trien cua phong trao
each mang chdng de qudc phong kie'n cua
nhan dan ta, nhieu q u i n chung au tu va
chie'n si kien trung ciia Dang bj thyc dan
Phap b i t va day len Sdn La. Trade sy ddng
dao cua tu chfnh trj, d i u nam 1940 thQc
dan Phap lai cho md rpng Nha ngyc Sdn La
lin thQ hai. L i n nay chung cho xay them
mgt trai giam ldn gdm 3 gian canh trai Ifnh
khd xanh va gianh mgt trai giam nhd cho
nhQng ngadi thupc loai an tri (nhQng can
bp each mang daa di tap trung ma khdng
xii an), gpi la trai tap trung (Camp de
concentration).
Ngyc Sdn La dapc md rpng ddng thdi
cung vdi nhieu nha giam khac trong ca
nadc nhang v i n khdng du chd de giam cim
cac chie'n si each mang. Trong vipc xay
dyng va md rpng nha tu, thyc dan Phap
d^c bipt chu f tdi cac nha tu: Cdn Dao, Sdn
La va Budn Ma Thuat. Mpt nha tu dapc
xay dyng tren mdt hdn dao chdi vdi giQa
bien ca menh mdng, hai nha tu xay dyng
giQa vung rQng nui hoang vu, hiem trd. Ca
ba nha tQ deu d vao the bipt lap vdi xa hpi.
Do dd, mpi boat dpng cua cac chie'n si each
mang gap r i t nhieu khd khan.
Nha vay, ban d i u tQ mpt nha tu hang

tinh dQng de giam giQ tu thadng pham,
Nha tQ Sdn La da dapc thyc dan Phap bidn
thanh Ngyc Sdn La - mpt trung tam giam

51

giQ, day ai tu chfnh trj ldn d phfa Bic Vipt
Nam va Ddng Dadng. Dapc thiet ke theo
kieu nha ngyc, cpng vdi che dp lao tu tan
bao va sy khic nghipt cua khf hau thdi tiet
da lam cho cupc sdng cua cac chien si cpng
san bj day ai d day trd nen cung cyc la "dja
ngyc" ciia t r i n gian.
The nhang, ngay tQ nhQng ngay diu dat
chan len Sdn La, mac du chQa thanh lap
dapc Chi bg trong tu, lai chaa thdng thd dja
hinh nhang cudc d i u tranh chd'ng che do
lao tu tan bao ciia cac chie'n si cdng san vin
dien ra manh me va quyet lipt.
Md d i u la cugc d i u tranh cua anh em tu
chfnh trj dien ra vao thang 12-1930 ddi cai
thipn che dp lao tu, chdng danh dap va ddi
phai phat them q u i n ao i m de lao dpng.
Tie'p de'n la cudc d i u tranh cua tu chfnh trj
10-1933 daa yeu sach cho Toan quyen
Ddng Dadng Patskie (Pasquier) khi ten nay
len Sdn La dy budi khai tradng dadng
Sanh Pu Ldp (Qudc lp 6 hipn nay) va kiem
tra lai am mau giet hai nhQng ngadi cpng
san d Nha tu Sdn La... Trong thdi gian tQ

1934-1935, thQc dan Phap lai dQa hai doan
tu chfnh trj hdn 100 ngadi len Sdn La,
trong dd cd cac ddng chf Sao Dd (tQc
Nguyen Ladng Bing), Dang Vipt Chau,
Pham Quang Ljch... Cung cd ddng chf bj
day len Sdn La l i n thQ hai nhQ ddng chf
Tradng Chinh, BQi Vu Try... Do bj giam
cim qua nhieu nha tu de qudc, mpt sd ddng
chf da phai trai qua nhQng cudc diu tranh
sinh tli vdi quan thu, tfch luy dQpc nhieu
kinh nghipm d i u tranh trong tu, n h i t la
hai ddng chf Nguyen LQdng Bing va Pham
Quang Ljch. DQng trQdc tinh hinh dd, td
chQc dai dien tu chfnh trj da van dpng anh
em da'u tranh chdng che dp lao dpng khd
sai, ddi dapc hadng che dp tu chfnh trj. Do
thai dp da'u tranh kien quyet khdn kh6o
cila ta, ke djch da phai giam hinh ph?it lao


52
ddng khd sai cho tu chfnh trj. T h i n g lpi cua
cupc da'u tranh da gdp p h i n khang djnh
them t i c dung va tam quan trpng cua cupc
da'u tranh trong tu cua cac chie'n si cpng
san.
TQ nam 1935, lpi dyng Mat tran Binh
dan Phap len Sdn La dieu tra ve sy ngQpc
dai cua thyc dan Phap ddi vdi tu nhan va
yeu cau bpn cai nguc phai an xa cho chfnh

trj pham... cac chien si cpng san da tim
each giii ddn cho phai doan dieu tra vach
t r i n tdi ac cua chung. Ke't qua, bpn chua
nguc d Sdn La bupc phai an xa cho tu chfnh
trj "... Dpt 1 vao thang 7-1936 cd 35 tQ
chfnh trj dapc daa ve Ha Npi; ddt thQ hai
cd them 60 ngadi dapc an xa daa ve Ha
Ngi... Nguc Sdn La luc nay g i n n h a bj giai
the chi cdn mgt so' it tu chinh trj dd la cac
ddng chf Nguyen Ladng Bing va ddng chf
Pham Quang Ljch, Hoang Dinh Dong bj
ket an nang 20 nam khd sai cung 4 ngadi
tu Qud'c dan dang bj coi la nhQng p h i n tQ
"nguy hiem" khdng dapc an xa..." (5).
Thyc te da'u tranh ciia cac chien si cdng
san Ngyc Sdn La cho t h i y sy cin thie't phai
thanh lap dadc Chi bp Cpng san trong tu de
td chQc va lanh dao cupc d i u tranh cua cac
chien si cdng san mdi cd the gianh dQdc
t h i n g lpi; tuyen truyen giac ngp each mang
ddi vdi ddng bao cac dan tdc, tien tdi gay
dyng cd sd each mang ben ngoai nha tu. Cd
the ndi, day la ddi hdi bQc thiet cua cupc
da'u tranh cua cac chien si cpng san nha
ngyc va phong trao each mang Sdn La luc
nay.

Rghien eiru Lieh sii". so 2.2Q10
7 lai bj thyc dan Phap day len Sdn La,
trong dd cd mpt sd ddng chf la can bp Qu tii

va q u i n chung kien trung cua Dang da trai
qua cac nha tu de qudc, trai qua cac cupc
da'u tranh sinh tii vdi ke thu, cd kinh
nghiem td chQc lanh dao cupc d i u tranh
trong tu. Cac ddng chi tha'y ro sy cin thiet
phai g i p n i t thanh lap Chi bp cpng san de
lanh dao va td chQc cugc d i u tranh trong
nha tQ mdi cd the gianh t h i n g ldi.
Tren tinh t h i n dd t h i n g 12-1939 cac
dang vien trong nha tu da hpp va bf mat
thanh lap Chi bd Cpng san lam thdi gdm 10
ddng chf. Ddng chf Nguyin LQdng Bing
dapc cti iam Bf t h a Chi bp (6).
Nam 1940, thQc dan Phap tiep tyc dQa
hai doan tu chfnh trj nQa len Sdn La, trong
dd cd cic ddng chf Van Tie'n Dung, Trin
Huy Lipu, Nguyen Van Phuc, Td Hipu, Ngd
Minh Loan, Le Quang Hoa.
Mdi nam tQ chfnh tri bj day len giam
cim d Sdn La cang ddng, thyc dan Phap
phai lien tyc cho md rpng nha tu. Chung
cdn tim cich "... rut bdt k h i u p h i n an, b i t
tu nhan phai lao dpng cQc nhpc, mpi sd
s u i t trong cdng viec va sinh boat deu bj
chung danh dap tan n h i n . Khdng ft nhQng
chien si each mang d i u tranh da bj chung
daa xud'ng xa lim n g i m va bj tra t i n cyc
hinh..." (7).

2. Chi b o C o n g s a n N h a n g u c Scfn La

t h a n h lap va lanh dao phong trao each
m a n g d i a phiicfng (12/1939 - 3/1945)

De td chQc va lanh dao anh em d i u
tranh chd'ng che dp lao tu tan bao cua de
qudc P h i p , t h i n g 2/1940 Chi bp cpng san
lam thdi Ngyc Sdn La dQdc chuyen thanh
chi bp chfnh thQc, ddng chf T r i n Huy Lipu
dQdc cd lam Bi thQ Chi bp, ddng chf Td
Hipu lam Chi uy vien.

Trong khi cac cupc d i u tranh ty phat
ciia nhan dan cac dan tpc v i n lien tyc dien
ra thi t h i n g 12-1939 doan tu chfnh trj thQ

Den t h i n g 5-1940, chi uy bf mat tripu
tap Dai hpi Chi bp de thao luan, quye't djnh
cac chii trQdng cdng tac. Ddng chf Td Hipu


Vai net ve Chi bo Cong san.
dapc b i u lam Bf t h a Chi bd. Dai hdi da de
ra 5 nhiem vy cdng tac ldn, dd la:
1. Chi bd lanh dao toan dien hoat ddng
cua nha tu.
2. Tang cadng cdng tac tuyen truyen,
giao dye va ren luyen dao dQc each mang
cho dang vien va q u i n chung.
3. Dao tao va bdi dadng can bg, h u i n
luyen dang vien ve If luan Mac - Le nin va

phadng phap d i u tranh each mang trong
nha tu.
4. Xay dyng va phat trien cac td chQc
quin chung ben trong va ben ngoai nha
ngyc.
5. Tim each b i t lien lac vdi xQ uy va
Trung adng Dang de xin y kie'n chi dao cua
cip tren ddi vdi chi bd nha tu.
Ngay tQ khi ra ddi, Chi bp Nha tu Sdn
La da diy manh cdng tac tuyen truyen giac
ngp each mang ddi vdi quin chung, gay
dyng cac cd sd each mang trong ddng bao
cac dan tdc. Tren cd sd nghj quyet cua Chi
bp, dya vao dadng ldi chuyen hadng chien
lapc each mang trong thdi ky mdi cua
Trung adng va tinh hinh thyc te d dja
phadng, Chi uy, Chi bp Nha tu Sdn La chii
tradng:
+ Tang cadng tuyen truyen vain dpng,
xay dyng cd sd each mang d ben ngoai nha
tu, tien tdi vu trang khdi nghia d Sdn La
khi cd du dieu kipn.
+ Tfch cyc dao tao can bp, td chQc vapt
ngyc, daa can bp ra ngoai hoat ddng.
De dat dapc muc dich tren, Chi bd da
day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao dye
lam cho mpi ngadi hieu ro tinh hinh va
nhipm vy mdi. Chi uy td chQc viet lai tinh
thin nghj quyet Trung adng 8 de lam tai
lieu hpc tap trong Chi bp va phd bie'n rpng

53

rai cho q u i n chung; ra bao "Sudi reo" gdp
p h i n tuyen truyen van dpng each mang
khien mpi ngadi rat p h i n khdi, tin tadng.
Dac bipt, de cdng tac tuyen truyen each
mang mang lai hieu qua cao, Chi uy cdn
lap ra cac ban: tu van, binh van, dan van
Do cd chu tradng dung dan, phu hpp nen
chi trong mdt thdi gian ngin Chi bd Nha
nguc Sdn La da cam hoa dapc nhieu quan
chung, thanh nien tfch cyc trd thanh hat
nhan de gay dyng phong trao, tieu bieu
nha: Ld Van Sdn (Ifnh khd' xanh), Quan
Madi, Dgi That, Ddi The (tQc Toan), Dgi
Chfnh (tQc Cim Hien), Cai Pieng, Cim
Van Inh (y ta), Binh Chung (tQc Di b6o), Be
Nhat Huan (cdng chQc iam vipc d Tda sQ),
Phan Du, Giao DQc va ba Quang Thj
Khieu, dng Ld Van Hae, dng Tdng Van Ddi,
ba Ld Thj Dpn (d phd' Chieng Le), Tdng Van
Ddi, Ld Thj Dpn (Madng La)... Ket qua diu
nam 1943 hai td chQc each mang diu tien
trong ddng bao Thai d Sdn La da dapc
thanh lap, dd la:
+ Td thanh nien Thai cQu
(tie'ng Thai gpi la Mu Ndm
gdm cd: Chu Van Thjnh,
Nguyen Phuc, Quang Ddn,

Thjnh phu trach.

qud'c d tinh ly
chit madng),
Tdng Lanh,
do Chu Van

+ Td Thanh nien Thai cQu qud'c d chau
Madng La (tieng Thai gpi la Mu Ndm chit
madng) gdm cd: Cim Van Thinh, Ld Van
Gia, Ld Van Phui, Ld Xuan, do Cam Van
Thinh phu trach (8).
Hai td chQc thanh nien cQu qud'c nay
boat dgng theo nguyen tic va dieu lp cua
Dgi Thanh nien cQu qud'c trong Mat tran
Viet Minh. Vdi nhiem vu tuyen truyen, van
dgng va xay dyng cac td chQc each mang d
dja phQdng. Cd the ndi, Hdi ngQdi Thai cQu
qud'c va Dpi Thanh nien Thai cQu qud'c thyc
sy la chiec ciu ndi giQa Dang vdi ddng bao


54
cac dan tpc; hai td chQc nay dQpc sy lanh
d^o trye tie'p ciia Chi bp nha ngyc, tiep
nhan chii tradng dadng ldi cua Dang tQ Chi
bp Nha tii Sdn La, tuyen truyen anh sang
each mang, tap hpp, doan ke't q u i n chiing
de tda rpng va phat trien phong trao trong
toan tinh.

Theo chii trQdng cila Chi bp nha tu. Dpi
Thanh nien Thai cQu qudc d MQdng La da
bat tay vao van ddng q u i n chung d ban
Thai d xa Chieng Xdm (nay la Huyen
Madng La) da'u tranh chdng sau cao thue
nang, ddi giam thue, giam rupng chQc, bdt
ddng gdp thdc kho. Dac bipt, ngay 5-81943, Chi bp nha ngyc da bd tri cho 4 ddng
chf: Nguyen T u i n Dang (tQc T r i n Dang
Ninh), Nguyen Van Tran (bf danh la Dipu),
Lau DQc Hieu (tQc LQU Quyen), Nguyen
Ladng Bang vapt nguc t h i n g lpi; ngadi d i n
dadng la Ld Van Gia - Doan vien Thanh
nien cQu qudc Madng La.
Cuoi nam 1943 d i u nam 1944, de dap
Qng sQ phat trien ciia phong trao each
mang dja phadng va ca nadc, Chi bp Nha
Ngyc Sdn La chu tradng xay dyng cSn cQ
dja each mang d Sdn La va cii ddng chf
Chu Van Thjnh di khao sat tinh hinh chpn
dja diem.
Xa Madng Chanh thupc thapng ngudn
sadi Nam Na, each thj xa khoang 20 km, cd
mang ladi giao thdng thuan tipn. TQ
Madng Chanh cd the di len Thuan Chau, cd
the sang sdng Ma, tdi Thapng Lao, vao
Thanh Hda, Nghe An; cd the xud'ng Mai
Sdn ra dadng 41 (nay la Qudc lp 6), mang
ladi giao thdng i y dam bao vipc tie'n, thoai,
cd dpng va bf mat; nhan dan Madng Chanh
giau truyen thd'ng yeu nadc, cam thu de

qud'c thyc dan va bpn phia, tao tay sai; day
lai la dja phadng cd nhieu q u i n chung la
nhQng thanh nien hpc sinb, cdng chQc hpc
tap va lam vipc d thj xa Sdn La dapc Chi bp

Rghien ciru Lich siir. so 2.2Q1Q
nha tu (thdng qua ddng chf Binh Trung va
Be Nhat H u i n ) tuyen truyen giac ngp trcl
thanh hat nhan de gay d i ^ g phong trao.
Vdi lpi the dd, Madng Chanh da dapc Chi
bp nha tu Sdn La dat hadng lau dai xay
dyng thanh can cQ dja each mang, ma
trade tien la xay dyng Madng Chanh thanh
cd sd de cd cho lam ndi lien lac vdi Trung
adng va ndi t n i chan cho cac dong chf trong
tu vapt ngyc (9).
Dapc sy chi dao cua Chi bp nha tu, ddng
chf Chu Van Thjnh da tdi Madng Chanh
tuyen truyen gay dicing cd sd each mang;
cudi nam 1943, Hpi ngadi Thai cQu quoc
(Tie'ng Thai gpi la Cdn tay c h i t mQdng)
gdm 12 hpi vien da dapc thanh lap. Ngay tQ
khi thanh lap Hpi ngQdi Thai cQu qudc d
Madng Chanh da phat huy anh hQclng tdt
trong q u i n chiing ndng dan. Hpi da cd
nhieu hinh thQc van dpng niia cdng khai
niia bf mat de giac ngp q u i n chung, phat
trien hgi vien mdi. Hgi da hQdng d i n cac
"Hgi dpt anh" (Hpi ket nghia anh em thanh
lap tQ nam 1939) doin ke't d i u tranh ddi

bdt phu, giam thue, chdng phia, tao dja
phQdng ldi dyng quyen the ha lam nhan
dan... Trade tinh t h i n dau tranh manh me
ciia nhan dan Tda sQ Sdn La bupc phai cii
phd sQ Valangxo xud'ng tan ndi tuyen bd
cha'p nhan yeu c i u cua q u i n cnv^t? '"k each
chQc chQc djch mdi d Madng Chanh cupc
da'u tranh da thu dQdc t h i n g ldi.
Tren cd sd dd, Hgi ngQdi Thai cQu qudc
Madng Chanh tie'p tyc d i y phong trao len
cao hdn. Vy thue nam 1944, hg da diu
tranh vdi phia gianh dapc 14 con trau, 50
con Ipn, 10 ta'n lua rdi dem mgt p h i n chia
cho quan chung, p h i n cdn lai nhap quy
Hgi.
De bao vp nhQng cupc d i u tranh ciia
q u i n chung Hpi cdn td chQc Dpi ty vp bf
mat do Cira Vinh Chi chi huy. Chfnh tQ td


Vai net ve Chi bo Cong s£n...
chQc nay da tao cd sd, nen tang cho sQ ra
ddi mpt hinh thQc d i u tranh mdi - d i u
tranh vu trang cua q u i n chung. Dpi ty vp
bf mat ra ddi da kjp thdi t r i n ap bpn tay
sai, mat tham chuyen di dd la tin tQc cho
djch, dpi da khd'ng che dapc ca ten phia
dQng d i u vung. TQ Madng Chanh phong
trao da nhanh chdng anh hadng tdi cac dja
phadng trong tinh nha: Ban Lim, Xanh

Pai (thupc xa Tranh D i u - Thuan Chau),
Madng Lim (sdng Ma) (10).
Cd the ndi, sy ra ddi cua cac td chQc each
mang trong ddng bao Thai d Thj Xa, Madng
La, Madng Chanh cudi nam 1943 d i u nam
1944 danh d i u bade tradng thanh vadt bac
ciia phong trao each mang Sdn La. Dac biet
sy ra ddi cua Dpi du kfch Madng Chanh da
chQng td bade phat trien nhay vpt ve chit
ciia phong trao each mang Sdn La dadi sy
lanh dao ciia Chi bd Nha ngyc Sdn La mpt hinh thQc d i u tranh mdi, d i u tranh vu
trang da x u i t hipn, tao au the cho phong
trao ciia quin chung ngay cang phat trien
manh me ve sau nay.
TQ dau nam 1945, Chien tranh the gidi
thQ Hai bade vao giai doan cudi vdi au the
thupc ve quan dddng minh. Phe phat xft bj
diy lui khdi nhieu chien tradng khien ke
djch lo sp Nhat - Phap v i n tam thdi hda
hoan vdi nhau; nhang "sy hda hoan cd khac
chi mpt cai nhpt bpc chQa chit ben trong
biet bao nhieu vi trQng va mau mu, chi chd
djp chin la vd tung ra".
0 Viet Nam tinh the each mang trye
tiep da chin mudi. Khiing hoang chfnh trj d
dja phadng ngay cang t r i m trpng. Phong
trao chien tranh du kfch d cac chien khu
vdi phong trao q u i n chung ndng thon va
thanh thj ket hpp chat che, tao nen mpt
khdng khf syc sdi each mang, chd ngay

hanh dgng.

55
Tai Nha nguc Sdn La, vdi sy nhay cam
cua cac chien si cpng san va qua tin tQc tQ
cac cd sd ben ngoai Chi bd da n i m b i t dapc
nhQng dien bien ciia tinh hinh va di den
nhan djnh: Ne'u Nhat dao chfnh Phap thi
Phap se cd hai thai dp ddi vdi tu nhan. Mgt
la giQ thai do dn hda ben ngoai nhang ben
trong tiep tyc quan ly chat che tu nhan, nit
bdt k h i u p h i n va khdng cho tu nhan ra
ngoai nha trade. Hai la chung se thing tay
dan ap, tan sat trade khi Nhat den. TQ
nhQng nhan djnh dd, Chi bg chu tradng
phai he't sQc tinh tao, than trpng, tranh
khieu khfch hoac bj khieu khfch tiep tuc
chuan bj cho mgi dieu kien ve tinh than,
vat chat chu dao, xay dyng lyc lapng manh
cho du tinh hinh binh thadng hay cd tinh
hudng xau. Chi cd xay dyng lyc lapng va
dapc td chQc tdt mdi d i p Qng dapc ddi hdi
khi thdi cd den.
TQ chii tradng tren, mpi boat dpng
chuin bj trong nha tu dapc tie'n hanh mpt
each khan tradng nhang cung het sQc bf
mat. Ban kinh te chuin bj ladng thyc, thyc
pham, quy dy trQ, ban cQu te chuin bj
thud'c men, tang cadng chQa benh, bdi
dadng sQc khde cho tu nhan yeu; ban quan

sy tang cadng luypn tap quan sy, ty tao va
cit giiu vu khf; ban binh van tang cadng
tiep xuc, gay cd sd trong binh Ifnh, nim
tinh hinh, ban ke hoach phdi hpp hoat
dpng; cac cd sd Viet Minh d tinh ly, Madng
La, Madng Chanh, va cac vung xung quanh
tie'p tuc dapc cung cd va tang cadng chi dao.
Ngay 09-3-1945, Nhat dao chfnh lat dd
Phap, trade tinh hinh dd, Chi uy Nha ngyc
Sdn La da hpp md rpng vdi ban lanh dao
nha ngyc de ra ke hoach lanh dao ta tadng
va td chQc chuin bj thoat ngyc khi cd dieu
kipn thuan ldi.
Qua tie'p xuc, Chi bd n i m dapc am mau
cua Phap mud'n bien tu chfnh trj d Sdn La


Rghien ciiii Lich siir. so 2.2010

55

thanh lyc iQdng chie'n dau chdng Nhat lau
dai. Bing phadng phap d i u tranh mem
deo, hpp ly, hpp tinh, phan tfch ky xu the
phat trien cua tinh hinh va qua thai dp cua
bpn cai ngyc, binh Ifnh, Chi bd da di de'n
chu tradng:
1. Hpp tac vdi Phap de chd'ng Nhat,
nhang thyc c h i t tranh thu cd hpi dapc ty
do, tim mpi each nhanh chdng trd ve vdi

Dang de tham gia phong trao each mang.
2. Yeu c i u thyc dan Phap tha toan bd tQ
chfnh tri.
Thyc hipn chu tradng tren, ban lanh dao
nha ngyc cii 18 ddng chf lam nhiem vy hpp
tac vdi Phap. Thyc dan Phap da lpi dung cac
ddng chf lam nhiem vy quan bao di trade
dieu tra tinh hinh Nhat. Cac ddng chf da
thd'ng nha't ke hoach va kheo leo thoat khdi
sy kiem soat cua chung trd ve vdi phong trao
each mang dang sdi syc trong ca nadc (11).
Dadi ap lyc d i u tranh cua tu chfnh trj d
Sdn La, trade khf the each mang dang cao

CHU

trong ca nadc, tai Nha nguc Sdn La chieu
ngay 17-3-1945, giam nguc Ld Bdng bupc
phai thdng bao ljch di chuyen tu nhan
chuyen toan bp tu Sdn La ve trai giam d
Nghia Lp. Tren dQdng di, dQpc tin toan bp
tu nhan d Nghia Lg da pha cdng ty giai
thoat, giam ngyc Ld Bdng va ten Tay Doan
sd hai bd chay, ban lanh dao tu da quye't
djnh chdp thdi cd vQa tie'p tyc dgi ngu, vQa
gap gd tuyen truyen, thuye't phyc binh
Ifnh, yeu ciu ai di theo each mang thi cim
sung di cung, cdn ai khdng theo each mang
thi trao lai sung va dapc ty do. De'n Tu Lp,
ban lanh dao tuyen bd': "De'n day t i t ca tu

nhan da dapc thoat khdi nguc tu, thanh lap
cac nhdm tim mpi each bat lien lac vdi XQ
uy va td chQc dang d dja phadng de boat
dpng".
Nha vEly, nhd cam quan each mang, gin
200 can bg da thoat ngyc trd ve vdi Dang,
vdi nhan dan, tham gia lanh dao phong
trao, tie'n tdi Tong khdi thang Tam nam
1945.

THICH

(1), (2), (3). (4), (5), (7), (11). Nhd td San La
(1908-1945). Ban Nghien cQu Lich sQ Dang Sdn
La, 1982, tr, 33, 41, 44, 49, 61, 53, 66,

(8), Cae hoi k^, hoi Qc, hoi tQdng ciia cac can bp
lao thanh each mang Sdn La, tai li^u iQu tai Bao
tang Sdn La.

(6), Lich sd ddng bg tinh San La (Tap 1), Nxb.
Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 33.

(9), (10). Tai li?u diln da tai Khu can cQ dia
each mang MQdng Chanh 12-2007.