Từ vụ áp phe thương mại của thương điếm Anh đến chính sách cấm người Đàng trong xuất dương của triều đình Lê- Trịnh năm 1693

TUrVU AP PHE THiniNG MAI CUA THOUNG DIEM ANH
DiN CHiNH SACH C A M mfStsi D A N G TRONG XUAT
DUDNG CUA TRIEU DINH LE-TRjNH NAM 1693
HOANG ANH TUAN*

Mau dich cua Cong ty Dong An Anh d
Dang Ngoai triidc nam 1693
TQ cudi thap nien 1660, Cdng ty Dong
An Anh td chQc trien khai "chien iQdc Ddng
A" nhim thiet lap mot he thd'ng cac thQdng
diem ke't ndi mot sd' trung tam thQdng mai
quan trong nhU Xiem, Cao Mien, Dang
Ngoai, Dai Loan va Nhat Ban (1). Trong
qua trinh thQc hien chie'n iQdc dd, mua he
nam 1672, thQdng doan Anh do giam dd'c
William Gyfford d i n d i u de'n Dang Ngoai
va dQdc phep dinh cit buon ban b Phd' Hien.
Tuy nhien, that bai ciia Cdng ty trong viec
tai tham nhap Nhat Ban trong nam 1673
va cudc chie'n tranh Anh-Ha Lan lan thQ
hai (1672-1674) da khie'n cho thQdng diem
Anh d Dang Ngoai hi cd lap trong sud't thdi
ky 1672-1676. Mac du vay. Ban Giam dd'c
Cdng ty d Luan Ddn v i n quye't dinh duy tri
thQdng diem d Dang Ngoai n h i m cung ca'p
hang hoa Dang Ngoai (lua ta'm, dd sdn...)
cho thi trQdng chau Au, tieu thu san pham
vai da Anh, ddng thdi hi vong sQ dung
Dang Ngoai lam ban dap tham nhap thi
trQdng luc dia Trung Qud'c (2). TQ nam
1676 den cudi thap nien 1680, cac thQdng

diem Anh d Bantam va An Do xoay sd de
duy tri viec phai thQdng thuyen sang Dang
Ngoai n h i m trao dd'i cac san pham vai da
Anh la'y cac thQdng pham Dang Ngoai. Nd
iQc hoat ddng nay khdng thu dQdc thanh
cdng nhQ mong ddi do sQ tha't thQdng trong
giao dich cung nhQ khung ldi nhuan tha'p,
them vao dd la nhQng mau thuan ndi bo
khdng chi giQa nhan vien thQdng diem Anh
d Ke Chd ma cdn giQa Ban Giam dd'c b
Luan Ddn vdi cac giam dd'c thQdng diem b
Phao dai St. George (Madras, An Do) (3).
Can nhie sQ quan ly ye'u kem cua
thQdng diem Ke Chd cung nhQ nen mau
dich ngay cang sa sut vdi Dang Ngoai, Hdi
ddng giam dd'c cua Phao dai St. George chu
trQdng phe trua't giam dd'c William
Keeling. Tuy nhien. Ban Giam dd'c d Luan
Ddn lai phan ddi kich liet ke hoach tren.
Trong chi thi giii Phao dai St. George de
ngay 9-6-1686, Ban Giam dd'c nhan manh:
"di nhien Id cdc thiicfng diem viing Nam
Hdi dd vd se tiep tuc ndm diidi sii diiu
hdnh eiia Phdo ddi St. George, tuy nhien
chung toi tuyet doi edm Phdo ddi St. George
phe truat ong Keeling dDdng Ngodi bdi ong

' TS. Khoa Lich sQ. Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN

14
ta dd song d do gdn hai chuc ndm nay md
chiing toi chiia bao gid nghi ngd long trung
thdnh eiia ong ta ed" (4). Trong each nhin
cua Ban Giam doc, trong sd' nhQng tram
budn ban cdn lai d vung Ddng A, thQdng
diem Dang Ngoai van cdn dang de duy tri,
nhat la khi Cdng ty dang chiu sQ thua Id
ngay cang tram trong cua thQdng diem Dai
Loan va tinh trang nd dong chdng cha't cua
thQdng diem Ayutthaya (Xiem) (5). Tren
tinh t h i n dd, trong chi thi gQi thQdng diem
Dang Ngoai thang 11 nam 1687, Ban Giam
dd'c d Luan Ddn v i n hoan toan ung ho vien
giam doc thQdng diem Ke Chd William
Keeling, tham chi cdn chap nhan de nghi
cua Keeling ve viec chi tien xay dUng mot
tda nha mdi trong khuon vien thQdng diem
Anh d Ke Chd: "Cong ty dong y cho thiicfng
diem Ke Cho trien khai ke hogch xdy diing
khu nhd mdi de thudn tien cho sinh hogt,
chUa hdng vd hogt dgng kinh doanh tgi
Ddng Ngodi. [Ve chi phi xdy diXng] cdc
gidm dde khong gidi hgn qud chdt che,
chiing ndo thiidng diem tinh todn rdng diiu
do Id cdn thiet vd co lOi cho hogt dgng kinh
doanh Idu ddi cda Cong ty d xii do" (6). Ro
rang la, vao cuo'i thap nien 1680, Ban Giam
dd'c d Luan Don van duy tri mot cai nhin

tich cUc ve trien vong ciia nen thQdng mai
vdi Dang Ngoai.
Tuy nhien, hi vong cua Ban Giam dd'c ve
nen mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai nhanh chdng
suy giam. Chuye'n hang ngheo nan thQdng
diem Ke Chd gQi ve Luan Don mua Ddng
nam 1689/1690 lam tan bie'n nhQng ky
vong ldn lao cua Ban Giam dd'c. Nghien cQu
ky luSng tinh trang dinh dd'n ciia nen mau
dich vdi Dang Ngoai, thang 5 nam 1690,
Ban Giam do'c khuyen cao nhan vien
thQdng diem Ke Chd r i n g ho nen "tie't kiem
mgt cdch tuyet ddi trong chi tieu, nhdt Id
trong thdi diem kho khdn hien nay [...] rdng

Rghien curu Lich si^. sg 9.2010
mgt nen mdu dieh nho thi khong the gdnh
chiu nhiing chi phi qud cao" (7). Do tinh
hinh khd khan hien nay d nQdc Anh cung
nhQ sQ bao vay cua Phap d vung eo bien,
Ban Giam doc da nhieu lan phai tri hoan
viec phai tau sang phQdng Dong. Luan Ddn
cung thdng bao cho Phao dai St. George
r i n g Cdng ty se khong the giii tau sang
Dang Ngoai trong hai nam 1690 va 1691,
ddng thdi de nghi Phao dai St. George chu
y quan ly thQdng diem Ke Chd bing each
cit cii mot tau hoat dong giQa sQdn ddng
luc dia An Do va Dang Ngoai.
Cung tQ thdi diem nay ve sau. Ban

Giam dd'c d Luan Don trd nen lo ling ve
tinh trang tham hut tai chinh cua thQdng
diem Ke Chd, nha't la khi Cdng ty vQa chiu
thua Id ldn d thQdng diem Ajoitthaya
(Xiem) trong thap nien 1680 (8). Thang 2
nam 1692, sau khi da nghien cQu can than
so sach kinh doanh cua thQdng diem Ke
Chd va tinh hinh khd khan hien tai cua
nQdc Anh trong cuoc chie'n Anh-Phap, Ban
Giam dd'c d Luan Ddn tra ldi bao cao cua
nhan vien d Dang Ngoai bing mot giong
kha gay git:
"Cdc Gidm dde nghien eiiu sd sdch kinh
doanh vd phdt hien ra rdng hien tgi Cong
ty vdn eon mgt so'vdn khd ldn, khong diidi
30.000 sterling, dang ton dgng d Bdng
Ngodi. [...] Cong ty chdng eon dgng liCe ndo
de tiep tuc phdi tdu sang Bdng Ngodi niia
eho den khi dd nhdn du nhiing vd'n ddu tit
hien vdn con ii dgng d Ke Cha [...]. Viee
Cong ty khong phdi tdu trite tiep tii Anh
sang Bdng Ngodi Id do chi phi van chuyen
ddt do, cao han 50% so vdi triidc ddy, kem
theo rui ro trong boi ednh chie'n tranh hien
nay, cdng nhii tinh trgng sut gidm gid bdn
cua cdc sdn phdm ta, lua, xg hiiOng diia tii
Bdng Ngodi ve so vdi thdi gian triidc chien
tranh vdi ngitdiPhdp" (9).

15

TiJr vu 6p phe thuong mat..
N h i m thanh tra tinh hinh kinh doanh
cua thUdng diem Ke Chd, Ban Giam doc
ddng thdi quye't dinh cit c^ mot nhan vien
giau kinh nghiem tQ Hoi ddng cua Phao dai
St. George sang thanh tra va lam giam dd'c
thQdng diem Ke Chd. Ban chi thi cua Luan
Ddn yeu cau nhan vien thQdng diem Ke
Chd phai tuyet ddi tuan thu sQ dieu hanh
va cung cap toan bo tai lieu kinh doanh cua
thQdng diem cho vien thanh tra - ngQdi
dQdc liy nhiem thay mSt cho Ban Giam dd'c
toan quyen hanh ddng. Ban Giam dd'c cdn
ban them cho vien thanh tra quyen dQdc bd
nhiem hoac bai nhiem cac vi tri trong Hdi
ddng dieu hanh cua thQdng diem Ke Chd
neu ong ta tha'y dieu dd la thiet thQc va cd
ldi cho Cdng ty (10).
Tren cd sd ban chi thi cua Luan Ddn,
mua he nam 1693, Hdi ddng Phao dai St.
George da phai Richard Watts sang thanh
tra thQdng diem Ke Chd - ndi dng phat hien
hang loat sai pham trong viec dieu hanh
kinh doanh cua cac nhan vien, nhat la vu
ap phe thQdng mai he't sQc nghiem trong
cua giam do'c thQdng diem William Keeling
va ddng sQ. SQ be bdi cua thQdng diem Ke
Chd khdng chi dan de'n quye't dinh bai bd

thUdng diem duy nhat cua Anh d mien Bic
Dai Viet, ma cdn dQa den lenh "cam bien",
hay cu the hdn la sic lenh ca'm ngQdi Dang
Ngoai xua't dQdng, cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh
vao mua Ddng nam 1693.
Vu dp phe thuang mqi cua
diem Anh tqi Ke Cha ndm 1693

thuang

NhQ da de cap, mua he nam 1693, Hdi
ddng Phao dai St. George d Madras (An Do)
quyet dinh cQ Richard Watts di tren tau
Pearl sang Dang Ngoai de thanh tra, ddng
thdi tie'p quan vi tri giam dd'c thQdng diem
Ke Chd - vd'n da ra't "hdn don" tQ nhieu
nam qua. Khi tau Pearl dQng b Achin vao
cudi thang 5, Richard Watts lap tQc phat

hien ra chie'c thuyen manh do giam doc
thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd la William
Keeling phai di budn ban. TrQdc khi de'n
Achin, chie'c thuyen tren da den ban hang d
Xiem va mot sd hai eang Ddng Nam A khac.
Hoang sd vi cudc eham tran ba't ngd vdi tau
Pearl, William Sams - mot thanh vien cua
thQdng diem Dang Ngoai va la ngQdi elm
dau chuye'n di cua chiec thuyen manh - tim
each chay trd'n. Sau khi da tQ chd'i giao nop
sd' hang hda tri gia khoang 1.000 rial of

eight (11) budn ban bing tien cdng cua
thQdng diem, Sams cho thuyen lang le rdi
Achin di Malacca trong bdng dem (12).
NhQng ldi cung khai cua Lamuel
Blackmore, phd giam dd'c thQdng diem Ke
Chd va la mot trong nhQng thanh vien chi
huy chuye'n budn cua chie'c thuyen manh,
cung ca'p cho vien thanh tra Richard Watts
nhQng thdng tin quan trong ve ndi tinh cua
vu ap phe. Theo dd, chie'c thuyen manh ndi
tren la tai san chung cua giam dd'c William
Keeling, phd giam dde Lamuel Blackmore
va thQdng nhan William Sams. Trong
chuye'n di nam trQdc de'n cac thQdng cang
Ddng Nam A giam dd'c Keeling sd hQu 1/2
cd phin, Sams va Blackmore moi ngQdi sd
hQu 1/4. TrQdc khi thQc hien chuye'n di
nam nay (1693), giam dd'c Keeling thdng
bao cho Blackmore r i n g dng ta da ban toan
bd cd p h i n cho Sams. Tuy nhien,
Blackmore tin r i n g dd chi la am mQu cua
Keeling n h i m tang quyen dieu hanh
chuye'n di cho Sams. Trai vdi ldi cung khai
cua Blackmore, Sams phu nhan viec chung
vd'n, qua quye't r i n g chiec thuyen manh va
vo'n kinh doanh la cua mot vi quan ldn
cung vdi vai quy ba ngQdi Dang Ngoai. Ve
thuy thu doan, ngoai hai ngQdi Anh la
Sams va Blackmore, cdn cd tdng cdng 20
ngQdi Dang Ngoai va Trung Qudc.

Blackmore cung khai r i n g tdng so' vd'n d i u


16
tQ cho chuye'n budn l l n nay tri gia khoang
5.259 lang bac, trong do cd phan cua dng
vao khoang 1.000 rial of eight. Tuy nhien,
ong lai khong bie't cu the danh muc hang
hda tren thuyen bdi giam dd'c Keeling va
Sams khong bao gid tie't Id cho dng (13).
Nhim dudi kip chiec thuyen manh cua
Sams tai Malacca, thanh tra Watts va Hoi
ddng CO va'n tau Pearl dQ dinh cho ong
Blackmore - ngQdi bi Sams bd rdi b Achin dung mot chie'c thuyen nhd de de'n Malacca
trQdc. Tai Malacca, Blackmore se no iQc
thuye't phuc vi quan trong cang de giQ
chiec thuyen manh cua Sams chd tau Pearl
de'n. Tuy nhien, ke hoach nay ngay lap tQc
hi buy bd vi mot sd^ can nhlc sau day. ThU
nhd't, neu b i t giQ chiec thuyen manh cua
Sams, thuy thu tren tau Pearl cung kho cd
the dieu khien nd ve Dang Ngoai bdi ho
khdng quen vdi loai thuyen dd. ThU hai, do
cd ra't nhieu thuy thu tren chie'c thuyen
manh la ngQdi Dang Ngoai, ba't ky hanh
dong mang tinh vu iQc nao vdi ho cung trd
thanh cai cd de trieu dinh Le-Trinh trQng
phat thQdng diem cua Cong ty d Ke Chd.
Thii! ba, sd^ iQdng vang va hang hda cua
Blackmore gdp vao chie'c thuyen manh

khong ldn den mQc phai nhd den vi quan d
cang Malacca can thiep (14).
GiQa thang 7, tau Pearl va chiec thuyen
manh cua Sams lai gap nhau d Malacca.
Sau khi khong the ep Sams song hanh ve
Dang Ngoai, tau Pearl rdi Malacca di Dang
Ngoai vao cuoi thing. Ngay lap tQc, thuyen
cua Sams cung khdi hanh va chi vai ngay
sau - nhd kich thUdc nho gon-da vQdt len
trQdc tau Pearl. Den ngay 16 thang 8, phat
hien mot cha'm den b vung chan trdi va cho
ring tau chuan bi di vao vung bien Dang
Trong, ham doi tau Pearl chuan hi vu khi
sin sang tQ ve. Khdng lau sau ho phat hien
ra cha'm den do chinh la chiec thuyen

Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 9.2010
manh cua Sams. TQ 6 ngay nay chie'c
thuyen hi rd ri nang nen thuy thu doan
phai buong neo d ngoai khdi bd bien Dang
Trong. Quan ngai r i n g chie'c thuyen bi hQ
hai nang se hi dim trong khi mua bao lai
dang de'n d vung bien Dang Trong, thanh
tra Richard Watts va Hoi ddng ham doi ra
quye't nghi yeu ciu Sams chuyen toan bd
tai san len tau Pearl. Sang ngay 20 thang
8, trong khi hai ben dang tranh luan nay
Ilia thi chiec thuyen manh cua Sams va
Blackmore bat ngd bi mot ludng hai iQu
manh cud'n ve phia nam. Vi vay, tau Pearl

danh tie'p tuc hanh trinh ve Dang Ngoai,
khong hay bie't gi ve sd phan chie'c thuyen
manh cua Sams va Blackmore (15).
- ,
Den Dang Ngoai vao dau thang 9, thanh
tra Richard Watts va cong sQ ngay lap tQc
hi ca quan lai dia phQdng va giam doc
thQdng diem William Keeling thQ thach.
Nghe tin tau Pearl de'n, giam dd'c Keeling
cho chuyen toan bd tien bac va tai san den
ca't gia'u b nha nhan tinh ngQdi Viet.
Keeling cong khai phan ddi vi giam dd'c mdi
Watts, nghi ngd tinh phap ly cua cdng van
bd nhiem giam do'c mdi ma Luan Ddn
chuyen sang Phao dai St. George. Trong
qua trinh thanh tra boat ddng kinh doanh
cua thQdng diem Ke Chd, Watts phat hien
rat nhieu sai pham trong quan ly va chi
tieu ciia ban giam dd'c thQdng diem. Tai
san cua thQdng diem gin nhQ trorig rdng,
chi cdn mot vai thung s i t va van go. So
sach kinh doanh ghi chep lon xdn, dly loi;
cac muc mua va ban chi mdi dQdc cap nhat
cho de'n nam 1688, 5 nam trd lai day chQa
dQdc tinh toan. Keeling tQ chdi chu ca'p tien
an va iQdng cho thuy thu tau Pearl, ndi
r i n g thQdng diem da he't tien. Ngoai ra, de
trdn tranh nguy cd hi trieu hdi ve Anh xet
x^. Keeling cung vdi nhan tinh ngudi Vi§t
lo hd'i Id cac quan de dUdc phep dinh cQ d

Tir VU ap phe thurcmg mai..
Dang Ngoai. Dieu nay dat vi tan giam dd'c
Watts vao tinh the tie'n thoai iQdng nan:
ne'u cQdng quyet b i t Keeling theo tau Pearl
ve Phao dai St. George, thQdng diem Ke
Chd se khdng bao gid thu hdi lai dQdc
nhQng tai san ma dng ta da tau tan. Ngoai
ra. Keeling cung doa ring ne'u dng ta da di
khdi Dang Ngoai, chie'c thuyen manh cung
vdi Sams va Blackmore se ching bao gid
quay lai (16).
Trong khi nhQng khd khan va mau
thuin noi bd trong thQdng diem chQa dQdc
giai quye't thi ngay 12-12-1693, Sams,
Blackmore va mot sd' thuy thu ngQdi Dang
Ngoai ve de'n Ke Chd, sau khi hi chinh
quyen Dang Trong cam tu va tra ta'n sudt
gan 3 thang trdi. Theo ldi cung khai cua
Sams va Blackmore, nhan tha'y khong cdn
cd hoi de cQu van chie'c thuyen manh da bi
rd ri ra't nang, vao trung t u i n thang 9, bon
ho (ta't ca gdm 10 ngQdi) quye't dinh bd lai
chiec thuyen manh de do bo len bd bien xQ
Dang Trong. Ngay sau khi dat chan len bd,
ca nhdm hi quan lai dia phQdng b i t giQ va
giai ve Hue de giam giQ va lly cung; tien
va hang mang len bd deu hi tich thu. Sau
gan 3 thang hi giam elm va tra khao, cudi

cung ho dUdc chinh quyen Dang Trong
phdng thi'ch de trd lai Ke Chd (17).
Sams va Blackmore qua quye't ring
chie'c thuyen manh chic chin da chim ngay
sau khi ho len bd. Tuy nhien, mot nam sau
do (thing 11-1694) mot vien thQdng nhan
ngQdi Phuc Kie'n sang Dang Ngoai budn
ban lai cung cap mot ke't cue hoan toan
khic ve sd' phan cua chie'c thuyen manh.
Theo ldi cua vien Hoa thQdng, sau khi
Sams, Blackmore va mot sd ngQdi Dang
Ngoai rdi bd chie'c thuyen, dim thuy thii
cdn lai gdm 16 ngUdi (ca ngQdi Hoa va
ngQdi Dang Ngoai) xoay sd di ve phia Bic
va cud^i cung cung de'n dQdc dao Hai Nam.

17
Khi vi quan cai tri dao Hai Nam yeu elu
khai bio va nop qua bieu, nhQng ke sdng
sdt da thanh khan khai bao hoan canh bi
dat cua minh, ddng thdi xin vi quan cho
phep ban sd h i n g sdt lai de siia chQa chie'c
thuyen (18).
Nhat ky thQdng diem Ke Chd khdng the
dQa ra dQdc ke't luan cud'i cung ve sd phan
ciia chie'c thuyen manh ndi tren. TrQdc khi
cd ldi cung khai cua vien Hoa thQdng ngQdi
Phuc Kie'n, Sams va Blackmore da lam cho
ngQdi ta tin r i n g chie'c thuyen manh da bi
dim ngoai khdi bd bien xQ Dang Trong bdi

tinh trang rd ri tham hai trong khi gid ndm
da he't nen khdng the di ve hQdng Bic
(Dang Ngoai hoac Trung Qudc). Nay cd
tinh tie't mdi tQ vien thQdng nhan Phuc
Kie'n, nhan vien thQdng diem Ke Chd mdi
lat lai cic ldi khai cua Sams va Blackmore.
ThQc ra, tQ t h i n g 12-1693, mot so'thuy thu
Dang Ngoai sd'ng sdt trd ve tQng ndi r i n g
chiec thuyen manh khdng bi rd ri de'n mQc
phai tQ bd, r i n g viec bd tau la mQu dd cua
Sams va Blackmore. Do khdng the li'y
them ldi khai tQ Keeling va Sams, giim dd'c
Watts va Hdi ddng thQdng diem Ke Chd
danh de viec dieu tra cho Cdng ty (19).
NhQng tai lieu cua Cong ty cdn de'n hien
nay cung khdng phan anh dUdc gi them ve
ke't cue thUc sQ cua chie'c thuyen manh.
Tuy vay, cd it nhat mot sQ thQc: phan Qng
manh tQ trieu dinh Le-Trinh dan de'n l$nh
cam ngQdi Viet xua't dQdng, lenh kiem soat
git gao thuyen budn ngoai qud'c va nghiem
trong hdn la hdi ket cho mot thdi ky ngoai
thQdng cdi md cua vQdng qud'c Dang Ngoai.

Phdn iing cua triiu dinh Le-Trinh:
cam nguai Bdng Ngodi xudt duang
Phan Qng gian dQ cua Phii Chua va
trieu dinh Le-Trinh ndi chung ve vu i p phe
thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh la hoan
toan tQ nhien, nhi't la x6t de'n viec thuy

IS
thu Dang Ngoai bi chinh quyen Dang
Trong tra tan va giam cam, trong khi mot
sd' khic cd the dang iQu lac d mien nam
Trung Qud'c. Sau khi ve de'n Ke Chd ngay
12-12-1693, Sams va Blackmore lap tQc bi
trieu hdi de'n cong dQdng de cung khai. Ben
canh nghia vu khai bao ve chuyen di dinh
menh, hai ngQdi cdn bi tra hdi ve tinh hinh
hien tai cua xQ Dang Trong. Ngoai ra, ho
cung phai than chinh di den trinh dien va
cung khai trQdc quan tra'n thu Phd' Hien.
Quan tran thu cdn dd hdi giim dd'c Watts
lieu thQdng diem cd thanh toin khoan tien
iQdng cho nhQng thuy thu Dang Ngoai da
lam thue tren chiec thuyen manh hay
khdng. Watts t h i n g thQng tQ chdi trich
nhiem bdi do hoan toan la hoat ddng tQ
nhin va trai luat cua Cong ty.
Hdn mQdi ngay sau khi nhQng ke sd'ng
sdt ve den Ke Chd, Phu Chua ra lenh chi
nghiem ca'm ngQdi Dang Ngoai xua't dQdng,
chi thi cho cac tau budn ngoai quoc tQ nay
ve sau khong dQdc van chuyen ngQdi dia
phQdng ra khoi vQdng qud^c. Nhat ky cua
thQdng diem Anh tai Ke Chd ngay 24-121693 ghi rat rd sQ kien tren:
"Sdng nay, nha mon dem ehieu chi eua
Chua [Trinh Cdn] den eho cd ngiidi Hd Lan

vd ngiidi Anh ehung ta. Muc dich cda td
chie'u la ban bo'lenh tii nay ve sau chung ta
khdng duac phep chuyen chd thUdng ddn
Bdng Ngodi ra khoi vUOng qud'c, dong thdi
td't cd tdu buon se bi luc sodt ky lUdng trUdc
khi nho neo rdi Bdng Ngodi. Bieu ndy chdc
chdn se gdy cho chung ta v6 vdn kho khdn
vd ton kem" (20).
Dung nhQ vien thQ ky thQdng diem Anh
da dQ doin, lenh chi cua trieu dinh Dang
Ngoai da thQc sQ thQ thich ca ngQdi Anh
va ngQdi Ha Lan d Ke Chd. Trong nhQng
thing nd'i tie'p lenh ci'm cua trieu dinh LeTrinh, thQdng thuyen ngoai qud'c khong the

Rghien curu Lich siir. 56' 9.2010
nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoii cho de'n khi vien
quan dQdc giao trong trich giim sat da d p
cho mot chie'c the mdn bai (ehaup) chQng
thQc tau da dQdc luc soit ma khong p h i t
hien ra hang hda cam hay ngQdi dia
phQdng tren boong. Khi ngQdi Anh chuan
hi cho tau Pearl nho neo di An Do vao mua
ddng n i m 1694, ho gap vd van khd khan tQ
vien quan giam s i t tau va tau Pearl chi cd
the nhd neo sau khi da hi luc tung tQ tren
boong xud'ng dQdi ham tau, dong thdi thuy
thu doan phai nop mot khoan qua bieu hau
hinh. NgQdi Ha Lan cung chiu chung so'
phan khi lam thu tuc cho tau Westbroek rdi
Dang Ngoai di Batavia. Trong vai n i m tie'p

theo, nhQng khd khan tQ lenh "ca'm bien"
cua trieu dinh Dang Ngoai tie'p tuc thil
thach ldng kien tri vd'n da ngay cang vdi
can cua ngQdi Anh va ngQdi Ha Lan (21).
Dien tie'n cua cic sQ kien lien quan de'n
vu ap phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem
Anh gdi ra hai nghi vi'n. ThU nhdt, ngQdi
Anh cd lien ddi de'n dau trong sic lenh ca'm
ngQdi Dang Ngoai xuat dQdng qua tau
budn ngoai qudc cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh.
Tha hai, ngQdi Ha Lan d Ke Chd cd vd tinh
trd thanh nan nhan eua chinh sich "cam
bien" gay ra bdi ngQdi Anh? Ne'u ddn thuan
dQa vao dien bie'n cua vu ap phe thUdng
mai, ngQdi ta de dang thQa nhan hai van
de tren. Tuy nhien, dien bie'n cua md'i quan
h^ Ha Lan-Dang Ngoai tQ nhQng n i m diu
thap nien 1690 cho tha'y ngUdi Ha Lan
khdng ddn t h u i n "bi va lay". Sau khi nen
mau dich "td lua Dang Ngoai ddi bac Nhat
Ban" b i t dau chQng lai sau nam 1654 va
suy thoii manh trong sud't giai doan 16601680, quan he giQa thUdng diem Ha Lan
vdi trieu dinh ngay cang sa sut, mic du
Toan quyen Ha Lan d Batavia khong
ngQng nd iQc phuc hdi vi tri thUdng mai
cua Cong ty d Dang Ngoai (22).


TiJr vu ap phe thirong mai...
Khong chi nen mau dich ma ngay ban

than mdi bang giao giQa Cdng ty Dong An
Ha Lan vdi trieu dinh Le-Trinh cung ngay
mot xau di. Khdng hai ldng vdi nhQng mdn
qua bieu ngay cang It gii tri, Chua Trinh
c a n ddn phQdng cha'm dQt le trao ddi thdng
thQ hang nam vdi Toan quyen d Batavia mot hanh dong mang bieu tQdng ngoai giao
than thien giQa Dang Ngoai vdi Cong ty Ha
Lan trong hdn nQa theky trQdc dd. Mua he
nam 1693 - trUdc khi xay ra vu i p phe cua
ngQdi Anh - mdi quan he ngay cang cSng
thing giQa Chua Trinh Cin va ngQdi Ha
Lan d Ke Chd len de'n dinh diem khi Chua
cho td'ng giam Jacob van Loo - giim dd'c
thQdng diem Ha Lan - va vien thuyen
trQdng tau Westbroek chi vi Batavia khdng
the giii sang Ke Chd nhQng mdn hang
trang sQc bing d i quy Chua yeu ciu n i m
trQdc. Hai tu nhan Ha Lan chi dQdc phdng
thich sau khi thQdng diem da cam ke't khi
tau de'n Dang Ngoai lan sau se mang theo
nhQng mdn hang Chua yeu cau. Su bi't
man va nhQng cQ xQ ha khic cua Chua
Trinh Can ddi vdi ngQdi Ha Lan trong
nhQng nam' tie'p theo khie'n Toan quyen va
Hoi ddng Dong An d Batavia tha't vong, dan
den quye't dinh ddng ciia thQdng diem Ke
Chd va cha'm dQt nen mau dich vdi Dang
Ngoai vao nam 1700 (23).
Mdi quan he ngay cang cang thing giQa
Phu Chua va thitdng diem Ha Lan trQdc

khi xay ra vu i p phe thQdng mai cua
thQdng diem Anh n i m 1693 cho thay ngQdi
Ha Lan khdng cdn dQdc hQdng cic die
quyen thQdng mai nhQ nhQng thap nien
trQdc do. Vi vay, ngQdi Ha Lan khong hoan
toan la "nan nhan" cua vu i p phe thQdng
mai cua thQdng diem Anh. Vi'n de nay trd
nen Idgic hdn khi xet de'n thii do ngay cang
lanh nhat cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh dd'i vdi
ngoai thQdng va thQdng nhan ngoai qudc

19
ke sau nam 1672. Cuoc xung dot Ding
Trong-Dang Ngoai di vio hQu chie'n, nhu
elu vu khi ngoai khong cdn q u i cap bich
ddi vdi ho Trinh nhQ trong nhQng t h i p
nien trQdc dd. Se khdng q u i khi ndi r i n g
thii do ngay cang thieu thien cam cua
trieu dinh Le-Trinh ddi vdi ngoai thQdng va
thQdng nhan ngoai qud'c da gdp p h i n dly
ngQdi Ha Lan va ngQdi Anh ra khdi Dang
Ngoai vao nhQng n i m cud'i cua the ky
XVn, mac du ca hai Cdng ty Dong An Anh
va Ha Lan v i n cd' ging duy tri thQdng diem
d Dang Ngoai de budn b i n va duy tri hi
vong mong manh ve kha ning sii dung
Dang Ngoai lam ban dap t h i m n h i p thi
trQdng mien nam Trung Qud^c.
Vi vay, vu i p phe thQdng mai cua
thQdng diem Anh 6 Ke Chd n i m 1693

khdng phai la "nguyen nhan s i u xa" cua
viec trieu dinh Le-Trinh ban hanh chinh
sach cam ngQdi Viet xuat dQdng. Chinh xic
hdn, dd dQdng nhQ la mot "nguyen cd hdp
thdi diem" de Phu Chua quan ly chat che
hdn boat dong ngoai thQdng cung nhQ van
de ngQdi ngoai qud'c b Dang Ngoai - vdn da
dQdc ndi long mot cich cd chu dich tQ
nhQng thap nien d i u cua the ky XVH.
Mdu thudn ngi bg, thua lo va na nan
chong chdt: nhiing ndm thdng khdn
cdng cua nguai Anh dKe Cha, 1694-1697
Vu i p phe thQdng mai cua nhan vien
thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd nam 1693 anh
hQdng nghiem trong de'n nen mau dich cua
Cdng ty Ddng An Anh vdi Dang Ngoai. Ve
ly thuye't, viec trieu dinh Dang Ngoai ban
hanh lenh cam bien se gay khd khan va
thiet hai nang cho boat ddng kinh doanh
cua thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd. Trong thQc
te, p h i n ldn nhQng khd khan va ton that
cua thQdng diem Anh lai de'n tQ nhQng v i n
de noi tai cua thQdng diem: mau thuan ndi


20

Rghien curu Lich sii. sg 9.2010

bo din de'n sQ thiet hai ldn ve tai san, vay

nd vdi lai sua't cao va nghiem trong hdn la
cudc so'ng day tui cQc cua nhan vien thQdng
diem trong khoang ho'n nam cud'i d Dang
Ngoai.
Sau khi ke nhiem chQc giam do'c thQdng
diem Ke Chd tQ William Keeling vao mua
thu nam 1693, tan giim dd'c Richard Watts
ngay lap tQc dd'i m i t vdi hang loat nhQng
khd khan va thii thich. Vi'n de nghiem
trong nhat la tinh trang mau thuan gay git
trong ndi bo thQdng diem ma dinh diem la
sQ cing thing trong quan he giQa Keeling
va Watts. Nghi ngd tinh hdp phap ve vi tri
cua Watts, Keeling va Sams khong phuc
tung, tham chi tQ chdi hdp tic vdi vi tan
giim dde. Hai thQdng nhan ky cQu khic
cua thQdng diem Anh la Lamuel Blackmore
va Richard Warren - nhQng ngQdi cung da
lam viec tai Dang Ngoai sudt nhieu nam cdn phao tin r i n g Watts da gia mao gia'y td
de tiem quyen giim dd'c thQdng diem Ke
Chd. NhQng ldi ddn thoi ndi tren khie'n
thQdng diem Ke Chd gap vo van khd khan
trong giao dich d nhQng nam sau do. Ching
han, mua thu nam 1695, Chua Trinh Cin
tQ chdi cho thudng diem Anh vay 6 trieu
ddng tien chinh (tQdng dQdng 60.000 quan)
de thQdng diem chi tieu cho de'n khi tau
cQu trd cua Cong ty sang Dang Ngoai. Ly
do cd ban - theo ldi cua vien thong ngdn
ngQdi Dang Ngoai ten la Chubu - la do

Chua hi tic dong bdi "nhQng ldi bdng gid
day tai hai" ma Sams va Blackmore tung
ra: Watts khdng phai la giim dd'c hdp phip
bdi dng khong phai do Ban Giam dd'c d
Luin Ddn bd nhiem ma ddn t h u i n do Phio
dai St. George (An Do) chi dinh (24).
Day chinh la nguyen nhan khie'n
ldn cQu nhan vien thQdng diem tay
tan giim dd'c Watts. Khi bi yeu ciu
tau Pearl ve Phao dai St. George, cQu

phin
chay
theo
giim

doc Keeling va n h i n tinh ngQdi Viet tim
cich hdi lo cic quan de xin Chua d p ph6p
iQu tru d Dang Ngoai khi tau Pearl khdi
hanh ve Phio dai St. George. N h i n thay
tinh cha't nghiem trong cua vu viec, quan
lai Dang Ngoai khong dim giup dd Keeling.
TrQdc khi tau Pearl nhd neo rdi Dang
Ngoai, Keeling tham chi da hi thQdng diem
b i t giam sau khi am mQu chay trd'n cua
dng bi bai lo. Tuy nhien, ngQdi ddng mQu la
Sams da kip thdi trd'n thoat trQdc khi tau
Pearl khdi hanh va de'n khi bie't chac tau
Pearl phai iQu tru d Dang Ngoai them mot
nam vi Id ddt gid bac nam do (1693/1694)

Sams mdi ngang nhien xuat hien trQdc
thQdng diem. Hai nhan vien nay cdn tie'p tuc
gay khd khSn cho thQdng diem Anh de'n khi
Keeling bi budc phai theo tau Pearl ve Phao
dai St. George vao t h i n g 1 n i m 1695 (25).
Trong hai nam tie'p theo, giim dd'c Watts
cdn gip rat nhieu th^ thach trong viec ngan
chan Sams va Blackmore chuyen sang lam
thue cho cac thuyen budn ngoai qud'c budn
b i n giQa Dang Ngoai va cac cang Ddng Nam
A, nhim buoc ho ve Cdng ty de cung khai
nhQng viec lam sai trai va tham d cdng quy
trong thdi gian iQu tru tai Ke Chd.
Giam do'c Watts ddng thdi hi chinh
James Howell - thuyen trUdng tau Pearl thQ thach: ddi tien iQdng ca nam cho thuy
thu doan trong bd'i canh ngan sich thQdng
diem kiet que v i tham chi dinh cdng trQdc
thdi diem tau Pearl dQ dinh nhd neo rdi
Dang Ngoai. Watts cho r i n g thuyen trQdng
Hov/ell la ngQdi phai chiu trich nhiem
chinh trong viec tau Pearl khong the rdi
Dang Ngoai vao mua ddng 1693/1694, gay
ra thiet hai ldn cho Cong ty va ban than
thQdng diem Ke Chd. Mot n i m sau, giim
doc Watts lai ke't toi thuyen trUdng Howell
da sQ dung nhQng am mQu "tham doc" va
"hen ha" de ngan chan tau Pearl rdi Dang


Tir vu ap phe thuong mai.

Ngoai trong mua ddng 1694/1695. May
m i n cho thQdng diem Anh la thuyen
trudng Howell- bd lai ding sau nhQng mau
thuan vdi giam do'c Watts - vin cho tau
Pearl di An Do t h i n g 1 n i m 1695 (26).
Tinh trang kiet que tai chinh keo dai
cua thQdng diem Anh la hau qua trQc tiep
tQ nhQng mau t h u i n noi bd ndi tren. Hoi
ddng Phao dai St. George - tin tQdng vao
con sd' tinh toan ciia Ban Giam dd'c d Luan
Don ve sd' vo'n tdn dong 30.000 bang Anh d
thQdng diem Ke Chd - nen chi ca'p cho tan
giim do'c Watts mot sd' vd'n rat nhd khi
cung tau Pearl sang Dang Ngoai vao mua
he nam 1693. Bdi vay, khi Keeling tQ chdi
ban giao sd sach va vd'n kinh doanh cdn tdn
dong cho Watts, vi tan giam do^c ngay lap
tQc ddi mat vdi tinh trang khong cdn ngan
quy. Van de tai chinh trd nen dac biet
nghiem trong khi tau Pearl budc phai iQu
tru d Dang Ngoai mot nam vi nhd gid ba'c,
ddng nghia vdi viec thQdng diem Ke Chd
phai cung d p tien iQdng va iQdng thQc,
thQc pham cho thuy thu doan, chQa ke den
nhQng chi phi bat thQdng khac ludn xay
den khi vai chuc con ngQdi iQu tru sudt mot
nim dai d vung cQa sdng (27).
Theo nhat ky thQdng diem Anh d Ke
Chd, tQ cudi nam 1694, thQdng diem b i t
dau thie'u tien; cac hang hda cd the ban

dQdc (chu ye'u la vai dQa tQ Luan Ddn sang)
cung da can. De tdn tai va cung Qng cho
thuy thu doan cua tau Pearl, ngQdi Anh b i t
diu vay nang lai. TrQdc khi vay lai tQ
thQdng dan Dang Ngoai, thQdng diem
thinh elu Chua Trinh Can cho vay 60.000
quan tien (sau rut xuo'ng cdn 30.000 quan)
de chi tieu cho de'n khi tau cua Cong ty
sang Dang Ngoai. Ke hoach khong thanh
cong du thQdng diem da hoi 16 mot Duckba
(DQc Ba) de nhd chuyen ddn den tan tay
Chua. Chua nghi ngai bdi hai nguyen do

21

chinh: mua he nam dd khong cd tau Anh
nao de'n Dang Ngoai va tinh trang mau
t h u i n ndi bd tram trong giQa dim ngQdi
Anh d Ke Chd. That bai tren buoc giam dd'c
Watts quay sang vay nd lai (28). Ti.ih den
thing 12 n i m 1696, thQdng diem Anh b Ke
Chd da vay lai td'ng cong 1.400 lang bac, ca
tQ ngQdi Dang Ngoai va tQ thQdng nhan tQ
do ngQdi Ha Lan, d mQc lai suat trung binh
2,5%/thang (29). Thang 5 nam 1697,
thQdng diem Anh tham chi phai vay ndng
200 lang bac d mQc lai sua't 4%/thang tQ
vien quan Ungia Thaw (30).
6 Luan Ddn, ban than Ban Giim dd'c
ngay cang nhan ra that bai day cay ding

trong viec duy tri thQdng diem Ke Chd. Vao
thdi diem Phio dai St. George phai Richard
Watts sang thanh tra va dieu hanh boat
ddng kinh doanh d Dang Ngoai (mua he
1693), cic giim dd'c da hoan toan nhan ra
mot thQc te budn: nhan vien thQdng diem
Ke Chd da qua m i t ho trong nhieu nam
qua va boat ddng kinb doanh d Dang Ngoai
- tQdng tQ nhQ tinh trang b Xiem thap nien
trQdc dd - ddn thuan phuc vu ldi ich cua
mot nhdm nhan vien. Vi vay, trQdc khi
nhan dQdc bio cio va kien nghi chinh thQc
tQ doan thanh tra cua Watts ve tinh hinh
hien tai cung nhQ trien vong cua nen mau
dich vdi Dang Ngoai, Ban Giam dd'c d Luan
Don da tQc tdc quye't dinh triet bd thQdng
diem Ke Chd. Trong cdng v i n gQi Phio dai
St. George vao t h i n g 1 n i m 1694, Ban
Giim do'c thuc giuc ngQdi Anh d Madras
"sii dung mgi khd ndng hien eo de thu hoi
vi cho Cong ty todn bg tdi sdn vd vdn lieng
con litu citu d thitang diem Ddng Ngodi"
(31). Mot n i m sau - du v i n chQa nhan dQdc
kie'n nghi tQ phQdng Ddng - Ban Giim dd'c
da hoan toan mat bet kien nhan vdi thQdng
diem Ke Chd. Trong cdng v i n g^i thuoc d p
cua minb 6 Phio dai St. George de ngay 6
thing 3 nam 1695, cac giim do'c qua quyet:

22

"Cong ty nhdn thd'y nin mdu dich trUc
tiep tii Anh sang Trung Qudc vd ngUac lgi
CO ldi nhiiu han viec buon bdn vdi Ddng
Ngodi, nhdt Id khi xet den chi phi diidng
ddi vd hgn ehe khd ndng lien lgc ngodi viec
cdt cit tdu thuyin qua lgi. The nhUng ede
chuyen hdng [Ddng Ngodi] diia ve hiem khi
sit dung qud 1 j2 tdi trgng trii khi eo' nhoi
nhet len tdu nhiing do san mdi re tien, cong
kenh trong khi tiin ldi ehdng bit duac 1/2
chi phi van chuyen. Vi vdy, Ban Gidm doc
de nghi Phdo ddi St. George tim cdch dong
ciia thuang diem Ke Cha ngay lap tUc
nhdm eham dOt cdng sdm cdng tdt sit
phung phi tien bgc cua Cong ty d Bdng
Ngodi. Neu co the thi nen eo' gdng bdn
nhiing tda nhd trong thUOng diem cho
ngUdi Bdng Ngodi, nhuac bdng khong thi
thd viit bo chung di eon han co' gdng deo
bdm dxH do them mgt ngdy ndo niia" (32).
Ro rang la, vao thdi diem cong vin cua
Ban Giam dd'c sang den An Do, Phio dai
St. George da n i m ro dQdc tinh trang bi dat
cua thQdng diem Ke Chd qua thdng tin tau
Pearl dem ve. Sau khi rdi Dang Ngoai vao
thing 1 n i m 1695, tau Pearl trai qua mot
chuye'n di bao t i p ve Madras: than tau hi
rd ri va nhQng ddt gid ngQdc tren bien

khie'n tau Pearl bi hQ hdng ning va dat vao
Johor - ndi hang hda va thuy thu doan dQdc
giai cQu len bd. Khi chie'c thuyen manh
buon b i n tQ Johor sang Madras mang theo
tin tQc ve tau Pearl vao mua he n i m 1695,
Phio dai St. George da phai tau sang Johor
de giai cQu thuy thu doan va hang hda.
Den thdi diem nay, ca Phio dai St. George
va Luan Don deu da thd'ng nha't chu trQdng
ddng cQa thQdng diem duy nhi't d Dang
Ngoai. Tuy nhien, do khong trQng dung
dQdc tau de sang Dang Ngoai thu hdi
thQdng die'm vao mua be nam 1696, Phio
dai St. George danh phai sii dung kenh lien

Rghien curu Lich s i , sg 9.2010
lac gian tiep vdi thQdng die'm Ke Chd: g^i
chi thi dong cQa thQdng diem Ke Chd qua
tau Elizabeth de'n budn b i n 5 Quang Chau
(Trung Qudc) de nhan vien d Ke Chd chuan
hi sin sang trUdc khi tau de'n Dang Ngoai
vao mua he n i m 1697 (33).
Thing 1 nam 1697, mot vi giio si Phip
mdi de'n Dang Ngoai da thong bio cho giim
dd'c Watts thong tin ong ta nghe dQdc ve ke
hoach ddng cQa thQdng die'm Ke Chd cua
Cong ty Ddng An Anh. Mot t h i n g sau, chi
thi ddng c^a thQdng die'm Ke Chd cua Phao
dai St. George dUdc mot ngUdi Hoa dem tQ
Quang Chau (Trung Qud'c) sang Ke Chd

theo dudng bd. T h i n g 7, tau Marry Bouyer
de'n Dang Ngoai de thu hdi t i i san va nhan
vien ve Madras. ThQ cua Chu tich Phio dai
St. George gQi Chua va The tii than phien
ring cudc chie'n tranh khd'c liet vdi ngQdi
P h i p d chau Au da khie'n Cdng ty thie'u hut
tau thuyen va thuy thu nghiem trong nen
phai "tam thdi ddng ciia thQdng die'm Ke
Chd mot thdi gian". Vi Chu tich cung tha
vao trong thQ vai ldi hQa r i n g Cdng ty se
can nhie kha n i n g quay lai Dang Ngoai
budn b i n ne'u tinh hinh trd nen sing sua
hdn trong nhQng n i m tdi (34). Trong sd'vdn
tri gia 7.849 pagoda (35) Phao dai St.
George giii sang Dang Ngoai n i m dd,
thQdng die'm Ke Chd da phai danh ra mot
khoan tri gii 2.000 lang bac de thanh toin
sd' nd da vay, sd' tien cdn lai dung de thu
mua mgt sd' san p h i m ma Phao dai St.
George yeu elu. Sau khi nhan tha'y khdng
the van hdi nhQng mdn nd ma quan lai va
thQdng nhan Dang Ngoai cdn chUa thanh
toan, toan bd nhan vien thQdng die'm Anh
rdi Ke Chd vao ngay 24 thing 11 n i m
1697. Nam ngay sau, tau Marry Bouyer
nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoai, chi'm dQt 25 nam
quan he thQdng mai va bang giao chinh
thQc giQa Cdng ty Ddng An Anh va trieu
dinh Le-Trinh (36).

23

Tu vu ap phe thuong mai.
Ket luan
Den cudi t h i p nien 1680, mic cho nhQng
tha't bai lien tiep cua Cong ty d Dong A
(thQdng diem Bantam sup dd nam 1682;
thQdng dem Dai Loan ket thuc nam 1685,
chie'n tranh vdi Xiem nd ra nam 1687...)
thQdng die'm Ke Chd vin nhan dQdc sQ Qu
ii die biet va sU hau t h u i n cao do tQ Ban
Giim do'c Cong ty d Luan Don. Trong tam
nhin chien iQdc cua Cong ty. Dang Ngoai cd
the trd thanh ban dap de tham nhap thi
trQdng Trung Quo'c luc dia. Vi vay, mic cho
Phio dai St. George nhieu lan de nghi triet
tieu thQdng die'm duy nhi't d Ke Chd, Luan
Don vin kien tri ung ho sU tdn tai cua nen
mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai. Tuy nhien, vien
giim do'c thQdng die'm Ke Chd William
Keeling va mot sd' nhan vien da ldi dung sU
ung ho cua Luan Don de buon b i n rieng,
gay ra tinh trang thua 16, tham 6 cong quy
va mau t h u i n noi bo...
Vu ap phe thQdng mai ciia ngQdi Anh d
Ke Chd n i m 1693 khdng chi gay ra nhQng
ton tha't cho Cdng ty ma cdn din de'n
nhQng hau qua tQdng ddi nghiem trong vdi
nen ngoai thQdng cua vQdng quo'c Dang

Ngoai. Mac du nhQng phan tich da cho
tha'y vu i p phe thQdng mai ciia ngQdi Anh
dQdng nhQ chi la nguyen cd cbQ khdng phai
la nguyen n h i n sau xa d i n de'n chinh sich
"ci'm bien" cua trieu dinh, Chua Trinh Cin

da sQ dung vu ap phe thQdng mai cua
ngQdi Anh nhQ mot nguyen cd hdp thdi de
t h i t chat hdn sQ quan ly ciia trieu dinh ddi
vdi nen ngoai thQdng cua Dang Ngoai vdn
da va dang tren da sa sut nghiem trong.
Ba't luan sQ that nao ding sau chinh sich
" d m bien" ciia trieu dinh Le-Trinh n i m
1693, cd mot sQ that la t h i i do h i khic cua
trieu dinh ddi vdi thQdng nhan ngoai quo'c,
thQdng nhan Ha Lan va Anh ndi rieng, da
gdp p h i n thdi thuc ho rdi bd Dang Ngoai
sau nhieu thap nien gin bd budn bin.
Tren phQdng dien hai thQdng qudc te b
khu vQc Dong A tQ cudi the ky XVH-dau
the ky XVHI, Trung Quo'c trd t h i n h thi
trUdng ly tQdng cua thQdng nhan phQdng
Tay, nha't l i sau khi nha Thanh bai bd lenh
ddng cQa di't nQdc va cho phep Hoa thQdng
di ra budn ban ke tQ sau n i m 1684. Cac
thQdng pham nd'i tieng ciia Trung Qud'c
nhQ gd'm sQ, td lua va nha't la che tran
ngap thi trQdng khien cho cic san pham td
lua va gd'm sQ Dang Ngoai khdng cdn chd
dQng tren thi trQdng qud'c te nQa. Trong bdi

canh dd, trieu dinh Le-Trinh lai cd xu
hQdng t h i t chat ngoai thQdng khie'n cho cd
hoi dQ nhap sau va toan dien vdi nen kinh
te khu vQc va qud^c te (hay sQ dQ nhap vao
qui trinh Toan ciu hda giai doan can dai
sd ky) - vd'n da dien ra trong phan ldn the
ky XVII - hi bd Id mot cich dang tiec.

CHU THICH
* Ghi chu vi tU lieu trong phan

Chd

thich:

Nhiing tU li?u svt dung trong bai vie't bat dau b^ng

Ngoai hifn dang duijc cd't giii tai Luu trii Quo'c gia
Ha Lan (La Haye).

E-3 va G/12/17 la tu lieu lUu trii cua Cong ty Dong

(1). Cong ty Ddng An Anh (English East India

An Anh lien quan de'n Dang Ngoai, hien dang dUdc

Company, vie't tat la EIC), diidc t h a n h lap nam

lUu trii tai ThU vien Qudc gia Anh (Luan Ddn);

1600 tai Luan Don. Cdng ty diidc Nii hoang Anh

nhiing tU lieu bat dau b l n g VOC la tU lieu lUu trfl

Elizabeth ban cho doc quyen budn ban d PhUdng

ciia Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan lien quan de'n Dang

Ddng (chau A va Thai Binh Dudng). Tai tru sd Luan


Rghien curu Lich si3r. sg 9.2010

24
Don, Cong ty dUdc dieu h a n h bdi Ban Giam do'c
gom 24 vi. 6 phUdng Dong, Cdng ty duy tri mpt h$
tho'ng cac thUdng die'm buon ban trai dai tii An Do
sang vung Vien Dong. Ve td chiic va hoat dong ciia

(6). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 9 November
1687, fo. 225v.
(7). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 24 May 1690, fo.
50r.

Cong ty Dong An Anh, xin xem them tii: K. N.
the

(8). Ve boat ddng cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh tai

1660-1760

Xiem trong t h a p nien 1680, xin xem: Dhiravat na

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978);

Pombejra, "The English East India Company in

Chaudhuri, The Trading
English

East

India

World of Asia and
Company,

D. K. Basett, "The Trade of the Enghsh East India

Seventeenth

Company in the Far East, 1623-1684", Journal

Networks

the Royal Asiatic

Society,

of

1-4,1960, pp. 32-47 &

Farrington

Century

and
and

Local

Ayutthaya:
Contexts",

Dhiravat

na

in

Trading
Anthony

Pombejra,

The

English Factory in Siam, 1612-1685 (London: The

145-157.

British Library, 2007), pp. 1-21. Xem them tis
(2). Ngudi Anh bi bupc phai ddng thUdng die'm

D.G.E Hall, A History of Southeast

Asia (London:

d Phd Hien tix nam 1672 de'n n i m 1683, sau dd

Macmillan, 1970), pp. 357-374; Basett, 'The Trade

mdi diidc phep chuyen len Ke Chd. Tuy nhien, tii

of the English East India Company".

khi diidc liiu trii va kinh doanh chinh thiic tren
kinh do, nen mau dich cua ngiidi Anh vdi Dang

(9). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 29 February

Ngoai khdng cdn dUdc Cdng ty quan tam giam sat

1692, fos. 102v-103r. Chie'n t r a n h Anh-Phap n i m

nfla. Nam 1697, ngUdi Anh rdi bd Dang Ngoai. Ve

trong cuoc chie'n t r a n h 9 nam (1688-1697) gifla

hoat ddng cua Cdng ty Dong An Anh d Dang Ngoai

Phap va lien minh do Anh cam dau.

cuoi thap nien 1660-dau thap nien 1670, xin xem
tii: A. Farrington, "English East India Company

(10). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 29 February
1692, fos. 102v-103r.

Documents Relating Pho Hien and Tonkin", in:
Pho Hien - The Centre of International
in

the

17th-18th

Centuries

Commerce

(Hanoi: The

Gioi

Publishers, 1994), pp. 148-161. Hoang Anh Tua'n,
"Ke hoach Ddng A va tha't bai cua Cong ty Ddng
An Anh d Dang Ngoai thap nien 70 the ky XVH",
Tap chf Nghien

cdu Lich sit. Ha Ndi, 9-2005, tr.

28-39.

(11). Rial of eight (hoac reaal van achten trong
tieng Ha Lan): dong tien bac Tay Ban Nha, due tai
Peru, Mexico, va Sevilla, tri gia 48 stuivers (tnidc
nam 1662) va 60 stuivers (sau nam 1662).
(12). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayJ u n e 1693, fos. 318r-321r.
(13). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, May-

(3). Hoang Anh Tuan, "From J a p a n to Manila

J u n e 1693, fos. 318r-321r.

and Back to Europe: The English Abortive Trade
with

Tonkin

in

International

Journal

Expansion

and

the

1670s",

Itinerario:

on the History of
Global

European

Interaction,

the

Netherlands, vol. XXIX, no. 3/2005, pp. 73-92.
(4). E-3-91, London to Fort St. George, 9 J u n e
1686, fo. 70r.
(5). E-3-91, London to Fort St. George, 9 J u n e
1686, fo. 70r.

(14). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayJ u n e 1693, fos. 321v-322v.
(15). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayJ u n e 1693, fos. 323v-324r.
(16). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24
June-17 July 1693, fos. 321v-322v.
(17). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayDecember 1693, fos. 318r-341r.


25

Tir VU ap phe thuong mai...
(18). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 25

he't sflc chi tie't va sinh dpng trong Nhat ky
Thfldng die'm Anh tai Ke Chd, thang 12-1695.

November 1693, fos. 395v-396r.
(19). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 25

(27).

G/12/17-9,

Tonkin

Factory

Record,

December 1 6 9 3 - J a n u a r y 1695, fos. 335r-425v.

November 1693, fos. 395v-396r.
(20). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24

(28).

G/12/17-9,

Tonkin

Factory

Record,

December 1694-December 1695, fos. 427v-438v.

December 1693, fo. 340r.
(21). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24
December 1694, fo. 417r. Mot sii trung lap ngau
nhien la miia ddng nam 1693 tau Westbroek

cua

Cong ty Ddng An Ha Lan d Dang Ngoai cung

(29).

G/12/17-9,

Tonkin

to

Madras,

24

November 1696, fo. 459v.
(30). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 16 May

1697, fo. 473v.

khdng the nhd neo de ve Batavia do bi t r i gid miia
ddng bic. Sii kien nay ciing vdi viec triidc dd giam
dd'c thiidng die'm Ha Lan tai Ke Chp la Jacob van
Loo va thuyen trudng tau Westbroek bi Phu Chiia
bat giam khie'n ngiidi Ha Lan bi thipt hai nang

(31). E-3-91, London to Fort St. George, 3
J a n u a r y 1694, fo. 154v.
(32). E-3-92, London to Fort St. George, 6
March 1695, fo. 193v.

khong chi ve tai chinh ma ca ve danh dii. Ve
nhflng r i c rdi ciia ngiidi Ha Lan d Ke Chd nam

(33). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record,

1693/1694, xin xem them tfl: VOC 8365, Missive

February 1697, fos. 466v-469r (General of Fort St.

from Jacob van Loo and the Council to Batavia, 23

George to Tonkin, 30 May 1696).

Nov. 1693, fos. 1-3.

(34). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 10

(22). Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver:
Vietnamese

Relations,

10

1637-1700

Dutch-

(Leiden-Boston:

Brill, 2007), pp. 103-123.
(23). Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver, pp. 121123.

February 1697 (Letters of Fort St. George to the
King and Prince of Tonkin, 30 May 1696), fos.
469r-470v.
(35). Pagoda (hoac Pagode): ddn vi tien tp lflu
h a n h kha rpng rai d An Dp, dSc biet la vflng
Coromandel, vdi nhflng hp gia tri ra't khac nhau.

(24). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 10
November 1695, fo. 434v.
(25). G/12/17-9, Tonkin's General letter to Fort.
St. George, 21 December 1695, fos. 440r-442r.
(26). Mau t h u i n sau s i c va kdo dai gifla thuyen
trudng Howell va giam dd'c Watts dfldc ghi chdp

Ban t h a n Cdng ty Ddng An Anh cflng cho due loai
tien Pagoda d Madras, gia tri cao nha't (loai tien
star pagoda)

tfldng dfldng vdi 8 shilling

(tfldng

dfldng 96 pence hoac 0,96 bang Anh).
(36). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 27
July-30 November 1697, fos. 480-501.