Phân loại hệ thống quốc tế trong nghiên cứu lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế

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NGHICN ClhJ LiCH SUT QUflN HC QU6c TC
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HOANG K H A C NAM*

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e thd'ng qud'c t l la tdng hdp cac chu
the quan he qud'c td' (QHQT) va sQ
tQdng tac l i n nhau giQa chung dQdc cd c i u
theo nhiing luM 1? va mau hinh n h i t dinh.
He thd'ng qud'c te' la mot quan nidm ly lu^n
dQdc xay dOng dQa tren ly thuyd't he thd'ng.
X u i t phat tQ Ly thuyd't he thd'ng chung
{General Systems Theory) cua hoc gia ngQdi
Ao Ludwig von BertManffi, each tilp can
va phan tich he thd'ng dQdc ap dung trong
Idioa hoc xa hdi tQ nhQng nam 1950-1960,
trong dd cd Uch sQ QHQT. Mot sd' hoc gia
ndi tilng nhU Morton Kaplan, Rosecranee,
Kenneth WMtz, Gilpin, Joseph Nye... la
nhQng vi du cua vide phat trien ly thuyd't
he thd'ng trong linh vQc nghidn cQu nay.
Hidn nay, ly luEln he thd'ng qud'c te da dQdc
i p dung Idia rdng rM trong nghien cQu
QHQT ndi chung, lich sQ QHQT ndi ridng.
Trong nghien cQu QHQT, t h u a t ngQ "he
thd'ng qud'c tl*' dQdc hieu theo hai nghia

Idiae nhau. Nghia d i u tien la de chi mdt
phQdng phap nghidn cQu hay rdng hdn la
mdt c i p do nghien cQu. Nghia thQ hM la de
md ta he thd'ng cie qud'c gia hay rdng hdn
la he thd'ng cae chu the QHQT x u i t phat tQ
each tid'p can he thd'ng. Ca hM nghia nay
deu khien he thd'ng qud'c t l cd the dQdc ap
dung trong nghidn cQu lich sQ QHQT. Vdi y
nghia la phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c te
dQdc sQ dung nhQ cdng cu de phat hidn va

phan tich cac ye'u to' lidn quan dd'n sQ van
ddng QHQT trong lich sQ. Vdi y nghia phan
anh thiic tien g i n kd't giQa cae qud'c gia, h?
thd'ng qud'c t l chinh la sQ the hien qua
trinh phat trien cua QHQT theo thdi gian.
Tuy nhidn, vide ap dung nay IM tQdng
ddi Idiac n h a u do dQa trdn nhQng each
phan loai he thd'ng qud'c td' k h i c nhau. S Q
phan loM Idiie n h a u x u i t phat tQ cich tid'p
can khac nhau vdi nhQng tidu chi k h i c
nhau. S Q phan loai Idiac n h a u la dilu binh
thQdng bdi tuy thudc vao muc tieu nghien
cQu Idiac nhau. Mdi cich phan loM d i u cd
nhQng Qu diem ridng khi hQdng tdi lam rd
sQ van ddng eua ydu td' nao dd trong he
thd'ng qud'c td'. Vi t h i , vide tim hieu cac cich
phan loai khac n h a u se giup dem them sQ
da dang va linh boat trong nghien cQu
QHQT va lich sQ.

Xuit phat tQ ly do dd, bM vid't n i y n h i m
gidi thieu mot sd' each phan loai h? thdiig
qude te chii ylu ma cd the vkn dung dQdc vao
trong nghidn cQu Uch sQ QHQT. Cie each
phan loai nay diia trdn nhiing tieu chi khac
nhau nhQ dac diem khdng gian dia ly, linh
vQc tQdng tac, trang thM va tinh chit, cd c i u
phan bd'quyin liie cua he thd'ng qud'c td',...
1. DQa t r e n d a c d i e m k h o n g g i a n dja ly
Theo each phan loM nay, h? thd'ng qucic te
dQdc phan chia lam hM loai: He thd'ng qude te
toan ciu (hay cdn goi la he thd'ng toan ciu, h?

•PGS.TS. Khoa Qude te hoc - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN


54

thd'ng the' gidi) va he thd'ng qude te' Idiu vQc
(hay cdn goi l i he thd'ng khu vQc).
H^ thd'ng toan c i u la de chi he thd'ng
qud'c t l cd quy md Ididng gian dia ly k h i p
t h i gidi hoac g i n k h i p t h i gidi. He thd'ng
toan c i u chi x u i t hi?n khi QHQT da phat
trien dat tdi quy md toan ciu, idii sQ phu
thudc l i n n h a u giQa eic ehu the QHQT
cung dien ra k h i p t h i gidi. Trong lich sQ
QHQT, chi cd hM h? thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc coi
la h? thd'ng toan ciu. Dd la he thd'ng qud'c
t l thdi ky 1945-1991 va he thd'ng qud'c t l

sau Chien tranh lanh hidn nay.
H? thong Idiu vQc de chi he thd'ng qud'c
t l cd quy md Ididng gian trong mdt khu vQc
dia ly nao dd cua t h i gidi. Theo dinh nghia
cua BrMUard Ph. va DjMili M.R., he thd'ng
khu vQc la "tdng hdp cac tQdng t i c dac
trQng trdn cd sd sQ phu thudc vao dia ly"
(1). N l u dQa trdn IdiM nidm he thd'ng qud'c
td' nhQ da trinh bay d trdn thi he thd'ng khu
vQc cd the dQdc hieu la "tdng hdp eic chu
the QHQT g i n bd trong cung mdt Idiu vQc
dia ly va nhQng tQdng t i c dac trQng ciia
chung". Trong thiic tien Uch sQ, he thdng
khu vQc x u i t hidn tnide he thong toan c i u
khi QHQT mdi chi p h i t triln tren quy md
khu vQc. NhQng khi he thd'ng qud'c t l toan
ciu hinh thanh, he thd'ng Idiu vQc v i n tid'p
tuc tdn tai va trd thanh nhiing tieu he thd'ng
bdn trong h? thd'ng dd, tQc la mdt dang p h i n
tQ ciia he thd'ng qude t l toan eiu.
Trdn ed sd dd ma ngQdi ta cd the chia t h i
gidi thanh cie h? thd'ng khu vQc nhQ chau
Au, chau Phi, chau My, chau A... Cae he
thd'ng khu vQc nay ciing dQdc chia tid'p thMih
cac tieu h? thd'ng khu vQc nhd hdn nhQ Tay
Au va Ddng Au d chau Au; Bic My, My
Latinh d chau My; Ddng Nam A, Ddng Bie
A, Nam A, Trung CMi Ddng d chau A; Bic
Phi, Trung Phi, Nam chau Phi d chau Phi...
Tham chi, eic tieu he thd'ng khu vQc nay cdn

dQdc chia nhd tid'p nQa nhQ Ddng Nam A hai

Rghign curu Lich sit. s6 8.201Q
dao va Ddng Nam A luc dia, nhQ Benelux ciia
Tay Au va Balkan cua Ddng Au...
Tuy cung la mot p h i n tQ ciia h? thd'ng
qud'c t l toan ciu, song h$ thd'ng khu vQc
thQdng la mot he thd'ng k h i chat do cd
n h i l u mdl tQdng t i c lau ddi, sau s i c va
phong phu hdn so vdi he thong qud'c t l toan
c i u . Ddi vdi cie he thd'ng Idiu vQc chat che,
h? thd'ng toan c i u n h i l u khi lai ddng vM
trd nhQ mdi trQdng bdn ngoM ciia he thd'ng
khu vQc. Trong h? thd'ng Idiu vQc nay, eic
p h i n tii thQdng chiu tac ddng tQ h? thong
khu vQc n h i l u hdn la he thdiig toan c i u bdi
khu vQc la mdi tnidng trQc tilp. Nhin
chung hidn nay, he thdng khu vQc v i n tdn
tai manh me trong he thohg toan e i u va
thQdng mang theo minh nhQng dac trQng
ridng ca ve chinh t h i l i n tQdng t i c giQa cac
p h i n tQ cua he thdiig.
Cung diia trdn yeu to' dia ly, cd ngQdi
phan chia k i t hdp vdi ydu to chinh trj
thanh Ddng va Tay nhQ trong Chiln tranh
lanh (y thQc he, e h i do chinh tri, chie'n iQdc
an ninh...), kd't hdp vdi y l u to'kinh te thanh
Bic va Nam nhQ hidn nay (mQc do giau
nghdo, trinh do p h i t trien kinh t^...) (2). Mac
du eic thuat ngQ nay dQdc sQ dung Idii phd

bid'n nhQng Bic, Nam, Ddng, Tay khdng
hoan toan la nhiing h? thd'ng. Xdt theo quan
diem cua chu nghia khu vQc, dd khdng phai
la cie khu vQc ma chi l i tap hdp nhiing
p h i n tii cd ctmg nhQng dac diem chung ve
chinh tri hay kinh te va diing thuat ngQ dia
ly de md ta Qdc Id ma thdi.
Uu dilm ciia each phan loai nay la giup
t h i y dQdc qua trinh md rdng cua QHQT
trong lich sQ va hien tai. Nd cung giup tim
hieu thdm eic xu hQdng toan c i u hda, khu
vQc hda va mdl tQdng tac giQa chung. NgoM
ra, each phan loai nay ciing giup t h i y cac
t i e ddng tQ ca toan c i u va khu vQc tdi sQ
van ddng cua QHQT.


Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti...
NhQde dilm cua each phan chia Idiu vQc
nay la d ba diem. ThQ nhdt, Idiu vQc dia ly
dQdc hinh t h a n h khdng ehi tQ sQ g i n k l v l
dia ly ma cdn phu thudc vao ba ylu td' nQa
la tQdng ddng ve van hda xa hdi, tQdng tac
v l chinh tri va tQdng tac kinh t l (3). Vl the,
vide phan loai chi diia t h u i n tuy vao tidu
chi Ididng gian dia ly khdng phan anh dQdc
tinh chinh the va linh vQc tQdng tac da
dang cua he thd'ng Idiu vQc. ThQ hai, sQ
phan chia diia theo ye'u to' dia ly nhQ trdn
cung Ididng phan anh chinh xae mQc do

tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ vd'n la ed sd
hinh t h a n h ndn he thd'ng. Vi du, chau A
khdng b i n la mot he thd'ng bdi sQ tQdng tac
giQa Ddng Nam A va Tay A la Idia ylu,
Ddng Nam A la mot he thd'ng rd rang song
thQc t l cac tQdng tac Idnh te vdi bdn ngoM
lai manh hdn trong h? thd'ng... ThQ ba,
each phan chia nay bi chi phdi bdi sQ phan
chia dia ly t r u y i n thd'ng ndn dang gap khd
khan trong vide giM thich hi?n tQdng x u i t
hien n h i l u h? thd'ng khu vQc khdng n i m
trong Idiudn khd dia ly nhQ quan niem
trQdc Ida. Vi du, chau A-ThM Binh DQdng
cd dQdc coi la he thd'ng khu vQc khdng khi
cd nhilu y l u td' cua he thd'ng nhQng IM hdi
Idid xae dinh khudn Idid dia ly cua nd.
2. Diia t r e n l i n h viic txidng t a c
Trong nghien cQu QHQT, ddi khi he
thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc phan loM theo Unh vQc
boat ddng nao dd cua he thd'ng. Dd cung la
linh vQc tap trung sQ tQdng tac giQa cae
p h i n tQ. Dd cung la ndi dien r a boat ddng
chQc nang chu ydu cua he thong qud'c t l ,
tQc la phan Qng eua hd thd'ng ddi vdi cie
p h i n tQ eung dien ra chu y l u trong linh
vQc nay. Vi the, cac h? thong qud'c t l dQdc
phan loai theo linh vQe tQdng tac cdn dQdc
goi la hd thd'ng chQc nang.
Theo each phan loai nay, h? thd'ng qud'c
t l thQdng dQdc chia t h a n h cae he thd'ng

55
chQc nang nhQ he thd'ng Idnh te va h?
thd'ng chinh tri. Tuy nhidn, trong tQng loai
h? thd'ng chQc nang, sQ phan chia tilp ciing
Idia Idiac nhau do diia trdn sQ k i t hdp them
nhiing tidu chi Idiae bdn canh tidu chi chung
la mQc do tQdng tac trong Knh vQc chQc nang.
Vi du, diia trdn tieu ehi k i t hdp la c h i d? sd
hOu Idnh te, cd cae he thd'ng Idnh te nhQ h?
thd'ng Idnh te' tQ ban ehii nghia (TBCN) va h?
thd'ng kinh te' xa hdi ehu nghia (XHCN).
TQdng tQ nhQ v^y, diia trdn y thQc h?, h?
thd'ng chinh tri gdm h? thd'ng chinh tri TBCN
va he thd'ng chinh tri XHCN. Vi du khac diia
trdn tidu chi kd't hdp la chii nghia khu vQc
kmh te, ed he thd'ng kmh te Tay Au (EU), Bie
My (NAFTA) va Ddng A; k i t hdp vdi thQdng
mai hay tM chinh, cd he thd'ng thQdng mai
qude td'va he thd'ng tM chinh qudic tl...
Trong mdt chQng miic nhd hdn, ciing cd
ngitdi dQa them he thd'ng van hda-xa hdi
vao trong nghidn cQu QHQT. H? thdiig nay
cd the dQdc xae dinh theo nhiing tQdng
ddng chung v l van hda, tdn giao, ngdn ngQ
hay cung ngudn gd'c s i c tdc... hoac dQdc
phan loai theo tQng tidu chi ridng re. Tuy
nhidn, vide sQ dung he thd'ng nay Ididng
phd bid'n l i m trong nghidn cQu QHQT bdi
nhQng diem chung van hda-xa hdi chQa

b i n da dem lai tinh chinh the cho he thd'ng
ciing nhQ tQdng tac van hda-xa hdi chQa du
manh de cd the tao ra h? thd'ng.
Cac he thd'ng chQc nang theo cich phan
loM nay cung ed the dQdc coi la nhQng tieu
he thd'ng bdn trong mdt he thong qud'c t l
toan c i u hay khu vQc n i o dd. Richard W.
Mansbach cho r i n g tieu h? thd'ng l i
"nhQng tQdng t i c rdng rM giQa cie chu the
trong mot he thd'ng ldn hdn v l nhQng v i n
d l Cl? the" (4). Theo dinh nghia nay, cac h^
thd'ng Idnh t l , chinh tri, van hda... la
nhQng tieu he thd'ng ciia he thd'ng qud'c t l
da di?n vd'n gdm n h i l u linh vQc tQdng t i c .


56
Uu diem ciia each p h a n loai n i y l i giup
t h i y dQdc cd sd v i linh vQc lidn kd't chu ye'u
sriQf» cac p h i n tQ de tao t h i n h he thd'ng
qud'c te. Nd ciing giup t h i y dQdc chQc nang
cua h? thd'ng de tQ dd d o i n dinh dQdc p h i n
nao phan Qng cua h? thd'ng ddi vdi cie
p h i n tQ va quan he giQa ehiing. Cich phan
loai nay cung giup tim hieu sQ van ddng
cua QHQT trong tQng linh vQc cu the.
Tuy nhien, each phan loai nay cung cd it
n h i t hM nhQdc diem. ThQ nhdt, sQ q u i tap
trung vao mot linh vQc boat ddng chQc
nang cua he thd'ng de d i n dd'n cM nhin

p h i l n dien khi khdng phan anh dQdc tinh
da dien cua h? thd'ng ciing nhQ tQdng tac
trong he thd'ng. He thd'ng qud'c td' thQdng la
da linh vQc va cac linh vQc nay deu quan
trong nhQ nhau. ThQ hai, sQ phan loai nay
cung khd giup t h i y d i y dii nguydn n h a n v i
dilu Iden cua sQ van ddng trong he thd'ng
qud'c te' khi thiic te' cho t h i y , giQa cac linh
vQc thQdng cd sQ dan xen va tQdng tac l i n
nhau k h i manh me. Tham chi, n h i l u khi
sQ tQdng t i c trong linh vQc nay hoan toan
cd the hi thay ddi bdi nhQng b i l n ddng
trong nhQng linh vQc Idiac.
3. Diia v a o t r a n g t h a i , t i n h c h a t
Day la cich phan loM x u i t p h i t tQ mue
dieh cua ngQdi nghidn cQu. Cach phan loai
nay cd the van dung diia tren nhQng tidu
chi khac nhau. Cd bd'n loai tieu chi dQdc sQ
dung phd b i l n la mQc do tQdng t i c giQa cae
p h i n tQ trong h? thd'ng, trang thM quan he
vdi bdn ngoM, trang thM dn dinh va tinh
c h i t chu y l u cua tQdng t i c trong he thd'ng.
Cdch thQ nhdt diia trdn mQc do tQdng
t i c manh hay ye'u, long hay chat giQa cie
p h i n tQ trong he thd'ng. Theo each n i y , cd
hai loai he thd'ng qud'c td' chat va ldng.
Trong he thd'ng qud'c t l chat, sQ tQdng tac
giQa eae p h i n tQ la Idia sau sic vdi mQc do
phu thudc l i n nhau tQdng ddi ldn. Cd c i u

Rghign curu Lich siSr. sg 8.2010
cua he thd'ng cung chat che hdn va eic luat
chdi cua he thd'ng nay ciing ed .hieu iQc ldn
hdn. Ddng thdi, boat dpng chQc nang hay
phan ling cua h$ thd'ng tdi eic p h i n tQ ciing
thQdng manh hdn. Cdn trong h? thd'ng qude
te ldng, t i t ca cie y l u td' tren d i u yeu hdn
nhilu. He thd'ng XHCN v i TBCN trong
Chiln tranh lanh la nhiing vi du dien hinh
eua h? thd'ng chat. Ddi vdi he thdiig ldng,
h i u h i t cac he thd'ng qude td' toan c i u d i u la
he thd'ng long. Trdn cap do khu vQc, ASEAN
d Ddng Nam A cung la mdt hd thd'ng Idia
long leo trong Chie'n tranh lanh nhQng hien
nay mQc do da giam bdt tuy v i n cdn long.
Cdch thQ hai dQa trdn trang thM quan
h? vdi ben ngoM n h i l u hay it. Theo each
nay, cd hM loai la h? thd'ng qud'c te md va
he thd'ng qud'c te ddng. He thd'ng qud'c t l md
la he thd'ng cd quan he vdi ben ngoM nhilu,
va tham chi la cd xu hQdng md rdng k i t
nap thdm cie p h i n tQ mdi. Cdn he thong
qud'c t l ddng la h? thd'ng tQdng dm khdp
kin, it quan h? vdi bdn ngoM va cd xu
hQdng phan bi?t ddi xQ vdi eic p h i n tQ
ngoai he thd'ng. Bdi tQdng t i e vdi mdi
trQdng bdn ngoai n h i l u hdn ndn he thdiig
md eung de chiu t i c ddng tQ ngoM hdn h?
thd'ng ddng. Vi du, h i u h i t h$ thd'ng kinh
t l cua eac nQdc de qud'c t h a n h lap cung vdi

eic thudc dia hoac ddng minh cua minh
tnide nam 1945 d i u la he thd'ng ddng trong
khi he thd'ng Idnh t l the' gidi ciing nhQ cac
h? thd'ng kinh te Idiu vQc hi?n nay deu la
h? thd'ng md. Hay NATO la mdt h? thdng
quan sQ ehinh trj tQdng ddi ddng trong
Chie'n t r a n h lanh nhQng da ed xu hQdng trd
t h a n h he thd'ng md hdn sau Idii khd'i Hi?p
Qdc quan sQ Warsaw khdng cdn nQa.
Cdch thQ ba diia trdn trang t h i i dn djnh
ciia he thd'ng. Theo each nay, cd the phan
loai h? thd'ng qud'c t l t h a n h hai loai: H?
thd'ng qud'c t l dn dinh hay Ididng dn dinh.
He thd'ng qud'c te dn dinh la h? thd'ng cd sQ


Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti.
dn dinh tQdng ddi trong cd c i u phan bd'
quyen liic eua he thd'ng, trong each thQc
quan he giQa cie chu t h i QHQT va trong
phQdng thQc t i c dong eua he thd'ng qud'c t l
ddi vdi cie chu the. Cdn he thd'ng qud'c td'
khdng dn dinh thi khdng dQdc nhQ vay. Vi
du, he thd'ng qud'c t l trong thdi ky giQa hM
cuoc T h i chiln (1919-1939) la khdng dn
dinh vdi nhiing bid'n dong thQdng xuydn.
Trong khi dd, he thd'ng qud'c t l trong thdi
ky Chidn tranh lanh lai la tQdng ddi dn
dinh vdi nhiing xu hQdng van ddng k h i rd
rang. TQdng tQ nhQ vay, hidn nay, he thd'ng

Idiu vQc Tay Au la he thd'ng dn dinh, cdn he
thd'ng Idiu vQc Trung Ddng v i n tid'p tue
Ididng dQdc dn dinh.
Cdch thQ tu dQa trdn tinh c h i t ehu ylu
cua tQdng tac trong he thd'ng. Theo each
nay, he thd'ng qud'c te cd the la he thd'ng
xung dot hay he thd'ng hdp t i c . Tinh c h i t
hdp tac hay xung dot dQdc phan i n h qua
m i u hinh tQdng tac chu y l u giQa eic p h i n
tQ va tao t h a n h xu the quan he chung
trong he thd'ng qud'c td'. Day la each phan
loai hay dQdc i p dung de phan ky lich sQ
QHQT. Vi du, he thd'ng quan binh quyin
iQc d chau Au thdi gian 1815-1914, h?
thd'ng qud'c te trong thdi ky giQa hM cuoc
T h i chiln (1919-1939) va he thd'ng qud'c t l
trong thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh d i u la he
thd'ng xung dot. Trong khi dd, he thd'ng
qud'c t l sau Chie'n tranh lanh cd ve nhQ la
mdt he thd'ng hdp tae n h i l u hdn khi hdp tac
va hdi nhap dang la nhQng xu thd' ldn, ldi
cud'n moi chu the t h a m gia.
Cich phan loai nay cd Qu diem d chd la
ndu bat dQdc nhQng dac diem hay kha
nang ndi bat nao dd cua he thd'ng qud'c td'
va dilu nay la cd ich trong nghidn cQu. Tuy
nhidn, vide chi diia tren tinh c h i t hay
trang thM nao dd eua he thd'ng thi khdng
giup phan anh dQdc mQc do va quy md cua
tQdng tac cung nhQ Ididng cho t h i y diidc ed

57
c i u vd'n la nhQng dac tinh can ban cua he
thd'ng. NhQde diem nQa la nd chi phan i n h
dQdc trang thM tinh ma Ididng lam rd dQdc
trang thM ddng eua h? thd'ng trong khi
thiic t i h e thd'ng ludn van ddng va biln ddi.
4. Diia v a o sii p h a n b o q u y e n liic h a y
cd c a u q u y e n liic
Day la cich phan loai dQdc sQ dung k h i
phd bie'n trong nghidn cQu cung nhQ tren
cie phQdng tien thdng tin dai chung. Cich
phan loai nay chiu anh hQdng ldn eua he
quy chid'u quyin liic va each tid'p can he
thd'ng cua Chu nghia Hidn thiie Mdi. Theo
dd, he thd'ng qud'c td' dQdc phan loai diia
theo cd eau phan bd' quyin liie trong he
thd'ng. Cd c i u p h a n bd' quyin liic dQdc the
hidn b i n g "cQc". Ciic {Polarity, Polar) vd'n
la mot t h u a t ngQ vat ly va dQdc sQ dung
trong QHQT de chi nhQng trung tam quyin
liic doe lap trong he thd'ng qud'c t l . Cac
trung tam quyin iQc nay cd the la qud'c gia
hoac lien minh giQa cac qud'c gia (5). Theo
cich phan loM nay, cd nhQng dang he
thd'ng qud'c te sau: H? thd'ng ddn ciie, hM
ciic, ba cQc va da ciie.
+ He thd'ng ddn cQc (Unipolar system) Ik
he thd'ng qude td' cd mdt trung tam quyin
iQc ma cac p h i n tQ Idiac phai xoay quanh

nd (6), tQc la phM chiu anh hQdng chi phdi
cua nd. He thd'ng ddn cQc dQdc bieu hidn
dQdi n h i l u dang thQc k h i c nhau nhQ ba
chu, he thd'ng d l qud'c hay hidn tQdng mot
sidu CQdng. Trong dd, ba chu (Hegemony) cd
Qu t h i quyin liic vQdt troi so cie p h i n tQ
Idiac trong he thd'ng qud'c t l dd'n mQc cd the
mot minh chi phdi cac luM 1? cung nhQ s i p
xd'p trong QHQT. Vi du, vai trd ba chu cua
My va Lidn Xd trong tQng phe TBCN va
XHCN thdi ky Chid'n t r a n h lanh. He thd'ng
d l qud'c cd q u y i n liic g i n nhQ tuyet doi eiia
mot nude d l qud'c dQdc the hi?n qua sQ cM
trj hoac Idem soat eac p h i n tQ khac trong


58
he thd'ng ca ve ddi ngoai l i n ddi ndi. H?
thd'ng de qud'c tdn tai n h i l u trong lich sQ
vdi cac d l qude va he thd'ng thudc dja eua nd.
Vi du, he thd'ng de qude La Ma thdi cd dai,
he thd'ng de qud'c Trung Hoa thdi trung dai,
he thd'ng de qud'c Anh va Phap thdi cMi dai
(7)... Sieu cQdng cung la mdt cQdng qude
nhQng cd quyin liie vQdt trdi va ca kha nang
chi phdi cac cQdng qude khic. Dang thQc nay
gid'ng hdt b i chu nhQng dQdc sQ dung trong
nhiing dilu kidn mdi cua he thd'ng qud'c t l
thdi hidn dai va trdn quy md toan ciu. VM
trd sidu cQdng cua My va Lidn Xd thdi ky

Chid'n tranh lanh la mot vi du.
+ He thd'ng hM cQc {Bipolar system) Ik
he thd'ng qud'c t l cd hai qud'c gia hoac hai
Ididi lidn minh ldn cd vai trd nhQ nhQng
trung tam quyin liic chi phdi cac p h i n tQ
khae va ea h? thd'ng qud'c t l . Vi du ldn n h i t
trong ljch sQ v l he thd'ng hM ciic chinh la
vM trd eua Lidn Xd va My trong thdi ky
Chie'n tranh lanh. HM qud'c gia nay da tap
hdp va dQng d i u hM lidn minh ddi djch
nhau la phe XHCN va phe TBCN. HM cQc
va hai phe nay da tao nen cd c i u ehinh trj
the gidi khi dd va chi phdi h i u h i t QHQT.
TrQdc dd, d i u thd' ky XX eung tdn tM he
thd'ng hai cQc d chau Au la Ididi Antanta
(Anh, Phap, Nga) va phe Lidn minh (DQc,
Ao-Hung, Bungari, Thd Nhi Ky).
He thd'ng hM ciic cung dQdc phan i n h
nhilu trdn quy md khu vQc. Trong dd,
thQdng tdn tai hM qud'c gia ed anli hQdng
hdn trong Idiu vQc va ed sQ tranh gianh
anh hQdng khu vQc n h i t djnh giQa chung.
Vi du, India va Paldstan d Nam A, Brazil
va Argentina d Nam My, Nhat va Trung
Qud'c d Ddng A...
+ He thd'ng ba cQc {Tripolar system) Ik
h? thd'ng qud'c te' cd ba trung tam quyin iQc
ldn hdn b i n cie p h i n tQ Idiac. Cd ngQdi goi
day la he thd'ng chan vac. Day la mot dang
he thd'ng qud'c td' hay cd c i u quyin iQc da

Rghign curu Lich siSr. sg 8.2010
tQng hidn dien trong ljch sii. Song so vdi
cie hinh thM Idiac, tinh dn djnh cua nd
Ididng cao bdi thQdng cd xu hQdng hM nQdc
lidn minh de chd'ng lai nQdc kia va de
ehuyen thanh he thd'ng hM cQc. Vi du dien
hinh la tam giac chiln iQde Xd-My-Trung d
chau A - ThM Binh DQdng trong thdi ky
Chien tranh lanh. D i u tidn, nhQng nam
1950, dd la hM cQc vdi Xd-Trung mdt ben.
My mdt bdn. Sau dd, Trung Qude t i c h Ididi
Lidn Xd va he thd'ng ba cQc hinh thanh d
chau A - ThM Binh DQdng trong nhiing nam
1960-1970. Dd'n cudi thap ky 1970, My va
Trung Qude Uen minh vdi nhau chong lai
Lien Xd. He thdiig ba cQc lai bj l i n g xuong.
Tinh ba cQc cua nd n g i n dd'n ndi nhilu
ngQdi Ididng quan tam d i n h? thd'ng ba cQc
va coi nd n i m trong hd thd'ng hM cQc.
Tuy nhien, hien nay, he thd'ng ba cQc
dang dQdc n h i l u ngQdi quan tam tQ gdc do
Idnh te khi cho r i n g he thd'ng kinh te the
gidi thdi ky h a u C h i l n t r a n h lanh se bj chi
phdi bdi ba trung tam Idnh te ldn la Bic
My, EU va N h a t Ban/Ddng A.
+ He thd'ng da cQc {Multipolar system) \k
h? thd'ng qud'c t l cd n h i l u trung tam quyin
iQc. He thd'ng da cQc dQdc xay dQng diia
trdn can b i n g quyin iQc tQdng ddi giQa cac

CQc. Trong he thd'ng nay, khdng cd mot
trung tam nao q u i manh de cd the l i n i t
dQdc cac qud'c gia Idiac va lam cho h? thd'ng
qud'c te trd t h a n h ddn cQc. Trong h? thd'ng
da cQc, cac qud'c gia k i l m c h i l i n nhau de
ngan khdng eho M dd trd ndn manh len,
pha v3 can b i n g quyin liic. Cung cd the cd
mdt qud'c gia ddng vM trd "ngQdi can bing"
{Balancer) dQng trung lap, s i n sang nhay
vao bdn y l u de lam cho can can quyin liic
trd lai can b i n g . Trong h? thd'ng dd, do xu
hQdng cae qud'c gia theo dudi quyin iQc
qud'c te ndn thQdng cd nguy cd de doa pha
vd can b i n g cu va vi thd' cae qud'c gia cd the
thay ddi lidn minh de tao ra nhQng can


Phan loai hg thgng qugc ti..
b i n g mdi. NhQng cung vi diem nay ma sd'
iQdng cae cQc d day dQdc n h i l u ngQdi
(Morton Kaplan, Joshua Goldstein,...) cho
r i n g phM cd tQ nam cQc trd len (8). N l u he
thd'ng cd bd'n cQc thi de bj chuyen t h a n h hM
cQc bdi sQ lien minh giQa cie ciic n h i m
gianh Qu the vdi nhau.
Cd e i u quyin liic trong h? thd'ng da cQc
cd the dQdc phan anh theo chilu ngang
b i n g he thd'ng eic cQdng qude. NhQng nd
cung cd the dQdc phan anh theo chilu doc
qua thQ bae quyin liic giQa cac trung tam

nhQ md hinh Kim tQ thap quyin liic
{Pyramid of Power). Trong md hinh nay,
qud'c gia manh n h i t n i m d dinh, ke t i l p la
cac CQdng qud'c khac. Qud'c gia cang manh
thi cang n i m d g i n dinh. Rdi dQdi nQa la
nhiing qud'c gia ye'u hdn. Do dd'c cua Kim tii
thap phan anh mQc do so sanh quyin liic
ciing nhQ tinh c h i t tQdng tac giQa chung.
Kim tQ t h i p cang t h i p , sQ chenh lech
quyin liie Ididng cao, eac qud'c gia cang
binh dang. Kim tii thap cang dd'c, Idioang
each quyin liic cang each biet, quan he b i t
binh d i n g cang tang.
He thd'ng da cQc Idia phd b i l n trong ljch
sQ QHQT. He thd'ng da cQc ndi tieng n h i t
la he thd'ng quan binh quyin iQc chau Au
trong khoang thdi gian tQ sau Hidp Qdc
Vienna nam 1815 d i n tnide T h i chiln I.
He thd'ng nay cd da trung tam la Anh,
Phap, Nga, Ao-Hung, DQc, ItMy vdi Anh la
ngQdi ddng vM trd can b i n g . Nhilu ngQdi
ciing eho r i n g he thd'ng qud'c te sau Chid'n
tranh lanh se la da cQc bdi sQ tdn tai cua ba
trung tam kinli te Bic My-EU-Nhat
Ban/Ddng A va nam trung tam chinh trj la
My-EU-Nga-Trung Qud'c-Nhat Ban.
Theo quan diem cua eac nha Hidn thiic
chu nghia, each phan loai diia trdn sQ phan
bd' quyin liic ed Qu didm phan anh dQdc cd
c i u eua he thd'ng qud'c t l vdi sii phan t i n g

theo sQc manh cua cae qude gia thanh vien.

59

Cac "cQc" cung la ndi chu yeu tao ra cac luat
Id trong tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ, la ngudn
chinh cua cac phan iing chQc nang tQ mdi
tnidng ben trong. Sii dn djnh cua h? thd'ng
eiing phu thudc r i t n h i l u vao cie cQc va sQ
tQdng tac giQa chiing. Tuy nhien, cich phan
loai nay ciing chQa diing nhiing nhQdc diem
n i m trong nhQdc diem chung cua Chu nghia
Hidn thiic nhQ sQ tap trung vao qude gia va
chinh trj quyin liic ma khdng tinh d i n cie
p h i n tQ Idiae va nhQng tQdng tac thudc Unh
vQc kinh te', van hda, xa hdi.
5. Sii p h a n c h i a h e t h o n g q u o e t e ciia
Morton Kaplan
Md hinh cua Morton Kaplan k h i ndi
tid'ng bdi nd la mot trong nhiing cdng trinh
d i u tidn nghidn cQu tQdng ddi toan dien v l
he thd'ng qud'c t l . Trong chQng miic nao dd,
day Cling la mdt cich p h a n loai he thd'ng
qud'c t l . Md hinh nay gdm 6 kieu he thd'ng,
trong dd 4 md hinh d i u mang tinh gia t h i l t
va 2 md hinh sau mang tinh tidn nghiem.
+ H? thd'ng phu quyd't: Moi qud'c gia d i u
cd kha nang tQ bao ve minh va ngan ehan
sQ de doa ben ngoM sQ dung sQc manh ddi
vdi minh. Trong he thd'ng nay, moi qud'c gia

d i u cd the sQ dung eic k h a nang de ngan
chan sQ de doa va d i u tich ciic chong lai sQ
de doa dd. Trong he thd'ng nay, vM trd ciia
cac td chQc qud'c t l toan e i u thQdng la b a n
che. H? thd'ng nay se trd t h a n h nguy hiem
nd'u vu Idii h a t n h a n dQdc phd bid'n rdng
rai. Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qud'c gia dpc lap
eiia chau Au sau 1648.
+ Hd thd'ng can b i n g q u y i n iQc: Day l i
dang he thd'ng da ciic. Theo Kaplan, h?
thd'ng nay c i n it n h i t 5 cQdng qud'c vi neu
it hdn, he thd'ng de trd t h a n h hM cQc. Theo
Kaplan, he thd'ng nay cd 6 nguyen t i c tao
ndn nhiing boat ddng dae t n i n g cua h$
thd'ng qud'c te. Mdt la tang cQdng kha nang
dam phan ma khdng phai d i u tranh. Hai


60

Rghign cthi Lich sJr. sg 8.2010

la d i u t r a n h chQ khdng phai la t h i t bai
trong vi?c tang cQdng kha nang. Ba la
dQng d i u tranh ma khdng phai loai trQ
qud'c gia chu chd't nao dd. Bd'n Id chd'ng lai
b i t cQ lidn minh hay qud'c gia nao dd cd xu
hQdng ddng vM trd Qu t h i trong he thd'ng.
Ndm Id k i l m chd' nhQng chu the tan thanh
cac nguyen t i e eua td chQc sidu qud'c gia.

Vd sdu la eho phdp cie qud'c gia chu chd't bj
danh bai hoac bj kilm c h i tilp tue tham gia
vao h? thd'ng qude te' vdi mot vM trd tQdng
ddi hoac dQa mot sd' qude gia Ididng phM la
chii chd't nay trd thanh chu the quan trong
hdn. Vi du, dd la He thd'ng quan binh quyin
liic d chau Au tnide The'chiln I.

che den mQc khdng cd cae quoe gia trung
lap hay dQng ngoM nhQ trong he thd'ng hai
cQc linh boat, cac chu the cd tinh toan c i u d
day cung chi ddng vM trd b a n c h i va it cd
anh hQdng ldn Ididi nay hay khdi kia.
Binh luMi v l hd thd'ng nay, nhilu hoc gia
cho r i n g day la he thd'ng r i t de gay ra tinh
trang b i t dn djnh bdi mau t h u i n sau sic, sQ
biln ddng Uen tuc trong liic iQdng hM bdn
lam cho can b i n g de thay ddi va sQ d i u tranh
thQdng xuyen giQa hM ciic. Vi du, dd la he
thd'ng hM cQc thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh.
Trong nhiing nam 1950, h? thd'ng nay dQdc
coi la chat che nhQng da dQdc coi la long sau
sQ tich rdi cua Trung Qudic va Phap.

+ He thd'ng hM ciie Unh boat (hay mIm
deo): Trong he thd'ng nay cd qud'c gia, cae
chu the mdi nhQ hen minh va cae chu the
mang tinh toan c i u nhQ td chQc qude td'.
Tinh Unh boat d day the hidn d chd cd nhilu
phQdng i n cua he thd'ng hM ciic. Cd sd cua

nd phu thudc vao td chQc bdn trong tQng
khdi. Khdi cd the d i n g cip hda manh me va
cd tinh doc doan Idii ngQdi dQng d i u rang
bude dQdc cie ddng minh. Khi dd, he thd'ng
se bid'n ddi sang he thd'ng hM cQe chat che
hoac thanh h? thd'ng thQ bae. Khdi ciing ed
the khdng d i n g cip h o i hoac dQdc d i n g c i p
h o i cd mQc do nd'u dQdc hinh thanh qua con
dddng tham khao l i n nhau giQa cac qude gia
tii ehu. Khi dd, he thd'ng lai trd thanh he
thd'ng da ciic. Hoac gia neu cd chien tranh
tdng thd thi se d i n d i n tinh trang vd chinh
phii hoac he thd'ng thQ bac. Tinh c h i t d i n g
cip trong tQng Ididi khac nhau se d i n dd'n
cie phQdng an Idiac nhau eua he thd'ng hM
ciic nay. Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qude t l giQa
hM cude The chid'n vdi qua trinh tdn tai hM
phe ddng minh va phat xit.

-t- H? thd'ng toan ciu: H? thd'ng nay cd
the cd dQdc khi cie td chQc toan c i u thiic
hi?n dQdc cie chQc nang cua minh mdt each
hieu qua. Trong he thd'ng nay, cac chu the
toan c i u ed vM trd ndi trdi va cd nhilu
quyin cua qud'c gia nhQ xae djnh quy c h i
qud'c gia va p h a n chia ngudn ldi cho chung.
Chung eung di r a nhQng quy djnh cho
QHQT va cd trach nhiem theo ddi vide thiic
thi. He thd'ng nay dQdc xay diing tren sQ
nha't nguydn trong mdi trQdng chinh trj

qud'c t l va trdn cd sd cd sQ doan k i t giQa
cie ehu the qud'c gia va toan c i u . Cac xung
dot qud'c te se dQdc giM quyet theo cac
nguydn t i e chinh trj cua he thd'ng.

+ Hd thd'ng hai ciie chat che (hay cQng
r i n ) : Khac vdi he thd'ng trdn, he thd'ng nay
dQdc hinh t h a n h b i n g trat tii d i n g c i p
manh me. Trong he thd'ng nay, mQc do chat

+ H? thd'ng cd thQ bac: H? thd'ng nay ed
the dQdc hieu la mdt he thd'ng chinh trj
chung cho toan thd' gidi. Trong dd, vM trd
ciia cac td chQc qud'c td' chung la ldn hdn
qud'c gia, qud'c gia-dan tdc m i t di y nghia
cua nd va cd the trd thanh nhQng ddn vj
lanh thd ddn t h u i n . He thd'ng nay cd tinh
lien kd't cao dd'n mQc cd kha nang ngan
chan khuynh hQdng n i t lui r a Ididi h?
thd'ng va sQ quay trd lai cua qud'c gia-dan
toe. He thd'ng thQ bac cd the la dan chii khi
cac nQdc d i u mong mud'n cung ed' va phat
trien he thd'ng qud'c te'. H? thd'ng thQ bac


Phan loai hg ftgng qugc ti...
eung cd the la doe tM khi cQdng qud'c hoac
mdt Ididi qud'c gia nao dd ap dat he thd'ng
dd ldn cac qud'c gia khac (9).
Cach phan loai hd thd'ng qude te cua

Kaplan ciing p h i n nao diia trdn cd c i u phan
bd' quyin iQc. Trong chQng miic nao dd,
Kaplan da cd' ging diia trdn ljch sQ de IdiM
q u i t thanh cac md hinh cd tinh gia thie't
ciing nhQ d l r a nhiing phQdng an dii b i o cho
tQdng IM. Kaplan ciing phan tich v l kha
nang tQdng tac giQa cac chu the ben trong
tiing md hinh. Tuy nhidn, cich phan loai
nay ciing ed nhiing nhQdc diem la thien v l
quyin liie, eae cQdng qud'c va sQ xung dot
nhQ nhiing dac t n i n g eua he thd'ng qude t l .
NhQ vay, he thd'ng qud'c te' vdi tQ each la
mot cdng cu ly lu^n da ed n h i l u each phan
loai Idiac nhau. Mdi cich d i u cd nhQng Qu
Idiuye't diem n h i t djnh va cho den nay v i n
chQa cd each phan loM nao cd tinh tdng
hdp. Tuy nhien, t i t ca cie each phan loai
gidi thieu d trdn d i u cd kha nang van dung

61
vao trong nghien cQu ljch sQ QHQT. Vi?c
ap dung chiing vao nghien cQu ljch sQ
QHQT cd the giup ich p h i n nao trong vide
tim hieu sQ van ddng eua QHQT trong ljch
sQ bdi h? thd'ng qud'c te vQa la sQ phan anh,
vQa la ke't qua cua qua trinh phat trien
QHQT. Sii van ddng nay cd the la sQ md
rdng Ididng gian t i c dong va anh hQdng cua
he thong qud'c t l , ed the la sQ phat trien
linh viic va mQc do tQdng t i c cung nhQ mdl

quan he giQa chung ben trong he thd'ng, ed
the la sQ bid'n ddi trang thai va tinh c h i t
cua chinh he thd'ng, cd the la sQ thay ddi cd
c i u phan bd' quyin liic va t i c ddng cua nd
tdi QHQT... Chiing cung cd the dQdc ap
dung de phan ky ljch sQ QHQT khi giup
t h i y dQdc nhiing dae diem ridng eua tvtog
thdi ky. Khdng nhiing thd', vdi tQ cich la
mdt phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c t l cdn la
mdt cdng cu ly luan giup tim hieu them
nhQng yd'u td' tac ddng tdi QHQT eung nhQ
ed the dii b i o sQ van ddng nay.

CHU THICH
(1), (2). Andr6 I.A. TsUgankov (1996),
(5), (6), (8). Joshua S. Goldstein (1999),
Mezdunarodnue Otnoshenhja, Nauka, Moekba, tr. International Relations, Longman, New York, pp.
135 (ban tieng Nga).
84-85, 85, 85.
(3). Xin tham khao them Hoang Khic Nam, SU
(7). Ciing CO y kien cho ring hg thdng de qude
phdn dinh khu vUc trong nghien cdu qud'c te, Tgp khong phai la hg thdng qudi: te bcii eac nUde thugc
chi Khoa hoc, ehuyen san Khoa hge Xa hgi va dia mit dgc lap nen khong phai la chu the QHQT.
Nhan van, tap 23, sd2, 2007, tr. 77-86.
(9). Morton Kaplan, "Some Problems of
(4). Richard W. Mansbach (1997), Global Puzzle: International System Research" trong John A.
issues and Actors in World Politics, Houghton MifflinVasquez, Classics of International Relations,
Company, Boston and New York, p. 142.
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996, p. 297-302.