Ebook Nước Nhật và người Nhật: Phần 1

THE
ASS(ICIATION
F(lR
OUERSEAS
TECHNICAL
SCHI)LARSHIP
M()TS]

xtJdc NHAI
I

NGtIdI NHAT

A

AOTS

H6#ffif
(^t l- iAFE)


M(IC LUC
cHrJdNGr

CHIJdNG

II

CHT'dNG III

CHIJdNG Tv

cHUdNGv

DIAr,f vA r_'.IcH
sr]
Phong thd

1

Bdn mria

4

Giao thdng

6

Lich sfi

8

DAn tQc vd ng6n ngrl

I

CHfI\H TRI
Hidn phrip

11

HQ thdng chfnh quydn trung trdng

L2

HQ thdng chinh quydn dia phtrong
Chinh ddng

t2
L4

Tham gia chfnh tri

15

GIA DiNH
Crr trri

L7

Kinh td gia clinh

20

Srl dgng thi gid nhAn r6i

22

Girio duc

24

vA.N H6A
Khudn m6u hdnh dQngcria ngUdi Nhat
Quan Hdn Tang Td

30

ViQc 5n udng

32

T6n girio

34

27

vAx oS nrgx r4r
SqItidn thAn trong xa hQi ctia ngrrdi phq n[

37

Xe hQi cao ni6n h6a

38

Qudctd h6a

39

m


CHUdNG

DIALY VA LJCHSiI

1

PHoNG rnd
tich cira Nhat b6n ld 377.600km,(kd cd diQntich 4.966km2cfra
T\iOn
t-r 16nh thd phia g6c). Qudn cl6oNhat bdn duoc tao thdnh gdm 4 d6o
ldn ld Hokkaido, Honshyu, Kyushyu, Shikoku vd chirng 4.000 d6o nh6
khdc. Til Nam chi Bdc ddi chtrng 3.000km vdi nhfrng d6y ntii trdi ddi 6
chinh gifra, til dAy ph6t xudt nhrlng gibng sOng ngfn chdy sidt dd nddc ra
bidn c6 chung quanh.
Vdi chtrng 70VodiQn tich ld ndi cldi, phAn cl6ngdAn sd sdng t4p
trung tai mQt sd ving ddng bhng ven sOngvd binh nguyOnduy6n hdi gidi
h4n. NhQt B6n c6 nrii lfia vd rdt thudng dQng ildt. \n nhidu nrii md. lai it
ddng bbng n6n ky thuat ddo dudng hdm, kf thuft n6ng nghiQp (ky thuat
dat thAu hoach cao vdi di6n tich canh t6c hep) vd ki thuat thriy loi dtroc
ph6t tridn. C6 chitng 80 nggn nfi lfia tai Nhat b6n, ngon nrii cao nhdt ld
Fuji (Phri si 3.776m) cfrng ld n(ri l&a.
DAn sd vudt qua mtc 124 triQu trong t16c6 11 thdnh phd ldn vdi
dAn sd tr6n l- triQu md phAn ldn t{p trung d vDng bd bidn ThAi binh
drrong.
Vd hanh chdnh Nhat b6n duoc chia thdnh 47 d6, d4o phti, tinh (To,
Do, Fu, Ken = Tinh), vd drrdi d6 la thdnh phd, qu{n, khu, x6, th6n.
Nhin quanh Nhat bin dAu cfrng ld bidn, khdng c6 nhfng dudng

bi6n gidi nhu ddt lidn. Vi lf do tl6 tU xa xda ngudi Nhat b6n ala thudng it
khi tidp xfc vdi ngrrdi ngoai qudc. Hon nfra vi tU xa xua chi trdng cQy vdo
ngudn h6i sdn ild ldy chdt dam n6n k! thuAt ngtr nghiOp cfrng rdt phat
tridn.
Okinawa dd drroc hodn tr6 lai vdo ndm t972 sau 27 ndm bi Hoa kj'
chidm d6ng khi thd chidn kdt thfic. Ngodi ra virng cldt phia B6c cfrng bi
LiOn sO (tOn goi vdo thdi cl6) chidm d6ng cho ddn ngdy nay. Til d6 ildn nay
chinh phfi Nhat bdn v6n tidp tuc chfr truong virng ddt phia Bdc ln lSnh
thd cd htru cfra Nhdt b6n.


LinhthdphiaBfc

ffi

VtngHokkaldo
(Virnq
B{chli dao)

t\.P---"

S^a

BIENNHATBAN

VingTohoku
(ving00ngb5c)
)

(UinglrungbQ)

(vingB{cl1;c)
vingHokuriku

VingChugoku
(vingTrungquOc)

UtngKanlo

(vins0uandons)
Y

rai \
lhii) \
(vingCin ki' haYQuan
tdY)
VingShlkoku
(vingTf qu0c)

THAI BiNH DUdNG

-)

ol
(vingCttuchiu)
VingKyushu
DiQntich
(kdcl ldnhthdphiaBfc)
Hokkaido

km'?

83.408

22,1%

Honshu

230.964km2

Shikoku

kmz
18.796

5,0%

Kyushu

44.410
km2

1.1,8%

61,11o

B0Noivu


T0nc6c00,0a0,
Phi,tinh

Din sd(ngudi)

tinhilfl t4i
Tdahdnhch6nh

lHokkaidol

VingHokkaido

lHonshul

VingTohoku

3. TinhAkita
4. Tinhlwate
5. TinhYamagata
6.TlnhMiyagi
7. TinhFukushima
8. Tinhlbaraki
9. TinhTochigi
10.TinhGunma
11.TinhSaitama
12.Thtd0Tokyo
13.TinhKanagawa
14.TinhChiba
15.TinnYamanashi
16.TlnhNiigata
17.TinhNagano
18.TinhToyama
'19.TlnhGifu

20.Tinhlshikawa
2'1.finh Fukui
22.Tnh Shizuoka
23.TinhAichi
24.TinhMie
25.TinhShi0a
26.TinhNara
27.PhtrKyoto
28.Ph[rOsaka
29.TlnhWakayama

30.Tinh

Thanh
DhdAkita
ThinhphOMorioka
phdYamagata
Thdnh
ThinhnhdSendai
ThinhohdFukushima
VungKanlo
phOMito
Thdnh
2.845.382
ThdnhphOutsunomiya
1.935.168
ThinhphOMaebashi
1.966.265
ThinhphOUrawa
6.405.319

230u0n
11.855.563
ThinhphdYokohama
7.980.391
ThinhphO
Chiba
5.555.429
vlng Ghubu
pnoKotu
Thanh
852.966
ph6Niigata
Thenh
2.474.583
ThinhphONagano
2.'t56.627
1.120.161
ThinhphdToyama
phdGifu
Thanh
2.066.569
ThinhphdKanazawa
1.'t64.628
ThinhphdFukui
823.585
ThinhphdShizuoka
3.670.840
ThinhphO.Nagoya
6.690.603
I nannDnotsu

1.792.514
VungKinki
Tnanhpho0tsu
1.222.411
phdNara
1.375.481
Thdnh
phdKyoto
2.602.460
Thirnh
ThinhphOOsaka
8.734.516
ThinhphdWakayama
1.074.325
phOKobe
Thdnh
5.405.040
1.227.478
1.416.928
1.258.390
2.248.558
2.104.058

32.TinhOkayama
33.TinhShimane
34.TinhHiroshima
35.TinhYamaguchi

1.925.877
781.021

2.849.847
1.572.616

37.TinhTokushima
38.TinhEhime
39.TinhKochi

831598
1515025
825034

lKyushul
41.Tinh0ita
42.TinhMiyazaki
43.TlnhSaga
44.TinhNagasaki
45.TinhKumamoto
46.TinhKagoshima
47.Tnh0kinawa

1.236.942
1.168.907
877.851
1.562.959
1.840.326
.824
1.797
1.222.398

ThinhphtlOkayama

Thinhph6Matsue
ThinhohdHiroshima
Thinhph6Yamaguchi

0?nsd(ngrtUi)

s02.899
278.177
247.204
't0
923.1
280.069
244.434
429.514
286.931
430.672
7.989.687
3.?54.594
831.645
199.19/
480.079
350.593
320.305
406.697
432.542
251.876
472.573
2.107.370
158.1
67

263.4/6
352.358
1.404.548
2.506.678
401.383
1.469.643'
595.129
142.534
1.075.104
127.826

ThinhphdTokushima
ThinhphOMatsuyama
ThinhphdKochi
VtngKyushu

261.835
453.754
316.591

ThinhphOOita
ThinhphOMiyazaki
ThinhphOSaga
ThinhphONagasaki
ThinhphdKumamoto
phOKagoshima
Thdnh
Thenh
DhdNaha

412.660
292.035
168.244
443.019
627.011
535.279
306.364

TdngcOnggdm1 D0 1 Oao2 Phir43 tlnh (didutra dansd 1992)


BON MUA
DuqcphAn ldm XuAn,H?, Thu, D0ng mQt cSch16 rOt, c6 mua quanh ndm
nhtrnglugng mrranhidu nhdt ld vdo dAuHb vd mria Thu. QuAnd6o Nhat
b6n hdu nhu nhm trong khu vttc 0n ddi thich hop vdi viQctrdng hia. Vi
ddt nr-idcch?y dai til Nam chi Bdc nhu thd nOnkhi hdu Nam vdi B6c hoirn
todn khric bi6t.
Dic sdc cfia bdn mira
Xudn: Hoa c6 vd cAy cdi bdt dAu xanh trroi. MDa hoa Anh dio nd
b6o hiQu XuAn vd.
Mtia mrfa: Mua li0n tuc ti/ trung tuAn thdng 6 ctdntrung tuAn
th6ng 7 ngo4i trtl virng Hokkaido. Nhirng cdn mua qui b6u ndy
khOng thd thidu cho vi6c trdng l6a.

)

Hq: Ap sudt kh6ng khi cao tr6n virng bidn phia Nam ldm n6n
nht(ng ngdy ndng tdt nhttng n6ng brlc li6n tuc. Bai bidn vi hd tdm
hic nho cfrng n6o nhiQt.
Bio: 86o ph6t sinh d vilng bidn gAn Phi luAt TAn til trung tudn

thdng 7 ddn trung tudn thdng 10, mang ddn NhAt b6n nhtrng cdn
mtra to gi6 ldn gAy nhidu thiet hai to tdt tai nhidu noi.
Thu: L6 cdy b6t tlAu nhudm mdu d6 ho[c mdu vdng.
Ddng: Nhltng cdn gi6 mia til phia Bdc ldm phia bidn NhQt bin c6
tuydt to, trong khi phia Thdi binh Duong thi khOng khi kh6 r5o vir
trdi luOn sring stia.

@

4

)


KHi HAu va sdN nnue
lKhi hfu vi lrrOng nr/dc mr/al (Tokyo)
Inang I

5.2"C

Ihdng2

I nano\)

5.6

8.5

Thiing4
t q

I

Thrinq
5

18.6

Ihing6

21.7

I nanq /

25.2

Thins8

Thrinq
9

2 7. 1

IJ.L

Ihrinq10

Inano | |

r n a n ot z

17.6

12.6

7.9

164

89

46

N h i Ot t ) 15,6"C
linhqud hingnd )

45 mm

60

100

125

138

185

T

126

SU

148

r80

l

nuocr ua trong
4 0 6m

.1961
ddn nim 1990]
[Ni0nbidukhoahgc 1992:Binhquantil nam

r'l-J

<-1J


Giao thdng
M6y bay
C6c tuydn tludng bay nQi dia ndi lidn c6c thdnh phd quan trong nhrr Sapporo, Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Naha v.v... TrOn tohn nddc Nhat c6 79 phi
trUdng vd c6 7 cdng ty hdng khdng hoat dQngvdi 163 tuydn dudng bay.

Dudng sdt
Tdng sd chidu dii c6c tuydn drrdngsdt tr6n Nhat b6n ld 27.000km (Cdc
d6o Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu dugc ndi lidn vdi nhau bhng hQ

thdng cAu hodc dudng hdm drrdi c16ybidn). Sd lttong hdnh kh6ch sfi dr;ng
m6i n[m l6n ddn 20,7 t9 ngudi. DAy ln phuong ti6n ti6n loi, hiQu qu6 vd
an tohn nhdt. HAu nhu c6c thdnh phd cldudrrocndi lidn bhng hO thdng
tuydn dudng JR, cdc thinh phd ld'n vi. cdc khu du lich thi c6 cdc hQ thdng
tuydn tludng tu nhAn hoat dOng song song hod.cphu trd cho tuydn JR.
JR: Kd tU khi tuydn dudng sdt dAu ti6n ctia Nhat bdn ndi lidn
Shinbashi vd Yokohama ra ddi nam L872, JNR (CUc tlrrdngs6t qudc gia
Nhat) d6ng vai trb cdt loi v6 dudng sdt cfra Nhat bin sudt 1L4 nd.m cho
t6i khi n6 duoc trr nhAn h6a vd phAn chia thdnh 6 c0ng ty trl nhdn vd
dudng sdt chuydn ch& hdnh kh6ch tr6n tohn qudc nhrl c6ng ty JR
Higashi-Nihon, cOngty JR Nishi-Nihon v.v... vi c5.cc6ng ty dudng sdt
chuy6n chd hdng h6a vho th6ng 4 ndm 1987. JR hoat dQng tr6n tuydn
drrdng dai 20.000km vdi hon 25.000 chuydn tdu m6i ngay (kd cd tuydn
cao tdc Shinkansen). Tai c6c ving thdnh phd ldn, hO thdng tQp trung
phUc vu rdt hoirn chinh thi du nhtr tuydn Yamanote; tuydn Chuo tai
Tokyo, chuydn Osaka Kanjo tai Osaka v.v...
Shinkansen: B6t dAu hoat ttQngtir nim 1964 vdi chi ti6u chuyOnch6
tl6ng dAo hdnh kh6ch bhng mQt v4n tdc cao dn dinh nhung an tohn.
HiQn tai Shinkansen chAy v6i vAn tdc cao nhdt ld 270km/g, vir nhlrng
cuQcthi nghiQm dd vd dang dtroc x0c tidn dd ndi lidn Tokyo vh Osaka
trong vdng 1 gid tldng hd.

6

),'

)


Drrdng sdt trr nhAn: HiQn tai c6 132 cOngty drrdngsdt cirng vdi JR tao

thdnh h0 thdng m?ng ludi tr6n todn qudc. Cde c6ng ty drrdngsdt chfi
ydu gdm c6:
Tokyo
Tobu Tetsudo, Seibu Tetsudo, Keisei Tetsudo,Keio Teito Dentetsu,
Odakyu Dentetsu, Tokyu Dentetsu, Keihin Kyuko
Nagoya
Nagoya Tetsudo
Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe
Kinki Nippon Tetsudo, Nankai Denki Tetsudo, Keihan Denki
Tetsudo, Hankyu Denki Tetsudo, Hanshin Denki Tetsudo
Kyushu
Nishi Nihon Tetsudo
Dr/dng xe diQn ngdm: Hoat ilQng t4i 9 thdnh phd ldn li Tokyo,
Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, Kyoto, Sapporo,Fukuoka, Sendai ld
mdt trong nhfrng phrrong ti6n giao thdng chinh, 16 tidn tld tli ldm vd ili
hgc.
Drt'dng xd vdr xe hoi
Todn thd hC thdng dudng xd t4i Nhat b6n ddi 1.12 tri6u km (kd cd
4.560km tltrdng cao tdc) trong d6 70Vodd cluoctr6ng nhua. Nhat bdn c6
58.600.000chidc xe hoi drlng h4ng nhi sau Hoa kj' tuy nhi6n mat d0 xe
hoi so vdi diQn tich lai drlng hdng ttdu thd gi6i vi thd n4n ket xe, tai nan
giao thdng, khi thei, tidng dn v.v... trd thdnh nhlrng vdn dd xe hQi.
Tai nan giao th6ng: Qua sr,fphd c{p cfra xe hdi, ndm 1970 sd ngudi chdt
vi tai nan giao thdng l6n ddn cao clidm le 16.765 ngtrdi, nhung tir cldy c6
khuynh hrrdng srit gi6m. Tuy nhi6n kd ti/ khodng ndm 1985 lai gia
tdng vd nim 1990 con sd nb.yvtfdt tr6n 11.000 ngUdi. Nhdt ld nhf,ng
tai nan chdt ngttdi do tdi xd ld thdnh phdn tr6 thudng hay xAy ra.
Ch6nh phfi vd cdc nhd s6n xudt n6 luc itdi ph6 vdi vdn dd ndy qua vi6c
bdt bugc mang d6y dai an todn, hodc viQc trang bi gdi hoi, hQ thdng
ngila trtr{t b6nh khi th6ng (ABS), ldm cfia xe crlng c6p thdm v.v...tuy

nhi6n didu quan trong nhdt ld t6c phong dqo drlc cria ngudi cAm tay l6i
v6n cdn nhidu thidu s6t.

7


Lich sfi
Nhat b6n tirng ndi lidn vdi luc dia A chAu,nhung tr6i qua nhfing bidn
tlOng cfia ldp v6 dia cdu vd hoat dQng cria nfi lita n6 cld t6ch rdi kh6i luc
dia vd mang hinh th6i gidng nhu ngdy h6m nay ttnJdc.
Thdi dai nguy6n thrfry (8.000 ndm trd6c Thi6n ch(ra- thd ki thrl 3)
Con ngrrdi sinh hoat chinh ydu dua trOn viQc sin bdn vd g6p nhat. Tdi
khoAng thd ki thf 3 vi6c tr6ng lfra duoc truydn sang tit lqc dia.
Thdi cd aqi (thd ki tlrlt 4 - thd k9 12)
Vdn h6a luc dia drrocdu nhap vdo vd ndn tAng dd thdnh hinh mQt qudc
gia d5 vllng chdi, viQc phAn dinh giai cdp dd trd n6n 16 rdng. Trdng hia
rt6 trd thdnh c6ng viQc chinh vd ddi sdng dinh cd dd duoc hinh thdnh.
Quydn ltrc ni.m trong tay Thi6n hodng vd giai cdp quf tQc.

)

Thdi trung cd (tfrd ki 13 - thd ki 19)
Giai cdp vfr si thay thd giai cdp qui tQc ndm quydn luc. Thi6n chfa gi6o vd
sdng h6a mai duoc truydn vho tit' gifra thd ki 16. TiJ dAu thd kjr 17 viQc
thdng thuong vDrgiao thi6p vdi ngoai qudc bi cdm trrf mQt sd khu vrlc gi6i
han. Tir thd ki 17 ddn thd ki 19 la mQt thdi dai vO cirng dn dinh.
Thdi cin dai (thd ki 19 - trudc thd chidn thrr 2)
Do 6p luc cria Hoa kj', Nhat bdn phii md crla vd Thi6n hodng lai duoc
khdi phuc quy6n luc. Sau khi md cfia nhhm theo kip c6c qudc gia khdc,

Nhat b6n d6 khuydn khich chfnh srich cOngk! nghQ md cdt l6i la cdng
nghiQp, nhtrng qua cuQckhring ho6ng kinh td thd gi6i Nhat b6n budc vdo
con dudng cria chri nghia quAn phiQt.
Thdi hiQn d4i (Hau chiSn)
Chidn tranh chdm dft ndm 1.945sau khi hai qu6 bom nguy6n trl th6
xudng Hiroshima vit Nagasaki. Sau thd chidn Nhat b6n ddc tod.n luc qudc
gia CldphUc hrrng xrirs6, xAy dtrng lai mQt qudc gia hoh binh. Nuong theo
ndn kinh td tdng tnldng cao, Nhflt bAn cle vddt qua duoc 2 lAn bidn dQng
dAu ho6 dd trd thdnh mQt trong nhdng cudng qudc kinh td trOn thd gidi.

8

)r


DAn tQc vi ngdn ngfi
Ngudn gdc cria ngudi Nhat c6 nhidu thuydt nhu Id ttl phia Bdc, tit Nam A
ChAu, ttr cric d6o d phrrongNam... tuy nhiOn chua c6 thuydt ndo vlrng ci.
C6 thuydt cho rXng ngudi Nhat ngay h6m nay ld do sr1pha m6u cfra c6c
dAn tQc tr6n.
C6 thuydt thi cho rhng Nhat b6n ld mQt qudc gia chi c6 1 dAn tQc,
tuy nhi6n x6t cho k! n6 ld su thdnh hinh crja nhidu dAn tOc nhu ngtrdi
Nhat, ngudi Ainu (Hokkaido), ngrJdiDai hAn, ngudi Tridu ti6n, ngt/di
Trung qudc sdng tai NhQt. GAn dAy sd ngudi ngoai qudc crl tni tai Nhat
b6n cfrng c6 gia tang.
Con ngtrdi d6 sinh sdng tai qudn d6o Nhat b6n til trdn 10000 nim
trddc. Tidng n6i thi chi c6 tidng Nhat nhung c6 nhidu thd dm (Hogen),thd
Am Tohoku vh Kyushu rdt kh6. Tuy nhi6n vdi tidng ti6u chudn c6 thd
truydn dgt ttr td&ng ddy dri dugc.
Ngddi Nhat sft dung chrl vidt gdm c6 H6n tu vd b0 chfr Kana. H6n

trr duoc luu truydn tr} Trung qudc cbn bQ chlt Kana (gdm Hiragana vd
Katakana) dtlgc chd bidn tir H6n trJ. BO chfr Katakana thtrdng dnng dd
vidt c6c ttt ngfr du nhAp tU tidng nddc ngohi.
til Hiint{
Hiragana
vi Katakana
lrtqcctreUiCh

F rf FEJ F X
.t .t ,t J .t .t
4 F 6 vl b
.t .t .t ,t ,t .t
*

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v
(u)

4 7
(i)

katakana

(a)

\

)

(u)

t\
(i)

h
(a)

hiragana

9


C HUdNG

CHINHTRI

2

ia" phrip cia nudc Nhat dugc c6ng bd vdo ngey 3 th6ng 11 ndm
ff
I I L946, dugc thi hdnh tir ngdy 3 th6ng 5 ndm 1947. Hai ngdy ndy trd
thdnh 2 ngiry 16 at6lDr"Ngdy VEn ho6" vDr"Ngdy ki niQm Hidn ph6p".
Ba c16ctrtrng chinh
Chri quyin t4i d6n - Chir quyAn d noi qudc d6n. Trong hidn
ph6p trttdc ddy n6 nim trong tay Thi6n hodng.
Chri nghia Hoi binh - Td b6 chidn tranh, cdm chi quydn
giao chidn, khOng c6 nghla vu quAn dich.
Tdn trong nhdn quy6n cIn bAn ngudi c6 til khi mdi sanh ra.

Quydn loi cd hfru cfra con

Thi6n hodng (Nhat Hodng) ld bidu trrQngcho qudc dAn tuyQt ddi
khOng c6 mQt quydn han chinh tri ndo c6. Chi cfi hinh mOt sd nghi thrlc
qudc gia theo f kidn vd srJthila nh{n cria nQi c6c. Ching hAn nhtr thila
nhfn viQc triQu tQp qudc hQi, tidp nh4n viQc bd nhiQm chrlc vu Thfi trJdng
do qudc hQi chi dinh, chudn nhfn cdc hiQp rrdc,tidp nhQn riy nhiQm thrr
c$a c6.cDai sr1,Cdng sfi, tidp rudc Qudc khdch.
Thi0n hodng hi6n tai cfra Nhat b6n ld vi Thi0n hodng ddi thf L25
t6n ld Akihito. Ni6n hiQu ld "Heisei" drrgcsfi dqng chung v6i Dtrong lich.
Thi6n hodng (Tenno) kh6ng c6 ho, sau khi bdng hd s6 clrrocggi bhng ni6n
hiQu cira minh thi dg OO Tenno.

1l


H0 thdng chinh quydn trung r/dng
D4c trdng
(1) Thd chd chinh tri ld dAn chri lAp hidn.
(2) Ba quydn LAp ph6p, Hdnh ph6p, Tu phrip drrgcphAn chia 16 ring.
Chfng ld nhfrng td chfc dOclap dd kidm so6t, quAn binh l6n nhau.
Lap ph6p
Qudc hQi ld cd quan tdi cao c6 quydn lrrc qudc gia thdnh hinh bdi c6c dAn
bidu Clrrocqudc dAn bAu crl truc tidp, ld co quan lap ph6p duy nhdt. Qudc
hQi gdm Ha nghi viQn vd Thr-rongnghi vi6n . Cdc du luAt d5 drrocb6 phidu
chdp thu{n tai Ha nghi vi6n dr) c6 bi Thuong nghi vi6n bdc b6 tli chang
nfra ndu dem ra Ha nghi viQn b6 phidu lai mDrdrtoc tr6n 2/3 t6ng sd ddn
bidu hiQn diQn chdp thu4n thi du luAt d6 sO duoc thdng qua. Ngodi ra
ludng vi6n qudc hdi sE phdi hop dd di6u chinh ngAn s6ch, hi6p trdc, chi
dinh thri ttrdng. Khi c6 bdt ddng xiy ra, nghi quy6t crja Ha nghi vi6n dtroc

quydn tfu tiOn.

\,

Hinh phrip
Dugc ndi c6c tl6m nhiQm. Thrj tddng duoc bAu ttr c6c dAn bidu qudc hQi,
sau d6 thri tudng chi dinh mOt sd kh6ng qu6 20 bQ trudng.
Trr ph6p
Dugc tod 6n dAm nhiQm, dudc phAn ldm 5 thir td nhu sau: Tdi Cao Ph6p
ViQn (Tda 6ntdi cao),Toir Thrrong Thdm, Tod 6n dia phtrong,Tba 6n gia
dinh, Tda Tidu Hinh.
)i

Chinh quydn dia phrrong
Le td chfic dQclQp vdi trung ddng vd c6 quydn han hoat dQng trr chfi. Qua
hinh thrlc ndy chinh tri se ddn gAn vd liOn hQ mat thi6t vdi ngrrdi dAn
hon. Tuy goi ld ctQclap vdi trung ufdngnhrlng thrJctd ph6i chiu mQt sd
nhfrng han chd vd mat tdi ch6nh vd quydn han hdnh chSnh tr} trung
Lfdng.ThAu nhap ngAn sdch gdm c6 thud dia phuong vd mQt sd phAn trdm
nhdt dinh nh4n tit thud qudc gia.

12


T a m q u yd n p h d n l fp

Tuydn
ct

0u0cdanph6nx6t

phdnt0a6ntdicao.
(BOphiOu
tin nhi0m)

Hanghivion

Thuong
nghivien

c[laqu6cgia
Cdquanl0pph6pduynh61

C h i d i n hT h 0
tu6ng
Nghiquycibal
t i n n h i q mn 0 i
cic

gilitdn
0uydn
Hanghiviqn
I ngur?pquoc
h0i

GiiimdinhsU
vi hidnclra
L0pphap

(NQi
crlc)

Hinhchiinh
Ph0th0tudng+ 12 B0
chdphinhc0ngviec
hinhph6p

Tuphiip(Toiiin)
Ng$icanhchUng
phiip
hiOn

Gi6mdinhsUvi
clahinhphip
holng.
. NhAt
(bidutuongchoquocgia)

I3


Chinh dfrng
C6c chinh ddng chri ydu gdm c6 D6ng Tu do DAn chrj (LDP), Ddng Xa h0i
Nhat b6n (SPD), Ddng Komei "Cdng minh", Ddng COngs6n NhAt b6n
(JCP), Ding Shinshin "TAn tidn", Ddng Sakigake"Ti6n phong" v.v...
Ddng Tu do dAn chfr li6n tuc ndm chinh quydn tir ndm 1955 ddn ndm
1993. C6c chinh clAngtldi lap chfnh gdm c6 DAng Xa hQi, DAng Cdng
minh (dttongthdi), Ding Dan chri xa h6i (duong thdi), Ddng cOng s6n. vi
m6t ddng 1i6n tuc ndm chinh quydn nhu thd dA tao n6n nhfrng vdn cld nhu
tham nhfrng, thdng ddng tay 3 gifa c6c gidi chinh tri, tdi chinh vh c6ng
chrlc tir d6 ndy sinh ra nhfrng tranh lu{n vd viQc cAi c6ch chinh tri. Qua
cuQctuydn cfr vdo Ha nghi vi0n ndm 1993, Ddng Ttr do Dan chfr di khOng

dat dtroctlfi phdn nfia tdng sd ghd nOn mQt chinh quydn li6n hiQp khOng
phdi ln Ddng Trr do DAn chri ra ddi gdm c6 Nhat bdn TAn Ddng, cdc d6ng
ddi lap tnt6c dAy (khOng c6 ding COngs6n Nhft b6n) vd DAng TAn sinh,
Ddng Sakigake ld 2 DAng tdch ra tr} Ddng Tu do DAn chfi. CUc diQn chinh
tri v6n cdn nhidu bidn d6ng vi vi6c cdi c6ch chinh tri, t6i td chrlc cdc chinh
d6ng v6n cbn vddng cuOnvdo nhau.

!,r

Sd ghe-c0a c6c chfnhdAngtai Ha nghi viQn(1993)

lr

t5
30

t5
)0/6

I4

TUdoDanchil
ffi OAng
bAn
Xi hqiNhat
ffil oAns
OAng
Komei"COng
minh"
ffi

C0ng
sinNhflt
bAn
n DAng
0Ang
DAn
ch0
xI
hOi
ffil
"TAn
Shinsei
sinh"
ffi OAng
Nh
t
bdn
Tdn
dAng
A
"Ti0n
phong"
Sakigake
ffi gAng
ph6i
dAng khilc
S Cric
B0Tutri

Tham gia vdro chinh tri
Phd thOng ddu phidu ddnh cho nhrfng ngrrdi trrrdng thdnh tU 20 tudi trd
l6n dd dugc thuc thi til nam 1945. DAy ld hinh thfic dAu phidu binh tt8ng
kh6ng phAn bi6t chfing tQc, tfn didu, dia vi, gidu nghdo vd ld hinh thrlc
dAu phidu kin b6o ddm t6n cria ngtrdi cli bdu kh6ng bi ghi tr6n 16 phidu.
Trudc clAyviQc dAu phidu chi ddnh cho ph6i Nam t'] 25 tudi trd lOn c6
d6ng thud tr6n mdt kho6n nhdt dinh ndo d6. Ngodi ra mudn rlng cfi vdo
Thuong nghi viQn vd chrlc Tinh tnldng phdi trOn 30 tudi, cdn c6c chfrcvu
kh6c chi cAn tr6n 25 tudi.
Ph6n x6t cira qudc dAn (b6 phidu tin nhiQm)
Sau khi nhiQm chfrc, Chrj tich Tdi Cao Ph6p ViQn sE dufgcqudc ddn phdn
x6t vio lAn tdng tuydn crl td chrlc sau d6. TU d6 crl m6i t0 ndm s6 c6 1 ldn
tdi ph6n x6t. Chd dQ ndy cho ph6p bdi mi6n vi Chti tich Tdi Cao PhSp
Vien ndu c6 hon phAn nita qudc dAn b6 phidu bdt tin nhiQm.
Trtt'ng CAu DAn Y
DAy ld m6t trong nhltng thri tuc khi cdn cdi chinh hidn ph6p. Qudc hQi sO
td chrlc tn/ng cdu ddn 1f ndu c6 2/3 dAn bidu ludng viQn t6n thdnh vd qua
d6 ndu qu6 nira qudc dAn t6n thdnh, hidn phdp s6 drroc cdi chfnh, nhung
cho tdi nay tlidu ndy chua duoc thrrc thi qua.
Tr6n nguyOnt6c nhiQm kj' cria Ha nghi viQn ld 4 n5m. Tuy nhi6n nhi6m
kj' s6 chdm df/t khi qudc hQi bi gi6i trin. NhiQm ky c0a Thrr.ongnghi viQn
ld 6 nim vd cfr mdi 3 ndm se bdu lai ph6n nira.
Sd ghd cta cdc chinh dAng tai H? nghi viQn (19S0)

ffil oangTUdoDanchir
XdhgiNh|tbAn
ffiNDAng
0 ni ngh "
g o m e i " Cm
E 0 A nK

COng
sin Nh0tBAn
f, DAnq
chlr
xl hOi
Oang
Ddn
ffi
khdc
Cacdlng
ffi
B0Nqivu

15