Cơ sở tâm lý rèn luyện ý chí của hạ sĩ quan, binh sĩ ở các sư đoàn bộ binh quân đội nhân dân việt nam tt tiếng anh

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INTRODUCTION
1. Reasons for choosing the thesis topic
The willpower plays a very important role in human life and
activities. It is the spiritual strength for people to overcome complex
difficulties in practical activities. President Ho Chi Minh made it clear
that “Nothing is hard; It is only fearful of unstable heart; From digging
mountains and filling in the sea; Determination willpower complete
all” [57, p.440]. In particular, in fighting activities, the danger,
fierceness, sacrifices, losses all require soldiers to be cunning, brave,
resilient, enduring in order to win”[13, p.137].
Aware of the position and role of the willpower in military
activities, the Tenth National Military Party Congress, the term 2015 - 2020
identified "building strong and firm political capacity, steady goal of
national independence and socialism, high determination; absolute fidelity
and willpower to fight, sacrifice to protect the Party, the State, the people
and the socialist regime for officers and soldiers" [24, p.42]. In order to
accomplish the above objectives and requirements, and at the same time
contribute to the construction of the revolutionary, regular, elite and step-bystep army, it requires divisions in general and infantry divisions in particular
to continue improving the results of educating and training the willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers in a comprehensive way.
For infantry divisions, training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is a very important task and
requirement in the process of training and combat readiness. In the status
quo of strong development of modern weapons, high-tech war, reverse
impact of the market economy, the fierce resistance of hostile forces, the
matter of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers in infantry divisions becomes more and more important.
Thoroughly implementing the Resolution No. 765 - NQ/QUTW
of the Central Military Commission "On improving the quality of training
in the period of 2013-2020 and the following years", during the last time,

together with improving the quality of training, infantry divisions
regularly value the education and training of willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers. However, besides the results achieved
in training, infantry divisions still present certain limitations such as: The


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quality of training has inconsistent contents; the innovation of contents and
programs of training fails to meet the development of the task situation; some
units do not perform well on training and training of soldiers [73], [88], and
[97]. Researches and surveys of training and practices in infantry divisions
show that there are still some non-commissioned officers and soldiers who
have not been active in the performance of their missions, resulting in low
mission completion. To overcome the above-mentioned limitations, it is
required that in the coming time, infantry divisions must improve the quality
of training and training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers.
Over the years, the issue of training the willpower of soldiers
military has been concerned by Vietnamese and international researchers in
various aspects. However, there has not been any research project on
training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in military
activities, especially; there has not been any research project on
psychological basis for training the willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers in the infantry divisions systematically.
Originating from the theoretical and practical basis
mentioned above, the topic of "Psychological basis for training the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the
infantry divisions of the Vietnam People's Army" for the research
thesis.
2. Purposes and tasks of the research

Purposes
The dissertation researches on practical and theoretical issues
of psychological foundations to train the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers. Accordingly, it proposes sociopsychological measures to train the willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers at infantry divisions, contributing to improving
the quality of fighting-readiness training for non-commissioned
officers and soldiers at infantry divisions today.
Tasks
Giving an overview of the thesis-related research. Building the
theory on psychological basis for training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers, pointing out the components making
up and the factors affecting the willpower. Conducting the surveys and
assessing the current situation of the willpower of non-commissioned
officers. Proposing socio-psychological measures to train the willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the


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Vietnam People’s Army. Carrying out the relevant experiments on training
the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry
divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army.
3. Object, Participants and Scope of the research
Object
The components making up and the factors affecting the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions
Participants
Non-commissioned officers, soldiers, leaders and
commanders at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army.
Scope
In terms of content: The dissertation concentrates on
psychological basis for training the willpower of non-commissioned

officers and soldiers, especially the components making up and the
factors affecting the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers at infantry divisions. The dissertation researches on the current
situation of the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
In terms of participants: The dissertation conducts the
surveys with the participation of 430 non-commissioned officers and
soldiers (enlisted in 2017 = 200; enlisted in 2018 = 230), 110
officials (regiment, company, and battalion) at Division 312, Army
Corp 1; Division 325, Army Corp 2; Division 3, Military Zone 1.
In terms of time: Sufficient data and numbers are mainly
from 2015 to present.
4. Scientific hypothesis
The willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at
infantry divisions is a personal quality, making up of three components:
recognition, attitude and action. The components making up the willpower
are in great harmony and closely linked. Of which, attitude and action of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers are of average level.
Psychological basis for training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions are the
components making up the willpower (recognition, attitude and
action); the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is


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affected by objective and subjective factors, of which the subjective
factors are of greater effect.
The willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers can be
trained by identifying appropriate socio-psychological measures, the
components making up and the factors affecting the training of the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.

5. Methodology and research methods
Methodology
The thesis is based on the thorough understanding of the
science of psychology and such approaches as: the principle between
psychology, consciousness and activity; principle of system and
structure; principle of development; principle of personality. These
principles are considered as the red thread for this dissertation
Research method
Method of theory study: Using combined methods of analysis,
generalization, comparison the foreign and domestic published works
related to the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at
infantry divisions.
Method of reality research: Method of observation; Method
of questionnaires; Method of conversation; Method of interview;
Method of experts consult; Method of experiment; Method of
multiple choice.
Method of maths statistics: Use of software SPSS 16.0 to
calculate the data of survey, investigation, experiment and showing
research results.
6. New contributions of the research
In terms of theory
The dissertation contributes to diversify the theory on
psychological basis to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers at infantry divisions. It especially clarifies basic
psychological factors making up the willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army.
In terms of practice
The surveys of the current situation show that the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is of high level, of which the factor of

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recognition is of quite good level, the factor of attitude and action is of average
level, the result of fulfilling task is of non-commissioned officers and soldier’s
average level. The components making up the willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers are in great harmony and closely linked.
The thesis’s findings show that the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is influenced by two groups of
factors: subjective and objective. Of which, the subjective factors are
non-commissioned officers and soldiers activeness in self-training and
life experience, the objective factors are the exemplarity and prestige
of the officials, the training programs, conditions and equipment’s.
The thesis proposes socio-psychological measures to train the noncommissioned officers and solders’ will at infantry divisions of the Vietnam
People’s Army. Simultaneously, relevant experiments are conducted to
affirm the feasibility of the proposed socio-psychological measures.
7. Theoretical and practical significance of research
In terms of theory
The thesis’s findings contributes to adding and promoting the
psychological theory on training the willpower of army officers in
general and that of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at
infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army in particular.
In terms of practice
The findings of the study serve as fundamental foundations
to promote the role of the officials during the process of training the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, which helps to
improve the efficiency of training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in local units presently.
The thesis can be used as references for learners in general,
officials and army officers in particular in order to improve the
quality of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers in the army.
8. Structure of the thesis

The thesis includes: Introduction, Overview, The content consists
of 4 chapters (13 periods), Conclusion, List of References and Appendixes
Chapter 1


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LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO
THE THESIS
1.1. The foreign works
1.1.1. The works on the quality and structure of the willpower
1.1.1.1. The works on quality of the willpower of people
and army officers
Typical authors: A.V Xuvorov, Ceruchiaski, P. A Rudich, X.O.
Macarov, Pham Hoang Gia and The Truong (translated version, 1987),
K. Platonov, A.V Đulov, A.G Covaliov, Stogdill, etc. These authors
indicate the following typical qualities of the willpower of soldiers:
target direction, determination, firmness, patience, self-control,
autonomy, creativity, courage, independence, sense of discipline,
persistence, spirit of bravery.
1.1.1.2. The works on structure of the willpower
Typical authors: V.I Selivanov, X. L Rubintein, A. S Punhi,
I.M.Setrenov, E. P Ilin, etc. The above authors state that the willpower is
made up of different components such as: recognition; ethics, biopsychology; motive; emotion; action; manipulation, etc. Notably, two
authors A. S Punhi and I. M Setrenov share the common view that structure
of the willpower is in close link with three components: recognition, motive
(emotion), manipulation (action).
1.1.2. The works on the factors affecting the willpower and
the willpower training
Typical authors: Ceruchiaski, A. Sipnhep, P. A Rudich, Pham

Hoan Gia and The Truong (translated), A . Ph Sramtrenco, J. Kennedy,
etc. The above authors show the factors affecting the willpower training
of people in general and that of soldiers in particular: Need, intellect, life
experience, working passion, communication, fighting activity; teaching
methodology and education; learning condition in line with fighting
reality; knowledge and experience of officials; self-training of each
individual; impact of the collective.
1.1.3. The works on the path and ways of training the
willpower
Typical authors: A. Sghipnhep, A.S Punhi, L.I Gurevich, Snurop, A.
A Xmiecnov, M.I Diachenco and L.A Candubovich, A.M Xtoliarenco, V.A
Crucheski, X.O Macarov, R. Baumeister, etc. The above authors claim that


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the path and measure to train the willpower is a long term conducted by the
process of educating and training of each individual. It is important to promote
the role of the collective, holding the activities, selecting the aim and defining
the appropriate method to effectively train the willpower.
1.2. The domestic works
1.2.1. The works on the willpower quality of army officers
Typical authors: Vo Nguyen Giap, Nguyen Ngoc Phu, Dinh
Hung Tuan, Do Duy Mon, Nguyen Van Viet, Pham Xuan Nguyen, etc.
These authors indicate some typical qualities such as: persistence,
courage, target direction, determination, firmness, patience, self-control,
autonomy, creativity, independence, sense of discipline, spirit of bravery.
However, there has been no works addressing the subjects are noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.
1.2.2. The works on factors affecting the willpower, the
willpower training

Typical authors: Hoang Linh, Nguyen Ngoc Phu, Hoang
Dinh Chau, Vu Dung, Le Van Quang, etc. The above authors point out
the factors affecting the willpower and the willpower training are:
recognition, physical development, social environment, education
background and self-education, life experience, socio-political condition and
particular features of the military with both negative and positive effect.
1.2.3. The works on the path and the measure of training the
willpower
Typical authors: Do Long, Hoang Linh, Nguyen Van Son,
Nguyen Mau Loan, Nguyen Dinh Minh, Hoang Dinh Chau, Phung
Khac Dang, Do Manh Hoa, Hoang Dinh Chau and Ngo Minh Tuan,
Kieu Van Vang and Duong Ngoc Thuong, etc. These authors indicate the
path to train the willpower and determination for fighting via education,
self-education, and training and fighting. They also define some
measures to formulate and develop the willpower quality such as:
Strengthening army officers’ awareness, motive, responsibility and
promoting the positivity of self-training for army officers.
1.3. An overview of the research results related to the thesis
and the issues need further addressing in this thesis
1.3.1. An overview of the research results related to the thesis


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Firstly, the issue of the willpower quality of people and
officials, soldiers in the army has been paid much attention by foreign
and domestic authors. Simultaneously, they point out the following
qualities of the willpower: persistence, courage, target direction,
determination, firmness, patience, self-control, autonomy, creativity,
independence, sense of discipline, spirit of bravery. These findings

help to have an insight into the willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.
Secondly, in terms of structure of the willpower, the foreign
psychologists indicate the following basic components of the willpower
structure: recognition; motive; emotion; action; manipulation; ethics;
bio-psychology. These serve as important foundations for this thesis’
author to formulate components making up the willpower structure of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.
Thirdly, the previous researchers have indicated the factors
affecting the process of the willpower training such as: level of recognition,
physical development, social environment, education background and selfeducation, life experience, socio-political condition and particular features
of the military with both negative and positive effect.
Fourthly, these authors indicate the path to train the willpower
and determination for fighting via education, self-education, and training
and fighting. They also define some measures to formulate and develop
the willpower quality such as: Strengthening army officers’ awareness,
motive, responsibility and promoting the positivity of self-training for
army officers. These serve as basis to build up measures for training the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry
divisions at present.
1.3.2. The issues need further addressing in this thesis
First, although there are several works on training the willpower
for students, officials, soldiers, there are no works addressing the subjects
are non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions in the
Vietnam People’s Army. Therefore, the thesis needs to concentrate on
formulating the system of concepts such as: the willpower; the willpower
of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; the willpower training of army
officers; the willpower training of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers; psychological basis for training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.

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Second, the previously published works have not yet mentioned
the components making the willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers. Thus, one important task of the thesis is to clarify the
components making the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers at infantry divisions.
Third, training will of non-commissioned officers and soldiers
at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army is affected by both
objective and subjective factors. Therefore, the analysis of factors
affecting the willpower training of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers can be seen as foundations for this thesis to propose sociopsychological measures to train the willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.
Fourth, the thesis’s task is not only to clarify the theoretical
issues on the willpower training but also to thoroughly research and
assess the current situation of training the willpower and factors
affecting the willpower training of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers at infantry divisions. Accordingly, the thesis proposes sociopsychological measures to train the willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.
Conclusion of chapter 1
The present chapter generalizes the foreign and domestic
published works on the willpower, the willpower training. The
previously published works have diversified and deepen the thesis’
practical and theoretical issues.
The previous works have indicated quality of the willpower;
psychological structure of the willpower; factors affecting the willpower;
the path and measure to train the willpower. However, these works only
concentrate on clarifying factors related to the willpower of students,
athletes and army officers, but no works on non-commissioned officers

and soldiers and factors affecting the willpower training of noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions.
The study on the willpower training of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army
needs to select and inherit the previous findings, especially the
willpower, the willpower training, factors affecting the willpower
training process of non-commissioned officers and soldiers. All of
these serve as foundations for this thesis to clarify the psychology of


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training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at
infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army.
Chapter 2
THEORY ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TRAINING
THE WILLPOWER OF NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND
SOLDIERS IN THE INFANTRY DIVISIONS OF THE
VIETNAMESE PEOPLE’S ARMY
2.1. Basic concepts
2.1.1. The willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers
Willpower
Willpower is a quality of personality, expressed in the aspects of
awareness, attitude, action, helping people overcome difficulties and
obstacles in the course of activities, in order to achieve their goals and tasks.
Willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers
The will of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry
divisions of Vietnamese People's Army's is a quality of military
personality, expressed in the aspects of awareness, attitude, action,
helping non-commissioned officers and soldiers overcome difficulties

and obstacles in military activities.
2.1.2. Training willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers in infantry divisions
Training willpower of soldiers
Training willpower of soldiers is the process of officers on
training and influencing cognitive aspects, attitudes and actions of the
soldiers, helping them overcome all difficulties and obstacles to achieve
their goals and purposes in military operations.
The concept of training willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers
Training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers
in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army is the process of training
and self-training of each non-commissioned officer and soldier to help
them overcome all difficulties and obstacles in the process of military
activities, fulfilling the assigned duties and tasks.
Characteristics of training willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers
Firstly, it takes place in difficult and arduous conditions, under
the direct impact of climate and complex terrain


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Secondly, it takes place through military training activities on
the field, outdoor training ground, in association with infantry tactics.
Thirdly, it takes place during the process of using military
equipment, operating, and carrying heavy loads
Fourthly, it is a long, difficult and complex process, associated
with self-cultivation and training of each individual.
2.1.3. Psychological basis for training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions

The psychological basis for training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions means factors
that make up the willpower (awareness, attitude, action), acting as a
basis for training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers,
helping them fulfil their assigned tasks and duties.
2.2. Components of willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers in infantry divisions
2.2.1. The factor of conception
Conception of task requirements; conception of military
operation characteristics; conception of the mode of action; conception
of the requirements for military personality quality; conception of
intrigues and tricks of the enemy.
2.2.2 The factor of attitude
Attitude of efforts; sense of responsibility; self-awareness;
reliability; readiness, excitement.
2.2.3. The factor of action
Resilient, courageous action; cunning and creative actions;
strictly disciplined action; self-restraint, self-control actions; persistent
and durable actions.
2.3. Factors that affect training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions
2.3.1. Subjective factors
Qualifications and competencies of staff; the model and
reputation of the staff; mind-physiological characteristics of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; active self-discipline of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; experience of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers
2.3.2. Objective factors
Requirements and duties of national defense in the current
period; contents and programs for training non-commissioned officers
and soldiers; conditions and means for training non-commissioned


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officers and soldiers; socio-economic environment and area of the
garrison; military collectives.
Conclusion of chapter 2
The researcher developed, analysed and clarified the concepts
and tools of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers;
training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, the psychological
basis for training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers in infantry divisions. In the thesis, the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is considered as a quality of
personality, formed by psychological factors such as conception,
attitude, and actions to overcome difficulties and obstacles in activities
to achieve the set goals.
The researcher clarified the psychological basis to train the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers which are
components of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers,
including: conception factor, attitude factor, action factor. At the same
time, to assess the status of the willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers in infantry divisions, the researcher determined the basic
indicators in each criterion.
Based on the responsibilities and duties of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army, the
purpose of training the willpower, the thesis analysed and clarified four
characteristics of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers in infantry divisions. Two groups of factors are identified:
(Group of subjective factors; group of objective factors), affecting the
process of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers of infantry divisions.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND METHOD

3.1. Research organization
3.1.1. Researched unit
Infantry division No. 312 - Corps 1, Infantry division No. 325 Corps 2, Infantry division No.3 - Military zone 1,
3.1.2. Distribution of recipients
Recipients of the research include 430 non-commissioned
officers and soldiers; 110 unit officers in infantry divisions.
3.1.3. Contents of research


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Theoretical issues about the psychological basis of training
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry
divisions of Vietnam People's Army. Surveying and assessing the reality
of components of willpower; results of task performance of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; Factors affecting the willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam
People's Army. Experimental testing of a psychological - social measure
in training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in
infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army.
3.1.4. Phases of research
Phase 1: Theoretical research and preliminary survey,
completing the detailed outline; Phase 2: Surveying and assessing the
situation, proposing impact measures and conducting impact
experiments; Phase 3: Checking the survey data and continuing to add
thesis content; Stage 4: Completing the thesis
3.2. Methods of research
To serve thesis, a combination of many different research
methods is used such as: Document research methods; observation
method; in-depth interview method; expert method; questionnaire
method; active product research method; experimental method; data

analysing and processing method by mathematical statistics.
3.3. Criteria for assessing willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers
In the thesis, there are 4 criteria including: Conception of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; attitudes of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers; actions of non-commissioned officers and soldiers;
results of task performance of non-commissioned officers and soldiers
Conclusion of Chapter 3
In order to obtain the results in researching the situation of training
the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions,
the thesis carefully prepared the research organization, used research methods.
Therefore, the process of surveying and assessing the situation followed plan,
overcoming difficulties arising in the process of studying the situation.
The thesis used a combination of research methods of
psychology, mainly through the questionnaire survey method; expert
method; in-depth interview method; experimental methods; data
processing by mathematical statistics. Thereby, it obtained practical and
valid qualitative and quantitative data valid when assessing the reality of
the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, factors
affecting the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.


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Chapter 4
THE FINDINGS OF RESEARCH
4.1. Status quo of willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry
divisions of Vietnamese People’s Army
4.1.1. General information about status quo of willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions
Status quo of willpower of non-commissioned officers and

soldiers in infantry divisions is at high level (GPA = 3.41), evaluation of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers (GPA = 3.44); the evaluation of
unit officers (GPA = 3.29), the difference is (0.15). Specifically: factor of
conception (GPA = 3.45); factor of attitude (GPA = 3.40); factor of
action (GPA = 3.38). This result reflects the status quo of willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions.
4.1.2. Status quo of willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers in infantry divisions reflected by evaluation criteria
4.1.2.1. Status quo of conception factor of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers
Conception factor of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is
at good level (GPA = 3.45), in which, "conception of duty requirements"
is ranked highest (GPA = 3.69); followed by "conception of personality
qualities" (GPA = 3.41); finished by "conception of operational
characteristics" (GPA = 3.24).
Comparing the correlation between conception
items of non-commissioned officers and soldiers
The results of the Peason correlation coefficient test (r) show that
the conception items are positively and strongly correlated with each other
(r: from 0.306 ÷ 0.870; p = 0.00 <0.05), all have average correlation and
higher. In which, the strongest correlation pairs are [NT2] - [NT4] (r =
0.870); the lowest is the pair [NT5] - [NT11] (r = 0.306).
Comparing the correlation between conception
contents of non-commissioned officers and soldiers
Conduction of Peason correlation coefficient test (r) determines the
correlation between the conception contents of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers as shown in the following diagram 4.1:
Diagram 4.1. Correlation between conception
contents of non-commissioned officers and soldiers

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The results from Diagram 4.1 show that the conception
contents of non-commissioned officers and soldiers are positively
and relatively closely correlated and statistically significant (r:
0.521 ÷ 0.764); p = 0.00 <0.05). It can be concluded that if one
conception content increases (decreases), it increases (decreases)
other conception content.
To assess the contribution of conception contents in training willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers, the KMO test method shows: KMO =
0.880> 0.5, it should be confirmed that the factor analysis is completely consistent with
the research data. Bartlett's test of Sphericity is 1660,529 with significance level =
0.000 <0.05. Thus, the factor model hypothesis is inappropriate (the coefficient is
rejected), which proves that the factor analysis data is perfectly suitable.
4.1.2.2. Status quo of attitude factor of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers
The attitude factor of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is at an
average level (GPA = 3.40), in which the attitude of "reliability" is ranked the
highest (GPA = 3.45); followed by the attitude of "self-awareness" (GPA =
3.40); the lowest is the attitude of "sense of responsibility" (GPA = 3.36).
Comparing the correlation between attitude items of noncommissioned officers and soldiers
Pearson correlation test results (r) show that the item pairs on the
attitude of non-commissioned officers and soldiers are positively and


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relatively strong (close) with each other (r: from 0.343 ÷ 0.632; p < 0.05).
The most positive and strong correlation pairs are [TD1] - [TD13] (r =

0.632); followed by [TD1] - [TD10] (r = 0.630); The lowest is [TD7] [TD11] with (r = 0.343).
Comparing the correlation between attitude contents of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers
The results of correlation test (r) between the attitude contents of noncommissioned officers and soldiers are shown in Figure 4.2 below
Diagram 4.2. Correlation between attitude contents of noncommissioned officers and soldier

Diagram 4.2 shows that attitude contents have a positive and
relatively strong correlation (r: from 0.630 ÷ 0.764; p <0.05). In particular,
the strongest is "effort" and "willingness, excitement" (r = 0.764); followed
by "self-awareness" and "willingness, excitement" with (r = 0.704); the
lowest are "sense of responsibility" and "self-awareness" with (r = 0.630).
This result confirms that when the content of this attitude increases or
decreases, it will lead to an increase or decrease of other attitudes.
The KMO test method shows: KMO = 0.889> 0.5, it should be
confirmed that the factor analysis is completely consistent with the
research data. Bartlett's test of Sphericity is 1732.239 with significant
level sig = 0.000 <0.05. Thus, the hypothesis of the factor model is
inappropriate (the coefficient is rejected), which proves that the
analytical data is perfectly appropriate.
4.1.2.3. Status quo of action factor of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers


17

The action factor of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the
infantry divisions is at an average level (GPA = 0.338), which are expressed on
5 action contents (resilience, courage, cunning, creativity; observance of
discipline; self-restraint, self-control; persistence), as shown in chart 4.1 below.
Chart 4.1. Status quo of action groups of non-commissioned

officers and soldiers

The results in Chart 4.1 show that the actions of noncommissioned officers and soldiers are average level (average from 3.34
÷ 3.45), of which the group "cunning and creative action" (GPA = 3.45)
is at highest; The lowest is the group "persistent and durable action"
(GPA = 3.34). The above results reflect that initially, non-commissioned
officers and soldiers are aware of willpower action groups to improve
the effectiveness of training the willpower.
Results of surveys on 430 non-commissioned officers and
soldiers, only 23/430 non-commissioned officers and soldiers (GPA from
4.27 ÷ 4.87) have willpower action at high level, accounting for 5.4%;
the number of non-commissioned officers and soldiers with willpower
action at high level (GPA from 3.47 ÷ 4.20) is 172/430 accounting for
40.1%, many willpower actions are at average level (GPA from 2.67 ÷
3.40) with 205/430 of non-commissioned officers and soldiers,
accounting for 47.7%; low willpower actions have 29/430 noncommissioned officers and soldiers accounting for 6.8%. No noncommissioned officers and soldiers have very low willpower action.
Comparing the correlation between action items of noncommissioned officers and soldiers


18

Pearson correlation analysis (r) between action items of noncommissioned officers and soldiers shows that the action items of noncommissioned officers and soldiers have correlation from average to higher
level (r: from 0.318 ÷ 0.732; p <0.05). In which, the strongest is [HD9] [HD13] (r = 0.732); followed by [HD10] - [HD14] (r = 0.725); the lowest is
[HD1] - [HD8] with (r = 318). This indicates the degree of correlation,
increase or decrease (item) of this action will affect the increase or decrease
(item) of other actions of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
Comparing the correlation between action contents of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers
Pearson correlation test results (r) between the action contents of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers are shown in Figure 4.3 below.

Figure 4.3. Correlation between action contents of noncommissioned officers and soldiers

The results from Figure 4.3 show that the action contents have a positive
and relatively strong correlation (r: from 0.647 ÷ 0.758; p <0.05), with the
correlation of most contents r> 0.5. Among them, the couples with the strongest
and most positive correlation are "resilient and courageous actions" and "persistent
and persistent actions" (r = 0.758); followed by pairs of "self-restraint, self-control"
and "persistent, persistent actions" (r = 0.744); the lowest is the pair of "persistent,
persistent action" and "cunning, creative action" with (r = 0.647).
To assess the contribution of action contents in training
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, KMO test method
is used, it shows that: KMO = 0.891> 0.5, it should be confirmed that
the factor analysis is completely consistent with the research data.
Bartlett's test of Sphericity is 1895.107 with significant level sig = 0.000
<0.05.
Comparing assessments of subject objects about action
situation of non-commissioned officers and soldiers


19

To find out the assessments of research objects (self-assessment
of non-commissioned officers and soldiers enlisted in 2018; noncommissioned officers and soldiers enlisted in 2017; unit officers) on the
action situation of non-commissioned officers and soldier - One - Way
ANOVA analysis on actions of non-commissioned officers and soldiers
issued with Test of Homogeneity of Variances, sig value = 0.482> 0.05
(meaning that the variance between value groups is equal); sig (F) value =
0.019 <0.05 (meaning there are differences between value groups). Since
then, it is confirmed that there is a significant difference between the selfassessment of non-commissioned officers and soldiers enlisted in 2018;
non-commissioned officers, soldiers enlisted in 2017 and unit officers.

4.1.2.4. Summary of situation of willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers
Summarized results of situation of willpower by
questionnaire method
Summarized results of researching situation of willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers through assessment criteria is shown in
Chart 4.2 as the following:
Chart 4.2. Summary of situation of willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers

The results in Figure 4.2 show that the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is at high level (GPA = 3.41). In
which the conception factor of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers is at a good level (GPA = 3.45), followed by attitude factor at
average level (GPA = 3.40), action factor at average level also (GPA =
3.38). The above results show that non-commissioned officers and
soldiers have conception at good level, attitude at average level, action to
overcome difficulties and obstacles at average level. Survey results
among 430 non-commissioned officers and soldiers, of which 27/430
have willpower at very high level, accounting for 6.2%, 194/430 at a
high level of 45.2%, and 188/430 at medium-level will, accounting for
43.7%, 21/430 at a low level of 4.9%, no non-commissioned officers and
soldiers have results at low level. Assessments of research objects (430
non-commissioned officers, soldiers and 110 unit officers), 32/540


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opinions say that the willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers is at a very high level, accounting for 5.9%, 232/540 comments
think that the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is at
high level, accounting for 42.9%, there are 243/540 ideas stating that the

willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is at average level,
accounting for 45.0%, 33/540 believe that the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is at low level of 6.2%.
In order to affirm the factors of awareness, attitude, and action that
constitute the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, Pearson
correlation (r) among the groups of factors that constitute the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is shown in Figure 4.4 below
Diagram 4.4. Correlation of total group and factor groups of
conception, attitude and action

The factor groups that make up the willpower have a positive and very
strong correlation (r: from 0.849 ÷ 0.879; p = 0.000 <0.05). The factor
groups that make up the willpower are positively and closely correlated,
showing that increasing or decreasing one of the groups of willpower
will lead to an increase or decrease of other factor groups of the
willpower. In particular, the correlation coefficient between the factor
"conception" and factor "action" (r = 0.879) and the factor "conception"
with the factor "attitude" (r = 0.858).
Comparing assessment on willpower of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers
In order to understand the difference between the self-assessment of
non-commissioned officers, soldiers and the assessments of unit officers,
Independent Samples Test is conducted showing sig value = 0.547> 0.05;
The conclusion is that variance between the two groups of positions is the
same; sig value. (T-Test) = 0.003 <0.05; It is concluded that there is a


21

statistically significant difference in assessing situation of factors of
conception, attitudes and actions between the group of unit officials and
non-commissioned officers and soldiers.

Comparing assessment on willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers enlisted in 2018; non-commissioned officers and soldiers
enlisted in 2017
Analysis of the Independent Samples Test on the level of assessing
factors of conception, attitudes and actions of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers enlisted in 2018 and non-commissioned officers and soldiers
in 2017 shows sig value = 0.273> 0.05; The conclusion is that variance
between the two groups of positions is the same; sig value. (T-Test) =
0.734> 0.05; It is concluded that there is no statistically significant
difference in the level of assessing factors of conception, attitudes and
actions of non-commissioned officers and soldiers enlisted in 2018 and
non-commissioned officers and soldiers in 2017.
Comparing assessment of research objects on willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers
One - Way ANOVA analysis on the total willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers, results show that: Test of Homogeneity of
Variances, sig value = 0.471> 0.05 (meaning that the variance between value
groups is equal); sig (F) value = 0.01 <0.05 (meaning there are differences
between value groups). From there, it is confirmed that there is a statistically
significant difference between the self-assessment of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers enlisted in 2018; non-commissioned officers, soldiers
enlisted in 2017 and unit officers.
Results of linear regression test of HSQ, B] on cognitive
manifestations, Model Summary shows that: Adjusted R Square (R2) value =
1,000> 50% reflects the contribution of independent variables (conception;
attitude; action) on the dependent variable (training the willpower) is very
strong; Durbin-Watson index (1,979> 0 positive correlation); ANOVAb
analysis shows: sig value = 0.000 <0.05 (construction linear regression model
consistent with the population).
4.1.2.5. Situation of task performance of noncommissioned officers and soldiers
The total results show that non-commissioned officers and
soldiers of higher education are aware of politics, the contents of political

conception test have high levels of very good and good, accounting for
85.34%; content ranked second is the result of discipline training of noncommissioned officers and soldiers: good (81.40%); fairly (13.72%);
content of training on commanding (84.18%) is pretty good; The lowest is
the shooting content, physical exercises.


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4.2. Status quo of affecting factors on training willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of
Vietnamese People’s Army
KMO test shows that KMO index = 0.925 under conditions, load
factor> 0.5 (0.5 factor analysis, Sig Bartlett's value. Test = 0.00 <0.05, factor analysis is
appropriate; Eigenvalues value (factor)> 1, 1 most significant factor is
extracted to summarize information; The value of extracted variance =
53,471> 50% shows that the EFA model is suitable.
Testing and assessing the influence of survey objects (assessments of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers; assessment of unit officers),
Independent Samples Test shows sig value = 0.03 < 0.05, variance between
the two position groups is different; sig (T-Test) value = 0.000 <0.05 there is a
statistically significant difference in assessment level on affecting factors on
training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
Therefore, a general GPA analysis of influence level of the subjective
and objective factors on training willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers shows that subjective factors have a strong influence to the process of
training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers. In particular,
factors belonging to non-commissioned officers and soldiers are strongly
influencing the process of training willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers (GPA = 3.70 ÷ 4.12); factors belonging to officers are lower (GPA

= 3.64 ÷ 3.98), which has a strong influence on training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers.
Comparing the correlation between subjective factors
Results of Pearson correlation analysis (r) show that the
subjective factors are positively and relatively strong (close) with each
other (r: from 0.443 ÷ 0.573), the degree of correlation of the items r> 0.4.
Objective factors: The results of surveying the influence of
objective factors on training willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers show that the influence degree of objective factors on
training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers (GPA =
3.77). Of which, the strongest are "training contents and programs of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers" (GPA = 4.06) and "conditions
and means to ensure the training of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers" (GPA = 3.95); the lowest is the "social environment, the area
where the troops are stationed" (GPA = 3.56) that has a strong influence
on training of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
Comparing the correlation between objective factors
The results of Pearson correlation analysis (r) show that the objective
influence factors are positively and relatively strong (close) with each other (r:
from 0.442 ÷ 0.651), the degree of correlation of the items r> 0.4.


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Comparing the relationship between subjective and
objective factors
Pearson Correlation (r) analysis is conducted to find out the
correlation between the identified subjective and objective factors. It showed
that the pairs of influencing factors have a positive and very strong correlation
to the process of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers in infantry divisions (r: from 0.386 ÷ 0.651; p <0.05; sig = 0.000

<0.001); The correlation between factor groups [CQ] and total group [YTAH]
(r = 0.934) and factor groups [KQ] and total group [YTAH] (r = 0.928) is very
strong (very close). Thus, the increase or decrease of the subjective or
objective factors all have a motivating (restraining) influence on the process of
training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
4.3. Socio-psychological measures for training willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of
Vietnamese People’s Army
Through researching and analysing the situation, the thesis
identified four basic measures: Education to raise awareness, build the right
motive for non-commissioned officers and soldiers; promote the active and
self-motivated role of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in selftraining of willpower; pay attention to building a positive education and
training environment for non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
4.4. Analysing experimental outcomes
4.4.1. Surveyed outcomes before experiment
To find out the difference between the experimental units and the
control units, the thesis conducted Paired Samples Statistics test between
the experimental units and the control units before the experimental
impact on the willpower action [HD]. The results of the (Paired Samples
Statistics) index sig = 0.95> 0.05 show that there is no statistically
significant difference between the two testing groups, which are
experimental units and control units before the experimental effects.
4.4.2. Results of surveying and testing after experiment
Survey after the experimental effects shows that willpower
actions of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the
experimental units grow from the average to the high level (from
GPA = 3.38 to GPA = 3.73), with high increase (GPA = 0.35); The
willpower actions of non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the
control units also have a certain increase (from GPA = 3.39 to GPA =
3.43), with (GPA = 0.50), with a high increase (GPA = 0.04). Paired

Samples Test before the experimental effect and after experimental
effects of the experimental units, the results of the Paired Samples
Test index sig = 0.01 <0.05, confirm that there is a statistically
significant difference between 2 testing groups, that is, there is a
change after the experimental effects of the experimental units;


24

Paired Samples Test before the experimental effects and after the
experimental effects of the control units, the results of the (Paired
Samples Test) index sig = 0.78> 0.05, confirm that there is no
statistically significant difference between 2 testing groups, that is,
there is no change in the control units.
Conclusion of Chapter 4
The results of researching willpower of non-commissioned officers
and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army show that the
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is at a high level.
However, among the factors that constitute the willpower, two factors (attitude
and action) are still at an average level. Although the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is being evaluated at a high level but not
equal among non-commissioned officers and soldiers, there are still a few noncommissioned officers and soldiers who have average results, even at low level.
The process of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers in infantry divisions is influenced by subjective and objective factors.
In which, the most influential factor in training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is the subjective factors belonging to the
officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers, followed by component of
training contents and programs.
On the basis of research results on the status quo of willpower and
affecting factors on training of willpower of non-commissioned officers and
soldiers. Since then 4 basic psychological - social measures are proposed to
train willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in units at the

present. The proposed measures ensure high relevance and feasibility.
Experimental results show that the actions of non-commissioned
officers and soldiers are formed and developed through the process of training
and practice at the units. Organization of training and practice closely to
combat readiness will be important conditions for training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Conclusions
(1) The research works of domestic and foreign authors on the
willpower and training willpower have clearly indicated the qualities of the
willpower and the structure of the willpower; factors affecting the process of
training the willpower; studying the way to train willpower.
(2) The research determines that the willpower is a quality of military
personality, the willpower is made up of factors such as: conception, attitude,
action. This is the scientific basis for understanding and assessing willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers. The components forming the
willpower have a close relationship, interacting with each other in a unified and
complete whole. Based on the selective inheritance of the research works of the
authors on the criteria for assessing the willpower, the thesis builds 04 criteria to


25

evaluate the willpower, which is the basis for assessing the real status quo of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
(3) Results of practical research on the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers show that the factors that constitute
willpower are not equal, of which the conception factor is at high level;
attitude factor and action factor are at average level; The performance of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers is quite good. The factors that
constitute willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers are
positively and strongly correlated, at the same time, the testing results

show that there is a statistically significant difference between the two
groups of positions (non-commissioned officers, soldiers; unit officers)
in assessing the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
(4) Survey results show that the process of training willpower of
non-commissioned officers and soldiers is influenced by subjective and
objective factors groups. The influence level of the factors is not equal;
the group of subjective factors is more powerful than the group of
objective factors. In particular, the components such as the active selfdiscipline of the non-commissioned officers and soldiers; Experience,
contents of the training program have a very strong influence on training
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers.
(5) From results of theoretical and practical research on
willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, the thesis
proposes 04 psycho-social measures to train willpower for noncommissioned officers and soldiers. At the same time, it conducts an
experimental testing of the feasibility of the psycho-social measure that
is "Organizing training and practicing activities closely to combat reality
to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers”.
Experimental results show that the construction of the above measures is
completely consistent with the need of training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions at the present.
2. Recommendations
2.1. To Ministry of National Defence
2.2. To unit leaders and commanders