Giáo dục và các vấn đề lí luận phần 2

5.

T r a n T h i Tuyet Oanh (chu bien), Giao due hoc, tap 2.
N X B D H S P , H a N o i , 2005.

6.

V u M i n h T a m . Ml hoc vd giao due tham ml. N X B Giao

•f^

due, 1998.

7.

Hoat

dgng giao

due lao dgng - Hudng

2000 - 2001 vd phiidng
8.
9.

nghiep

Chirdng 4
PHl/ONG PHAP GIAO DUG

nam hoc

Phifdng phap giao due la mot t h a n h to r a t quan t r o n g

hiCdng nam hoc 2001 - 2002. (Bo

Giao due va Dao tao, 2001).

|ua qua t r i n h giao due n h ^ m thue h i e n muc dich va n h i e m

Dao X u a n D u n g . Gido due gidi tinh vi su" phdt trien cua

l^u giao due do xa h o i dat r a . Phifdng phap giao due la he

vi thdnh nien. N X B D H Q G H a N o i , 2002.

I h o n g n h f l n g each t h i i c tac dong cua n h a giao due den s i i

Pham Lang. Gido due gid tri nhdn vdn d triidng

THCS.

N X B Giao due, 1999.
10. Ban c h i dao giao due phong ehong A I D S va ma t u y
(1998). Gido due phong

ehong ma tuy trong

triidng sU

pham.
11. D u an V I E / 9 4 / P 0 1 (1995). Mot so van de cd ban ve gido

due dan so'.

each cac em p h a t t r i e n to'i da n h i i n g gi m i n h eo the c6 theo
Wdng

mo h i n h n h a n each xa h o i mong m u o n . N o i cu t h e

hdn, phUdng phap giao due nhSm giiip t h e he t r e nkm viJng
va thqc h i e n d u n g cac chuan mqe xa h o i , b i e n no t h a n h cac
h a m chat, cac thuoc t i n h cua n h a n each, de til do cac em
CO the t h a m gia vao cuoc song xa h o i m o t each ttf n h i e n va
hieu qua.

12. T r a n Quoe T h a n h , Nguyen T h i M u i , Le T h i Hong A n
'* (2004). Tdi lieu ve gido

phat t r i e n n h a n each eua the he t r e n h a m l a m cho n h a n

due dan so', SJ2C khoe sinh sdn

(Tai Heu danh eho s i n h vien nganh T a m l i - Giao due
thuoc cac triiOng dai hoc sU pham).

,

Phifdng phap giao due la nhutng tac dong cu the va trUe

iiep cua n h a giao due den do'i tifdng giao due. Do do t a t ca
nhiJng n g i i o i l a m cong tac giao due can p h a i h i e u ro b a n
t h a t , chile nang cua phu:dng phap giao due t r o n g n h a trifOng

13. A . D . D m i t r i e p , E . M . Brixop. Cd sd khoa hoc cua vice day
lao dgng eho hgc sinh. N X B Giao due. H a Noi, 1973.

cung nh\i cac yeu cau sii pham k h i sii dung cac phuldng phap
giao due cu t h e .
M o i loai n h a t r i i d n g deu c6 phUdng phap giao due dac
t r u n g . N h a t r i f d n g X H C N ke thifa cac phiidng phap giao due
to't dep trUdc day dong thdi phat t r i e n cac phUdng phap giao
due m d i t i e n bo hdn cho p h u hdp vdi t i n h h i n h va dieu k i e n

-.I'M

170

nidi. Sau day chung ta chu yeu xem xet cac phiidng phap
iao due t r o n g n h a t r i i d n g X H C N V i e t N a m h i e n nay, yeu
171


cau nhflng ngiidi lam cong tac giao due can phai nam vUnt.
chung de thue hien tot nhiem v u cao ea ciia m i n h .
1.

K H A I N I E M P H l i O N G PHAP GIAO DUG

Phifdng phap giao due trong nha trifdng ciia chung ta 1;\
phUdng thfle hoat dong chung, gin bo giiia nha giao due vdi
dol tiidng giao due, giiifa tap the va ea nhan hoe sinh nhSm
hinh thanh nhiJng thuoe tinh, nhiing pham chat nhan each

XHCN cho cac em. De hieu ro hdn khai niem phiidng phap
giao due, triide het ehiing ta can phai nam vufng mot so" dac
diem ed ban eua phiidng phap giao due.
liri !

i - - , '-f\

f'^,y •J->t'--»

fis":;iri

/ifftrf

o'ft

1.1. Mot so dac diem cc( ban c u a phUdng phap giao due

Trifde het, phiidng phap giao due la thanh to' phu thuor
vao muc dich giao due. Muc dlch giao due khac nhau se c6
phUdng phap giao due khac nhau. N6i each khac, moi muc
dich giao due se c6 mot he thong phiidng phap giao due
tiidng ling, k h i muc dich giao due thay doi thi phiidng phap
giao due cung phai thay doi theo. Chang han, muc dlch giao
due phong kien nham dao tao ra nhiJng con ngiidi ehi biel
phuc tung v6 dieu kien (Quan bile than tii, than bat txi bat
trung. Phu xii t\i vong, txi bat vong bat hieu) thi phUdng phap
giao due ehii yeu la ap dat, eiidng bile, nhoi nhet... NgiJde lai.
muc dich giao due eua xa hoi ta nh&m dao tao ra nhflng con
ngUdi sang tao, dam nghi, dam lam, dam chiu trach nhiem thi
phifdng phap giao due cung phai khae. Phiidng phap giao due

eua ehung ta la thuyet phue, la to chile hoat dong nham tao
moi dieu kien, moi cd hoi eho ea nhan phat trien het tiem
nang cua minh, tao cho moi ea nhan deu eo ban sac rieng va
phue v u cho muc dich chung cua xa hoi...
172

PhUdng phap giao due phu thuoe vao muc dich giao due.
yi the k h i lUa chon va sil dung cac phiidng phap giao due
phai can cil vao muc dich giao due eua mot xa hoi cu the.
jNjgtfdc lai, phvtdng phap giao due la dieu kien, la each thilc
«4 thUc hien muc dich giao due eua xa hoi da de ra.
f. Phiidng phap giao due phu thuoe vao noi dung giao due.
fjoi dung giao due khac nhau se phai sil dung phildng phap
giao due khae nhau. Giao due lao dong phai c6 phildng phap
Ichac vdi giao due the chat hay giao due tham mi... Moi noi
dung giao due phai eo he thong phildng phap chuyen tai rieng
m6i CO hieu qua cao (Phitdng phap phai dilde van hanh tren
nen mot noi dung cu the, noi dung c6 tac dung quy dinh
phildng phap). Cac nha giao due phai can cil vao noi dung giao
due cu the de lUa chon phiJdng phap giao due cho phii hdp.
Chung ta biet rang, qua trinh giao due diide dien ra theo
ba khau t i l nhan thile den thai do, niem t i n den hanh vi va
thoi quen. PhUdng phap giao due nham tac dong vao tilng
khau hoac tat ea cac khau cua qua trinh giao due. Moi khau
ciia qua trinh giao due doi hoi phai c6 phUdng phap rieng.
Khau hinh thanh nhan thiie phai sil dung phildng phap khac
vdi khau hinh thanh hanh vi va thoi quen. Hinh thanh t r i
thiie ve eae chuan miJe xa hoi, nham xay diing y thilc ea
nhan ehil yeu sii dung eae phiidng phap thuyet phue nhil
giang giai, dam thoai, neu gifdng... Con hinh thanh hanh vi

va thoi quen ehu yeu sil dung eae phUdng phap luyen tap,
l^en luyen

^ • .. '

'HS.i^Myjr^S..;:

^

.;:;,,,JU,

t„i-.

Phiidng phap giao due phu thuoe vao trinh do, nang liJc.
tin, vi the, vao kinh nghiem, sd trUdng, sci doan... cua nha
giao due. Diing trUdc doi tiidng giao due nhii nhau. trong
173


n h Q n g d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h n h u n h a u n h U n g cac n h a giao

j i o a t d q n g k h a e n h a u c u a hoc s i n h n h i f hoe t a p , l a o d o n g s a n

due k h a e n h a u se lUa e h o n p h U d n g p h a p g i a o due k h a e n h a u .

x u a t , v u i c h d i g i a i t r i , s i n h b o a t t a p t h e . . . c i i n g n h u cac

Tham

phaim v a n b o a v a t c h a t v a t i n h t h a n dUdc s i i d u n g t r o n g q u a

e h i h a i n h a g i a o due c u n g s i i d u n g m o t b i e n

phap

san

n h U n g h i e u q u a g i a o due e u n g k h a e n h a u . N o i n h i i v a y , tuc

t r i n h g i a o due n h U do d u n g t r i i c q u a n , cac l o a i s a c h bao

l a p h i J d n g p h a p g i a o due p h u t h u o e vao t r i n h do v a n a n g luc

cac

c i i a n h a g i a o due ke ea viee lUa c h o n v a h i e u q u a s\i

due s i i d u n g cac p h i i d n g t i e n g i a o due de tac d o n g vao

dun^.

C h i n h v i v a y , t r o n g q u a t r i n h t i e n h a n h g i a o due, cac

nha

g i a o due p h a i xac d i n h dUdc k h a n a n g , v i t h e v a u y t i n . . . ciia

va

phUdng t i e n c h u y e n t a i t h o n g t i n . . . P h i i d n g phap giao

each hoc

s i n h . P h i i d n g t i e n g i a o due

nhan

c a n g da d a n g ,

cang

I p h o n g p h u c a n g t h u a n I d i cho v i e c l\ia c h o n p h U d n g

phap

m i n h de \\la e h o n p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due cho phCi h d p . T h u c

giao due, c a n g c6 d i e u k i e n de n a n g eao c h a t l U d n g g i a o due.

te g i a o due da c h i i n g m i n h d i e u n a y . V i d u , eCing s i i d u n g

P h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due n g a y n a y r a siic t a n d u n g cac

p h i l d n g p h a p t r a e h p h a t hoc s i n h , y e u c a u hoc s i n h v i e t b a n

t i e n g i a o due h i e n d a i , t h a n h q u a p h a t t r i e n rUc r d c u a

k i e m d i e m n h U n g g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m v a h i e u t r i i d n g , giao

hoc

v i e n l a u n a m v a g i a o v i e n m d i r a t r i f d n g se c6 tac d o n g k h a e

n h a n each hoe s i n h .

n h a u d e n n g U d i hoe s i n h .

k i t h u a t e o n g n g h e de t a c d o n g d o n g bo,

Trong n h i i n g dieu k i e n , hoan canh,

phifdng
khoa

s a u sac

t i n h huong

den

khae

P h i f d n g p h a p g i a o due con p h u t h u o c v a o d o l t i f d n g giao

f h h a u c u n g p h a i l i i a e h o n phufdng p h a p g i a o due k h a e n h a u .

due. V d i m o i do'i t i f d n g g i a o due, n h a g i a o due p h a i b i e t sii

C h u n g t a b i e t r S n g , t i e n h a n h g i a o due t r e ci t h a n h p h o k h a e

d u n g cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due k h a e n h a u m d i c6 h i e u q u a .

vdi t r e n o n g t h o n va k h a e v d i t r e m i e n n i i i . K h o n g the t i e n

Co hoc s i n h c a n p h i i d n g p h a p n h e n h a n g t h u y e t p h u e , c6 hoc

h a n h g i a o due eo h i e u q u a n e u k h o n g b i e t l U a c h o n p h U d n g

s i n h p h a i hkng

p h a p g i a o due sao cho p h i i h d p v d i t i f n g t i n h huo'ng v a

m e n h l e n h ddt k h o a t , r o r a n g . . .

C h u n g t a b i e t r i n g , m o i eon n g U d i l a m o t t h e g i d i r i e n g

cac

d i e u k i e n h o a n c a n h c u t h e . N h a g i a o due p h a i c a n ci3 v a o

v d i n h i J n g n e t doc dao ve cac dac d i e m t a m s i n h l i , ve d i e u

phong tuc, tap q u a n , t r u y e n t h o n g v a n hoa,

k i e n h o a n c a n h song, ve k i n h n g h i e m ea n h a n , v i t h e p h U d n g

giao... c i i a t i f n g v u n g , m i e n , v a o k h o a n g t h d i g i a n cho p h e p ,

p h a p g i a o due p h u t h u o c vao t i f n g d o i t i i d n g c u t h e , m o i doi

vao d i e u k i e n h o a n c a n h c u t h e de t i e n h a n h g i a o due.

t d d n g g i a o due c6 m o t each g i a o due r i e n g , k h o n g eo p h i i d n , ^

Nhu:

dac d i e m

v a y , p h i f d n g p h a p giao due p h u t h u o c vao

ton

phifdng

p h a p g i a o due c h u n g h i i u h i e u cho m o i do'i t i i d n g . D a y c h i n h

t i e n , d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h cu t h e . K h i n h i J n g d i e u k i e n n a y

la t i n h n g h e t h u a t t r o n g eong tac g i a o due.

t h a y doi t h i n h a giao due

P h U d n g p h a p g i a o due l i e n q u a n c h a t ehe

vdi phUdng

174

t i e n g i a o due

dUdc h i e u l a cac

loai h i n h

doi

P h i f d n g p h a p g i a o due con l i e n q u a n c h a t ehe v d i h i n h

t i e n , d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h cu t h e cua q u a t r i n h g i a o due.
Phddng

ciing phai dieu chinh, thay

p h i f d n g p h a p giao due t h i m d i n a n g eao diidc h i e u qua giao due.

thtic

t h u c to ehifc g i a o due. T h U c

te g i a o due cho

thay

phifdng

175


phap giao due k h o n g the tach r d i h i n h thiic to ehiie giao due,
n h i e u k h i ehiing hoa quyen vao n h a u . H i n h thiie giao due

t h i i d n g diidc phan loai theo so' liidng hoc s i n h t h a m gia vao
cac hoat dong giao due (toan trvfdng, 16p hoe, nhom, to hay ca
nhan), hoac theo t i n h chat hoat dong chung gifla nha giao
due va do'i tUdng giao due. M o i h i n h thilc giao due p h a i lua
chon mot phudng phap giao due thieh vLng. V i d u , h i n h thiic
to ehiic giao due toan t r i l d n g t h i k h o n g nen sii dung phiidng
phap k h u y e n giai hay t r a n h l u a n , h i n h thiic to ehiic giao due
ca n h a n k h o n g nen sii dung phUdng phap k h e n thiidng, v i
nhif t h e h i e u qua giao due se k h o n g eao.

tho'ng nhat giuta each thiie hoat dong eua nha giao due va do'i
tiidng giao due, t r o n g do hoat dong eua nha giao due gii2 v a i
tro chii dao, eon hoat dong ciia do'i tudng giao due la hoat
dong t u giac, tieh eUe, ehu dong de ttf giao due, tU van dong va
phat t r i e n theo muc t i e u phat t r i e n n h a n each da xae d i n h .

Noi torn l a i , phiidng phap giao due het sile da dang,
phong p h u va p h u thuoe vao n h i e u yeu to'khac ciia qua t r i n h
giao due. N h a giao due p h a i biet v a n dung l i n h hoat, Itfa
chon cac phiJdng phap giao due sao eho p h u hdp v6i muc
dich, v6i noi dung giao due, v6i t r i n h do, nang lUe... eua ban
t h a n , v6i do'i tUdng giao due eung nhi:^ cac dieu k i e n hoan
canh cu the.

thiic, t h a m gia v6i sii eo' gang het k h a nang eua m i n h va

, Tic nhutng dac diem tren chung ta thay phiJdng phap giao
due phan anh each thiie to chiic eac loai h i n h hoat dong phong
phii, da dang eiia nha giao due va tap the hoc sinh nham
ehuyen hoa nhiJng yeu cau, ehuan mUc cua xa hoi thanh car

pham chat va nang \\ic eua ea nhan ngUdi hoe sinh.

thanh

due diJdc the h i e n d eho ho p h a i hoat dong mot each eo y
khong p h u thuoe hoan toan vao cac tac dong cua nha giao
due. V a i t r o nay dac biet quan t r o n g t r o n g qua t r i n h t i i t u
diidng, t u giao due.
Tuy vay, v a i t r o tU giac, t i c h eiic va ehu dong cua do'i
tiidng giao due p h a i diidc dat du6i v a i t r o ehu dao cua nha
giao due. N e u k h o n g , qua t r i n h tU giao due eua do'i tUdng

phap giao due la
eho hg nhSng

lai, neu nha giao due ap dat, k h o n g phat b u y v a i t r o chu
dong, sang tao cua do'i t i i d n g giao due se tao nen nhutng con
ngUdi rap k h u o n , may moc, n h i i n g eon ngiidi t h u dong.

y-

Cach thiic tac dong eua nha giao due den do'i tUdng giao
due bao gid eiing can eii vao muc t i e u , yeu eau eiia xa hoi ve
mot m a u ngiidi xae d i n h . Thiic chat phiidng phap giao due la

phiiOng

thi2c tdc dong cua nha giao due vd tap the hoe sinh den
tiicJng giao due nham hinh

V a i t r o i\i giac, t i c h cUc va c h i i dong cua do'i t i i d n g giao

giao due se m a t p h i i d n g hudng va k h o n g c6 h i e u qua. NgUdc

1.2. Khai niem phUdng phap giao due

Noi mot each eu the, phUdng

V a i tro ehu dao cua nha giao due diidc; the hien d ch6 ho
la ngifdi to chiic dieu k h i e n qua t r i n h giao due, la ngiidi l i i a
chon noi dung, phUdng phap, h i n h thiic to chiie giao due,
ngifdi k i e m t r a , d a n h gia qua t r i n h giao due...

pham

each thiic to chiic cuoe song, to ehiie hoat dong va giao lUu

dot

cho hoc s i n h theo mue dich giao due eua xa hoi. Qua t r i n h

chat

nay n h ^ m tae dong vao n h a n thiie, t h a i do va h i n h t h a n h

nhan each theo yeu edu eua mot xd hoi eu the.

hanh v i , thoi quen eho hoc s i n h .

^ ,^

Phifdng phap giao due phan anh moi quan he pho'i hdp.
176

177


2.

H $ THONG C A C PHUONG P H A P GlAO DUG

2.1. Phan loai c a c phi/dng phap giao due

11

, Giao due la mot hien tUOng xa hoi r a t philc tap va day
nhQng m a u t h u ^ n . C h i n h v i vay, phUdng phap giao due eung
het siic da dang, phong p h u va l i n h hoat. D i e u nay l a m eho
qua t r i n h p h a n loai giao due het siie kho k h a n va phiic tap.
Kho eo the xac d i n h diidc mot cd sci logie thong nhat de phan
loai eac phiidng phap giao due. M 6 i each p h a n loai chi c6 the
dua vao mot t i e u chi nao do, chang h a n d\i& vao cac khau
ciia qua t r i n h giao due hay dUa vao ban chat cua qua t r i n h
giao due... Neu dula vao cac k h a u cua qua t r i n h giao due t h i
phiidng phap giao due c6 the chia t h a n h cac nhom nhU:
- Nhom eac phUdng phap tac dong vao nhan thflc, t h a i do;

Ngoai ra, ngUdi ta eo the can cil vao muc t i e u , n h i e m v u ,
noi d u n g giao due, can cii vao dac diem l i i a t u o i , dac diem
nhan each cua do'i tUdng giao due de p h a n loai phuong phap

giao due.
Chung ta biet rang nhan each cua moi hoe sinh la mot
chinh the thong nhat, toan ven, nang dong va het silc phiic tap.
Cac thuoc t i n h , cac pham chat cua nhan each luon g^n bo chat
che v6i nhau, tac dong qua lai l i n nhau tao nen dac trUng
rieng, net dae t h u cua m6i nhan each. M o i mot net pham chat
dUde h i n h t h a n h c6 the mang nhiing noi dung khac nhau, bieu
hien ra ngoai eung khac nhau tuy theo no nkm trong mot cau
true nhan each nao, chung tUdng tac n h i i the' nao vdi nhiing
pham chat, nhiJng dae diem khac trong mot chu the...

- N h o m cac phUdng phap h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i , t h o i quen;

Giao due v i i a l a m nay sinh, h i n h t h a n h n h a n each vu:a

- N h o m cac phUdng phap k h u y e n k h i c h va dieu chinh

bien doi, cai tao n h a n each. Giao due k h o n g chi n h a m l a m
nay s m h 6 n h a n each n h i i n g n h a n thile m d i , t i n h cam mdi,

n h a m ciing co ket qua cua h a i nhom t r e n .
N e u dUa vao ban chat cua qua t r i n h giao due t h i phUdng

nhu cau m d i . . . t i i do tao nen n h i i n g h a n h v i va t h o i quen
nhat d i n h cua n h a n each ma con c6 k h a nang l a m thay doi

phap giao due bao gom cac nhom n h i i :
- Cac phifdng phap to chiic cuoc song eho hoc sinh;
- Cac phUdng phap to chLtc cac loai h i n h hoat dong cho

n h i i n g n h a n thiie, t i n h cam, n h u cau... do cho p h i i hdp vdi
yeu cau xa hoi, cai tao nhutng net t i n h each k h o n g p h u hdp...
De l a m dUdc dieu nay, nhat t h i e t giao due p h a i tac dong

hoc sinh;
- Cac phUdng phap to chile hoat dong giao Ixiu cho hoc sinh.

de xay d i i n g y thiie, t i n h cam, ren luyen k i nang, k ! xao, t h o i

N e u can ci3 vao cac qua t r i n h tarn 11 cua ca n h a n t h i c6

quen cho hoe s i n h . M a t khac, giao due p h a i c6 n h i i n g bien

the chia phiJdng phap giao due t h a n h eac n h o m :
- Cac phUdng phap h i n h t h a n h t r i ihiic

ve cae chua^n

hoac han che, loai t r i i nhufng mat xau.
Tif n h i i n g p h a n t i c h t r e n chung ta co the p h a n chia

mUc xa hoi;

phudng phap giao due t h a n h ba nhom cd ban sau:

- Cac phUdng phap h i n h t h a n h t i n h cam;
- Cac phUdng phap ren l u y e n y ehi.

phap de kieh t h i c h , dieu c h i n h n h a m cung c o ' n h i i n g mat tot

.VJf

- N h o m cae phUdng phap thuyet phue nhSm h i n h t h a n h
y thiic ca n h a n ; • -' ' '

178

179


- N h o m cac phiidng phap to chiic boat dong n b a m b i n h
t b a n h k i nang, k i xao, b a n h v i va t h o i quen;
- Nhom cac pbiidng phap kicb tbicb va dieu chinh banh v i .
Sau day cbung ta se phan t i c h tufng nhom pbifdng phap
giao due cu the.
2.2. He thong cac phi/ctng phap giao due
2.2.1. Cac phuang phap thuyet phuc
Thuyet phuc la phiidng phap tac dong vao nhan thiie, t i n h
cam cua eon ngiidi de h i n h t h a n h cho ho y thfle va t h a i do
dung dan p h u hdp v6i cac chuan mUc xa hoi. Thuyet phuc la
diing cac h le xac dang, dung cac d i n chiing sinh dong, dung
eac tam gifdng tieu bieu trong thUc te de phan tich, cbiing

a.

Phuang phap khuyen giai
Khuyen giai la mot phifdng phap thuyet phuc ma nha giao

due chu yeu dung Idi noi chan t i n h boac bang eac lap luan vQng
chac de khuyen bao, giai tbieb, m i n b boa, phan tich cho hoc

sinh bieu nhiJng k h a i niem ve cac chuan mUc xa hoi, nhiing
quy tac, nhflng chuan mUc ma moi ngiidi phai tuan theo.
K h u y e n giai c6 the t i e n b a n h v6i tuing ca n h a n r i e n g le
ciing C O the t i e n b a n h vdi tap the, nhom hoc s i n h .

s v >

K h u y e n giai bao gom cae yeu to' k h u y e n r a n , k h u y e n can,
khuyen n h u (khuyen bao) va giang giai. K h u y e n n h u la dufa
ra n h i i n g Idi k h u y e n mang t i n h gdi y chan t i n h t r e n ed sci
phan t i c h p h a i t r a i cho doi tUdng bieu. K h u y e n n h u mang
nang yeu to' t i n h cam, thuyet phuc bang t i n h cam, bang moi
quan be to't dep giufa nha giao due va doi tUdng giao due.

m i n b , k h u y e n giai... giiip hoc sinh nhan, bieu ra va t i n , lam

Khuyen r a n , k h u y e n can la dUa ra n h i i n g Idi k h u y e n mang

theo n h i i n g gia t r i chan, t h i e n , m i cua cuoc song, iing bo, bao

t i n h eanh bao, nbac nbd do'i tiidng t r a n h va'p phai n h i i n g dieu

ve le phai, len an, loai trCf cai xau, cai khong p h u hdp.

sai l a m . K h u y e n r a n tbiidng dUde sii dung k h i doi tifdng bieu

Y tbflc ca n h a n la s\ thong nbat bien chilng giiia nhan
thiic, niem t i n , t h a i do cua ca n h a n ve n b f i n g chuan m\ic da
diidc xa hoi quy d i n b va t h i i a n h a n . Trong thUc t i g n giao
due, muon h i n h t h a n h y thflc ca nhan nha giao due thUdng

dung phifdng phap t h u y e t phuc.
Chiic nang cua nhom phiidng phap nay chu yeu nham
b i n h t h a n h cac t r i thiic dung d^n ve cac chuan mUe xa hoi.
h i n h t h a n h niem t i n , t i n h cam ebo ca nhan de tvf do xay
dung nen tang y tbiic cho ca n h a n .
Nhom phiidng phap thuyet phuc bao gom mot so'phiidng
phap n h i i : phifdng phap k h u y e n giai, phifdng phap t r a n h
l u a n , phiidng phap neu gUdng...

180

dung n h i i n g co t i n h lam sai, co t i n h v i pham n h i i n g chuan
mUc, n h i i n g quy t i e cua xa hoi. Giang giai la lap l u a n , phan
tich cho do'i tUdng bieu ra mot va'n de, t h i l d n g dUdc tien banh
khi do'i tifdng giao due do khong bieu ma b a n h dong sai. De
khuyen giai nha giao due phai gap gd, tro chuyen t a m t i n h vdi
doi tUdng giao due de lam sang to n h i i n g va'n de c6 lien quan,
lam ebo do'i tifdng bieu dung, nghe theo, t i n theo...
Su k h u y e n giai co the bang l i le nhUng chu yeu la bang
con difdng t i n h cam thong qua mo'i quan he tot dep, t h a n
thien giiia nha giao due va do'i tUdng giao due de cam hoa cac
6m, giiip cae em nhan thiic dung n h i i n g gia t r i dao diic, dieu
chinh l a i n h i i n g n h a n thile sai l a m , siia chiia n h i i n g lech lac,
hanh dong theo le p h a i .
181


De khuyen giai c6 hieu qua nha giao due can chii y cac
yeu cau sau:
- Nha giao due phai chuan bi triidc noi dung van de can

khuyen giai v6i cac do'i tifdng cu the, c^n chuan hi nhiJng l i
le thuyet phuc, lap luan vi3ng chae ea ve phiidng dien l i luan
va thvfc t i i n .
mv f
- Triidc khi tien hanh khuyen giai can tim hieu k i doi
tUdng, hieu ro doi tiidng de tiep can va dUa ra each khuyen
giai phii hdp. Can c6 s\l thong cam sau sic, dxia tren cd sd
tinh thUdng va s\i khoan dung ket hdp v6i sU nghiem khdc
can thiet mot each c6 l i c6 tinh mdi khuyen giai c6 hieu qua.
- Ban than nha giao due phai thiic sU gUdng m^u, thuc
sii CO uy t i n vdi hoc sinh.

b. Phuang phap tranh luan
Tranh luan la phUdng phap thuyet phuc trong do nha
giao due kheo leo to chile cac cuoc trao doi, thao luan ve mot
chu de nao do c6 lien quan den noi dung giao due de tu: do
giiip hoe sinh khang dinh mot van de trUde day con phan
van, de hinh thanh quan diem, xoa di nhutng nhan thiic sai
lam trUdc day...
' '^ Tranh luan eo the dien ra giufa nha giao due v6i doi
tiidng giao due, giiia cac thanh vien trong mot nhom, mot tap
the hoc sinh ve cae van de ma eac em quan tarn dang dien ra
trong cuoc song, trong sach vd, phim anh...
Tranh luan nhSm giup cho doi tiidng hoc 16 quan diem,
chinh kien cua minh, thong qua do de nha giao due nam
dUdc va CO hudng tae dong giao due phii hdp. Th6ng qua
tranh luan de giup eho hoc sinh biet d i i n dat quan diem, y

182

Icien eiia minh cho ngUdi khae hieu, van dung su hieu biet
ciia ban than de bao ve quan diem ca nhan minh hoac ving
ho hay bac bo mot quan diem nao do. Tranh luan c6 the tao
cd hoi eho hoc sinh phat huy tinh tich eUe cua moi ca nhan
thong qua viec cac em diidc triic tiep tham gia giai thich,
thao luan, nhan xet, danh gia va qua do t i i rut ra ket luan
cho ban than, nhd do cae em hinh thanh va phat trien niem
tin, tinh cam, hanh vi, thoi quen phii hdp.
De tranh luan eo hieu qua nha giao due phai to chiic sao
cho that ecii md, moi ngUdi thoai mai neu ra quan diem cua
minh, neu c6 nhiing vUdng mkc hoac bat dong t h i eiing nhau
phan tich, thao gd de di den le phai v6i mong mu6n cung dat
tdi sU hieu biet chung vi mot mue dich t6't dep.
NhiJng va'n de diia ra tranh luan phai c6 y nghla thiet
thvtc, gin lien vdi cuoc s6ng cua hoe sinh, nhiing van de da
va dang lam cac em ban khoan suy nghi... Mu6'n vay, nha
giao due can phai nghien ciiu, t i m hieu de lUa chon cac chii
de cho phu hdp.
Tranh luan vdi muc dieh la ciing hoc hoi l^n nhau, eiing
tien bo trong kh6ng khi vui ve, thoai mai, tranh tinh trang
cay cu hdn thua, bao thu kh6ng chap nhan cai dung. V i the,
tranh luan kh6ng nen trcl thanh nhiing cuoc tranh cai gay
gat nhiing cung khong diing d miie do ban luan, thao luan
chung ehung, ma phai the hien chinh kien ro rang va di den
sii th6ng nhat. Tuy vay, tranh luan trong giao due chu yeu la
nham muc dich tao ed hoi eho ca nhan hoc sinh hoc 16 quan
diem chii khong phai de di den nhiing giai phap cu6'i cung,
nhiing ket luan diit khoat. Tranh luan khong nen ap dat ma
nen tao ed hoi eho moi ngiidi bao ve y kien cua minh, cho

183


p h e p bao \\iu y k i e n k h i t h a y c a n t h i e t , k h o n g n e n k e t l u a n

g i f d n g t o t de cac e m b a t c h u d c l a m t h e o l a m o t p h u d n g p h a p

t h e o q u y l u a t so dong. Ngutdi t h a m g i a t r a n h l u a n p h a i c6

giao due ra't q u a n t r o n g t r o n g n h a t r U d n g c i i a c h u n g t a .

d u n g c a m t u : bo n h i J n g q u a n d i e m k h o n g d u n g v a c h a p n h a n
nhUng quan d i e m d u n g dan.

T\l n h i i n g k e t q u a n g h i e n c i i u c i i a t a m l i hoc, g i a o due
hoc cho t h a y , q u a t r i n h b a t c h u d e eua cac e m t h i i d n g d i e n r a

N h a g i a o due p h a i d u n g u y t i n v a sU h i e u b i e t eua m i n h

nhif sau:

de d i n h h u d n g cho eac e m t r a n h l u a n d u n g t r o n g t a m v a n do
n h i f n g k h o n g nen can

t h i e p qua sau vao qua t r i n h

tranh

l u a n eua eac e m , c a n g k h o n g n e n c h i t r i c h , de b i u , p h e p h a n
cac y k i e n m a m i n h cho l a c h i i a p h u hdp, k h o n g n e n v o i vang

k e t l u a n m a p h a i de cho cae e m tU d i d e n t h o n g n h a t v o i
n h a u v a d u a r a k e t l u a n . Ne'u t h a y c h i f a p h u hdp t h i

nha

g i a o due c h i n e n d i i a r a n h i i n g gdi y m a t h o i .

c.

ong
bat

chUcie n h i i n g h i n h m a u x a n h i i cae n h a n v a t t r o n g t r u y e n ,
cac n h a n v a t l i c h s i i , p h i m a n h . . .

- T\i cho b a t c h u d e m o t each v6 y t h i i e d e n b a t c h u d c m o t
each CO c h u d i n h , eo y t h i i c .

^; • :
bat

„,,,

- T i r b a t c h u d e t r o n g t r o c h d i d e n b a t ehude t r o n g cuoc
song...

N e u g i i d n g la phiJdng p h a p t h u y e t p h u c t h o n g q u a n h i i n g
t a m g i i d n g t r o n g cuoc song t h u e t i e n , t r o n g sach v d , bao c h i ,
t r o n g cac p h i i d n g t i e n t h o n g t i n d a i c h u n g hoac b a n g c h i n h su
g i i d n g m l u cua n h a giao due de k i c h t h i c h t i n h t i c h cUc hoat

d o n g t u d i f d n g , r e n l u y e n eua d o i t i i d n g giao due, d o n g v i e n .
k h u y e n k h i c h ho p h a n d a u l a m theo n h i i n g t a m g i i d n g do.
T u y n h i e n t r o n g g i a o due k h o n g e h i b i e t d u n g n h i J n g
t a m gUdng t o t , n h i J n g t a m g i f d n g c h i n h d i e n de g i a o due ma
eon b i e t d i i a r a n h i i n g giidng x a u de c a n h bao, r a n de, n g a n
ngCfa n h i J n g h a n h v i s a i t r a i ciia hoe s i n h .
Dae d i e m t a m l i eua hoc s i n h la h a y b a t c h d d c ( b a t chxidv
chifdc

c a i x a u r a t n h a n h ) . Cac e m h a y s u y t o n v a t h a n t h a n h

hoa

n h i J n g n g i i d i m a eac e m y e u t h i c h . V i t h e p h i i d n g p h a p

neu

184

i^3.aBdn-:,-s:'ir.Kml

chude CO s a n g t a o .
nhifng

Cling CO t h e b a n g cac t a m gUdng.

ea c a i t o t v a c a i k h o n g t o t , thUe te cho t h a y cac e m bat

A •.'

- T i i b a t c h u d e m o t each n g u y e n m l u , m a y moc d e n

Phuang phap neu gi/ong
T h u y e t p h u c eo t h e bang Idi n o i , bang t i n h c a m

- Tu: b a t c h u d e eac h i n h m l u g a n g i i i n h i i eha m e ,
ba, a n h c h i e m t r o n g g i a d i n h , b a n be t r o n g Idp... d e n

T i n h eha't c i i a sU b a t ehude t u y t h e o t u o i tac, t u y t h e o
k i n h n g h i e m , t r i n h do dUde g i a o d u e . . . ciia ca

nhan.

K h i v a n d u n g p h U d n g p h a p n e u g U d n g n h a g i a o due

can

can e i i v a o m u e t i e u , n o i d u n g g i a o due m a lUa c h o n n h i J n g
t a m g U d n g t h a t d i e n h i n h de g i a o due. B a n t h a n n h a

giao

due e i i n g p h a i l a ta'm g U d n g s a n g ve dao diie tac p h o n g , ve l o i
song cho eac e m n o i t h e o .

"

.

K h i dUa r a n h i i n g ta'm g U d n g cho cac e m hoc t a p c a n l U a

chon n h i i n g t a m g U d n g g a n g i i i v d i cuoc s o n g c u a cae e m n h u
ban

be

cung

Idp,

eung

trUdng,

nhiing

ngUdi

eiing

que

h u d n g , . . . k h o n g n e n lUa c h o n n h i i n g ta'm g U d n g xa v d i t h i e u
t h u c t e . n h U n g ta'm g U d n g q u a l i t U d n g n h i e u k h i l a i l a m
n h u t y c h i pha'n da'u c i i a eac e m , nha't l a do'i v d i t r e n h o t u o i .

185


Tom lai, cac phifdng phap thuyet phuc nham hinh thanli
y thilc cho ca nhan hoc sinh, giup cac em c6 nhiJng hieu biei

can thiet ve cac chuan mvtc xa hoi, nhiJng quy tac, nhiing gi;')
tri dao diic..., qua do hinh thanh tinh cam, niem tin va doni;
cd tiJ giao due hoan thien ban than. Con ngiidi chi c6 tho
hanh dong dung khi c6 nhan thttc va tinh cam dung. Cac
phiidng phap thuyet phuc la phUdng tien quan trong nhai
giup ca nhan hoc sinh c6 nhan thiic va thai do dung.
2.2.2. Cac phuong phap to chut hoat dong nham hinh thanh ki
nang, kixao, hanh vi va thai quen.

Gia tri dao diic, nhan each cua con ngUdi khdng chi nam
trong nhan thilc va thai do cua ho ma no con diidc bieu hien
cu the thong qua hanh vi cu the. Chinh hanh vi m6i la thudc
do dao diic cua con ngiidi. Dieu do c6 nghia la, nhiJng pham
chat, nhi3ng net tinh each cua m6i ngUdi suy cho cung phai
diidc the hien bang hanh vi, thoi quen, bang lo'i song lanh
manh, c6 van hoa trong thiic tiln, nhan thiic va hanh dong,
Idi noi va viec lam phai thong nhat v6i nhau. De cac chuan
miic, cac quy tac ciia xa hoi chuyen thanh cac pham chat
nhan each thi phai dUde tap luyen thanh thoi quen cua con
ngiidi. Ban chat cua qua trinh giao due la qua trinh to chiic
cuoc song, to ehiie hoat dong va giao liiu cho tre. Vi the.
phiidng phap giao due tot nhat la diia tre vao hoat dong do
tap diidt, de ren luyen cac hanh vi tiidng ling thanh thoi
quen, thanh nhiing net, nhiing pham chat ciia nhan each.
Chiic nang cd ban ciia nhom phiidng phap nay la hinh
thanh hanh vi va thoi quen thong qua viec to chiic cac loiU
hinh hoat dong cho hoc sinh. Nhom cac phUdng phap to chiic
hoat dong gom c6 cac phUdng phap cu the sau: :
186

- Phiidng phap luyen tap;
- Phifdng phap ren luyen.
a.

Phuang phap luyen tap

Luyen tap tiic la to chiic cho tre thiic hien mot each deu
(3an, CO ke hoach, c6 he thong cac hanh dong nhat dinh nh&m
bien chiing thanh thoi quen, thanh nhiing thuoe tinh ben
viing cua nhan each.
De luyen tap, nha giao due thUdng dUa hoe sinh vao cac
loai hinh hoat dong da dang, phong phii mot each eo muc
dich, CO ke hoach. Co rKt nhieu loai hinh hoat dong khac
nhau nhii lao dong phuc vu ca nhan, lao dong san xuat, vui
chdi giai tri, hoat dong xa hoi, sinh hoat tap the, tham quan
du lich... Thong qua viec to chiic cac hoat dong de nha giao
due giao nhiing cong viec cu the, phii hdp cho tiing ca nhan
ren luyen. Trong qua trinh thiic hien nhiing eong viec difdc
giao, ngifdi hoe sinh se tii minh tich luy diide nhiing kinh
nghiem ling xii xa hoi. Nha giao due ciing c6 the tan dung
hoac tao ra cac tinh huo'ng giao due de luyen tap. Cac tinh
huong CO the dien ra trong qua trinh to chiic cac hoat dong
cu the. Luyen tap nhSm cung co'vuEng eh^c nhiing ki nang, ki
xao, nhiing hanh vi vula difdc thiet lap thong qua on luyen
mot each c6 he thong.
Luyen tap can diidc thiic hien cang s6m cang tot (uo'n
cay khi eon non, day con khi eon nho), qua trinh luyen tap
phai dUde tien hanh thifdng xuyen va c6 he thong. Liic nho
tien hanh trong gia dinh, 16n len trong nha trUdng, trong xa
hoi, d dau va liic nao diia tre ciing phai dUde luyen tap.

Luyen tap cang phong phii, cang da dang, trong moi tinh


huong, moi hoan canh khac n h a u t h i gia t r i giao due

can^r

cao. L u y e n tap p h a i thong qua eae loai h i n h hoat dong p h o n g
p h u , da dang, hap d i n , t r a n h svi ddn dieu te nhat mdi cu6n
h u t diide hoc s m h t h a m g i a eo hieu qua. Khong nen go ej),
b&t buoe hoc sinh t h a m gia vao n h f l n g hoat dong ma cac em
k h o n g t h i c h , khong muon. T u y n h i e n c&n giao due cac em
k h o n g c h i l a m nhiJng cai m i n h t h i c h ma p h a i l a m ca n h Q n g
cai xa h o i , tap the yeu cau. Trong qua t r i n h to chiic h o a t
dong luyen tap cho hoc sinh, nha giao due p h a i t h i i O n g
xuyen theo d5i, k i e m t r a don doc v a c6 sii nhae nhci h a y g i i i p
dd cac em k h i can t h i e t . Cac hoat dong to chiic luyen t ^ p cho
hoe sinh p h a i difde t i n h toan cho p h u hdp v 6 i dac diem tam
sinh l i hoc sinh, vdi dieu k i e n hoan canh cu t h e . K h o n g n e n
de hoc sinh luyen tap qua siic, luyen tap t r o n g nhiJng dieu
k i e n , hoan canh c o h a i .
L u y e n tap bao gid cung nen d i tii de den kho, liie d a u
cham n h U n g dung chinh xac, sau do t a p cho dep r o i mdi t a n g
n h a n h dan toe do. Neu luyen t a p voi vang, k h i dila t r e da c6
n h i i n g thao tac sai, k h i da t h a n h t h o i quen t h i r a t kho siLa.
L u y e n t a p p h a i c6 he thong, p h a i c6 muc t i e u , t i e u c h i ro
r a n g . L u y e n tap k h o n g c h i de h i n h t h a n h t h o i quen ma con
nhSm siia chiia, cai tao nhi3ng t h o i quen khong dung.
M o i p h U d n g phap luyen tap deu cho r a mot k e t qua toi
Uu t U d n g ting. V i vay, t r o n g qua t r i n h luyen t a p , n h a giao

due can t h U d n g xuyen t h a y doi, t i m k i e m nhiJng p h U d n g
phap l u y e n tap m d i eo h i e u qua cao h d n .
b.

Phuang phap ren luyen

Ren luyen la p h U d n g phap giao due t r o n g do nha giao
due diJa hoc sinh vao cuoc song t h u e t i e n de t h a m gia vao cac
188

loai h i n h hoat dong khac n h a u n h a m the nghiem va the hien
y thiie, t i n h cam, h a n h v i ciia m i n h .
Neu n h u t a p luyen cho hoc sinh i i n g x i i t r o n g cac t i n h
huong gia d i n h , nhiJng t i n h huong do giao vien va ban be d a t
xa t h i r e n luyen doi hoi d miJc cao hdn, hoc sinh p h a i do'i m a t
vdi t i n h huong thUe t r o n g dieu k i e n thUe cua cuoc song, ho
phai t u nguyen t h a m gia giai quyet, qua do nhiJng h a n h v i
va t h o i quen diide h i n h t h a n h va cung eo'viJng eh^e hdn, cac
k i nang, k i xao t h u ^ n thue va ben viJng hdn.

,,,„,,

Ren l u y e n la dUa hoc sinh vao cuoc song xa hoi, gkn l i e n
cuoc song cua t r e em v d i cuoc song xa h o i , tiJ do cac em
tracing t h a n h theo yeu cau cua xa h o i . Con ngUdi cang diidc
ren l u y e n n h i e u cang c6 dieu k i e n t r i i 6 n g t h a n h n h a n h . Ren
luyen la phiJdng thuoc hiJu hieu de nang cao ban l l n h ca
nhan. Con ngiJdi cang diJdc t o i l u y e n t h i b a n l i n h cang cao.
Ren l u y e n chii y e u la r e n luyen dong ed, r e n luyen y c h i ca
nhan de vifdt qua nhiJng t r d ngai, de d a u t r a n h giiJa cai can

lam va cai p h a i l a m . giiJa cai c6 the va cai k h o n g the...
PhUdng phap r e n l u y e n ve thUe chat eiing nhkm

hinh

t h a n h t h o i quen, tiJc la eiJng p h a i l a m d i l a m l a i n h i e u Ikn,
phai eiing eo', p h a i hoan t h i e n . Thong qua r e n luyen de giup
hoe s i n h t i c h l u y k i n h nghiem ting x i i xa hoi.
T u y vay, viee r e n luyen ciJng can c h u y den hiJng t h i i ,
nguyen vong, den nang l\ic, siJe khoe cua hoc sinh, dong thdi
chu y den n h i i n g dieu k i e n r e n l u y e n .
T r o n g qua t r i n h r e n luyen, n h a giao due can chu y phat
hien r a nhiJng thao tac, nhiJng t h o i quen ehiJa dung de tiep
tuc u o n n a n , luyen tap l a i cho cac em. Qua t r i n h r e n luyen
phai diJdc t i e n hanh t r o n g cac loai h i n h hoat dong khac
189


n h a u , c a n g c6 n h i e u h o a t d o n g p h o n g p h i i . da d a n g t h i h o a t

nham

nhan

ra

d o n g r e n l u y e n c a n g c6 h i e u q u a . T h o n g t h i J d n g r e n l u y e n

j i h u y e t d i e m cua m i n h de svia c h i i a , t r e n c d s d t a o r a cho

ho

difdc thUc h i e n t r o n g d d i s o n g t a p t h e , t r o n g cac h o a t d o n g

t a m l i a n n a n , h o i l o i . . . v i n h i i n g s a i p h a m cua b a n t h a n .

t a p t h e , t r o n g lao d o n g s a n x u a t , t r o n g c o n g tac x a h o i , t r o n g
che do s i n h h o a t , t r o n g he t h o n g n o i q u y , k i l u a t . . .

giup

n h i i n g ngifdi mac

sai

l a m , t h i e u sot

N h u v a y , p h U d n g p h a p n a y v i i a c6 t a c d u n g t h u c day ca
n h a n t i c h ciic t h a m g i a cac h o a t dong c6 i c h cho t a p t h e , cho

GiiJa t a p l u y e n v a r e n l u y e n c6 m o i q u a n he c h a t che vdi
n h a u , t a p l u y e n g i i i p cho r e n l u y e n dUdc t o t h d n . NgUdc l a i

xa h o i , d o n g t h d i h a n che, k i m h a m n h i i n g h o a t dong, n h i i n g
h a n h v i k h o n g p h u hdp.

a u r e tiR>-ih

vAi.iv.nA'-ril

t h o n g q u a r e n l u y e n de p h a t h i e n r a n h i j t n g s a i sot de t i e p

N h 6 m p h i f d n g p h a p k i c h t h i c h h o a t dong va dieu c h i n h

t u c t a p l u y e n . T a p l u y e n v a r e n l u y e n l a h a i p h i i d n g p h a p cd

h a n h v i l a p h i f d n g p h a p ho t r d d i e l i i c cho cac p h i f d n g p h a p

b a n n h a ' t de h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i v a t h o i q u e n cho ca n h a n .

giao due k h a c d a t h i e u q u a cao h d n , c u n g co' n h i i n g k e t q u a
da d a t difdc, d o n g t h d i k h S c p h u c , u o n n S n n h i i n g k h i e m

2.2.3. Nhom cac phi/Ong phap kich thich hoat dong va dieu chinh

k h u y e t m a c p h a i t r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o due.

hanh vi

N h o m p h i f d n g p h a p n a y co cac p h i f d n g p h a p c d b a n s a u :

Q u a t r i n h g i a o due c h i c6 t h e d a t h i e u q u a cao k h i doi

- Phifdng p h a p khen thifcing;

t i f d n g g i a o due t i c h ciic t h a m g i a v a o cac h o a t d o n g g i a o due,

- Phifdng phap trach phat;

t u giac r e n l u y e n c u n g co n h Q n g h a n h v i v a t h o i q u e n can

d o n g cua

hoc

s i n h , l a m the nao

k h u y e n k h i c h d o n g v i e n , l o i cuo'n d o n g dao hoc
t h u t h a m g i a cac

hoat

d o n g c6 h i e u q u a ,

de

sinh hiing

dong thdi

khac

p h u c , n g a n ngLta, u o n n S n n h i i n g h i e u h i e n t i e u cUc, n h i i n g
h a n h v i l e c h lac, k h o n g phia h d p v 6 i cac c h u a n mtte x a h o i .
D o c h i n h l a chvic

n a n g cd b a n c u a n h o m p h i i d n g p h a p giao

due k i c h t h i c h h o a t d o n g v a d i e u c h i n h h a n h v i hoc s i n h .

y::r-vv:A

•-u,

- Phifdng phap t h i dua.

t h i e t . N h i J v a y , v a n de d a t r a l a l a m t h e n a o de p h a t h u y cao
do t i n h t i c h cilc h o a t

^''^t -:di-ir:

a.

Phi/angphap

khen thuang

.^=0'!;

K h e n thifcing la phifdng p h a p b i e u t h i s U danh gia t i c h
cue, s i i h a i l o n g , s U t i n g h o . . . c u a n h a g i a o due, c u a t a p t h e ,
ciia x a h o i do'i v 6 i n h i i n g h a n h v i t o t d e p c u a ca n h a n h a y t a p
t h e hoe s i n h .
K h e n t h i f d n g bieu t h i sii cong n h a n , t h i i a n h a n va ghi

PhUdng phap k i c h t h i c h hoat dong va dieu c h i n h h a n h vi

n h a n n h i i n g h a n h v i c i i a hoc s i n h d a l i f a c h o n v a t h i i c h i e n

hoe s i n h l a cac p h i i d n g p h a p n h ^ m t a c d o n g vao n h a n t h i i e

Cling n h i f cac k e t q u a to't dep c u a n o n h a m t a o r a cho n g i f d i

v a t i n h c a m c u a d o i tiTdng g i a o due n h a m t a o r a t a m l i p h a n

difde k h e n t r a n g t h a i p h a n k h d i , t u h a o , v u i ve, p h a n

c h a n , t i n tUcing, lac q u a n . . . cho do'i t i f d n g t i c h ciic t h a m gia

v 6 i n h i i n g h a n h v i , n h i i n g dong g o p . . . c u a b a n t h a n , de t i f do

vao cac h o a t d o n g giao due, t h o n g q u a do de n h a giao due t h u c

tao t h e m n g h i l U c cho ho p h a n d a u n h i e u h d n , co' g S n g n h i e u

h i e n m u e d i e h giao due cua m i n h . D o n g t h d i p h i f d n g p h a p n a y

h d n de co t h a n h t i c h n g a y c a n e cao h d n .

190

; ^up

chan...

'iirf.: • •

191


Khen thucing khong chi nham vao nhiJng ket qua CUH

cong viec ca nhan da dat dUdc ma con nham vao dong cd cua
hoat dong, tiic la xem xet mat dao diic cua hanh vi, xem xei
cai gi da thuc day ca nhan hoat dong dat ket qua do. Chinh
khen thUdng nham vao dong cd c6 tac dung giao due to lon
hdn la chi nham vao ket qua cila hoat dong.
Trong qua trinh giao due, khen thiicing c6 y nghia het
silc quan trong, no c6 tac dung khSng dinh ket qua eiia qua
trinh giao due hoan toan phii hdp v6i nhiJng chu^n mUc va
quy tac eiia xa hoi..,',, ,
Khen thUdng con giiip ca nhan tiJ khSng dinh minh, tin
tiicing vao nhiing gi ban than da lam, ciing co'viing chac cac
ket qua giao due, khong ngifng eo' gang viidn len de tiep tuc
hoan thien nhan each.
Nhii vay, c6 the noi, khen thifdng gop phan rat quan
trong trong viec tao ra dong cd phan dau cho ca nhan, tao nen
noi lUe thiic day qua trinh giao due dat hieu qua cao hdn.
Trong thuc tien giao due, khen thUdng difde the haen
diidi nhieu hinh thiic khae nhau. Co the khen ddn thuan ve
mat tinh than, eo the ket hdp giiia khen va thucing vat chat.
CO the khen tiic thi, c6 the khen trong nhiing dip trinh trong.
CO the khen triJc tiep, eo the khen gian tie'p thong qua cap
tren... Tuy theo tinh chat, miic do, pham vi anh hiidng cua
nhiing ket qua giao due, tuy theo dieu kien, hoan canh va ca
nhan cu the... de lUa ehon hinh thiie khen thiidng cho phu
hdp. Trong nha triidng hien nay c6 eac hinh thiie k h e n
thUdng ed ban sau:
- To thai do dong tinh, ling ho thong qua thai do thien
cam, thong qua anh mat, nu ciJdi hoac Idi noi dong vier192

khich le hoac c6 Idi khen tnic tiep doi vdi cac hanh vi tich

ciic cua hoc sinh.
- Bieu dUdng, tuyen dUdng trUdc tap the nhiing ca nhan
CO thanh tich, nhiing viec tot, nhiing hanh vi dep...
- Tang giay khen, bang khen, ki niem chiidng... va cac
hien vat kem theo cho nhiing ea nhan eo thanh tich xiing dang.
- De nghi cap tren khen thiicing cac hinh thiie nhii tang
hoe bong, mien thi vao cac cap hoe cao hdn, cap tang cac
danh hieu cao quy doi vdi nhi3ng hanh vi cua hoc sinh c6 tam
anh hiicing 16n doi vdi the he tre tren pham vi ca niidc hay
diaphiidng...

,:,.aj,>i;.' un^-un-i

iydg a^^Tl '

Khen thiicing mac dii c6 vai tro het siic quan trong
nhiing khong nen qua lam dung mot each v6 nguyen tic. De
khen thiicing mang lai hieu qua giao due tich eUc, cac cap
quan li, eac nha giao due can phai tuan thu theo mot so'yeu
cau cd ban sau:
- Khen thifdng phai dam bao tinh khach quan, cong
bang, hdp li, trung thUc, dung ngiidi, dung viec. Neu khen
khong dung de dan den tinh trang ca nhan dUdc khen tr6
nen kieu cang, coi thUdng...;>,vjj-yp«?tuis^virs'iKxv :nif*?^^ m^mi'
- Khen thiicing phai dung luc, diing cho, kip thdi, phai
ket hdp chat che giiia khen va thiicing, giiia dong vien
khuyen khich bang tinh than va sii khuyen khich bang vat
cha't tUdng iing vdi sii dong gop, cong hien cua doi tifdng.
- Khen thiicing phai dUdc dong dao eac thanh vien tap '
the thiia nhan, difde dii luan tap the hoan ngheng va tan thanh.

- Khen thUcing phai cu the, tiic la khen cai gi, khen mat
gi, vi cai gi..., khong nen khen mot each chung chung kieu
193


n h i i : e m t o t q u a , e m r a t g i o i . Ca n h a n dUdc k h e n p h a i c a m

ho'i h a n . . . , n h d do g i u p ho c6 t h e m y c h i v a n g h i l u c de t u : bo

t h a y x i i n g d a n g , tvi h a o ve q u a t r i n h p h a n d a u cua m i n h va

nhutng t h o i q u e n va h a n h v i sai t r a i , siia chiia k h u y e t d i e m .
^

CO m o n g m u o n co g S n g n h i e u h d n .
-

C h u y k h e n n h i 3 n g hoc s i n h I a n d a u d a t d i i d c t h a n h

t i c h , i t d i i d c k h e n , n h i i n g hoc s i n h c6 t i n h r u t r e , t\l t i . Hoc
sinh cang nho

cang nen

khuyen

khich khen

nhieu

hdn.

N h i i n g hoc s i n h da dxiOc k h e n n h i e u t h i n e n c h i k h e n n h i i n g
v i e c t h q c s i i x i l n g d a n g , n e u k h o n g m o t so e m se trci n e n c h u
quan, t h a m c h i k i e u ngao.
b.

Phaang phap trach phat

.y^'r^uqi'i':
^?u on;

^-y ,ob

nM

s i n h b a n g e a c h b i e u t h i t h a i do k h o n g d o n g t i n h , k h o n g t a n

m i i c , cac

c h i n h , n g a n c h a n n h i i n g h a n h v i s a i t r a i c i i a hoc s i n h , n h a
g i a o due c a n p h a i c h i i y v a c a n n h ^ c cac y e u cku cd b a n s a u :
-

Chi sii dung t r a c h phat k h i sii dung p h i i d n g

phap

t h u y e t p h u c v a cac p h i i d n g p h a p k h a c k h o n g con t a c

dung

hoac i t t a c d u n g . D a y l a p h u l d n g p h a p k h o n g t h e a p

dung
se

gay n e n t r a n g t h a i c a n g t h i n g , l a m cho do'i t i f d n g t r d n e n t r d

T r a c h p h a t l a p h i i d n g t h i l c tac d o n g d e n n h a n each hoc

do'i v d i n h i i n g h a n h v i s a i t r a i , k h o n g p h i i h d p v d i cac

g i a o due n h U n g de n o t h U c s q c6 h i e u q u a d o i v d i v i e c d i e u

thiidng xuyen, lien tuc, v i neu t h i i d n g xuyen t r a c h p h a t

j?nm)::

t h a n h , s i i l e n a n c u a n h a g i a o due v a c u a t a p t h e hoc

T r a c h p h a t l a m o t p h i i d n g p h a p c^n t h i e t t r o n g c o n g tac

sinh
chuan

q u y t^c x a h o i q u y d i n h c u a d o i t i i d n g , v d i m o n g

l i , c h a i s a n , c a n g t r d n e n k h o g i a o due.
-

T r a c h p h a t p h a i h o a n t o a n k h a c h q u a n , c o n g bang,

d u n g n g i i d i , d u n g t o i , d i i n g l i i c , d u n g ch6, p h a i t h a n t r o n g
k h i d i i a r a q u y e t d i n h , k h o n g d i i d c d i n h k i e n de t r a n h t i n h
t r a n g oan sai. Hoc s i n h d a n g x i i p h a t n h i i the nao t h i quyet

m u o n g a y cho h o t i n h c a m h o i h a n , x a u h o v d i n h i i n g viec

d i n h n h i i t h e , k h o n g v i cho

m i n h da l a m , t i i do m a h o t h a n h k h ^ n n h a n l o i v a q u y e t t a m

h a n h q u a l o a cho x o n g h a y t a n g n a n g t h e m v d i n h i i n g hoc

t i i bo n h i i n g y n g h i v a h a n h v i s a i t r a i do.

quen t h a n ma giam nhe, tien

s i n h CO d i n h k i e n t r i i d c day. T r a c h p h a t l a nhkm

m u c d i c h de

muon

do'i t U d n g a n n a n , ho'i l o i m a co g^ng siia c h i i a k h u y e t d i e m de

t r a c h p h a t hoc s i n h , n h i i n g t r o n g c h i i n g m i i c , h o a n c a n h cu

t i e n bo. T r a c h p h a t t r o n g n h a t r U d n g h o a n t o a n k h o n g n h ^ m

t h e n a o do b i e n p h a p t r a c h p h a t v i n p h a i d i i d c sii d u n g de

muc d i c h t r i i n g p h a t h a y de t h o a m a n cdn g i a n cua g i a o v i e n .

g i a o due n h a n e a c h cac e m . B i e n p h a p n a y d i i n g de uo'n n a n .

- N h a g i a o due p h a i c h i i y d e n n g u y e n n h a n , h o a n

canh

d i e u c h i n h n h i i n g h a n h v i k h o n g p h i i h d p v d i c h u a n m i i c xa

gay r a s a i p h a m v a d o n g cd d i n d e n v i e c s a i p h a m .

Viec

h o i c u a t r e , n g a n c h a n v a r a n de k i p t h d i n h i i n g l o i l a m cua

t r a c h p h a t p h a i l a m cho

ca n h a n h o a c t a p t h e .

n h i i n g k h u y e ' t d i e m , n h i i n g s a i t r a i cua m i n h c i i n g n h i i l i do

Mac

d u n h a t r i i d n g cua

chung

ta khong

mong

T r a c h p h a t se gay cho n g i i d i c6 l o i t a m t r a n g ho t h e n ,
t h a m c h i l a c a m t h a y d a u k h o ve t i n h t h a n , c a m t h a y t h ^ y c6
g i a o , b a n be k h o n g con t i n y e u n i i a . . . , l a m cho ho x u a t h i e n
s i i c&n r i i t l i i d n g t a m , s q d a u t r a n h d o n g cd, s q a n n a n , su
194

do'i t i f d n g b i t r a c h p h a t n h a n

t r a c h p h a t . T r a c h p h a t c h i co tac

d u n g g i a o due

ro

k h i do'i

tUdng b i t r a c h p h a t t h a y m i n h b i t r a c h p h a t la d i i n g , k h o n g
b i ep b u o c , o a n s a i , c h i t h a y ho'i h a n , a n h a n c h i i k h o n g

am

'ic, k h o n g m a c c a m n a n g ne.

195

- Trach p h a t phai dam bao sii ton trong n h a n each hoc
sinh, khong difdc xuc pham, lam ton hai den the xac va tinh
t h a n hoc sinh, phai tin tiidng, lac quan vao sU co gkng tie'n
bo cua cac em.
"*
' - Trach p h a t phai diidc sU dong tinh cua tap the, phai c6
tac dung r a n de, phong ngtfa do'i v6i nhiing hoe sinh khac.
Nen t r a n h trach p h a t tap the, trach p h a t so dong.
_ Dong thdi v6i trach phat, n h a giao due phai chi ra each
thiie p h a n dau siia chfla khuyet diem cho hoc sinh, phai
thUdng xuyen chu y theo doi, giup dd cac em, t r a n trong tifng
eo' gang dii nho cua cac em. N h a giao due phai chu y den du
luan cua tap the, phai hUctng d i n d\i luan, khong nen de tap
the xa lanh, bo rdi nhiJng hoc sinh hi trach p h a t ma ngUdc
lai phai lam cho tap the hoc sinh quan t a m den nhflng hoc
sinh nay nhieu hdn.
Mot so hinh thvte trach phat pho bien trong n h a triJdng
hien nay la:
- Bieu thi Idi noi hay c\i chi khong tan t h a n h . p, (v
- N h i c nhd phe binh trUe tiep doi vdi ca n h a n .
- Nhac nhci phe binh triJdc tap the 16p.
' - Goi len van phong lam viec v6i ban giam hieu, viet ban
kiem diem.
- Mdi p h u h u y n h den triidng de ciing trao doi giao due
va CO nhving cam ket.
- Canh cao trUde hoc sinh toan triidng.
- Buoc lUu ban, thoi hoe, khai tru: ra khoi mot so to chut'
hoc sinh, ghi hoc ba... ;
Tuy theo miic do nang nhe cua hanh vi sai p h a m cua hoc

196

sinh de n h a giao due ap dung hinh thiJtc trach p h a t cho phu
hdp. Tuy nhien hinh thiic duoi hoc sinh hay khai truf ra khoi
doan the thi phai rat han che', chi ap dung doi v6i nhiing
trtfdng hdp neu de lai c6 the gay a n h hiidng xau nghiem
trong den t a p the hoe sinh ma thoi. Day la bien p h a p bat dSc
di, the hien sU bat lUe cua nha trUdng, cua n h a giao due, day
hoc sinh ra ngoai pho mac cho gia dinh va xa hoi. Hinh thiie
nay c6 nguy cd day con ngUdi vao hxidc dUdng cung cd the gay
hSu qua xau chd ca gia dinh va xa hoi. N h a giao due chan
chinh la phai eilu giup hoe sinh den cung, phai tim each giao
due cac em trci t h a n h con ngUdi tdt.
c.

Phuang phap thi dua

Thi dua la phUdng phap giao due n h ^ m khich le, kich
thich k h u y n h hifdng tii k h a n g dinh ciia moi ca n h a n hay tap
the, tao dieu kien va cd hoi cho ho co ging nhieu hdn, h a n g
hai dua tai, dua silc de VLfdn len cad hdn so v6i dieu kien
binh thiJdng.
.,,
Thi dua c6 vai trd quan trong trong viee to chile cac hoat
dong tap the. Thi dua difdc to chile trong cac hdat dong hSng
ngay m a n g tinh thifdng xuyen lien tuc, eiing co the to chile
t h a n h phong trao tCfng ddt de ehao mCfng ngay le hay s\ kien
nao do ciaa n h a trifdng. Thi dua la nhSm muc dich lam cho ca
n h a n va t a p the hoat dong tich cUc hdn. Thi dua co the ap

dung trong moi hoat dong cua hoc sinh.
Tuy vay, de thi dua co y nghia giad due, n h a giad due
can chii y k h d n g nen qua ehii trdng vao ket qua ma dieu cd
ban la tao ra phong trao p h a n dau ren luyen cho hoe sinh,
tranh tinh t r a n g vi t h a n h tich, benh t h a n h tich tao ra s\i
ganh dua, hieu thang, tim moi each de hdn ngiidi khac...

197


C a n to chiic cac p h o n g t r a o t h i d u a soi n o i , t h i e t t h u c ,
h a p d a n , l o i keo diidc t a t ca m o i n g i i d i t h a m g i a v d i d o n g ca

3,

V A N D E LL/A C H Q N V A P H O I H O P C A C P H U O N G P H A P G I A O D U G

T r o n g t h U c t i e n g i a o due k h o n g m o t p h i i d n g p h a p

giao

t o t , l a n h m a n h , v i s i i p h a t t r i e n c h u n g . T r o n g q u a t r i n h to

due n a o diidc s i l d u n g r i e n g le m a c6 t h e d i l a l a i t h a n h cong.

chile t h i d u a , n h a g i a o due p h a i d a t r a m u c d i c h y e u

H a u n h d cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due d a n x e n v a o n h a u , t i f d n g

cau

c u n g n h i i m u c t i e u p h a n d a u r o r a n g cho tvfng ca n h a n v a

tac, bo s u n g cho n h a u de t a o n e n sile m a n h t o n g h d p

t a p t h e de h o p h a n d a u .

dong den

>Bi4r>

aiHtt

i

do'i t i i d n g . T u y n h i e n m 6 i p h U d n g p h a p

tac

deu

co

P h a i thUdng x u y e n v a c6 he t h o n g t i e n h a n h sd k e t , t o n g

n h i i n g c h i l e n a n g r i e n g , co t h e m a n h r i e n g , p h u h d p v d i t i l n g

k e t cong tac t h i dua, d o n g v i e n k h e n t h u 6 n g va t r a c h p h a t

do'i t i l d n g v a h o a n c a n h c u t h e . V i v a y , k h i t i e n h a n h g i a o

k i p t h d i , c o n g b a n g v a k h a c h q u a n cho cac ca n h a n v a t a p

due, n h a g i a o due p h a i b i e t l i l a c h o n v a pho'i h d p cac p h i l d n g

the t h a m gia.

p h a p g i a o due.

N o i t o r n l a i , n h o m phUdng p h a p k i c h t h i c h v a d i e u c h i n h
h a n h v i l a n h o m phUdng p h a p bo t r d cho cac n h o m p h i i d n g
p h a p g i a o due k h a c . T r o n g do p h i i d n g p h a p k h e n thvfcing va
p h i i d n g p h a p t h i d u a c6 chile n a n g c h i l y e u l a k i c h t h i c h ,
k h u y e n k h i c h do'i t i l d n g t i c h cilc, co' gkng

h d n de p h a t h u y

n h i i n g iJu d i e m da d a t d i l d c , t h o n g q u a do d o l t i J d n g g i a o due
d a n d a n t i l h o a n t h i e n n h a n each cua m i n h theo h i l d n g yeu
c a u x a h o i . P h u l d n g p h a p t r a c h p h a t c6 c h i l e n a n g c h i i y e u
d i l n g de d i e u e h i n h h a n h v i , de n g a n ngvfa s a i p h a m , g i i i p
hoc s i n h n h a n r a l o i l a m , t i l bo n h i i n g h a n h v i v a t h o i q u e n
k h o n g p h l l hdp.

,aJJ.!

iUH-j

;4;,»,Hi!i

bo s u n g , ho t r d cho n h a u . T h i d u a bao g i d ciing g a n l i e n vdi
k h e n t h i l c i n g v a t r a c h p h a t m d i co tac d u n g giao due. D e k h e n
t h i l 6 n g v a t r a c h p h a t d u n g , co y n g h i a g i a o due p h a i t h o n g
cac

phong t r a o t h i d u a . T r o n g giao due da c6 k h e n t h i p h a i co che.
h a i p h i l d n g p h a p n a y bao gid c i i n g d i l i e n n h a u . T u y n h i e n
d a y k h o n g p h a i l a m u c d i c h m a c h i l a p h i l d n g t i e n de giao due
n h a m k h u y e n k h i c h hoac d i e u c h i n h h a n h v i ca n h a n .

198

phap giao d u e ?
Phan

dac

diem

,.
cua

phildng phap

.4.
g i a o due

^
cho

tha'y

p h i l d n g p h a p g i a o due bao g i d c i i n g p h u t h u o c v a o m u c d i c h ,
n o i d u n g , h i n h t h i l c t o c h i l e g i a o due, p h u t h u o c vao t r i n h do,
n a n g l i l e , k i n h n g h i e m c u a n h a g i a o due, p h u t h u o c v a d o i
t i l d n g vao d i e u k i e n h o a n canh... C h i n h v i vay, k h i t i e n h a n h
giao due n h a g i a o due p h a i c a n c i i v a o m u c d i c h , n o i d u n g
giao due, c a n c i i v a o n a n g l i l c , v i t h e . . . c u a b a n t h a n , c a n c i i
vao do'i t i l d n g , v a o d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h c u t h e . . . de l i l a c h o n

G i l i a cac p h i l d n g p h a p co m o i q u a n he m a t t h i e t v d i n h a u .

q u a viec to chile cac b o a t dong cho hoe s i n h , t h o n g q u a

3.1. Tai sao khi tien hanh giao due phai lira chon c a c phirong

phildng phap

g i a o due cho p h i i h d p . C h a n g h a n , n e u t i e n

h a n h h i n h t h a n h cac k h a i n i e m ve e h u a n m i l e dac d i i c , h i n h
t h a n h t h a i do, n i e m t i n cho hoc s i n h t h i e h i i y e u d i i n g n h o m
cac p l i t f t i n g p h a p t h u y e t p h u c . N e u de h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i v a
t h o i q u e n t h i e h i i y e u d i i n g n h o m cac p h U d n g p h a p t o chile
b o a t d o n g . N e u do'i t i i d n g co t i n h n h i i t n h a t , t i l t i t h i p h a i
dung phildng phap dong vien, k h e n thUdng n h i e u hdn...
N h u v a y , l i l a c h o n p h d d n g p h a p giao due l a de cho p h u hdp

199

v 6 i m u c d i c h , v 6 i n o i d u n g , v 6 i b a n t h a n n h a giao due, v d i doi

cua n h a g i a o d u e m a x e m nhe v a i t r o c h i i d o n g c i i a d o i tUdng

tUdng, v 6 i d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h v a t h d i g i a n cho p h e p . . . Cong

giao d u e , h o a c q u a de cao v a i t r o c h u d o n g c u a d o i tUdng g i a o

tac giao due c h i thUc s i i c6 h i e u q u a k h i n h a giao due lUa chon

due m a x e m n h e v a i t r o t o c h i i e d i e u k h i e n c i i a n h a g i a o d u e .

p h U d n g p h a p giao due p h u h d p v 6 i eac y e u t o ' n o i t r e n .
3.2. Phoi hdp c a c phirdng phap giao due
, ,

^^^^

N h i i t r e n d a n o i , m 6 i n h o m p h i l d n g p h a p d e u c6 chiic

N o i t o m l a i , v i e c l i i a c h o n v a p h o i h d p cac p h i i d n g p h a p
giao d u e l a b i e u h i e n c u a n g h e t h u a t g i a o d u e , t a o r a b a n s^e
r i e n g c u a tijfng n h a g i a o d u e . D i e u n a y p h u t h u o e r a t I d n v a o
n a n g l i i c , t r i n h do v a o k i n h n g h i e m c i i a m 6 i n h a g i a o d u e .

n a n g r i e n g , m o i p h i i d n g p h a p d e u eo n h i i n g \iu nhUdc d i e m
n h a t d i n h , k h o n g c6 p h U d n g p h a p n a o l a v a n n a n g . M o i

CAU HOI

p h u l d n g p h a p c h i p h a t h u y h e t sfle m a n h k h i c h u n g dUdc

,

d i e m eiia iiing

BAI TAP
,,-"ra

Cau noi

pho'i h d p v d i cac p h i i d n g p h a p k h a c .
P h o i h d p cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due n h ^ m h a n che n h u o c

vA

1.

p h i i d n g p h a p r i e n g le v a p h a t h u y , t a n g c i i d n g

Hay

neu

va

phan

tich

nhiJng

^

lirii.; ;;!«•:» snn^

dac

diem

i/U'-,'

cd b a n

cua

p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due, l a y v i d u c u t h e de m i n h

hoa.

siic m a n h cho c h i i n g . Stfe m a n h eua p h i i d n g p h a p d i i d c b i e u

V i e c h i e u b i e t cac dac d i e m c i i a p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due eo

h i e n d t i n h he t h o n g . Cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due p h a i dudc

y n g h i a g i t r o n g eong tac g i a o d u e .

k e t h d p v d i n h a u , bo s u n g cho n h a u m d i t h i i c h i e n t r o n v e n

2.

"

•

Q u a v i e c p h a n t i c h c h i i c n a n g , Uu, nhuldc d i e m c u a t i i n g

cac k h a u c u a q u a t r i n h g i a o d u e , t h i i c h i e n q u a t r i n h giao

p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due de k h a n g d i n h : K h o n g eo p h i i d n g

due d a y d u , t r o n v e n . Cac p h i i d n g p h a p k h o n g n a m t a c h b i e t

p h a p g i a o due nao l a v a n n a n g . T r o n g q u a t r i n h

n h a u , doc l a p v d i n h a u m a t r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o due c h i i n g

d u e , m u o ' n d a t h i e u q u a p h a i b i e t l i i a c h o n v a pho'i h d p

h o a q u y e n v a o n h a u , bo s u n g cho n h a u t a o n e n sijtc m a n h

cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o d u e .

n h i e u c h i e u tac d o n g d e n d o i t i i d n g . Q u a t r i n h tac d o n g n a y
n h & m d a m bao cho d o i t i i d n g t h o n g n h a t g i i i a I d i n o i v a viec
l a m , g i i i a y t h i i e v a h a n h d o n g , giiJa s u y n g h i b e n t r o n g vdi
bieu hien h a n h v i ra ben ngoai...

3.

4.

t r a n h cac x u h u d n g h o a c l a q u a c h u t r o n g v a i t r o c h i i dao

200

M o i m o t p h i i d n g p h a p l a y m o t v i d u t r o n g t h i i c te, t r o n g
p h i m a n h , t r o n g cac m a u e h u y e n s a c h v c i . . . de m i n h h o a .

d a m bao s i i t h o n g n h a t g i i i a cac l i i c l i i d n g g i a o due, giiJa v a i
t i c h ciic, c h i i d o n g v a s a n g t a o c i i a d o i t i i d n g g i a o d u e . N e n

L a y m o t so' v i d u c u t h e de m i n h h o a cho v i e c sii d u n g
cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o d u e t r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o d u e .

T r o n g q u a t r i n h p h o i h d p cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due cAn
t r d t o c h i i c d i e u k h i e n c u a n h a g i a o due v d i v a i t r o t i i giac.

giao

B a i tap
!•

>-?

' -^.-•--^

D u m o t b u o i s i n h b o a t Idp ci t r i i d n g p h o t h o n g v a p h a n

t i c h cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o d u e m a g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m
d a s i i d u n g de g i a o due hoc s i n h .

201


2. Thu thap cac tinh huo'ng giao due trong sach v6, bao chi
va trong thuc te, phan tich va lam ro Uu va nhiide diem
qua trinh sii dung cac phifdng phap giao due, tren cd sd
do de xuat y kien rieng eua ban than.
3. Ngoai cac phifdng phap giao due da neu trong sach, anh
(chi) thii de xuat mot vai phUdng phap giao due khac ma
anh chi biet, phan tich nhiing liu nhUde diem eiia no.
4. Danh gia liu, nhiidc diem viee svf dung cac phiJdng phap
giao due trong nha trUdng hien nay.
5. Siiu tarn cac tinh huong, cac cau chuyen giao due va chi
ro cac phUdng phap giao due da stJ dung trong do nha
th§' nao, tai sao lai svL dung cac phtidng phap do. '

"6:
cry...

Chirdng 5 b .
NGLfdlGIAO VIEN CHU NHIEM L 6 P

Trong cong tac giao due d eac nha trUdng, vai tro eua
ngiJdi giao vien chu nhiem la het siic to Idn. Hoe sinh cang
nho tuoi vai tro ciia ngifdi giao vien ehu nhiem 16p cang quan
trong. NgiJdi giao vien chu nhiem 16p can phai xae dinh dung
vi tri, nhiem vu; noi dung cong tac eua minh va biet each to

chiic giao due.
Nhiing dac diem tarn li, trinh do hieu biet, von song, von
kinh nghiem eua hoe sinh dii d bac hoc nao ciing con eo
nhiing han che nhat dinh. Vi vay, luon luon can mot ngUdi
giad vien thiidng xuyen sau sat, hii6ng dan, giiip d3 cac em,
chi bao cho cac em thiJe hien cac yeu cau giao due eua nha
triidng - dd la ngiidi giao vien ehii nhiem 16p. , , i
1.

C H Q C N A N G C U A NGLTCil GIAO VIEN C H U NHIEM LdP

6

TRaCJNG PHO THONG
1.1. Giao vien chu nhiem I6p la ngi/di thay mat hieu trircing quan

•

li giao due toan dien tap the hoc sinh mot I6p hoc

^ .orb

in--

202

Trdng nha trUdng, ngiidi hieu triidng la nguldi chiu traeh
nhiem chinh trUfic nha nii6e va nhan dan ve ket qua giao due
hoe sinh. Tuy vay, hieu triidng khong the tii minh quan li,
nam chac dien bien qua trinh phat trien nhan each eua tiing

!hoe sinh trong toan trUdng. Neu khdng hieu diidc tUdng tan,
Cu the dac diem tam li rieng, nhiing dien bien trdng qua
trinh giad due va tii giao due cua tvfng ea nhan hdc sinh thi
203


k h o n g t h e ca b i e t h o a g i a o d u e , k h o n g t h e d i n h h u 6 n g k i p

silc, bao d a m suf c a b i e t hoa v a t h u d i i d c h i e u q u a cao. V i e c

t h d i cho hoc s i n h r e n l u y e n , t u d i i d n g . N 6 i c u t h e h d n , ne'u

n a m v i i n g dac d i e m t a m - s i n h l i c u a cac e m v i t a t h e h i e n sU

k h o n g nim

q u a n t a m s a u s a t c i i a g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m d o i v d i cac e m v i f a

chkc

hoc s i n h t h i k h o n g t h e t i e n h a n h g i a o due

hoc s i n h c6 k e t q u a . V i le do, t r o n g n h a t r i i d n g , hoc s i n h bao

t h e h i e n t h a i do l a m v i e c n g h i e m t i i c , k h o a hoc. K h o n g h i e u

g i d c u n g difdc c h i a t h a n h t i f n g Idp v 6 i m o t so l i i d n g

ve cac e m t h i k h o n g g i a o due dUdc cac e m , do l a d i e u h i e n

nhat

d i n h t r e n cd s6 c a n c i i vao t r i n h do, dac d i e m n h a n t h i i c , k h u

n h i e n m a n g t i n h q u y l u a t t r o n g c o n g tac g i a o d u e .

'k&ub

w\ic... 6 m 6 i Idp c6 m o t g i a o v i e n p h u t r a c h c h u n g v a c h i u

- N 4 m v i i n g m u c t i e u , chiidng t r i n h , n o i d u n g g i a o due

t r a c h n h i e m h o a n t o a n ve k e t q u a g i a o due hoc s i n h tron^r

t i i n g cap hoe, Idp hoc v a k h a n a n g t h i i c h i e n c h u n g c i i n g n h i f

Idp goi la giao v i e n c h u n h i e m Idp.

k e t q u a d a t d i i d c c i i a Idp m i n h p h u t r a c h so v d i m u c t i e u g i a o

N g i i d i g i a o v i e n c h i i n h i e m l a ngufdi q u a n l i g i a o due t o a n
d i e n hoc s i n h Idp m i n h p h u t r a c h . D o v a y , n g i i d i g i a o v i e n
c h u n h i e m c&n:
-

Nam

sinh.

n h i J n g h i e n d o n g , n h i i n g t h a y d d i v a n h i i n g tac d o n g cua gia

d i n h d e n cac e m . Co h i e u b i e t tufdng t a n h o a n c a n h g i a d i n h
hoc s i n h , ngufdi g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m m d i diJa r a diidc

cac

hoc s i n h , l a m

cho q u a t r i n h g i a o due cd h i e u q u a cao, d a p ilng

y e u c a u cua

n h a t r i i d n g va xa h o i . Ngiidc l a i , n e u n g i i d i giao v i e n chii
n h i e m k h o n g h i e u b i e t d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h cua hoc s i n h Idp
m i n h t h i se d i n d e n t i n h t r a n g dUa r a cac b i e n p h a p c h u n g
c h u n g , k e m h i e u q u a , t h a m c h i p h a n tac d u n g , g a y r a n h i 3 n g
h a u q u a n g h i e m t r o n g cho s i i p h a t t r i e n n h a n each c u a t r e . . .
- H i e u b i e t c a n k e dac d i e m t a m - s i n h l i c i i a t i i n g em
hoc s i n h n h i i siic k h o e , s i n h l i , t r i n h do n h a n thufc, n a n g l i i f
b o a t d o n g , n a n g k h i e u , sd t h i c h , n g u y e n v o n g , q u a n he voi
b a n be, x a h o i . . . Bcii v i cd n a m vufng dac d i e m t a m - s i n h h
c u a t i i n g e m m d i g i a o due c6 h i e u q u a . N d m v i i n g hoc s i n h
g i u p cho n g i i d i g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m cd tac d o n g g i a o due v i n i

204

t h e due t h e t h a o , v a n h o a v a n n g h e . . .

khac).

Q u a n l i t o a n d i e n l a chile n a n g d a u t i e n c i i a n g i f d i g i a o

v i i n g d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h g i a d i n h hoc

b i e n p h a p g i a o d u e p h u h d p , c u t h e v d i txing

due ve m o i m a t ( d i i c , t r i , t h e , m i , l a o d o n g v a cac h o a t d o n g

v i e n c h i i n h i e m I d p . Q u a n l i t o a n d i e n g i i i p cho n g i i d i g i a o
v i e n c h i i n h i e m I d p n a m v i i n g hoc s i n h Idp m i n h de cd k e
h o a c h to c h i i c h o a t d o n g g i a o due p h u hdp. N o i d u n g cd b a n
ciia c h i i c n a n g n a y l a nkm

v i i n g dac

d i e m hoc s i n h ,

nSm

v i i n g m u c t i e u dao t a o , n S m v i i n g h o a n c a n h c u a t i f n g e m de
ket hdp giao due. G i a o v i e n ehii n h i e m c h i u t r a c h n h i e m giao
due t o a n d i e n n h a n e a c h hoc s i n h Idp m i n h p h u t r a c h .
1.2. Giao vien chu nhiem la cau noi giuTa hieu trucfng, ban giam
hieu, c a c to chiirc trong nha trudng, c a c giao vien bo mon
v6i tap the hoc sinh Idp minh phu trach
- N o i m o t e a c h c u t h e , ngUdi g i a o v i e n c h i i n h i e m l a c a u
n o i g i i i a l i i c l i i d n g g i a o due v a t a p t h e hoc s i n h . G i a o v i e n
c h i i n h i e m l a ngUdi d a i d i e n cho h a i p h i a , m o t m a t d a i d i e n
cho luc l i i d n g g i a o d u e cua n h a t r i i d n g , m o t m a t d a i d i e n cho
t a p the hoc s i n h I d p m i n h p h u t r a c h .
V d i t a e a c h l a n h a s i i p h a m d a i dien cho Ixlc lUdng g i a o

due n h a trUdng, ngUdi g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m cd t r a c h

nhiem
205


t r u y e n dat t d i hoc sinh 16p m i n h tat ca cac yeu cau, ke hoach

bao ve, benh vUc quyen Idi c h i n h d a n g ve moi mat cho hoc

giao due cua nha trUdng vvfa bang menh lenh, viia bang su

s i n h cua 16p. T r o n g thuc te giao due, c6 trUdng hdp giao vien

t h u y e t phuc, cam hoa, bSng sU gUdng m l u eiia ban t h a n , lam

chii n h i e m hoac qua t h d d v6i quyen Idi v a cac nguyen vong

cho hoc sinh chap n h a n muc t i e u giao due mot each t u

c h i n h d a n g ciia hoc s i n h , k h o n g quan t a m

nguyen t u giac. G i a o v i e n chu n h i e m phai bien chu trUdng,

nguyen vong cua cac em, hoac qua benh vUe, bao che cho tap

ke hoach giao due dao tao cua nha trUdng t h a n h chifdng

the hoc s i n h 16p m i n h mot each qua miic. C a h a i k h u y n h

t r i n h h a n h dong cua tap the v a ca n h a n hoc sinh 16p m i n h

hUcing noi t r e n d e u sai l a m v a p h a n giao due.

phu trach.
V 6 i tif each la d a i dien cho tap the hoc sinh, giao vien
ehu n h i e m la ngiidi tap hdp y k i e n , nguyen vong cua t i i n g ca
n h a n hoc sinh 16p m i n h p h a n anh v6i hieu triicing, v6i cac to
chiic nha trUdng, v6i cac giao v i e n bo mon. G i a o v i e n chu

(

den t a m

.

, i;;;*!

tu

,

.

1.3. Giao vien c h u nhiem la co van to churc hoat dong tir quan
I

c u a tap the hoc sinh

- T a p the hoc sinh nho t u o i r a t c ^ n co giao v i e n chu

n h i e m , v i cac em chua c6 the t\i quan, t\i to chiic r e n l u y e n ,

giao due... D o i v6i cac tap the hoc s i n h 16n t u o i , cac em v i n

n h i e m p h a i t h i i d n g x u y e n tiep n h a n thong t i n t\i cac ea nhan

e l n CO giao v i e n chu n h i e m , vi cac em du da co nhiJng trif6ng

v a tap the hoe sinh 16p m i n h , p h a i d a m bao t i n h khach quan

t h a n h n h a t d i n h n h i f n g chiia du do c h i n , dg hoc dong, d l giao

v a t r u n g thiic ciia cac y k i e n v a dif l u a n hoc sinh. K h i tiep

dong, de mac sai l a m . . . Do do, m6i cap hoc, 16p hoc deu can

n h a n thong t i n ngUdi giao vien chu nhiem 16p n e n xvf 11 kip

CO giao v i e n chu n h i e m v a chiic nang co' v a n cua ngUdi giao

t h d i ngay thong t i n v6i tuf each la nha giao due, dieu nay c6 y

vien chii n h i e m d moi cap hoc, 16p hoc khac n h a u t h i p h a i

n g h i a giao due r a t 16n. Co k h o n g it thong t i n , suy n g h i ciia

khac n h a u .

hoc sinh chi c6 the t a m sU v6i giao vien chu n h i e m . Co

n h i i n g t r i i d n g hdp hoe sinh h i oan He, h i cac giao v i e n khac

- C h i i c nang co' v a n cua giao v i e n c h i i n h i e m la dieu

h i e u n h a m t h i ngUdi giao v i e n chu n h i e m phai co trach

c h i n h , d i e u k h i e n , d i n h hiidng qua t r i n h tii giao due cua

n h i e m giai toa cho cac em.

t i i n g hoc s i n h v a tap the hoc s i n h , p h a t h u y v a i tro chu the

^

tii giac, t i c h ciie, chu dong v a sang tao cua hoe s i n h t r o n g

Ngoai r a , giao vien chu n h i e m n e n k h u y e n k h i c h doi ngii

giao due.

t\i quan cua tap the thay mat tap the phan anh t a m t u .
nguyen vong cua cac t h a n h vien t r o n g 16p. T u y vay, do quan

A

.,3in

K {JOD;!;

- Chile nang co' van cua giao v i e n chu n h i e m con the

he v a v i the ngUdi hoc sinh, n h i e u v a n de cac em khong the

nien d viee d i e u k h i e n , d i n h hu'6ng cac hoat dong tii quan

diing r a thay mat tap the 16p de phan anh dUde m a c ^ n phai

cua tap the hoc s i n h , giao v i e n ehii n h i e m k h o n g t h a m gia

CO giao v i e n chu n h i e m . N g i i d i giao v i e n chu n h i e m v6i t i i

triJe tiep d i e u k h i e n cac hoat dong cua tap the 16p, k h o n g bao

each la dai dien cho tap the hoc sinh, phai co t r a c h nhiem

bien, l a m t h a y cho hoc sinh...

206

207


Giao v i e n c h u n h i e m bang nghe t h u a t sii p h a m cua m i n h
k i c h t h i c h t i i d u y s a n g t a o c i i a hoc s i n h , p h a t t r i e n

C a n c i i v a o dac d i e m , d i e u k i e n c i i a I d p , c i i a n h a trUdng,

tiem

ciia e o n g d o n g n d i g i a d i n h hoe s i n h s i n h s o n g . . . de g i a o v i e n

n a n g t r i t u e v o n c6 c i i a t i f n g e m hoc s i n h t r o n g t a p t h e , do

c h i i n h i e m t o c h i i e p h o i hdp cac lUc l i J d n g trong x a h o i , t a o r a

x u a t n o i d u n g v a g i a i p h a p , e a c h t h i i c to chiic thUc h i e n m u c

sii t h o n g n h a t t r o n g cac tac d o n g g i a o due. Q u a n trong n h a t

t i e u g i a o due c u a n h a t r i i d n g . :

l a l i e n k e t v d i g i a d i n h , v d i d i a phUdng t a o r a m o i t r i f d n g

- Co v a n ttfc l a d i e u e h i n h , d i e u k h i e n t\i duy, t h a i do, tinh
c a m , h a n h v i , h o a t dong... cua hoc s i n h , gop y k i e n cho cac hoat

g i a o d u e t h o n g n h a t , p h a t h u y t i e m n a n g v a silc m a n h v o n eo
- i

r i e n g c i i a m o i lUc l i i d n g g i a o d u e .

dong, cac q u y e t d i n h ciia t a p t h e 16p v a ca n h a n hoc s i n h c u the,

L i e n k e t eae l u e l i i d n g x a h o i t r o n g g i a o d u e t h e h e t r e l a

d i e u e h i n h d i i l u a n t a p t h e cho p h u hdp v a eo tac d u n g giao

m o t n g u y e n t i e n a n g cao h i e u q u a g i a o due, thvfc h i e n e h i n h

due... D a y l a n o i d u n g q u a n t r o n g n h a t ciia chile n a n g c6' van

s a c h x a h o i h o a g i a o d u e , c o i g i a o d u e l a siJ n g h i e p c u a t o a n

cua giao v i e n c h i i n h i e m Idp d o i v d i t a p the hoe s i n h .
V a i t r o c6' v a n cua giao v i e n c h u n h i e m d o i v d i t a p the hoc
s i n h p h a i q u a n t r i e t diide t o a n d i e n n o i d u n g giao due, k e hoach

dan. N g u y e n t^c n a y p h a i diidc q u a n t r i e t doi v d i m o i hoat
d o n g g i a o d u e n h a t r i i d n g . Do'i v d i m 6 i I d p hoc, k h o n g a i t h t t c
h i e n c h i i c n a n g pho'i h d p eac liJc l i f d n g g i a o due t o t hkng
vien chu nhiem.

i

) . . : • .

.-».M>.

..

.

:

y

i

giao

'••<

h o a t d o n g ciia ca n h a n v a t a p t h e hoe s i n h Idp e h i i n h i e m bao
P h o i h d p cac \vic l u d n g x a h o i k h o n g c h i diing

gom tiX viec hoc t a p , r e n l u y e n dao diic, s i n h h o a t v a n hoa, van
nghe, t h e due t h e thao, s i n h h o a t t a p t h e , h o a t d o n g e h i n h t r i xi\
hoi... d i i n r a t r o n g nha t r i i d n g va ngoai xa h o i .

d nhan

t h i i c , m a q u a n t r o n g h d n ca l a x a y dutng difdc e h i f d n g t r i n h
ke hoach h o a t dong n h 4 m t h o n g n h a t , k h e p k i n qua

trinh

h o a t d o n g , k h o n g g i a n , t h d i g i a n t a c d o n g d e n hoe s i n h c u a
G i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m c a n xac d i n h t ^ m q u a n t r o n g vai
tro CO v a n c u a m i n h t r o n g q u a n he l i n g x i i x a h o i , t r o n g gia

Idp c h u n h i e m . C a n k h a i t h a e t r i e t de, h d p l i t i e m n a n g sU
d o n g gop c i i a p h u h u y n h , cac d o a n t h e x a h o i ve siic ngUdi,

d i n h , eong d o n g , t r o n g t i n h b a n , t i n h y e u , t r o n g d i n h h u d n g

siie eua, dac b i e t l a k i n h n g h i e m t r i t u e c u a q u ^ n c h u n g v a o

nghe n g h i e p , v i e c l a m cho hoc s i n h . . .

t h u e h i e n cac n o i d u n g g i a o due.

1.4. Giao vien chu nhiem c6 chufc nang phoi hdp v6i cac lire

2.

ii/dng xa hoi nhim thiic hien muc tieu giao due d Idp minh
phu trach

N H I E M V U , NOI D U N G C O N G TAC CHO NHIEM LCJP

2.1. Nhiem vu chu yeu cua ngudi giao vien chu nhiem
- N g i i d i g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m t r i f d c h e t p h a i t h i i c h i e n to'c

-

H i e u q u a c u a v i e c to ehiie g i a o due hoc s i n h Idp c h u

n h i e m p h u t h u o c k h S n g n h o vao k h a n a n g l i e n k e t cac luc
l i i d n g x a hoi, p h a t h u y t i e m n a n g c u a x a hoi ve moi m a t vac
eong tac g i a o due c u a ngUdi g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m I d p .

208

n h i i n g n h i e m v u c u a m o t t h a y g i a o n o i c h u n g , d6 l a m l u
ffiUc ve dao d i i e , tac p h o n g , l o i s o n g , gUdng m a u trong viec
c h a p h a n h dUdng 16'i, c h i i t r U d n g e h i n h s a c h c i i a D a n g , N h a
nude v a e h i n h p h u .

>

209


~ N a m v i i n g difdng loi quan diem l i l u a n giao due ciia
Dang, biet v a n d u n g sang tao vao thuc t i e n giao due, l a m tot
cong tac giao due, t r a n g b i t r i thdc khoa hoc, phat t r i e n t r l
tue cho hoc sinh, dong t h d i giao due nhufng p h a m chat dao
dutc, ren luyen, phat t r i e n cac nang Idc de giup cac em tro
t h a n h nhutng cong dan tot sau nay. Ngddi giao vien chu
n h i e m p h a i t h a m gia cac hoat dong c h i n h t r i xa hoi vdi t u
each la Idc lUdng t r i thiic t r o n g cong cuoc doi mdi, t h a m gia
tieh cdc vao sU nghiep cong nghiep hoa, h i e n dai hoa dat
nude, giae ngo quin chiing tii bo nhiJng t h o i hvf, t a t xau.
Sd khac n h a u t r o n g viec thde hien nhutng n h i e m v u tren
cua ngddi giao vien chu n h i e m 16p vdi ngddi giao vien b i n h
t h d d n g la d cho ngddi giao vien chu n h i e m p h a i thUe hien tot
hdn, doi hoi ren l u y e n 6 miic cao hdn, thddng xuyen hdn, c6
trach n h i e m hdn. Do la trach n h i e m va nghia v u dong thdi
cung la v i n h d u cua ngddi giao vien chu n h i e m v i ho dddc
hoe sinh, quan chung, dong nghiep t i n yeu, giii gam trach
n h i e m giao due the he tre n h i e u hdn cac thay c6 k h o n g lam
chu n h i e m .
- Ngoai n h i e m v u chung noi t r e n , giao vien chu nhiem
eon CO n h i e m v u n ^ m viJng t i n h h i n h hoc sinh cua Idp m i n h
ehu n h i e m ve moi mat, bao cao cho h i e u t r d d n g va ban giam

- T h d d n g xuyen l i e n he v6i gia d i n h hoc sinh, v6i cons
dong dan c\i ndi gia d i n h hoc sinh d, vdi cac to chiic t r o n g va
ngoai nha t r d d n g de ciing pho'i hdp giao due, giup do tvfng
hoe sinh nang cao chat l i i d n g hoc tap, ren luyen, p h a t t r i e n

toan dien p h a m chat va nang lUc ciia nhan each." - Co ke hoach to ehiic cac hoat dong chung cho tap the
hoe sinh de thde h i e n n h i e m v u giao due cua nha t r d d n g
cung vdi cac tap the Idp khac, l a m cho Idp chu n h i e m t r d
t h a n h t h a n h vien tieh eUc cua cong dong nha trUdng. Thong
qua viec to chiie cac hoat dong eua tap the de ren l u y e n n h a n
each, kha nang v a n d u n g l i l u a n vao thde t i i n cuoc song ciia
hoc sinh.
Cung v d i cac giao vien bo mon khac, pho'i hdp vdi cac Idc
Iddng xa hoi to ehiic cho hoc s i n h c6 dieu k i e n t h a m gia vao
cac hoat dong cua cong dong dia phddng va cac hoat dong xa
hoi. Thong qua d6 de p h a t huy v a i t r d , tac dung cua

nha

t r d d n g t r o n g xa h o i , gop p h a n vao sd nghiep xay d d n g que
hiidng, dat niidc ngay cang giau m a n h .
- Giao vien c h i i n h i e m c6 n h i e m v u pho'i hdp v d i cac giao
vien bo mon t i e n h a n h p h u dao cho cac hoe sinh yeu k e m ,
phat hien boi dddng nhuing hoe sinh ed nang k h i e u , giao due

hieu biet theo d i n h k i hoac .dot xuat neu c6 van de c i n gia]

nhijfng hoc sinh ca biet, to ehiic hop H o i cha me hoc sinh

quyet k i p t h d i . Diide si( uy quyen cua h i e u trdcfng, giao vien

d i n h k i hoac dot x u a t de t h o n g bao t i n h h i n h hoe tap, ren

chu n h i e m trde tiep, k i p thdi ehi dao giai quyet cac cong viec

luyen eua hoc s i n h . . .

' ' '

2.2. Npi dung cong tac cua ngudi giao vien chu nhiem I6p

;

xay ra t r o n g tap the hoc sinh, t i e n h a n h k i e m t r a , danh gia
cong bang, k h a c h quan qua t r i n h ren luyen, phan dau tu
dddng cua t i i n g hoc s i n h t r o n g Idp. Dae biet giao vien ehii
n h i e m c6 n h i e m v u danh gia xep loai cac mat hoat dong ciia
hoc sinh de ghi vao ho sd hoc ba.

210

- N g h i e n ciiu, nam vi3ng dddng 16'i. quan diem giao due
cua Dang, 11 l u a n giao due de van dung vao cong tac chu
nhiem Idp. Dae. biet giao vien chii n h i e m can n ^ m vufng
211


phifdng phap va nghe thu^t sU pham vao tvfng hoan canh cu
the. Chi tren cd sci nam vflng tri thilc khoa hoc giao due
ngUdi giao vien chu nhiem mdi c6 kha nang van dung vac
thuc tiin cong tac chu nhiem Idp mot each sang tao. Do la
cac li luan ve sU phat trien nhan each, cac yeu to chi pho'i sy
phat trien nhan each, vai tro cua giao due trong sU phat
trien nhan each, cac phiidng phap giao due, cac nguyen tic
giao due, ban chat cua qua trinh giao due...

- Nam viing mue tieu giao due noi chung, mue tieu cua
cap hoe, 16p hoc minh phu trach noi rieng, ke hoaeh, nhiem
vu giao due, day hoc cua nam hoc. Doi hoi giao vien chu
nhiem phai nghien ciiu va hieu sau sac nhiJng yeu cau giao
due cua nha trifdng, tren cd sci ay mdi biet van dung cu the
vao tinh hinh cua Idp chu nhiem.
Viec hieu va nhm viing toan bo ke hoaeh cua nha trifdng
trong tang nam hoc eo y nghia rat 16n doi v6i ngiJdi giao vien
chii nhiem, vi ehi khi hieu ke hoaeh ciia nha trUdng thi mdi
chu dong dinh hiidng cho hoc sinh Idp chu nhiem thiic hien
ehii dong va sang tao nhiem vu cua 16p, dong gop vao phong
trao chung eua nha trUdng.
- Hieu sau sSc chiic nang va nhiem vu eua cac to chiic
trong nha trifdng, hieu can bo phu trach cac mat boat dong
va doi ngii giao vien giang day cac mon hoc d Idp chii nhiem.
Dong thdi c^n tim hieu tiem nang cd sci vat chat, trang thiet
hi cua nha trifdng phue vu cho giang day va giao due de phat
buy to'i da tiem nang va hieu qua eua chung.
Tim hieu ed cau to chiie, phan cong phu trach cac mat
hoat dong cua cac to chiic trong nha trifdng (Ban giam hieu.
212

Doan thanh nien. Hoi lien hiep thanh nien hoe sinh, cac to
chiic tu quan cua hoe sinh. Hoi cha me hoc sinh...) la de khai
thac kha nang lien ket, tap hdp Ivtc lifdng trong viec to chiic
cac boat dong thUc hien noi dung giao due. Hieu biet doi ngii
giao vien giang day cac mon hoe trong Idp de thifdng xuyen
lien he, n&m tinh hinh hoc tap, ren luyen eua hoe sinh, to
chiic viec hoc tap ciia tap the Idp.
!n';:,:;f t:<^?ir jub

Tim hieu can bo quan li, giao vien trong trifdng la tim
hieu chiic nang, nhiem vu, nang liic, tinh cam, y thiie trach
nhiem, tinh each, nang liic sif pham... de eo phifdng phap
ling xii phu hdp, tan dung, loi cuo'n moi ngifdi vao boat dong
giao due cua Idp chu nhiem.
Tim hieu dieu kien ed sd vat chat, trang thiet bi cua nha
trifdng la nbSm khai thac nhiing dieu kien do mot each hdp li
nhat, phue vu cho cong tac giao due hoc sinh Idp chii nhiem.
- Co ke hoaeh nghien ciiu dac diem gia dinh ciia hoc sinh
va dac diem ciia tifng hoc sinh trong Idp chu nhiem, tien
ihanh phan loai hoc sinh theo cac dac diem de eo giai phap
[tac dong phii hdp.
[ Viec nghien ciiu dac diem gia dinh hoc sinh ciang nhif dac
diem tarn sinh 11 ciia tiing hoc sinh eo y nghia dac biet quan
trong doi v6i cong tac chii nhiem Idp cua ngifdi giao vien.
Nghien ciiu gia dinh hoc sinh la de tim hieu ve trinh do
va tam li eua cha me hoe sinh, quan he giiia cae thanh vien
trong gia dinh, dieu kien sinh song, miic song, nghe nghiep,
dieu kien hoe tap, truyen thong gia dinh... Dieu cd ban la
tim hieu quan he trong gia dinh, dac biet la sii quan tam eiia
cac bac phu huyng (ong, ba, bo' me...) do'i vdi eon em trong
gia dinh, sii giiip dd va tinh cam, sU quan tam lln nhau giiia
213


cac t h a n h vien, t i n h each, t r i n h do van hoa, phifdng phap

chii n h i e m p h a i quan t a m sau sac den sU t h a y doi ciia tilng

giao due con em eua eac bae p h u h u y n h , quan he giiia gia

hoc sinh de c6 sxi d i n h hUdng, dieu c h i n h giao due k i p t h d i .

d i n h hoe sinh vdi hang xom lang gieng, viec thUe hien nghia

Tuoi hoc sinh chiia diJng n h i e u t i e m n a n g ehUa dudc hoc

v u cong dan eua ho...

16, t r a c h n h i e m ciia giao vien chii n h i e m la to chiic cac boat

' • Tat ca nhiing cong viec nghien eiiu gia canh ciia hoc smh

dong phong p h u de tao cd hoi cho cac em p h a t t r i e n cac k h a

nhkm hai muc dich, trUdc het la de ket hdp vdi gia dinh giao

n a n g ciia m i n h . NgUdi giao vien chii n h i e m se due r u t dutdc

due hoc sinh trong Idp, mat khae hieu them nguyen nhan cua

r a t n h i e u t r i thiic thUe t i e n ve cong tae giao due hoc sinh.

nhiJng yeu to tieh cvtc va tieu cUc, nhijtng thuan Idi va kho khan
tae dong den hoc sinh de c6 giai phap giao due phu hdp.

||

De nam bat hoc sinh, ngifdi giao v i e n chii n h i e m can t i e n
h a n h dieu t r a ya thong ke n h i i n g t h o n g t i n can t h i e t ve hoe

Song noi dung quan trong hdn ca la giao vien chii nhiem

sinh Idp m i n h . Viec thong ke c6 the g h i t u ^ n tiJ ten t i i n g hoe

p h a i h i e u dac diem eua moi hoc sinh ve tarn sinh l i n h u t i n h

sinh theo van a, b, c... va g h i n h i i n g t h o n g t i n c h i n h ve hoc

each, nang lUe, h i i n g t h u , nguyen vong, sci t h i c h . . . Cu the la,

sinh n h i i ngay, thang, nam sinh, que quan, ndi sinh, cho d

ve s\ic khoe p h a i chu y quan t a m nhiJng em c6 benh, n h i i n g

hien t a i , bo' me va nghe nghiep cua ho, sd lifdc ve siic khoe,

em siic khoe yeu. Ve k h a nang hoe tap, p h a i c6 bien phap

hoc tap, dao diic... Nen de moi hoc s i n h mot t r a n g va lien tue

danh gia nang lUc phat t r i e n t r i tue eua hoe sinh (dung cac

bo sung t h e m . Ciing cd the lap bang t h o n g ke chia t h a n h cac

test de khao sat t r i tue cua hoe sinh, n h a m bao dam t i n h

cot tUdng l i n g n h u ho ten, ngay sinh, que quan, hoc tap, dao

khoa hoe, t i n h khach quan...), nghien eiiu kha nang chu y

diic... N h i i n g hoc sinh dac biet difdc d a n h dau va bo sung

n h i i k h a nang phan phoi chu y, siic tap t r u n g chii y, do ben

t h e m thong t i n d phia dudi. T a t ca t h o n g t i n ve hoc sinh p h a i

ciia chu y, nghien eiiu kha nang ghi nhd, k h a nang tiicing

dUdc dieu t r a nghien eiiu c h i n h xae, k h a c h quan bSng cac

tiidng, miic do phat t r i e n cua cac thao tae t\i duy nhxi phan

phifdng phap nghien eiiu t i n cay. C6 the sii dung dieu t r a

t i c h , tong hdp, t r i i u tUdng hoa, k h a i quat hoa, so sanh....

bang anket, test, quan sat, t r o ehuyen,

miic do ciia cac pham chat t i i duy nhxi t i n h mem deo, t i n h

nghiem, t r i e nghiem... Phai sii dung dong bo n h i e u bien

l i n h boat, t i n h sang tao, t i n h phe phan, t i n h doc lap...

phap de t h u thap t h o n g t i n ve hoe sinh, k h o n g nen chii quan,

Can chu y den t i n h each, dg'n pham chat dao diic, den
quan he, i i n g xii cua hoc sinh t r o n g gia d i n h , t r o n g cong
dong, t r o n g trUdng Idp vdi ban be. Hoe sinh moi cap hoc giao

vien chii n h i e m - p h a i c6 bien phap quan t a m rieng. Toan bo
cuoc song cua tre, toan bo the gidi t a m hon cua hoc sinh la
do'i t i i d n g quan t r o n g cua boat dong chii n h i e m Idp. Giao vien

214

phong van, thiic

ndng voi, t h i e u trach n h i e m . V i du, p h a i quan sat hoc sinh
t r o n g trUdng Idp, ngoai cuoc song, d cong dong vifa cd to chiic
bo' t r i viia n g l u nhien, ket hdp vdi trao doi v d i gia d i n h , ban
be hoe sinh, cong dong dia phUdng, c h i n h quyen sd t a i , tao
t i n h huo'ng giao due...
N g h i e n eiiu hoe sinh k h o n g chi nhSm muc dich hieu hoc

215


s i n h de c6 b i e n p h a p g i a o due p h u h d p m a eon de p h a n to,

n h i e m l a m o t n o i d u n g q u a n t r o n g c u a c o n g tac c h u n h i e m .

p h a n n h o m hoc s i n h sao cho p h u h d p , t a o ed h o i cho cac e m

Day

g i u p dd n h a u , c u n g n h a u t i e n bo.

n g h i e m t i i c , k h o a hoc c u a n g U d i g i a o v i e n .

D i e u dac b i e t q u a n t r o n g l a n g U d i g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m
phai

bang

cac

phifdng

phap

nghien

ciiu phan

tich

c o n t h e h i e n y thCfc t r a c h n h i e m , t i n h t h a n l a m v i e e

- T i m h i e u t i e m n a n g eiia e o n g d o n g d i a p h U d n g , eiia x a

diidc

h o i d a p l i n g cho sU p h a t t r i e n g i a o due, t h e o d o i t i n h h i n h

n g u y e n n h a n c u a t h u e t r a n g cac dac d i e m c u a t i i n g hoc s i n h .

t h d i sU t r o n g nxldc

V i d u , d e u l a hoc k e m n h i f n g eo e m do k h o n g c h u y , p h a n t a n

n h i e m 16p.

t i i t U d n g t r o n g g i d hoc, c6 e m v i h o a n c a n h g i a d i n h , c6 e m v i

^ ' '-^""i^

( t i n h h i n h k i n h - t e , eon n g i i d i , t i n h h i n h x a h o i , n g a n h n g h e ,

CO t h e n h i i n h a u n h i i n g c6 n h i e u n g u y e n n h a n d a n d e n k h a c

t r u y e n t h o n g v a n h o a . . . ) eo y n g h i a k h o n g n h o t r o n g c o n g tac

n h a u . C h i t r e n cd sd h i e u dUdc dac d i e m v a n g u y e n n h a n d i m

c h u n h i e m , no g i u p cho n g U d i g i a o v i e n pho'i h d p g i a o due hoc

t d i dac d i e m do cna hoc s i n h t h i g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m m d i eo

s i n h CO ke't q u a , p h a t b u y to'i d a t i e m n a n g eiia d i a p h i i d n g

g i a i p h a p tac d o n g giao due p h u h d p , c6 h i e u q u a .

va xa h o i .

D e h i e u b i e t s a u sac hoc s i n h , g i a o v i e n e h i i n h i e m n h a t

,

,

N a m v i J n g t i n h h i n h c u a d i a p h i i d n g , d a t nifdc, quoc t e ,

t h i e t p h a i c6 "So n h a t k y eong tac e h i i n h i e m 16p". So n h a t

h i e u b i e t k i p t h d i n h i J n g t i e n bo k h o a hoc k i t h u a t , v a n h o a

k y c o n g tac c h u n h i e m 16p k h a c v 6 i "So eong tac e h i i n h i e m " .

x a h o i de l i e n h e x a y d U n g n o i d u n g , h i n h t h i l e b o a t d o n g e i i a

So c h u n h i e m d i i n g de g h i k e h o a c h c o n g viee d i i k i e n cua

16p e h i i n h i e m l a m cho hoc s i n h n h a n thiLc

g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m . N h a t k i c o n g t a c e h i i n h i e m Idp d u n g

d u n g d a n va

cap

n h a t v 6 i t i n h h i n h t h d i stf d i a p h i i d n g , d a t nxldc v a quoc t e .

n g a y , g h i ehep

ve t i i n g hoc s i n h c h u n h i e m , ve l i u , n h i f d c d i e m , t i n h each

' •

V i e e n a m v i i n g t i e m n a n g c u a d i a phuldng, c i i a x a h o i

6 m d a u , b e n h t a t . . . N o i m o t each k h a e , b i e u h i e n c u a hoc s i n h

de g h i n h i j t n g c o n g viee g i a o due d i l n r a tiing

•

v a quoc t e de sii d u n g vao c o n g t a c c h u

"

- L a p k e h o a c h c h u n h i e m Idp cho t i i n g t u a n , tufng t h a n g ,

cua t i i n g em, n h i i n g bieu h i e n hSng ngay va n h i i n g bieu h i e n

t i i n g hoe k i , n a m hoe, k h o a hoc de d a m bao t i n h he t h o n g , t i n h

b a t t h U d n g c a n t h e o g i o i , k i e m t r a . . . N h a t k i c h u n h i e m l a t\i

ke h o a c h t r o n g viee p h a t t r i e n n h a n each hoc s i n h .

l i e u ve tCfng hoc s i n h m o t each eo he t h o n g , l a b i i c t r a n h t o a n
c a n h ve q u a t r i n h hoe t a p , p h a n d a u , r e n l u y e n c u a t i i n g hoc
s i n h g i u p cho g i a o v i e n d a n h g i a d u n g hoc s i n h , c6 b i e n p h a p
tac d o n g p h u h d p . . . N h a t k i c h u n h i e m eon l a t i i l i e u q u a n
t r o n g cho cac n h a t a m l i hoc, g i a o due hoe n g h i e n c i i u , cho
cac g i a o v i e n t r a o d o i k i n h

nghiem...

V i e e g h i n h a t k y c o n g tac c h u n h i e m

216

Ke hoach ehii n h i e m la eu t h e hoa muc t i e u , n h i e m v u ,
n o i d u n g g i a o due vao m o t t a p t h e I d p , l a e h i i d n g t r i n h h a n h
d o n g eiia t a p t h e Idp p h u e v u cho c o n g tac g i a o due t r o n g m o t
g i a i d o a n c u t h e . Ne'u l a k e h o a c h e i i a k h o a hoc, n a m hoe c a n
xac d i n h m u c d i c h , m u e t i e u , m i l e do, n o i d u n g dU k i e n se
t i e n h a n h , t h d i d i e m t h i i e h i e n , cac d i e u k i e n de thUc h i e n . . .

va l a m

so

chu

K e h o a c h c h i i n h i e m p h a i dUde t h e h i e n q u a ke

hoach
217


N e u k e hoach boat dong t r o n g tukn

cua b a n c a n sU v a t a p t h e 16p. D o l a sU b i e n k e h o a c h ciia

t h i t h d i g i a n l a cac

g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m t h a n h n h u c^u, q u y e t t a m t h u c h i e n cua

gay t r o n g t u a n , g h i tvf t h i i H a i den C h i i n h a t . N e u k e

t a p t h e hoc s i n h . T u y v a y , t u y e t d o i k h o n g dUdc ap d a t cho

each boat dong t h a n g t h i t h d i gian l a cac t u a n , g h i ngay

t a p t h e hoc s i n h m a chi g d y cho t a p t h e hoc s i n h t u de ra

at dau v a ngay ket thuc cua cua t i i n g t u a n t r o n g t h a n g .

yeu c a u , n o i d u n g , b a n b i e n p h a p , p h a n c o n g d i e u h a n h to

^eu k e hoach hoat dong cua hoc k i hoac nam hoc t h i t h d i

chiic thuc h i e n . Ke hoach chu n h i e m va ke hoach hoat dong

i a n l a cac t h a n g .

cua t a p t h e hoc s i n h c6 q u a n he m a t t h i e t v 6 i n h a u n h i i n g

N o i dung cong viec, neu k e hoach t u a n t h i ghi chi t i e t , c u

k h o n g hoan toan giong n h a u , k h o n g p h a i la mot.

he cac cong viec mot each xac d i n h . K e hoach t h a n g , hoe k i ,

K e h o a c h c h u n h i e m 16p c a n t h e h i e n m o t so n o i d u n g cd
b a n sau day:
+ K h a i q u a t c h u n g ve dac d i e m hoc s i n h 16p c h u n h i e m .

P h a n n a y c a n t r i n h b a y n h i J n g t h o n g t i n k h a i q u a t ve

so

l i f d n g hoc s i n h , t h a n h p h a n g i 6 i t m h , t i n h h i n h hoc \\ic v a dao
diic c u n g n h i i cac m a t h o a t d o n g k h a c , h o a n c a n h gia d i n h hoc
s i n h n o i c h u n g v a cac t r i f d n g h d p dac b i e t , n h a n d i n h c h u n g
ve t a p t h e hoc s i n h , n h i J n g hoc s i n h c6 n a n g k h i e u ve t i f n g
m a t c u t h e . . . D a n h sach d o i n g u c an bo t u q u a n cua t a p t h e .
D a n h sach g i a o v i e n bo m o n d a y t r o n g I d p . . .
+ K e h o a c h h o a t d o n g c u t h e c u a 16p c h i i n h i e m , bao gom
n o i d u n g cac c o n g v i e c , t h d i g i a n t i e n h a n h , lUc l i f d n g t h a m
g i a , cac p h i J d n g t i e n v a k e t q u a c^n p h a i d a t dUdc... Co t h e
t r i n h b a y k e h o a c h h o a t d o n g t h e o b a n g dxldi d a y .
Thdi

Noi dung

L u c lircfng va

Ket qua

gian

c o n g viec

phirong tien

can dat

nam hoc t h i ghi cac cong viec cd ban tifdng l i n g vdi t h d i gian.
V i du, k e hoach t h a n g 9, noi dung cong viec cd ban cua t u a n
t i i 5 - 11 l a . . . , t u a n tuf 12 - 18 l a . . . N e u k e hoach hoe k i , n a m

hoc t h i ghi noi d u n g cong viec cd ban cua tOfng t h a n g t r o n g
hdc k i hoac n a m hoe.
N o i dung cong viec p h a i phong p h u , toan dien. Co k e
hoach boi du'dng hoe sinh k h a gioi, eo k e hoach p h u dao

hoc

sinh yeu k e m , k e hoach s i n h boat tap the, cac boat dong the
due the thao, v a n hoa v a n nghe, cac hoat dong x a hoi, lao
dong san x u a t v a lao dong tU phue v u . . .
LTJC

. „

lUdng t h a m gia p h a i xac d i n h sd' liJdng hdc s i n h ,

ngUdi dieu k h i e n , p h u t r a c h , c6ng tac vien. C a n t h i e t phai m d
t a chi tiet ve doi t i i d n g de chu dong trong viec to ehiic va phoi
hdp. Cac phiidng t i e n v a cac dieu k i e n cd sd vat chat, t a i c h i n h
phuc v u chd hdat dong p h a i diidc xac d i n h cu the, chi t i e t .
K e t qua dat dUde c a n g h i rS muc dich ve g i a d due, ve a n

Ghi chu

toan, t h d i gian b a t dau v a ket thuc... P h i n ghi chu d u n g de
du k i e n n h u i n g bat t r i e c6 the xay r a , each k h a c phuc... ,

I

X a y dung k e hoach, ehUdng t r i n h hoat dong cua hoc s i n h

la mot noi d u n g quan t r o n g c u a cong tac c h u n h i e m n h u n g
k h o n g p h a i l a duy
218

n h a t . C h u n g t a n e n coi day l a m o t n o i
219