Nữ giới chung - Tờ báo phụ nữ đầu tiên ở Việt Nam (1918)

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN
"e6 y j c ^ "

Nguyen Thj Tuong Khanh

NU G l d l CHUNG - Td BAO PHU NU^
DAU TIEN () VIET NAM
(1918)

Chmeu iigcmlv. Lich sii' Viet Nam
Md so-.5.03A 5

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LICH SIT

NsuM hu&no dh^ khoa hoc: PGS.TS Pham Xanh
OAl HC: 0:.!;;r " l i .^^ vy

HA NOI-2001
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LOI CAM OOAN
T6i xin com doan day la cong trinh
nghien cuu cua rieng foi. Cac kef
qua neu frong luqn van nay la trang
thuc va chua fang dugc cong bo
frong bdf ky cong frfnh nao.

Tac g i d lugn van
NGUYEN THi TUONG KHANH

MUC LUC
M6

DAU

4

1. Tinh ci'p thiet cua d6 tai.

4

2. Doi tugfng va pham vi nghien cuu.

7

3. Nguon tu Ueu va phuong phap nghien cuxi.

8

4. Dong gop cua luan van.

10

5. Bo cue cLia lu|n van.

10

CHUONG MOT

KHAI woe

BAO N C G I 6 I CHUNG.

12

11. Tinh hinh bao chf Viet Nam d^u the ky XX.

12

1.1.1. Nhung to bao dau tien.

12

11.2. Bao chi Viet Nam 6iu the ky XX.

16

i.2. Su ra dai ciia NO Gioi Chung, to bao phu nu diu lien a Viet Nam.
i.2.1. Dieu kien ra dai Nu" Gioi Chung.

18
18

£.2.1.1. Dieu kien lich su - van hoa a Nam Ky.

18

L2.1.2. Che do bao chi o Nam Ky.

20

i.2.1.3. Bao chf iheo chii thuyet cua Toan quyen Dong Ducfng

22

A. Sarraut
4.2.2. Sir ra doi bao Nu Gioi Chung.

24

4.2.2.1. To bao phu nu diu tien xual ban a Phap.

24

(L2.2.2. Y tuong xuat ban mot to nu bao 0 Viet Nam.

24

/i.2.2.3. Nu Gicfi Chung ra dai.

26

i 3 . Khai luge Nu Giod Chung.

33

4.3.1. Cac chuyen muc.

33

1.3.2. Vai net vt tac gia.

37

i.3.3.Hmhthuc.

39

1.3.4. Ngon ngu, van phong.

41

CHUONG HAI
NC Si SUONG NGU YET ANH, CHU BUT NlT GlOl CHUNG.

43

1.1. So luge cupc doi Suong Nguyet Anh.

43

2-2. Suano N^uvet Anh. mot nu si noi tiene Nam Kv ddu the kv XX.

46


9.-3. Suong Nguyet Anh vai Nu Gi6i Chung.

55

3..3.i. Vai tro ciia Suong Nguyet Anh vai Nu Gioi Chung.

55

%3.2. Suong Nguyet Anh qua cac bai viei tren Nu Giai Chung.

58

CHUONG BA
M O T S6 N O I

DUNG BAO NITGIOI CHUNG.

3.1. Van de phu nu

63
63

3.1.1. Van d6 phu nir tren Dang Co tiing bao va Dong Duong tap chi.

64

3.1.2. Van de phu nu tren Nu Gidi Chung.

70

3.1.2.1. Dia vi, vai tro ngucfi phu nu.

70

3.1.2.2. Va'nde nuquy6n, nam nubinhdang.

77

3.1.2.2.1. Khai niem nuquyln. nam nubinh dang.

78

3.1.3.2.2. Noi dung nu quy6n, nam nu binh dang.

79

3.1.2.3. Phephanhutuc.

84

3.1.2.4.

87

VSJI

d6 phu nu chuc nghiep.

3.2. Van de chinh tri

89

3.2.1. Ggi lai truy^n thong dau tranh yeu nuac cua dan toe.

89

3.2.2. C6 vu. ung ho phong trao Duy tan.

92

3.2.3. Keu ggi hop quan Bic-Trung-Nam.

95

3.2.4. Kin dao phan doi chinh phii Phap.

97

3.3. Nu Gicfi Chung voi viec pho bien kien thuc cho nguoi phu nu.

98

3.3.1. Trong sinh boat gia dinh.

98

3.3.2. Nhutig kien thuc khoa hoc tu nhien. xa hoi.

99

3.3.3. Nhirng nghe m6i.

100

3.4. Mot so van de khac

100

3.4.1. Van hoa - xa hoi.

100

3.4.2. Tin, quang eao.

101

KET LUAN

102

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

106


MO DAU

I - TINH CAP THIET CUA f)i TAI.

Bao chi la mot bo phan nim trong kien true ihuong tSng cua xa hoi.
Nghien cuu bao chf giiip chiing ta c6 them hieu biet v6 qua khii, dai song
chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi, dac biet ve nhung cuoc canh tan trong he tu tuong
qua timg thai doan lich sir. Dong thdi, qua lugng thong tin, cac su kien tren

bao chi, chung ta c6 each nhin tong quat, toan dien han trong viec nghien
curu lich sir, xa hoi cung thcfi.
Nam 1865, duac coi la nam khai sinh ciia bao chi Viet Nam b^ng viec
xu^'t ban t6 Gia Dinh bao, ta bao dSu tien dugc viet bang chu quoc ngu. So
vai nhidu nuac khac, bao chf Viet Nam sinh sau de muon ban cac nuac chau
Au hang may tram nam.
Ra dai cung vdi su thiet lap che do thuoc dia cua thuc dan Phap a
Dong Duong, do nguai Phap mang den va la san pham cua qua trinh tiep xiic
van hoa Dong - Tay, thuc dan Phap su dung bao chf Viet Nam nhu mot cong
cu huu hieu phuc vu cho cuoc binh dinh, dan ap va boc lot nhan dan ta.
Nhung mot he qua ngoai y muon cua ho, chfnh bao chf lai dugc nhung nguoi
Viet Nam yeu nu6c su dung nhu mot phuong tien cot yeu chong lai su c6
mat cua thuc dan Phap a Viet Nam, diing bao chf de tuyen truydn, truyen ba
nhung tu tuong each mang nh4m dat dugc muc dfch cuoi eiang - giai phong
dan toe.


Dii theo khuynh hudng nao, nim trong tay giai cap nao, bao chf nuac
ta cung da mang lai nhung dong gop nhat dinh tren nhi6u linh vuc. Va tat
nhien, bao chi luon phat tri6n theo qui luat noi tai cua no.
Thdi ky dau, bao chf nuac ta thuc chat la "nhirng ca quan de thong tin
tiic va dat dao y hucmg" [14-419] cua chinh phii Phap.
Den nhiing th^p nien dSu the ky XX, theo each ggi cua ba Doan Thi
D6, la thcfi ky "no hoa" eiia bao chf Viet Nam, bao chf nuac ta eo buac phat
trien m6i.
Co the noi, liic nay, da dinh hinh mot nen bao chf Viet Nam. Ben canh
nhirng td bao thai su chfnh tri xa hoi, da c6 bao chf van hoa van nghe, bao
chf kinh te, bao chf chuyen nganh v..v.. Trong do, viec xuat ban bao Nir Giai
Chung nam 1918 da danh da'u su khai d£u cua mot dong bao m6i, dong bao
chuyen biet danh cho phu niJ a Viet Nam.

M6t trong nhung ta bao Viet ngii hiem hoi dau the ky XX, Nu Gidi
Chung la t6 bao phu nQ ddu tien trong lich su bao chf Viet Nam. Ta bao cua
phu nu, do mot nguai phu ni: lam chii but - ba Suang Nguyet Anh va chfnh
ba lai la nguai phu nu Viet Nam dSu tien buac chan vao nghe lam bao.
Tuy nhien, cho den nay, c6 rat ft cong trinh nghien curu quan tam den
bao NUGidi Chung.
Sam nhat, trong cuon Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam, tu: khai thuy den
1930, Trf Dang xuat ban, nam 1973, Nir Gidi Chung dugc Huynh Van Tong
gi6i thieu la mot trong sau to bao dugc xuat ban theo chu thuyet ciia Toan
quy6n Dong Duong A. Sarraut a Nam Ky va la to bao d^u tien cua dong bao
chuyen biet danh cho phu nil. Cuon sach chfnh la ban dich til luan an tien sT
ciia tac gia tai Dai hoe Sorbonne, Paris. Sau nay Huynh Van Tong c6 bo sung


them den nam 1945 va tai ban tai thanh pho H6 Chf Minh, nam 1994. Cuon
sach m6i dugc tai ban gan day nhat tai thanh pho H6 Chf Minh vao thang 32000.
Den 1988, tac gia Ngo Ha danh han mot trang gi6i thieu so luge noi
dung bao Nir Gidi Chung trong bai "Luge su bao chf thanh pho (18651945)", Dia chi Van hod Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh fTap 2. Van hoc). NXB
TPHCM, 1988. Cuon sach m6i dugc lai ban lai nam 1998.
Trong cuon Thu tich bdo chi Viet Nam, To Huy Riia chu bien, nam
1998, trang 334, phan v^ NuGidi Chung nhu sau:
"Nil Gicfi Chung, Sai Gon. Ca quan pho bien ngon ngii, thuang mai, ky
nghe va cac van di phta nix. Xuat ban hang tu£n vao ngay thii sau. So 1, ngay
1.2.1918 ; socuoiciang: so 22, ngay 19.7.1918.
Chu but: ba Suang Nguyet Anh.
In typo, 410 x290 mm."
Gan day, nam 1998, trong Luan an Thae sT khoa hoc Lich su 'Van de
phu nit tren bdo chi trudc va sau chien tranh the giai tliir Nhdt'\ Nu Gidi
Chung dugc tac gia Dang Thi Van Chi khao cuu cung 4 to bao khac: Dang
Co thing bdo, Dong Duang tap chi. Nam Phong, Phu nir tan van.

Ngoai ra, chiing toi cilng b^t gap dau do tren mot so tap chf chuyen
nganh (chu yeu la tap chf Xua Nay) mot so tac gia ciing giai thieu NU Gidi
Chung Cling ba Suang Nguyet Anh, nir chu but to bao.
Nam 1995. truang Dai hoc Cornel! cua My xuat ban cuon sach c6 ten:
Essays into Vietnamese pasts {Nhiing bai luan ve Viet Nam xua) do K. W
Taylor va John K. Whitmore chu bien. Trong cuon sach nay c6 bai Printing
and power: Vietnamese debates over Women's place in society, 1914-1918


{An pham va quyen luc: hoi thdo ve vi tri ciia nguai phu nir Viet Nam trong
xd hoi 1918-1934) cua Shawn McHale. Mot phan cua bai luan nay, tac gia c6
noi v6 bao Nir Gidi Chung va cac van de phu nu tren Nir Gidi Chung, nam
1918. Bai luan cua Shawn McHale b^ng tieng My la ngu6n tu lieu nu6c
ngoai duy nhat ma chiing toi dugc biet den.
Nhin chung, cac tac gia gidi thieu ve Nir Gidi Chung vdi mot lugtig
thong tin rat ng^n ggn, c6 tinh chat ggi md hoac ed ngudi chi khao cuu mot
van de nao do tren Nir Gidi Chung.
Viec chgn mot td bao lam dt tai khao sat la hudng nghien c\xu gan day
dugc nhi6u ngudi chii y. B^ng each nay, mot mat gop phSn vao viec nghien
cuu Uch su bao chf. lich su noi chung, mat khac neu bat duac nhirns net riene
biet cua timg td bao, ca nhirng dong gop va han che cua no.
Ve td Nii Gidi Chung, cho den nay chua c6 tac gia nao nghien cuu
trong mot cong trinh rieng biet.
Do do. chgn de tai Nir Gidi Chung - td bdo phu nir dau tien a Viet
Nam (1918) nhu mot chuyen khao dau tien ve bao Nir Gidi Chung, vdi tu
each la mot de tai nghien cuu doc lap, n^m trong mang de tai lich su bao chf
noi chung, chiing toi mong muon: gidi thieu mot diSn dan cong khai dau
tien cua phu nil Viet Nam vao dau the ky XX do mot ngudi phu nil di6u hanh
va d do, ngudi phu nil khdng nhiing dugc quyen luan ban ve nhirng van d6
cua chfnh minh ma con an y nhiJng n6i ni^m cua nir gidi vdi ''van nude",

"van giang san".
II - DOI TUONG VA PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU.
Toan bo cac bai viet tren 528 trang cua 22 so bao Nir Gidi Chung, vdi
luan van nay, dugc coi la doi tugng nghien cuu chfnh.


La mot td bao thuge dong bao chuyen biet, lai ton tai trong mot thdi
gian rat ng^n, gk\ 6 thang (tir thang 1.2 den thang 19.7.1918), dd la mot
thu^n Igi cho phep cac thao tac nghien cuu ciia chiing toi dat dugc ket qua
mong muon. Qua viec khao sat tir tri tiet den tdng the td bao, luan van chi
gidi han d may phuang dien sau:
- Lam ro mot so dac diem ciia Nir Gidi Chung tir hinh thiie den noi
dung dugc phan anh tren cac trang bao. Dac biet, chiing toi t$p trung khai
thac van dt nh^n su cua NUGidi Chung: chu biit, nhiing cay biit chfnh, cong
tac vien...
- Tren ca sd dd, luan van di sau phan tich mot so van dt phu nir tren
Nir Gidi Chung. Ban chat ciia van di phu nil, tiif quan niem den noi dung cua
van d^ nay cilng dugc lam ro trong luan van. De cd each danh gia thuyet
phuc han, quan diem ve van de phu nir cua mot sd bao xuat ban trudc va sau
Nir Gidi Chung cung dugc chiing toi tham khao. Qua day, thay dugc dac
diem cua van de phu nil trong buoi giao thdi d Viet Nam, khi " n6n hoe cii da
suy ma nen hoc mdi con chua thinh" [ NGC, sd 1]
n i " Neuon tu lieu va phirong phap nghien cmi.
Trong qua trinh thuc hien di tai nay, cac thu tich bao chi nhu: Le
Journalisme au Vietnam et les Periodiques Vietnamiens de 1865-1944 {Nghe
bdo va bdo clw Viet Nam 1865-1944), Doan Thi D6, Thu vien qude gia
Phap, 1958 ; Muc luc bdo chi Viet ngir, Tong bg Van hda xa hdi, Sai Gdn,
1966 ; Thu tich bdo chi Viet Nam, To Huy Riia chu bien, 1998 .... ; cac cong
trinh nshien cuu lich su bao chi Viet Nam nhu: Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam cua
Nguy6n Viet Chude (1974); Bdo chi each mang Viet Nam 1925-1945 cm

Nguyin Thanh (1984); Tim hieu lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam cua Hong Chuong
(1987); Lich su bdo chi Viet Nam tir khai thuy den 1945, Huynh Van Tong


(1994); Lich su bdo chi Viet Nam 1865-1945 do D6 Quang Hung chu bien
(2000); bai Cdm nhan ve bdo chi Viet Nam the ky XX ciia Phan Quang tren
bao Nhan Ddn, so ra ngay 8, 9-9-2000 v..v..la ca sd de chiing toi cd mot
nhan thiie tong quan vi lich sir phat tridn ciia bao chf Viet Nam.
Mot sd cong trinh chuyen khao v6 mot td bao hay mot dong bao ciia
cac tac gia trong va ngoai nude, cac bai nghien curu tren cac tap chf chuyen
nganh, mot so luan an, khoa luan tot nghiep v..v.. cQng la nguon thong tin bo
trg rat hiiu fch cho chiing toi.
Nguon tu lieu chii yeu ma chiing toi di sau nghien ciiu la toan bg cac
sd bao NUGidi Chung in bang tieng Viet (bao ra dugc 22 sd). Ngudn tu lieu
nay chiing toi khai thae tai Thu vien qude gia Paris, Cong hda Phap^' Ky
hieu microfilm Jo 92.696. Nhung rat tiee, thu vien chi luu dugc 20/22 sd Ni?
Gidi Chung (thieu sd 2 va 19). Hien nay chiing toi da chuyen 20 sd bao nay
thanh van ban de ed the su dung mot each dl dang.
Tuy nhien, de ed dugc ket qua nghien cuu nhu mong muon. chiing toi
cdn gap mot sd khd khan sau:
- Cac sd bao Nir Gidi Chung luu giir dugc d trong nude eon rat ft di.
Chung toi da tra tim tai cac thu vien, trung tam luu trir d Ha Noi nhimg
khong ed ket qua (ed the thu vien thanh pho Ho Chf Minh cdn liru dugc mot
vai sd). Vi the, viec tiep can vdi cac sd bao NU Gidi Chung cd tfnh chat
nguyen gdc la mot di6u khd cd th6 thuc hien.
- Nir Gidi Chung ra ddi va tdn tai trong mot thdi gian ngan va each day
da han 80 nam. Nhiing ngudi "trong cuoc", nhiing nhan chung song la rat
quan trong, den nay da qua ddi nen tac gia chiu mot thiet thdi Idn khi muon
Trong viec tiep can nguon tu heu nay, tac gia da nhan dugc su giiip da quf gia ciia
Tien sT sir hoc Phan Thi Minh Li (Paris, Phap).

biet dang sau nhiing hang chii in tren trang bao cdn cd nhiing chuyen gi de
cd thi hiiu sau han vd bai bao, Ichong dugc chi dan de lam sang to.
Ddi vdi luan an, cac phuang phap truyin thong ciia khoa hoe lich su
dugc triet de ton trong (lich dai va ddng dai, 16 gfe va so sanh lich sir...) ddng
thdi - do yeu eau cu the ciia de tai ddi hoi chiing toi phai khao sat ky ludng
timg bai, trang bao Nir Gidi Chung di lis dd di den phan tfch, mo ta, danh gia
cac quan diem dudi nhidu dang thong tin khac nhau ciia td bao nhu xa
thuyet, tap trd, van uydn... nham dat dugc ket qua nghien cuu chfnh xac va dii
do tin cay.
IV - DONG GOP CUA LUAN VAN.

- Luan van da c6 gang dung lai dien mao Nir Gidi Chung, td bao phu
nii dau tien trong lich su bao chf Viet Nam mot each tuong ddi day du. chan
thuc va khach quan nhat. Tir dd, giiip ngudi doc cd mot hinh dung tuang ddi
cu the vd td bao.
- Ben canh cac van dd vd noi dung cua Nir Gidi Chung, luan van da
lam ro quan didm vd van dd phu nii ciia td bao, ma cu the d day la quan diem
ciia tang Idp tu san Viet Nam ; danh gia khoa hoe han, bien chung han ve
van de phu nii, ve chfnh ngudi phu nii trong lich su cQng nhu trong su nghiep
phat tridn da't nude hien nay.
- Tir dd, luan van gdp phan b6 sung day dii, toan dien han trong vide
nghidn eiiu lich su bao chf Viet Nam, cung nhu trong nghidn cuu lich sis tu
tudng Viet Nam, dac biet tu tudng vd nu quydn nhiing nam dau the ky XX.
V - BO c u e CUA LUAN VAN.

Ngoai phan Md dau, Ket luan, Luan van gdm 3 chuong:

10

Chuong Mot: Khai luge bao NUGi&i Chung trinh bay vai net ve bao
chf Viet Nam diu the ky XX, vd su ra ddi cua Nir Gidi Chung, td bao phu nir
dau tien trong lich su bao chf Viet Nam. Cung trong chuong nay, luan van
gidi thieu cu the vd Nir Gidi Chung, tir cac ehuydn muc trdn td bao, hinh thuc
trinh bay, ngon ngii van phong va dac biet ve doi ngii tac gia ciia td bao
Chuong Hai: Nu si Suotig Nguyet Anh, chu biit NikGi&i Chung
Trong chuong nay, luan van tai hien lai chan dung ngudi nii chu biit
NQ Gidi Chung - ba Suong Nguyet Anh, mot van si noi tieng dat Nam Ky
cudi the ky XIX, diu thd' ky XX ; vai trd va anh hudng ciia ba ddi vdi NU
Gidi Chung.
Chucmg Ba: Mot sd noi dung cua Nir Gidi Chung.
Ben canh cac van de ve chfnh tri, van dd ph6 bien kien thiie cho ngudi
phu nii, luan van tap trung di sau nghien citu van dd phu nir tren Nir Gidi
Chung va quan didm cua td bao vd van de nay. Vdi tu each la td bao hgp
phap dau tien dugc ban luan cong khai ehuydn ve phu nii, nhiing thanh cong
va han che ciia Nir Gidi Chung cung dugc danh gia mot each khach quan
nhat.

11


CHirONG MOT
KHAI LUpC BAO NIT GIOI CHUNG
i.L TINH HINH BAO CHI VIET NAM DAU THE KY XX.

d.1.1. Nhirng to bao dau tien
- Cong bao ciia chfnh phii Phap.
Ngay 1-9-1858, thuc dan Phap no siing d ban dao Son Tra, Da NSng

chfnh thiie md dau xam luge Viet Nam. Cung vdi qua trinh danh chiem Nam
Ky, bao chf da dugc thuc dan Phap sir dung nhu mot cong cu hiiu hieu phuc
vu qua trinh chinh phuc thuge dia ciia ho. Ban dau bao chf ra ddi chi vdi tu
each la cac tap tin, ky yd'u cong vu thong bao cac boat dong, thong tin cua
chfnh phii Phap. Td dau tien thuge loai nay xuat hien d Viet Nam la td
Bulletin ojficiel de I'Expedition de la Coehinehine (Ky yd'u cong vu cuoc vidn
chinh xu Nam Ky) bang chii Phap, phat hanh tai Sai Gdn, sd 1, ra ngay 29-91861. Td bao nay do Bonard, Thdng ddc Nam Ky dau tien lap ra. No dat ndn
mdng cho cac td cong bao chinh thiic ve sau ciia chfnh quyen thuc dan. Sau
khi thdn tfnh xong 3 tinh cdn lai cua Nam Ky, nd ddi tdn thanh Bulletin
ojficiel de la Coehinehine francaise (Ky yd'u cong vu xu Nam Ky thuge
Phap). Nam 1899. khi ndn thdng tri cua Phap dugc xac lap trdn loan coi
Ddng Duong thi bao lai dugc doi ten la Bulletin ojficiel de llndochine
francaise (Ky yeu cong vu xu Dong Duong thuge Phap). Nam 1902, mot Ian
niia nd lai dugc doi ten thanh Bulletin Administratif phat hanh khap 5 xu
Dong Duong.
Nam 1863, thuc dan Phap cho ra td bao chii Han Bulletin des
Communes (Ky yd'u lang xa) dd pho bien nhiing quyet dinh, mdnh lenh cua
nha cam quydn tdi dam chuc sac ban xu cong lac \ai Phap.


Mot hinh thiie cong bao niia dang tai lugng thong tin ngan ggn, cd tfnh
thdi su, noi dung md rgng ban, luu hanh rgng rai hon, dd la nhiing td Journal
officiel. Td bao dau tidn thuge loai nay mang tdn Le Courrier de Saigon (Tin
Sai Gdn) ra ddi ngay 1-1-1864. Den 1879 ddi thanh Journal officiel de la
Coehinehine (Cong bao Nam Ky) va cudi ciing doi la Journal officiel de
llndochine (Cong bao Dong Duong), nam 1889.
Con dudng xam luge ciia thuc dan Phap di tii Nam ra Bac va cuoc hanh
trinh ciia bao chf cung tuong tu nhu vay. Nam 1883, sau khi Hidp ude
Harmand (Ac - mang) dugc ky ket, Bac Ky va Trung Ky nam dudi che do
bao ho ciia thuc dan Phap thi tap Bulletin officiel du Protectorat de I'Annam

et du Tonkin (Ky yd'u cong vu cua nen bao ho xu Trung va Bac Ky) ra ddi.
Nam 1887, nd trd thanh phan hai ciia bg Bulletin de I'lndochine francaise
thdng nhat trdn toan Dong Duong. Tiep do, nam 1884, la cac bao LAvenir du
Tonkin (Tuong lai Bac Ky); L'lndependance tonkinoise (Bac Ky doc lap).
- Tap chf khao cuu.
Ngoai cac td bao mang tfnh chat cong bao, thuc dan Phap cdn cho ra
ddi loai bao ehuydn dang nhiing bai nghidn eiru vd cac linh \arc, tim hieu vd
tinh hinh kinh te Viet Nam, nham muc dfch khai thae, bde lot thuge dia. Tieu
bidu la td Bulletin du Comite Agrieole et Industriel de la Coehinehine (Ky
yeu eiia Uy ban Canh nong va ky nghe xii Nam Ky) xuat ban nam 1869. Sau
dd, cd cac td: Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indoehinoises, Revue
Indochinoise ....
- Bao tu nhan chii Phap.
Hinh thiie, noi dung nhiing td bao loai nay cd tfnh each truydn thdng
cua bao chf chfnh qude. Cd nhiing td bao thuan tuy van chuong, boat kd nhu:


Margouillot (Con ran mdi, 1880) ; Le Moustique Indochinoise (Con mu6i
Ddng Duong, 1887) d Nam Ky ; bao giai trf nhu: La Vie Indochinoise (Cuoc
song Dong Duong, 1887) d Bac Ky ; bao chfnh tri thuong mai nhu: Le Gong
(1879) d Nam Ky va Le Courrier de Haiphong (Tin Hai Phong, 1886) d Bac
Ky.... Nhin chung, cac bao tu nhan xuat hien phan Idn d Nam Ky (chu yeu
tap trung d Sai Gdn). Ddng bao nay d Bac Ky cd phan ft di ban.
- Nhiing td bao Viet ngii.
Gia Dinh bdo la td bao tieng Viet d^u tien d Viet Nam. Gia Dinh bdo
ra sd dau tidn ngay 15-4-1865, mdi thang mot sd, mdi sd 4 trang, kho 25 x
32cm. Liie nay bao do mot ngudi Phap ten la Ernest Potteau chiu trach nhidm
xuat ban, den nam 1869 dugc giao cho Tniong Vinh Ky lam giam ddc va
Huynh Tinh Cua lam chu biit. Gia Dinh bdo tdn tai den 1-1-1910 thi ddng
cira.

O Nam Ky. sau Gia Dinh bdo, nam 1888-1889. ed Thong loai khod
trinh do Truong Vinh Ky chu truong. Tiep den la Phan Yen bdo xuat ban
nam 1898 do Didp Van Cuong lap ra (Phan Ydn la ed danh eiia thanh Gia
Dinh) tdn tai dugc khoang 7-8 sd. Day la td bao tieng Viet tu nhan dau tidn '^'
va cung la td bao tieng Viet dau tidn bi cam d Nam Ky do loat bai viet ed xu
hudng ydu nude ro ret.
Nam 1888, 5 nam sau khi Phap chid'm dugc Bac Ky, td bao dau tidn
ciia xii nay ra ddi la td Bdo ho Nam dan. Day la td tudn bao in bang chii Han,
Viet dat tru sd tai Hai Phong, do mot ngudi Phap ten la De Cuers de Cogolin
lap ra. Ong nay cilng la giam ddc td Le Courrier de Haiphong.

* Tac gia Qude Anh (biit danh cua Duong Trung Quoc) trong bai 'Luat qua mot the
ky\ tap chiXixa Nay. sd 71, thang 1.2001, tr 8 cho lb Nong Comin dam (1901) la id
bao quoc nguf tu nhan dau tidn.


Den 1892 *, td Dgi Nam Dong van nhat bdo, td bao dau tien xuat ban
d Ha Noi cung do mot ngudi Phap la Francois Henri Schneider lap ra. Td bao
nay la mot cong cu ngon luan ciia nha nude bao ho, ddi tugng chfnh ciia nd
la cac nha nho va "chi phat hanh trong quan gidi". Den 1907, td bao ddi
thanh Dgi Nam Ddng co titng bdo.
Xii Trung Ky la noi bao chf ra ddi muon nhat. Ngay 1-4-1919, Toan
quydn Ddng Duong A.Sarraut giao cho L. Marty lam chii nhidm td Viet Nam
thdi bdo, xuat ban d Hue. Nhung cd le td bao nay khong ra mat dugc, vi
trong Danh muc cac an pham nop luu chidu ciia Phu toan quydn Dong Duong
thdng kd 6 thang mot Ian, khdng thay cd td bao nay.
Nam 1922. td tap chf Lai tham cdc thay gidng - td tap chf tieng Viet
dau tidn d Trung Ky dugc xuat ban d Qui Nhon.
Theo nha nghien ciiru Nguydn Thanh trong cuon Lich sir bdo Tieng
Dan. NXB Da NSng, 1992 thi trdn thuc te Tieng Dan la td bao Viet ngu dau

tidn xuat ban d Trung Ky thuge the loai chfnh tri-xa hoi do Huynh Thiie
Khang va Phan Bgi Chau sang lap, sd 1 ra ngay 10-8-1927. Bao dinh ban
nam 1943.
Nhu vay, cung vdi qua trinh xam luge va binh dinh Viet Nam eiia thuc
dan Phap. cac bao tieng Phap, tieng Han va tid'ng Viet, thuge cong bao, ban
cong bao hoac tu nhan Ian lugt xuat hien d ca 3 xii, tir Nam ra Bac va Trung
Ky Viet Nam.

^> Nha sir hoc Duong Trung Quoc cho rang td bao nay ra sdm hon, tiic la nam 1891.
Theo Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam 1865-1945. D6 Quang Hung chii bien. NXB
DHQG.'HaNgi, 2000,tr40.
]5


1.1.2. Bao chi Viet Nam dau the ky XX.
Sang dSu the ky XX, qua trinh do thi hda cung nhu su phat trien ciia
tang Idp thi dan, Idi sdng thi dan, nhiing boat dong cong thuong nghiep... da
tao dieu kien cho bao chf phat trien phong phii hon.
Trao liru tu tudng dan chu tu san phuong Tay tran vao nude ta, rdi
nhiing phong trao Dong Du, Dong kinh nghia thuc va Duy tan noi day da anh
hudng vao bao gidi Viet Nam. Dien hinh la td Dgi Nam Ddng co tiing bdo
xua't ban tai Ha Noi (1907) kd' thiia td Dgi Nam Dong van nhat bdo. "Mang
hoi thd eiia phong trao Dong kinh nghia thuc, td bao ed nhiing Idi ho hao
thuc nghiep, ehdng nhung thdi hii tuc, me tfn di doan, kdu ggi hgp quan hgp
tac" [ 1 9 - 4 5 ] .
Bao chf thdi ky nay khdng cdn la cua ridng chinh quydn thuc dan niia
ma da xua't hien nhieu td bao tu nhan eiia ca ngudi Phap va ngudi Viet.
Nhiing td bao vd gidi, bao ehuydn biet cung da xuat hien: Nam Ky dia phan
(1908), NUGidi Chung (1918)....
Vd noi dung, cac bao cung khong don thuan la nhirng td cong bao niia

ma phan anh quyen Igi eiia gidi kinh doanh cong thuong ciing nhu phan anh
nhirng ehuydn bien trong kinh te. chfnh tri, van hda va xa bgi Viet Nam
duong thdi. Su xuat hien d Sai Gdn td hao Nong co min dam, mot phan nao
eiia Luc tinh tdn van ro rang la khong xa la vdi vide nhoi Idn cua tu san ban
xii va eiia dia chii tu san hda.
Chid'm ddng chii luu, bao chf thdi ay van la nhiing co quan chuyen lo
viec tuyen truydn, to didm cho che do thuc dan, keu ggi nhan dan hgp tac vdi
nha cam quydn, ho hao "Rdng Nam phun bac danh dd Dire tac". Td bao dau
tidn phai kd den, dd la tap chf Nam Phong (1917). "May nhdi noi dau" cua
Nam Phong sd 1 da khang dinh:
i6


Muc dfch ciia Nam Phong la the cai chii nghia khai hda cua nha
nude... di xudng len mot cai tu trao mdi hgp vdi tinh than ciing
trinh do dan ta... hieu ro cai nghia \ai ciia ta ddi vdi nude ta, ddi vdi
cai dai qude da nhan trach nhidm bao ho cho ta ma day cho ta biet
cai hgc thuat sinh tdn trong the gidi bay gid [19 - 59].
Til 1865 den cudi nam 1918, cd khoang hon 20 td bao tieng Viet xuat
ban trong ca nude, gdm cac td nhu: Gia Dinh bdo (1865-1910), Nhat trinh
Nam Ky (1883 - ?), Thong loai khoa trinh (1888-1889), Dgi Nam Ddng co
tiing bdo (1892-1907). Phan Yen bdo (1898-1899), Nong cd min ddm (19011924). Dgi Viet tdn bdo (1905-1908), Nhat bdo tinh (1905 -?), Luc tinh tdn
van (1907-1944), Nam Ky dia phan (1908-1943), An Hd nhat bdo (19171933), Dong Duang tap chi (1913-1919), Trung bac tdn van (1913:1941),
Cong luan bdo (1916-1939). Nam trung nhat bdo (1917-1921). Nam Phong
tap chi (1917-1934), Nam Viet te gia nhat bdo (1917-1918). Dgi Viet tap chi
(1/1918-7/1918). NU Gidi Chung (2/1918-7/1918), Quoc dan diin dan
(10/1918-10/1919), Den nha Nam (12/1918-1/1919) ...
Bao chi Viet Nam tii giiia the ky XIX den hai thap nidn dau the ky XX,
_

J"

theo nha nghien ciiai Nguydn Ngu Y la giai doan Id thuge (do ngudi Phap chu
truong) [ 8-26 ]. Dd la each danh gia chinh xac. Bdi vi luat phap thuge dia
liic bay gid khdng cho phep ngudi ban xii dumg ten ra bao. Nhung khong vi
thd' ma bao chf Viet Nam luon "yen phan". Da cd nhiing tid'ng noi phan
khang cat Idn, mac dii van cdn rat yd'u dt va luon bi nha cam quydn bop
nghet. Phan Yen bdo bi ddng cua, nha bao chii biit td Luc tinh ran van Trdn
Chanh Chieu bi thuc dan Phap bat giam ... la nhiing minh chiing cu thd.

T^l;Nl~TA^^l^IGM':ri^:.Twt^v:f.,;

y


i.2. SV RA Ddi N C CI(3I CHUNG,
TCI BAO PHU N C D A U T I £ N 6 VIET NAM.
i.2.1. Dieu kien ra ddi Nu* Gidi Chung.
1.2.1.1, Dieu kien Ijch su -van hoa d Nam Ky.
Thang 8-1858, thuc dan Phap no siing xam luge Viet Nam. 6 thang
sau, Phap nhanh ehdng chid'm cii thanh Gia Dinh. Nam 1862, trieu dinh Hue'
ma't 3 tinh midn Dong Nam Ky. Den nam 1867 toan Luc tinh Nam Ky da
thuge Phap. Nam Ky la thuge dia dau tien, la xii true tri duy nhat ciia thuc
dan Phap d Dong Duong. Dd chfnh la tidn dd de Luc tinh Nam Ky, trong dd
thii phii Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh trd thanh noi dau tien tiep nhan van hda, van
minh Tay phuong, van hda van minh Phap.
Trudc khi thuc dan Phap danh chid'm B k Ky Ian thii hai (1882-1883),
gidi thugng luu Sai Gdn da ban dd Tay, an banh m\' sang vdi sCra. A'ao tiem
sach Catinat mua nhiing bao. sach truydn. tho van dich tu chii Han. chii Nom,
chu Phap ra chii qude ngii dd thuong thiic.

Tuf cuon tidu thuyet dau tidn dugc viet theo phong each tieu thuyet
Phap la cuon Truyen thay Lazaro phien (1887) ciia Nguydn Trgng Quan, bg
phim dau tidn dugc trinh chid'u vao 1898 den nhirng chiee xfch 16 dau tidn ...
deu xuat hien d Nam Ky.
Dac biet, Sai Gdn-Nam Ky la cai noi dau tidn eiia nen bao chf Viet
Nam, til nhiing td cong bao dau tien ciia Phap den 1865, td Gia Dinh bdo
xuat ban - td bao tieng Viet dau tidn, rdi nhung td bao tu nhan sdm nhat ciing
d xii nay. Vi sao Sai Gdn-Nam Ky lai la cai noi dau tidn cua bao ehi Viet
Nam?


Sau cuoc chinh phuc bang quan su, bao chf dugc nha cam quydn thuge
dia sir dung nhu mot cong cu tuyen truydn hiiu hieu nha't trong vide on dinh
Nam Ky - manh dat ma ho vira chid'm dugc. Cung chfnh noi nay, nhirng dieu
kien can thiet cho su ra ddi cua bao chf da xuat hien.
Ve chii qude ngii. Cudi the ky XIX, dau the ky XX, trong khi Bac Ky
van six dung chii Han, chii Nho trong cac khoa thi thi chii qude ngii "van tu
nude nha" theo each ggi ciia cac nha Duy tan, da thinh hanh d Nam Ky. Qua
la "ludng sdng van Han, van Nom da di tir Bac v6 Nam. Bay gid ludng sdng
quoc ngii lai di nguge tii Nam ra Bac" *. Trudc khi thuc dan Phap chid'm Nam
ky Luc tinh (1867) loai chii nay da hoan chinh vd co ban va cd kha nang di
vao cuoc sdng. Hon niia, vide doc ton chii Phap, chii qude ngii ciing nam
trong am muu xam lang van hda ciia thuc dan Phap. O Nam Ky, tit 1888. sir
dung qude ngii va Phap ngii la bat bugc.
Vd dieu kidn kv thuat. Nghe in chu rdi, in boat ban la yeu td rat quan
trgng de dam bao tfnh dinh ky eiia bao chi. Theo sau dgi quan xam luge cua
Do ddc Phap Bonard, nhiing phuang tidn dau tidn cua ky thuat in boat ban
dugc nhap vao Sai Gdn. "Xudng in nay dua lis Paris sang, gdm, may. chii,
muc, giay in va 4 cong nhan Phap" [13 - 631]. An pham tidng Phap dau tidn
la Bulletin ojficiel de I'Expedition de la Coehinehine nam 1961. Xudng nay

ciing in cong van, giay td quan ly, sach mdng... phuc vu chfnh sach xam luge
ciia chiing. Theo Hoa Bang, Gia Dinh bdo la "td bao quoc van in bang Idi
boat ban dau tidn d Nam Ky" [5-4]. Nhu vay, nha in dau tien thanh lap d
Nam Ky vao nam 1861.

Truong Son chf Ung Ngoc Ky. Bao Thanh nien. so 39 ra ngay 2-9-1944. tr 8,


Ve ngudi lam bao. Ciing vdi chfnh sach giao due ciia Phap, d Nam Ky,
mot dgi ngu trf thiic Tay hgc da xuat hien, tieu bieu la: Truong Mnh Ky,
Huynh Tinh Ciia, Hd Bieu Chanh ... Hg truyen ba van hda Phap va la nhiing
nha bao Viet Nam dau tidn viet bang tid'ng Phap.
Vd doc gia. Chii qude ngii dd hgc, chi can may thang la dge dugc. Hon
niia chii nay xua't hien va hoan chinh d Nam Ky tir kha sdm, ndn sd ngudi
dge dugc ngay cang nhidu hon.
4.2.1.2. Che do bao chi d Nam Ky
Vdi Hidp ude Ac mang (1883) va Pa to not (1884), Nam Ky thuc su la
xu thuge dia, true tri, mot "hat" eiia nude Phap d Vidn Dong. Nhu vay, end'
do bao chf d Nam Ky dugc thuc thi theo dao luat ngay 29-7-1881 vd tu do
bao chf do Qude hoi Phap quyd't dinh (Loi du 29 juillet 1881 sur la liberie de
la Presse). Dao luat nay ban hanh d Phap ngay 29-7-1881 va dugc ap dung d
Nam Ky kd tir ngay 22-9-1881. Theo dd, vide an hanh sach bao d Nam Ky
dugc hoan loan tu do, du bao chii Phap hay bao chu* Viet. Dao luat nay cdn
dugc ap dung cho vide phat hanh tat ca cac loai bao.
Theo dao luat 29-7-1881 thi:
Didu 5: Tat ca cac loai bao hoac an pham dinh ky se dugc phat
hanh khong can su cho phep trudc va khong can ky qui tidn sau khi
dugc cong bd diing theo dieu 7.
Didu 6: Mdi td bao hoac an pham dinh ky phai cd mot ngudi quan
ly. Ngudi nay phai la ngudi Phap, thanh nidn, cd dii quyen Igi dan

su, khong bi mat quydn cong dan bdi mot hanh vi pham phap.
Didu 7: Trudc khi phat hanh, cac bao hoac an pham dinh ky phai
duoe khai bao d Sd Bien Iv nhiing muc sau:
20


1 - Ten bao hoac an pham dinh ky va loai phat hanh.
2 - Tdn hg va dia chi ngudi quan ly.
3 - Ghi ro noi in bao.
Tat ca nhiing thay doi ve nhiing dieu bat bugc trdn ddu phai dugc
khai bao trudc 5 ngay [ 45 ;7 - 8]
Sau khi da thda man cac dieu kien tren thi td bao nao ciing dugc tu do
phat hanh trdn toan lanh thd thuge dia. Ngugc lai, neu nhiing didu kien tren
chua dugc thda man, luat phap se cd mot sd hinh phat truy td nhiing ai phami
phap.
Khong day hai thap ky sau, thuc dan Phap som nhan thay su "nguy
hiem" ciia dao luat 1881. Trong khi Phap van thira nhan bao chf tid'ng Phap
dugc tu do xua't ban thi mot sac lenh khac dugc ban bd vao ngay 30-12-1898.
Thuc chat sac lenh nay chi nham vao bao tid'ng Viet.
Theo ong Huynh Van Tong, ly do chfnh ciia vide khai sinh sac luat
trdn la do td Phan Yen bdo, mot td bao Viet ngii da dang mot sd bai co lien
quan den tinh hinh chfnh tri trong nude cd y ehdng lai su hien dien eiia ngudi
Phap d Viet Nam.
Theo sac lenh ngay 30-12-1898:
Ta't ca nhiing td bao in bang chii qude ngii (Viet Nam), bang Hoa
ngii hay bang ba't eii mot thii tid'ng nao khac ngoai tid'ng Phap phai
cd su cho phep trudc cua quan Toan quydn sau khi Toan qu}-dn hoi
V vdi Ban Thuong true Thuong hoi ddng Dong Duong (Section
permanente du Conseil superieur de T Indochine) [ 13 - 480]

21


Vdi sac luat nay, Toan quyen Dong Duong cd quydn cho phep hay
khdng cho phep, lam khd dd hay cam chi cac bao chf tid'ng Viet lam trai lai
sac luat nay, td bao phai ra toa tieu hinh.
Xet vd phuong dien phap ly, mot sac lenh ed thd buy bd mot dao luat
do Qude hoi ban hanh. Cd y kien cho ring, day la hien tugng "quai thai"
trong lich sir luat phap tu san. Chfnh vi the, sau nay. tu do bao chf luon la
muc tieu dau tranh cua bao chf Viet Nam ndi chung, bao chf Nam Ky noi
rieng. Va d Nam Ky, nhidu td bao ddu do ngudi Phap diing ten. Phai chang,
dd "la su khdn kheo ciia nhiing ngudi ydu nude khi ra bao"[19-17]. Nir Gidi
Chung la mot trong nhirng truong hgp nhu vay.
4.2.1.3. Bao chi theo chu thuyet cua Toan quyen Ddng Duong
A.Sarraut.
A.Sarraut lam toan quydn Dong Duong hai nhidm ky 1911-1914 va
1917-1919.
La mot ngudi thong minh, qui quyet va cd tai my dan, A. Sarraut trudc
khi bude vao con dudng chfnh tri, da timg la mot nha bao, la bien tap vien
thudng true cho td La Depeche du Midi a Toulouse. A. Sarraut timg ndi trong
mot bai didn van khai mac bu6i hgp cua nghiep doan bao chf thuge dja ngay
8-9-1917 tai Sai Gdn "Mot td bao ! Mot cay viet! Qua la mot sue m.anh phi
thudng". Do dd, trong sd nhiing vidn Toan quyen Phap d Dong Duong. Igi
dung bao chf cho muc tidu chinh tri qua la khong ai ban Sarraut.
Khi A. Sarraut den Viet Nam, tinh hinh chfnh tri he't sue sdi dong: su
ehdng ddi ciia cac si phu Viet Nam. su tan cong d at cua Diic dudi mgi hinh
thiie: giiip dd quan su ciing nhu tuydn truyen chinh tri ehdng Phap. A. Sarraut
mudn tao su dge ton eiia ndn van minh Phap va tach rdi cac nha trf thuc Viet
Nam ra khdi anh hudng cua Trung Hoa de Phap hda hg. Nham dat dugc muc

tidu nay, vdi A. Sarraut khong gi hay hon la tuydn truydn bang bao chf. Bao
chi theo chii thuyet ciia A. Sarraut ra ddi nhu the.
Theo Huynh Van Tong, loai bao nay, d Bac Ky dau tidn la td Dong
Duang tap chi { 1913-1919), sau la Nam Phong (1917-1934). Ca hai td nay
cd vai trd chfnh tri gidng nhau: ca tung ngudi Phap, ndn van minh Phap,
ehdng Diic va bai xfch cac phong trao chfnh tri khang Phap. Tuy nhidn, td
Dong Duang tap chi, chu biit Nguydn Van VTnh la "mot nha bao co tai
nhung lai la mot nha chfnh tri \aing ve" [40 - 56], ndn trong vai trd nay, tap
chf Nam Phong dugc chfnh quyen thuc dan dac dung hon.
Cdn bao chf Nam Ky liic dd dugc nham vao mot chfnh sach ngan ban
hon: ehdng Diic va ca tung chid'n thang eiia ngudi Phap trong chien tranh the'
gidi thii Nhat, 1914-1918. A. Sarraut da cho xuat ban 6 td bao d Nam Ky:
Nam trung nhat bdo d Sai Gdn (1917-1921) sau nhap vao td Luc tinh tdn
van, An Hd bdo d Can Tho (1917-1933), Dgi Viet tap ehi d Long Xuydn
(thang 1-1918 - thang 7-1918). Quoc dan diin dan d Sai Gdn (thang 10-1918
- thang 10-1919), NUGidi Chung a Sai Gdn (thang 2 -1918 - thang 7-1918)
va Den nha Nam {Ihang 12-1918 - thang 1 -1919).
Nhin chung, nhiing td bao nay van luon mang nang nhiing "cong lao,
sii mdnh khai hda ciia ngudi Phap" chii yd'u nham vao ddi tugng tri thiie Nam
Ky. Trong dd, A. Sarraut khong qudn mot thanh phan khac von tir lau khong
dugc chii y trong xa bgi Viet Nam - ngudi phu nu.

23


d.2.2, Su ra ddi bao Nii Gidi Chung.
1,2.2.1, Td bao phu nOr dau tien xuat ban d Phap.
Nam 1631, Le Gazette - td bao cd tfnh dinh ky (Periodique) dau tidn
xuat ban d Phap. O Viet Nam, 234 nam sau, td Gia Dinh bdo xuat ban vao

nam 1865.
Ve bao phu nii, cuon Lich su bdo ehi Phdp (cuon 1) tir khdi thuy den
1814 cho biet td bao dau tidn xuat ban tai Paris la Journal des Dames (17591779). Noi dung td bao ed de cap den thdi trang. giao due phu nii, van dd vd
sinh va binh dang nam nii. Cham hon 159 nam so vdi bao Phap, Nir Gidi
Chung - td bao phu nii dau tidn eiia Viet Nam xuat ban tai Sai Gdn, nam
1918. Ly giai su muon mang ay khdng khd. Ndn bao chi Viet Nam, trong dd
CO ddng bao phu nii chfnh la eon de ciia su tiep xiic van hda Phap - Viet. Chi
sau khi thuc dan Phap den Viet Nam, ndn van minh Phap, mac du cd tfnh
chat cuong chd', mdi bat dau du nhap, anh hudng den manh dat nay, ma Nam
Ky la trudc bet.
i.2.2.2. Y tudng xuat ban mot td nii bao d Viet Nam.
Trudc khi Nir Gidi Chung ra ddi, ngay dau the ky XX, nam 1907. mac
dii liic dd bao tid'ng Viet ehi ed vai td, da xuat hien muc "Nhdi dan ba" trdn
Dgi Nam ddng cd tiing bdo, do chii biit Nguydn Van Vinh phu trach. vdi biit
danh Dao Thi Loan. Sau khi td bao nay dinh ban, "Nhdi dan ba" dugc tai
hien trdn Dong Duang tgp chi, van do Nguydn Van VTnh chu biit phu trach,
vdi biit danh Dao Thi Loan. Nguydn Thi Bong *.

* Tong tap van hgc Viet Nam (tap 20). Van bao chi Viet Nam 1900-1945.
Nguydn Thanh. NXB Khoa hgc xa hoi, H. 1997, tr 274.