Nhu cầu tham vấn tâm lý của học viên các trường sĩ quan quân đội nhân dân việt nam tt tiếng anh

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INTRODUCTION
1. Reasons for the study
Currently, people are under several pressure of a developed
society, with growing conflicts between the needs and their satisfaction,
between the rapid changes of society and human’s adapting ability.
There are several situations where the appropriate solutions are needed,
the conflicts between emotions and reason, between conditions and
abilities, between desires and results, etc. At this very moment, many
people cannot decide what to do, how to deal with it, especially when
facing with psychological difficulties. In these circumstances, people
often hope to receive psychological support to be able to resolve the
conflicts that arise in life, which is also called the needs for
psychological counselling. Thus, the study indicates the specific
manifestations so as to have appropriate supportive measures to help
people adapt to their living circumstances.
The issue of psychological counselling needs has been paid due
attention by many foreign authors, especially cadets’ psychological
counselling needs. The results of several works have shown that cadets
have high needs for consultation in academic matters, relationships,
personal and professional development. The research by Gokhan Atik
and lhan Yalcona (2010) has confirmed: Accurate and regular evaluation
of consultation needs and consultation services in accordance with those
needs is very necessary. On that basis, the authors have made
recommendations for schools to conduct a continuous assessment of
cadets’ needs to develop or modify consultation programs to suit cadets’
changing needs appropriate to the social development impact.
In Vietnam, as reported by the Ministry of Education and
Training in a survey conducted at some secondary schools, junior high
schools and universities in Hanoi, Hai Duong shows that most of them

attend Cadets (93.57%) were asked to encounter difficulties and
obstacles to share in learning and daily life (of which, 95.33% for high
school cadets and 85.92% for undergraduate cadets). Accordingly, in
recent years, a number of universities, colleges and professional
secondary schools have actively organized consultation activities, job
seeking advice for cadets. Some high schools have organized school
consultations for cadets, attracted a large number of cadets to participate
and have high efficiency. The above-mentioned consultation and
consultancy activities have met a part of the pressing needs to answer the
psychological and emotional problems of the pupils and students. It can
be seen that the domestic and foreign studies are not only interested in
studying and assessing the level of expression of psychological


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counselling needs of cadets, but also emphasizing the role of
participating activities meet pupils and students’ needs.
Cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army are now in
the process of forming and developing their personality fully. However, that
development does not take smoothly but at every stage of development
often appears anxiety, stress, and psychological imbalance. These things
make some cadets face many difficulties in life and activities. On the other
hand, in the process of training at Military officers' schools, some cadets still
face psychological difficulties such as: unstable learning motivation;
inadequate awareness of objectives and training requirements. Along with
that, the pressures of learning and training activities; problems that arise in
communicating and resolving relationships; awareness of self-development,
military career development, etc. without timely consultation and support,
made some cadets show low awareness of cultivation and training, lack of

effort in study and training. There are also some cases that must be
dismissed for disciplinary violations, inadequate health standards or cadets
voluntarily write a letter of resignation. From the above-mentioned issues, it
has appeared in the cadets the needs for psychological counselling to solve
psychological difficulties in life as well as in the training process at the
school. However, due to the peculiar nature of military activities, at military
schools of the Vietnam People's Army do not organize the psychological
consultation, and there is also no force to conduct consultations professional
to meet cadets’ needs. Therefore, the study aims to show the manifestations,
the levels and the factors affecting the psychological counselling needs of
cadets. On that basis, the thesis seeks to propose measures to meet cadets’
needs of consultation, thereby, helping them feel secure in studying, training
and fulfilling their objectives and requirements of military schools of the
Vietnam People's Army.
The study of the needs of psychological counselling of pupils
and students and many other subjects has been conducted both
theoretically and practically abroad and in Vietnam. However, until now,
there is no direct and thorough study on the psychological counselling
needs of cadets of military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
From the above-mentioned reasons, the author decides to choose the
issue: "The needs for psychological counselling of cadets at military schools of
the Vietnam People's Army" as the topic of his doctoral thesis.
2. Purposes and tasks of the study
Purposes
The thesis introduces the theoretical and practical issues on
cadets' psychological counselling needs; accordingly, it proposes
measures to meet the needs of psychological counselling of cadets,


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contributing to improving their learning and training results during the
training at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
Tasks
The thesis formulates the theoretical basis on the psychological
counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army;
conducting surveys and assesses the current situation of the needs for
psychological counselling and the reality of factors affecting the psychological
counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army;
analysing the portrait of cadets' psychological counselling needs; and
proposing measures to meet the psychological counselling needs of cadets at
military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
3. Object, participants, and scope of the study
Objects
The expression, the level and the factors affecting the
psychological counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the
Vietnam People's Army.
Participants
Study participants: The emergence and evolution of psychological
counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
Survey participants: Cadets; lecturers and cadres managing
cadets at the People's Army officers' schools in the study area, and
psychological counselling experts at consultation centres.
Scope
In terms of content: Researching the theoretical basis of
psychological counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam
People's Army; focus on clarifying the manifestation, the level of demand for:
content of psychological counselling, form of psychological counselling and
the person doing psychological counselling; clarify factors that affect cadets'
psychological counselling needs.

In terms of participants and the study area: The thesis conducts
surveys questioners with 378 division-level training cadets, 111 lecturers
and 129 cadres managing cadets at 03 Military Officers Colleges of the
Vietnam People's Army: The Army Officers College N2, The Political
Officers College and The Engineering Officers College.
In terms of time: The thesis is conducted from November, 2017
to September, 2020.
4. Scientific hypotheses
The needs for psychological counselling of cadets of the
People's Army officers' schools is expressed at a high level through: The
demand for the content of psychological counselling, the needs for the
form of psychological counselling and the needs for There is a demand


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for people in the field of psychological counselling, in which the demand
for people with counselling is at the highest level.
The psychological counselling needs of cadets at military
schools of the Vietnam People's Army are influenced by many subjective
and objective factors, of which subjective factors have a stronger
influence than the objective ones.
Some measures can be proposed to meet the needs of cadets'
psychological counselling, thereby contributing to improving their academic and
training results during the training process at military officers' schools.
5. Methodology and research methods
Methodology
The thesis is conducted basing on Marxism – Leninism’s theory,
Ho Chi Minh’s thought; the Communist Party of Vietnam’s views and
guidelines; the resolution of the Central Military Commission; directives

and instructions of the Department of Schools on education - training.
The psychological approaches used in the thesis include: operational
approach; system approach; interdisciplinary approach and development
approach.
Research Methods
Within the scope of the thesis, we use the following methods:
Methods of document research: Analysing, synthesizing,
systematizing, generalizing sources of documents in order to collect and exploit
information to build theoretical basis of the thesis. The documents and
documents studied include: The classic works of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi
Minh thought; Documents, Resolutions of the Communist Party of Vietnam and
the Central Military Commission, documents, directives, reports of agencies and
units related to the research issue; research works, dissertations, topics, scientific
reports, scientific articles and monographs on psychology. Methods of practical
research: Expert method; investigate by questionnaire; method of observation;
in-depth interview method; research methods of operating results; analysing
psychological portraits, etc. Methods of data processing by mathematical
statistics: SPSS 20.0 software is made use of to process data.
6. New contributions of the thesis
In terms of theory
The thesis has systematized the works on the needs for
psychological counselling, supplemented the concept and theory of
psychological counselling needs of cadets of the People's Army officers
in Vietnam into the psychological theory system. Specifically, the thesis
has clarified the cadets 'needs for psychological counselling as a form of
mental needs and influences the results of their activities in life as well
as in the training process at military schools. The thesis has focused on
analysing the manifestations, the level of psychological counselling

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needs and the factors affecting the psychological counselling needs of
cadets of military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
In terms of practice
The thesis has conducted related surveys, assessed the current
situation of expression, the level of psychological counselling needs of
cadets through specific manifestations including: demand for the content
of psychological counselling; needs of the form of psychological
counselling and the needs of people working with psychological
counselling. The results show that the fields that express the needs of
cadets' psychological counselling are all at a high level, in which, the
needs of the trainees on the psychological counselling workers have the
highest level of expression.
The thesis has identified the relationship between the
participants' psychological needs by conducting a correlation test. The
results have shown that the fields that express the needs of cadets'
psychological counselling are positively correlated and all three areas
have a positive and very strong correlation with cadets’ needs of
psychology counselling.
The results of the thesis indicate that the psychological counselling
needs of cadets of military schools of the Vietnam People's Army are
influenced by two groups of factors: Subjective and objective factors. In
which, the subjective and objective factors have a strong and very strong
influence on the psychological counselling needs of cadets. The thesis
proposes four measures to meet the cadets’ needs for psychological
counselling during their training process at military military schools of the
Vietnam People's Army.
7. Theoretical and practical significance of the study
The results of the thesis will contribute to add, develop and enrich

the theory of the needs for psychological counselling in military psychology.
By clarifying the expression, the level of psychological counselling needs
and the factors affecting the psychological counselling needs of cadets, the
thesis has proposed measures to contribute to meeting the needs of
psychological counselling of cadets of military officers' schools. The
application of the research results of the thesis will increase the applicability
of psychology to the life of military operations. Besides, the thesis can be
used as references for lecturers, leaders and commanders at all levels in
psychological counselling for cadets during their learning and training at
military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
8. The structure of the study
The thesis includes: Introduction, 4 chapters (13 periods),
conclusions, recommendations, list of works published by the author,
references and appendices.


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Chapter 1
AN OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS-RELATED
RESEARCH SITUATION
1.1. The foreign works related to the needs for psychological
counselling
1.1.1. The works on the manifestation needs of cadets’
psychological counselling
Here are some typical authors paying attention on this issue:
John B. Bishop, Karen W. Bauer and Elizabeth Trezise Becker (1998),
Pius N. Nyutu (2007), Gokhan Atik and lhan Yalcona (2010), Ashiq
Hussain Dogar et al. the (2011), Noriah Mohd. Ishaka and Abu Yazid
Abu Bakar (2010), Ahmed Elhassan Hamid Hassan and Pali Farah

Ahmed Farah (2013), Jane Karimi et al (2014), Abdul Azeez .V. P and
Sumangala. V (2015), Lata Sati and Deepika Vig (2016), Ruth Njeri
Kamunyu, Catherine Ndungo and Geoffrey Wango (2016), Ahmad MJ
Alfawair and Abdullah Saif Al Tobi (2017), etc. Most of the works show
that cadets' needs for consultation are manifested mainly in the fields of
study, communication, relationships, personal and career development
and life-skil problems.
1.1.2. The works on the ways of meeting the needs of
psychological counselling for cadets
The authors Robinson J.P., Shaver, P.R., and Wrightsman, L.S
(1991) have proposed the use of internet-based tests to conduct
consultations. The works by Steen S. (2009), Steen S., Henfield M.S.
and Booker B (2013), Roghayeh Sohrabi et al (2013), Derk Stephens,
Sachin Jain and Kioh Kim (2010), point out that group consultations are
an effective form of consultation, helping to improve cadets’ academic
achievements and help them develop social competencies. Meanwhile,
Robert J. Reese, Collie W. Conoley and Daniel F. Brossart (2002),
indicate the effectiveness of the form of telephone consultation. The
works by Andrea Chester and Carolyn A. Glass (2006), Shane
Haberstroh et al (2007), Terry Hanley and Darcy J. Reynolds, Jr (2009),
Amla Salleh et al (2015) , Wyke Stommel and Hedwig te Molder (2015),
etc. state: Online consultations are characterized by valuable and
effective email consultations as traditional forms of consultation. The
authors Lawrence Murphy et al. (2009), Serife Gonca Zeren (2015),
Zaida or Zainudin and Yusni Mohamadd Yusop (2018), point out: Online
consultations can bring customer satisfaction such as referencing faceto-face consultation, even higher. Thuryrajah. V, Ahmed. EM and


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Jeyakumar.R (2017), state that: Individual and group consultations,
classroom instruction and advisory activities directly contribute to
students’ success in the classroom.
1.1.3. The works on the qualities and skills of people in charge
of psychological counselling at schools
The works by Cormier.L.S and Hackney.H (1993) and Poi Kee
Low (2009), refer to consultants’ attitudes, behaviours and personalities.
Fareo Dorcas Oluremi (2014), and John OE Egbo (2015), mention the
basic qualities of a consultant including: Patience, listening, nonjudgment, empathy, encouragement, and understanding, and friendliness,
sense of humour, patience, sincerity, tolerance, and intelligence in all
situations. The studies by Robert L. Gibson and Marianne H.itchell
(1995), James. H and Jacqueline H. L (1999), Tan Esther (2004), discuss
to the basic counselling skills required by school counsellors. Some other
authors such as Madhav Gavai and Shubhangi S. Gaikwad (2012),
Neukrug ED (2012), Ruhani Mat Min and Mohd Yusuf Abu Bakar (2015),
Nova ErlinaYaumas et al (2018), emphasize that it is crucial for people in
charge of consultations to have not only necessary qualities but they also
need to have basic consultation skills and competencies.
1.2. The works in Vietnam on the needs for psychological counselling
1.2.1. The works on the demand manifestations of cadets’
psychological counselling
There are several authors showing interest in researching the needs for
psychological counselling of cadets. Typical authors include: Tran Thi Minh Duc,
Do Hoang (2006), Bui Thi Xuan Mai (2006), Dinh Thi Hong Van, Tran Thi Tu Anh
(2011), Hoang Thi Tam, Tran Thi Tu Anh (2012), Dinh Thi Hong Van, Nguyen
Phuoc Cat Tuong, Nguyen Thi Quynh Anh (2014), etc. They all point out that: the
content of cadets’ psychological counselling needs is very diverse and various,
which is expressed in the following points: learning; relationships with teachers;
relationships with friends; relationships with the opposite sex; relationships with
family members. The authors Le Nguyen Anh Nhu (2012), Kieu Thi Thanh Tra

(2012), Pham Thanh Binh (2014), Pham Van Tu (2015), Nguyen Thi Tram Anh et al
(2016), etc. indicate the manifestations of the needs for psychological counselling
when facing psychological difficulties in their life.
1.2.2. The works on the demand manifestations of
psychological counselling of pupils and students
Along with pointing out the needs for consultation content, a
number of authors in the country are also interested in indicating the needs
for cadets’ psychological counselling. The authors Duong Thi Dieu Hoa, Vu
Khanh Linh, Tran Van Thuc (2007), Tran Thi Le Thu (2011), The Author
Group Hoang Thi Tam, Tran Thi Tu Anh and the author Dinh Thi Hong


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Van, Nguyen Phuoc Cat Tuong, Nguyen Thi Quynh Anh (2014), Le Nguyen
Anh Nhu, point out the needs for cadets' forms of consultation including:
direct consultation with each individual; direct consultation with groups of
similar difficulties; telephone consultation; consultations via
correspondence, email; consultation via forum and website. The authors
Pham Van Tu (2014), Pham Thanh Binh, the authors Pham Thi Hai, Nguyen
Van Cau et al (2015), Nguyen Thi Tram Anh et al (2016), also point out the
needs of pupils for counselling problems when faced with psychological
difficulties in life as well as in school.
1.2.3. The works on the expression of needs of people in charge
of psychological counselling of pupils and cadets
The indication of the needs for psychological counselling of pupils and
students is mainly shown in the study of psychological counselling needs of this
object. The works by Le Nguyen Anh Nhu, Hoang Thi Tam and Tran Thi Tu Anh;
Dinh Thi Hong Van, Nguyen Phuoc Cat Tuong and Nguyen Thi Quynh Anh,
Pham Van Tu, Pham Thi Hai, and Nguyen Van Cau show that pupils and students

hope that people in charge of counselling must be those who are really close to
them and must have knowledge about socio-culture, consultation, psychological
counselling, have counselling skills, respect and ensure confidential information
for people in needs of psychological counselling.
1.3. An overview of the results of published works and the
issues need addressing in the thesis
1.3.1. An overview of the results of published works
From the research results of typical scientific works published
by domestic and foreign authors related to the need for psychological
counselling, some basic contents can be generalized as follows:
Firstly, foreign authors pay due attention to research the needs
of psychological counselling and activities to meet the needs of
psychological counselling for the subjects, in which, pupils and students
are the main ones. The results have shown that the demand for
psychological counselling of cadets manifests mainly in the fields of
learning, communication, relationships, personal development, career
development and life skills issues. These authors also affirmed the
effectiveness and limitations of the forms of consultation as well as the
ability to use widely in the school environment to be able to meet the
needs of psychological counselling for cadets. Studies all suggest that
people in school consultations play a leading role in activities that meet
the needs of cadets. In order to fulfil their role, the people in charge of
consultations need to have qualities and certain skills.
Secondly, in Vietnam, psychological counselling has only been
developed since the 90s of the twentieth century but has been interested
by many scientists, especially studies on the needs for psychological


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counselling of pupils and students. The results show that: The demand
for psychological counselling content of pupils and students is quite
diverse and various, in which, focusing on the key areas such as
learning, training, communication, issues related to personal and
professional development. Pupils and students present diverse and
various needs for psychological counselling, in which direct consultation
with individuals and groups in the consultation room of the school or
centre consultations are selected by cadets more than indirect forms of
consultation. The desires of cadets and cadets for the quality of those
who do consultations are: Must have knowledge of social culture, have
knowledge of the field of consultation, of psychological counselling,
know how to use psychological counselling skills, trust people in need of
psychological counselling, respect and ensure confidential information
for people in need of psychological counselling.
Thirdly, the works on the needs for psychological counselling
abroad and Vietnam mainly focus on pupils and students in high schools
or colleges, civil universities, and yet there have been no works on the
needs for psychological counselling of cadets at military universities.
1.3.2. The issues need further addressing in this thesis
Firstly, formulating a system of instrumental concepts, directly serving
the research of the thesis topic such as needs; psychological counselling;
psychological counselling needs and psychological counselling needs of cadets
of the Vietnam People's Army officers. Generalizing and assessing the
psychological and operational characteristics of cadets, which serve as a basis
for identifying the source of cadets' psychological counselling needs.
Secondly, indicating the manifestations and the level of
psychological counselling needs to make criteria for assessing the
psychological counselling needs of cadets.
Thirdly, generalizing and analysing the factors affecting cadets'
psychological counselling needs.

Fourthly, clarifying the current situation of the manifestations,
the level of psychological counselling needs and the current influence of
the psychological counselling needs of cadets and giving a portrait
analysis the needs psychological counselling. On that basis, proposing
measures to meet the needs of psychological counselling of cadets
during their training at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
Conclusion of chapter 1
The psychological counselling need is an issue of interest to
foreign and Vietnamese researchers. The scientific works have shown
the needs for consultation content of pupils and students; the forms
meeting the needs of pupils and students, the qualities and skills of
school counsellors; expression of the need for consultation forms and


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expressions of demand for advisors. By giving an overview of domestic
and foreign research studies on the needs for psychological counselling,
the thesis expands its approach to generalizing, analysing and explaining
relevant scientific issues. Simultaneously, the thesis draws out the issues
need supplementing, completing and developing.
Chapter 2
THE THEORETICAL BASIS ON THE NEEDSS FOR
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSELLING OF CADETS AT MILITARY
SCHOOLS OF THE VIETNAM PEOPLE'S ARMY
2.1. The theory on the needs for psychological counselling
2.1.1. The needs
2.1.1.1. The concept of the needs
The needs are demands and desires of a person about an object that people
feel needs to be met in order to develop in certain conditions and situations.

2.1.1.2. The characteristics of the needs
The needs arise from operations; the specific content of the
needs; the needs can be satisfied by certain means; the needs are always
dynamic, growing and cyclical
2.1.1.3. Classification of the needs
There are many ways to classify the needs, each based on certain
grounds. However, any classification is only relative, because in reality,
human needs are closely related, interacting, intertwined. Especially in the
above classifications there is no classification indicating the location of the
needs for psychological counselling in such needs categories, therefore, within
the scope of this thesis, we conceive that the needs for psychological
counselling is a form of human’s high spiritual needs.
2.1.2. The psychological consultation
Psychological counselling is a consultant's supportive process for
clients, in which counsellors with professional knowledge, skills and ethics
establish a positive interaction with clients so as to be aware of their problems,
emotions and actions, and daily life’s psychological difficulties.
2.1.3. The needs for psychological counselling
2.1.3.1. The concept of psychological counselling needs
The needs for psychological counselling are the demands and
desires of clients to receive interaction, exchange and support from the
counsellors about the counselling contents through certain counselling
forms when they face psychological difficulties that arise in their lives so
that they are aware of the problems, change their emotions and actions,
and effectively solve their own psychological problems.


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2.1.3.2. The characteristics of psychological counselling needs

The needs for psychological counselling arises from difficulties in
human life and activities; The needs for human psychological counselling is
always directed to specific content; the methods to satisfy the needs for
psychological counselling; the ways of satisfying the needs for psychological
counselling; the conditions that satisfy psychological counselling needs.
2.2. The psychological characteristics and activities posing
the needs for psychological counselling of cadets at military schools
of the Vietnam People's Army
2.2.1. The concept of at military schools of the
Vietnam People's Army
Cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army are young
men and soldiers who meet the standards of age, health, political background,
ethical qualities and aspirations for long-term service in the Army. They are
selected through military admissions under the regulations of the Ministry of
Education and Training and the Ministry of Defence, they are studying and
training at Army officers' schools to become future army officers.
2.2.2. The psychological characteristics of cadets at military
schools of the Vietnam People's Army
2.2.2.1. The characteristics of cadets' awareness, affection, and
willpower; 2.2.2.2. The personality characteristics of cadets; 2.2.2.3.
The communicative characteristics of cadets; 2.2.2.4. The social and
psychological characteristics of cadets.
2.2.3. The characteristics of activities posing the needs for
psychological counselling of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam
People's Army
2.2.3.1. The main activities of cadets at military schools of the
Vietnam People's Army are learning and practicing according to the
objectives and training requirements of the school and the Military;
2.2.3.2. Activities of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's
Army take place in a typical military pedagogical environment which is

strictly organized, disciplined and strict; 2.2.3.3. Activities of cadets at
military schools of the Vietnam People's Army take place in various
forms and characteristics of methods and means of achieving results;
2.2.3.4. The activities of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam
People's Army require great psychological and physical effort.
2.3. The theory of psychological counselling needs of cadets
at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army
2.3.1. The concept and the characteristics of
psychological counselling needs of cadets at military
schools of the Vietnam People's Army


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2.3.1.1. The concept of psychological counselling needs of
cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army
The psychological counselling needs of cadets at military
schools of the Vietnam People's Army are the cadets’ demands and
desires to receive interaction, exchange and support from counsellors on
the counselling contents through certain counselling forms when they
encounter psychological difficulties arising in their lives as well as
during their training process at school so that they are aware of the
problems, change their emotions and actions and effectively deal with
their own psychological difficulties.
2.3.1.2. The characteristics of psychological counselling needs
of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army
The needs for cadets 'psychological counselling arises from the
difficulties in their lives and activities at the Army officers' schools; Needs of
psychological counselling of cadets are always directed to the specific content;
the methods to satisfy the cadets' psychological counselling needs; Forms of

satisfying the cadets' psychological counselling needs; the conditions
satisfying cadets’ psychological counselling needs.
2.3.2. The manifestations and the level of psychological counselling
needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army
2.3.2.1. The manifestations of the needs for psychological
counselling of military school cadets
The needs for psychological consultation of cadets at military
schools of the Vietnam People's Army through: The needs for the content of
psychological consultations, the demand for the form of psychological
counselling and the needs for people in charge of counselling.
2.3.2.2. The level of the needs for psychological counselling of
military officers' cadets
Level 1: The level of the needs for psychological counselling is very low
Level 2: The level of the needs for psychological counselling is low
Level 3: The level of the needs for psychological counselling is of average
Level 4: The level of the needs for psychological counselling is high
Level 5: The level of the needs for psychological
counselling is at a very high
2.4. The factors affecting the psychological counselling needs
of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army
2.4.1. The subjective factors
The subjective factors include: cadets psychological difficulties
during their training process at the school; cadets' understanding of
psychological counselling; cadets' beliefs about the effectiveness of their
psychological counselling activities and their related relationships.
2.4.2. The objective factors


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The objective factors include: The strong development of
media; the Party and State’s remuneration policies for the army officers;
Military pedagogical environment in Army officers' schools and the
trainees’ consulting capacity.
Conclusion of chapter 2
By researching, selecting and inheriting the results of the thesis
related works, and stemming from the purpose of research, the thesis has
formulated, analysed, and clarified the key concepts: needs, psychological
counselling, psychological counselling needs and psychological counselling
needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army. By
analysing the psychological characteristics and activities that give rise to the
needs for psychological counselling of cadets at military schools of the
Vietnam People's Army, the thesis has identified the manifestations of
psychological counselling needs of cadets through 03 areas: the needs for
psychological counselling content; the needs of the form of psychological
counselling and the needs of people in charge of psychological counselling
and 05 levels as a basis for assessing the current situation of psychological
counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
Additionally, the thesis also identified many factors affecting the
psychological counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam
People's Army, including subjective and objective ones.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH CONDUCTION AND METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research conduction
3.1.1. Units under research: The Army Officers Training
College N2; The Political Army Officers Training College and The
Engineering Army Officers Training College. The study is conducted
from 2017 to 2020.
3.1.2. Participants
Including 378 cadets; 111 lecturers and 129 cadres managing

cadets at Military officer schools within the research scope of the thesis.
3.1.3. Research contents
Studying theoretical issues on the need for psychological counselling
in general and the psychological counselling needs of cadets of Vietnam
People's Army officers in particular from a psychological perspective. Survey,
assess the status of psychological counselling needs and the status of factors
affecting the psychological counselling needs of cadets; conduct a portrait
analysis of the psychological counselling needs of cadets of the Vietnam
People's Army officers. Based on the research results, the thesis proposes
measures to meet cadets' psychological counselling needs.
3.1.4. The phases of research
Phase 1: Theoretical research, drafting tools and preliminary
surveys, completing detailed outline; Phase 2: Surveying, assessing the


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situation, analysing psychological portraits, proposing measures to meet
cadets' psychological counselling needs and writing the contents of the
thesis; Phase 3: Check survey data and continue supplementing the
thesis content; Phase 4: Complete the thesis.
3.2. Methodology
In order to complete the thesis, we have made use of a combination
of many different research methods such as: Document research methods;
Professional solution; Methods of investigation by questionnaire; Methods
of observation; In-depth interview method; Research method of active
products; Methods of analysing psychological portraits and methods of
processing data by mathematical statistics.
Conclusion of chapter 3
The thesis is carried out through various stages and uses a combination

of different research methods of psychology. The research methods are
implemented appropriate to the research objectives and tasks and in accordance
with practical conditions; it ensures the reliability in the process of assessing the
current situation of psychological counselling needs of cadets at military schools
of the Vietnam People's Army. The results obtained during the surveys are
processed by SPSS statistical program in the Window of version 20.0.
Chapter 4
PRACTICAL RESULTS OF THE NEEDS FOR
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTATION OF CADETS AT
MILITARY SCHOOLS OF THE VIETNAM PEOPLE’S ARMY
4.1. The current situation of psychological counselling needs
of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army
4.1.1. The results of analysing the current situation of cadets'
psychological counselling needs
4.1.1.1. The current situation of cadets' need for
psychological counselling
* The current situation of the content of psychological
counselling of participants in the whole sample
The thesis conducts the measurement of indicators to assess the
needs for the psychological content of participants identified across the entire
study population, and the results are shown in the following chart:


15

Chart: 4.1. The current situation
of cadets' needs for psychological counselling
Chart 4.1 shows that all participants think that the needs for the
content of psychological counselling of cadets is high (GPA = 3.77; SD =
0.48). Of which, the highest level of expression is the need for consultation on

communication (GPA = 3.89; SD = 0.67), the lowest level of expression is the
need for consultation on training (GPA = 3.68; SD = 0.73).
* The current situation the content of psychological counselling
of cadets based on the school year
The One-way ANOVA test showed that there was no statistically
significant difference between cadets in the academic year in self-assessment
of the need for content of psychological counselling during training at army
officers' schools. However, the results of the in-depth testing showed that there
was a statistically significant difference between the groups of learners by
school year for learning and communicative needs.
* The current situation of cadets' psychological counselling
content based on academic results
The results tested by Independent samples T - test (t) showed
that, although there was a difference in GPA, there was no statistically
significant difference in the evaluation of groups of cadets with other
academic results with each other for the needs of psychological
counselling content (t(376) = 0.210; p = 0.771> 0.05) and the need for
psychological counselling in each specific content.
* Comparison between the self-assessment of cadets and the
evaluation of lecturers and managers for the needs of cadets'
psychological counselling content
Using the One-way Anova test, as a result, there was no
statistically significant difference between the cadets' self-assessment
and the evaluation of lecturers and managers for content needs.
Psychological questions of cadets. However, the results of the
Bonferroni in-depth test show that there is a difference between the selfassessment of cadets and the evaluation of lecturers and managers for
training needs (with p = 0.000 and p. = 0.003 <0.05).


16

* Correlation between the indicators of the needs for
participants' psychological counselling content
Understanding the correlation between demand indicators on the
psychological counselling content of cadets, we used Pearson (r) correlation.
The results showed that all 10 correlation pairs between demand indicators
of psychological counselling content of participants were positively and
positively correlated (r = 0.364 ** ÷ 0.625 **; p = 0.000 <0.05). At the same
time, the research results also showed that, 5/5 indicators had a positive and
very strong correlation with the needs of cadets' psychological counselling
content (r = 0.717 ** ÷ 0.808 **; p = 0.000 <0.05).
4.1.1.2. The current situation of cadets' needs for
psychological counselling
* The current situation of cadets' needs for psychological
counselling in the whole sample
Conducting the measurement of indicators to assess the needs of
the participants' psychological counselling form on the whole study
object, the results are shown in the following chart:

Chart 4.2. The current situation of cadets' needs
for psychological counselling
Chart 4.2 shows that participants have different levels of expression
of the need for psychological counselling. All 7/7 forms of consultation are
expected to access at a high level (GPA = 4.04; SD = 0.54). In particular, the
highest level of expression is the desire to be consulted directly for individuals
at the unit (GPA = 4.15; SD= 0.65) and the lowest level of expression is the
desire to be consulted via mail (GPA = 3.89; SD = 0.88).
* The current situation of cadets' needs for psychological
counselling according to academic year
The results by One - way ANOVA, show that there was no

statistically significant difference between cadets of the school year for the
needs of psychological counselling as well as the desire for the ways of


17

participation. This shows that cadets in the school years have expressed the
needs for the form of psychological counselling at the same level.
* The current situation of cadets' psychological counselling
needs based on their learning results
Using the Independent samples T - test (t) test, the results
showed that, as a whole, there was no statistically significant difference
between the groups' assessments of the needs for the form of
psychological consultation (t(376) = 0.146; p = 0.056> 0.05). However, in
each specific expression, there is a statistically significant difference
between groups of cadets with different learning outcomes for the desire
to be consulted through class sessions (t(376) = 0.579 *; p = 0.007 <0.05).
* Comparison between the self-assessment of cadets and the
evaluation of lecturers and managers for the needs of cadets'
psychological counselling forms
The results of One-way ANOVA test showed that there was no
statistically significant difference between cadets 'self-assessment and
lecturers and managers' assessment of general needs for psychological
counselling and the manifestation needs specific forms of psychological
counselling of the trainee.
* Correlation between demand indicators for the form of
psychological counselling of participants
Using Pearson (r) correlation coefficient test. The results
showed that all 21 correlated pairs were positively correlated and
statistically significant. There are 04 pairs with positive and very strong

correlation (r = 0.705 ** ÷ 0.792 **; p = 0.000 <0.05), in which the most
closely correlated pairs are indicators that want to be consulted directly
for the group at the unit and expect to be consulted directly in the
consultation room (r = 0.792 **; p = 0.000). There are 10 pairs of
positive and close correlation (r = 0.311 ** ÷ 0.677 **; p = 0.000 <0.05);
07 pairs were positively but positively correlated (r = 0.209 ** ÷ 0.298
**; p = 0.000 <0.05). This reflects the diversity of needs of participants
in psychological counselling.
4.1.1.3. The current situation of the needs for people in charge
of psychological counselling of cadets
* The current situation of the needs for people in charge of
psychological counselling of cadets on the whole sample
By measuring the indicators of the needs for cadets'
psychological counselling on all participants, we obtained the results
shown in the following chart:


18

Chart 4.3: The current situation of the needs for people
in charge of psychological counselling of cadets
Chart 4.3 shows that the needs for people in charge of psychological
counselling of cadets of Military officers' schools is high and very high (GPA
= 4.11; SD = 0.54). In particular, the highest level of expression to the needs
of people who work in psychological counselling is the ability to use
psychological counselling skills (GPA = 4.22; SD = 0.66).
* The current situation of the needs for people in charge of
psychological counselling of cadets according to the school year
The results of the One-way ANOVA test showed that there was
no statistically significant difference between the cadets in the years of

self-assessment of the needs of the people who work in psychological
counselling as well as the needs for the specific qualities and skills. This
shows that cadets in the school year have the same level of expression of
the needs of people in charge of psychological counselling.
* The current situation of the demand for people who work with
psychological counselling of cadets based on academic results
Using the Independent samples T - test (t) test, the results showed
that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups of
participants' assessments on the needs of mentor workers (t (376) = 1,902 *; p
= 0.010 <0.05). Considering each specific content shows that there is a
statistically significant difference between the groups of learners with
different learning results to the needs of people who do psychological
counselling in the following points: knowledge of social culture (t(376) =
0.419 *; p = 0.019 <0.05); knowledgeable about military occupation (t (376) =
3,870 *; p = 0.021 <0.05); knowledgeable about training activities at
officers' schools (t(376) = 27,594 *; p = 0.044 <0.05); knowledge of
psychological counselling (t(376) = 0.002 *; p = 0.002 <0.05); respect the
cadets who need consultation (t(376) = 25,475 *; p = 0.040 <0.05).


19

* Comparison between the self-assessment of cadets
and the evaluation of lecturers and managers for cadets'
psychological counselling needs
Tested by One - way ANOVA, the results showed that there was
no statistically significant difference between cadets' self-assessment and
lecturers' and managers' assessments of the needs for people in charge of
psychological counselling and the needs for the qualities and skills of the
person in charge of psychological counselling. Thus, it can be affirmed

that there is a similarity in the self-assessment of cadets and the
evaluation of lecturers and management staff with regard to the needs of
trainees of psychological counselling of cadets.
* Correlation between the needs indicators for participants of
psychological counselling
Using Pearson (r) correlation coefficient test. The results
showed that all 28 pairs were positively correlated and statistically
significant. There are 06 pairs of positive and very strong correlation (r =
0.704 ** ÷ 0.830 **; p = 0.000 <0.05), in which, the most closely
correlated pairs are indicators that ensure information confidentiality for
learners and know how to use psychological counselling skills. There are
15 pairs of positive and tight correlation (r = 0.303 ** ÷ 0.679 **; p =
0.000 <0.05) and 07 pairs with positive but liquid correlation (r = 0.205
** ÷ 0.282 **; p = 0.000 <0.05). This result reflects the high demand of
the cadets for the qualities and skills of the psychosocial counsellor. The
study results also showed that all 8/8 indicators of the indicator have a
positive correlation, from close to very close to the general needs of
people doing psychological counselling of cadets (r = 0.583 ** ÷ 0.768
**; p = 0.000 <0.05). Of which, the most positive and close correlation
belongs to the content having knowledge about military career with the
needs of the person who is engaged in psychological counselling of
cadets (r = 0.768 **; p = 0.000 <0.05).
4.1.2. Summary of the results of the current situation of the
cadets' psychological counselling
* Summarizing the current situation of cadets' psychological
counselling needs according to the assessment of all participants
Summarizing the results of studying the actual needs of
psychological counselling of cadets, we obtained the results shown in
the following chart:

20

Chart 4.4. Summary of the current situation
of psychological needs of cadets
Chart 4.4 shows that the level of expression of psychological
counselling needs of cadets of the Vietnam People's Army officers
schools is high (GPA = 3.97; SD = 0.43). In particular, the demand for
people who do psychological counselling of cadets has the highest
expression (GPA = 4.11; SD = 0.54); Next is the demand for
psychological counselling (GPA = 4.04; SD = 0.54) and finally the
demand for psychological counselling (GPA = 3.77; SD = 0.48).
* Summarizing self-assessment of cadets' psychological
counselling needs by school year
In order to compare the self-assessment of cadets' psychological
counselling needs between years, we conducted the One-way ANOVA
test, the results showed that there was no statistically significant
difference between the price of cadets in the academic years in the fields
of expression of psychological counselling in particular and the
psychological counselling needs of cadets in general.
* Summarizing self-assessment of the psychological counselling
needs of cadets according to academic results
Testing results by Independent samples T - test (t) shows that,
overall, there is no statistically significant difference between the
evaluations of groups of cadets with different learning outcomes. The
psychological demand of cadets in general (t(376) = 0.056; p = 0.08>
0.05). However, the test results also show that there is a statistically
significant difference between the groups of cadets with different
learning outcomes for the needs of people who work in psychological
counselling (t(376) = 1,902 *; p = 0.010 <0.05).

* Summarizing the comparison between cadets' selfassessments and the evaluation of lecturers and managers about cadets'
psychological counselling needs
Using the One-way ANOVA test, the results also showed that
there was no statistically significant difference between cadets' selfassessment and the evaluation of lecturers and managers in the field of


21

expression of current psychological needs of cadets in particular and
psychological needs of cadets in general.
* The correlation between the psychological needs of cadets
Understanding the relationship between the aspects expressing
cadets' psychological counselling needs, we used Pearson (r) correlation
coefficient test. The results are shown in the following diagram:

Diagram 4.1: Correlation between expressions
of psychological needs of cadets
Diagram 4.1 shows that the fields that express the needs of
cadets' psychological counselling are positively correlated with the
correlation (r = 0.410 ** ÷ 0.792 **; p = 0.000 <0.05). The study results
also showed that the expression fields have a positive and very strong
correlation with the cadets' psychological counselling needs (r = 0.742
** ÷ 0.816 **; p = 0.000 <0.05). Therefore, it can be confirmed that the
psychological counselling needs of cadets are expressed in 03 areas: The
needs for the content of psychological counselling; the needs of the form
of psychological counselling and the needs of people working with
psychological counselling.
4.2. The current situation of the factors affecting the
psychological counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the
Vietnam People's Army

4.2.1. General assessment of the current situation of the
factors affecting the psychological counselling needs of cadets
By investigating the general situation on the factors affecting
the psychological counselling needs of cadets, we obtained the results
that the determinants have a strong influence on the needs for
psychological counselling of cadets (GPA = 4.18; SD = 0.47). In
particular, subjective factors (GPA = 4.19; SD = 0.48) have a stronger
influence than objective factors (GPA = 4.17; SD = 0.52). Results of
assessment and evaluation of target groups investigated by One - way
ANOVA showed that there was no statistically significant difference in


22

the evaluation of the target groups on the degree of influence of factors
on the needs for psychological consultation of cadets.
4.2.2. The current situation of the subjective factors
The survey results show that subjective factors affecting the
psychological needs of cadets are strong (GPA = 4.19; SD = 0.48), with
4 components having strong influence on very strong (GPA: 4.10 ÷
4.33). Testing of the evaluation of the subjects by One-way ANOVA
showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the
evaluation of the target groups on the impact of the subjective factors on
the needs for consultation. Among the subjective factors being
considered, the cadets' belief in the effectiveness of psychological
counselling activities (GPA = 4.33; SD = 0.51) is the most powerful
factor affecting the needs of psychological counselling of cadets.
4.2.3. The current situation of the objective factors
The survey results show that the objective factors that affect the
cadets' psychological counselling needs are strong (GPA = 4.17; SD = 0.52),

with 4 components having Strong influence on very strong (GPA: 4.13 ÷
4.28). The results of evaluation and evaluation of target groups investigated
by One - way ANOVA also showed that there was no statistically significant
difference in the evaluation of the target groups on the level of influence of
the guest factors regarding the psychological needs of cadets. Of objective
factors, the consultation capacity of the teaching staff and student managers
(GPA = 4.28; SD = 0.70) is the factor that has the strongest impact on the
psychological counselling needs of cadets.
4.2.4. Correlation between the subjective and objective factors
with the cadets' psychological counselling needs
Testing the correlation between subjective and objective factors
and psychological needs of cadets by Pearson correlation coefficient (r),
the results shown in the following diagram:

Diagram 4.2. Correlation between the subjective and objective factors
of the psychological counselling needs of cadets
Diagram 4.2 shows that the subjective and objective factors
have a positive and very strong correlation (r = 0.920 **; p = 0.000


23

<0.05). At the same time, the subjective and objective factors also have a
positive and close relationship with the psychological counselling needs
of cadets (r = 0.640 ** ÷ 0.693 **; p = 0.000 <0.05).
4.2.5. Predicting the trend of changing cadets' psychological
counselling needs in relation to influencing factors
With the results analysed above on factors affecting the
psychological counselling needs of cadets of officers of the Vietnam
People's Army, we selected 01 subjective and 01 objective factor.

(Student's confidence in the effectiveness of psychological counselling
and consultation capacity of trainers and management staff) are the
factors that most strongly influence the need for psychological
counselling of cadets. Using multiple linear regression techniques to
predict the psychological needs of cadets (dependent variables) tend to
change when the impact of these factors (independent variables). We
have a standardized regression equation of the following form:
Needs for psychological counselling = 1.887 + 0.376 ×
Cadets' faith in the effectiveness of psychological counselling activities
+ 0.272 × consulting capacity of lecturers and trainers
4.3. Analysing psychological portrait
In order to further clarify the results of the research on the
situation of the cadets' psychological counselling needs, we analysed two
portraits with psychological difficulties and the need for psychological
counselling to confirm once again the results. The research is completely
consistent and reliable. Portraits are analysed in logical order: 1.
Personal information; 2. Psychological difficulties; 3. Expression of
need for psychological counselling; 4. Factors affecting the need for
psychological counselling; 5. General comments about portraits. The
analysis results show that, although these are 02 trainees with different
levels of expression of psychological counselling needs, their
psychological counselling needs have similarities in all 03 demands of
psychological consultation. This will be one of the important bases for
us to carry out the proposed measures to meet the psychological
counselling needs of cadets of military schools today.
4.4. Measures to meet the psychological counselling needs of
cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army
We propose 04 measures to meet the psychological counselling
needs of cadets of Military Army schools as follows: 4.4.1. Improve the
understanding of staff, lecturers and cadets on psychological

counselling; 4.4.2. Regularly fostering teaching staff and managers of
trainees the basic knowledge and skills of psychological counselling;


24

4.4.3. Develop contents of consultation activities for cadets in
accordance with the process of education and training at the Military
Officers' schools; 4.4.4. Flexible and creative application of consultation
forms suitable to the specific conditions at the Army officers' schools
Conclusion of chapter 4
The results of researching the current situation of psychological
counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's
Army show that cadets have a high level of psychological counselling
needs, in which, the level of expression is high especially the needs of
people in charge of psychological counselling of cadets. The areas of
expression of cadets' psychological counselling needs are positive and
correlated with the cadets' psychological counselling needs. There are a
number of factors affecting cadets' psychological counselling needs,
which are divided into two main groups: the subjective and objective
factors groups, in which, the subjective factors have stronger impact than
the objective factors. The identified factors are positive and correlated
with the cadets' psychological counselling needs. The analysis of
psychological portraits has further clarified the results of theoretical
research and the current situation of expression of cadets' psychological
counselling needs. Based on the research on the current situation of
psychological counselling needs and the current situation of factors
affecting the psychological counselling needs of cadets, we propose 04
measures to meet the needs of psychological counselling of cadets at
military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Conclusion
1.1. The research works by domestic and foreign authors have
indicated the need for psychological counselling; forms to meet the
needs of psychological counselling and the necessary qualities and skills
of those engaged in psychological counselling in schools.
1.2. The thesis defines that psychological counselling needs of
cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army are expressed in
three areas: the needs for content of psychological counselling; the needs
of forms of psychological counselling and the needs of people in charge
of psychological counselling. These manifestations have a close
relationship, interact with each other, and they are also considered as
criteria to assess cadets' psychological counselling needs.


25

1.3. The results of practical research indicate that the psychological
needs of cadets are high. Of which, the highest level of expression is the needs
for people in charge of psychological counselling.
1.4. There are several factors affecting cadets’ needs for
psychological counselling, including the subjective and objective factors, of
which the subjective factors are of greater influence than the objective ones.
1.5. There are 04 proposed measures to meet the psychological
counselling needs of cadets at military schools of the Vietnam People's Army.
2. Recommendations
2.1. To the Ministry of National Defence
2.2. To the Army Officers Training Colleges
2.3. To the teaching staff and the officials in charge of cadets
2.4. To cadets