Quy hoạch đô thị vùng ven biển Tây Nam thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu

Quy hoach do thj vung ven bien Tay Nam
thich ufng vdi bien doi khi hau
Urban planning in the Western coastal zone of the Mekong Delta adapting to climate
change
Ngay nhan bai: 16/02/2017
Ngay sift bai: 24/3/2017

Pham Thanh Huy

Ngay chap nhan dang: 5/4/2017
TOMTAT;

Noi dung cua bai bao de cap deh quy hoach cau triic khdng gian do thi va cac giai
phap kiem sodt sii dung dat do thi vung ven bien Tay Nam thich iing vdi bien doi
khi h^u Tong hop, khao sat va phan tich cac cau triic d6 thi ven biln hien nay trong
b6i c5nh biln d6i khi hau, phan loai thanh cac nhom do thi dac trilng tai viing ven
bien Tay Nam nhii do thi sat biln, do thi gSn biln va do thi ven bien ngap man.
PhSn tich si^ tac dpng cua bien doi khi hau len cau true d6 thi vk nguoc lai. Tr6n ca
sd dd, d l xuat cac md hinh c^u true khong gian do thi vi giai phap kilm soat sii
dyng dat thich iing v6i bien doi khi h|u. Cac kit qua nay co t h i diJOc iing dung thdc
te trong dilu chinh quy ho^ch chung do thi tai khu viic nghiSn ciiu va cac vimg ven
bien khac co tinh chat do thi va dilu kien tii nhien tUOng tiJ.
Tii kh6a: Bien doi khi hau (BDKH); niidc biln dSng (NBD); quy hoach do thi
(QHDT); quy hoach chung (QHC); cau triic khong gian do thi.
ABSTRACT:
The article mentions the content of urban spatial structure and the measures of
urban landuse for coastal tovms in the Western zone of the Mekong Delta adapting
to climate change. Summarizing, investigating, and analysing several existing urban
structures of these coastal towns in the context of climate change recently, then
classifying these towns into three groups of urban characteristic in the research
location like seafront towns, littoral towns and coastal mangrove towns. Analysing

the impacts of clmiate change on urban structures and vice versa. As a result, the
article proposes three models of urban spatial structure and solutions of urban land
use adapting to climate change for these coastal towns. This result is likely to be
applicated in an adjustment of urban planning in the research location and other
locations that have similar feature of identities and natural conditions.
Keywords: Climate change; sea level rise; urban planning; master plan; urban
spatial structure.
TS.KTS. Pham Thanh Huy
Khoa Quy hoach Do thi va Nong th6n
Trildng Dai hpc Kien tnic Ha Noi

1. Gidi thieu chung
Vai t h i p k^ gan day, BDKH da va dang cd
nhung bieu hien, t i c ddng manh me tren quy
md toan cau. Cac nghien cifu cd tinh bude ngoat
nhu Bio c i o d i n h gia thil IV (IPCC, 2007);
Nghien cifu ciia Ngan hang T h i gidi (2007) va
cac Kjch b i n BDKH cho Viet Nam (2009, 2012),
tat c i da chi ra rang Vt^t Nam "dac bi§t d l bi tdn
thuong bdi nhOng anh hUdng bat lCac t i c ddng ciia BDKH, dac bi?t ia mu'c NBD,
anh hudng d i n h i thdng do thi khu vUc ven
bien Viet Nam ngay c&ng nghi§m trong. Qua
trinh phat trien do thi ven faien hi?n nay con han
c h i v l cdng t i c idng ghep thich ifng vdi BDKH,
viec m d rdng cic khu d i n cu vao c i c khu vifc cd
nguy cO thien tai t i l m an nhilu riii ro trong khi
ha tang cd sd chda dap dng difOc nhu cau phat
t r i l n do thi.
Viing dong b i n g sdng COlU Long difOc d u

doan la viing cd nguy cd chiu i n h hudng ning
nhat ve BDKH va NBD tai Viet Nam Dja d i l m
nghien cifu I i khu vuc sd 7 {viing ven bien Tay
Nam thuoc hai tinh Kien Giang v i C i Mau) trong
kich ban BDKH va NBD cho Viet Nam difdc cdng
bdnam2012[l].
Pham vi nghien cifu ciia bai b i o bao gdm 15
do thi ven bien Tay Nam tiep giap vd^ vinh Thii
Lan (Hinh 1)[4];
- Tinh Kien Giang; thanh phd R?ch Gii, thi x i
H i Tien, c i c thi tran Kien Lu'ong, Hdn Dat, Minh
Lifdng, An Bien va An Minh;
- Ttnh Ca Mau. thanh phd Ca Mau, c i c thi
tran U Minh, Song B6c, Trln V i n Thdi, Cii Ddi
Vam, Cai Nifdc, Nam Can va Rach Gdc,
Ddi tUdng nghiln cilu ciia bai b i o l i loai
hinh QHC do thi, trong do t$p trung nghien cifu
md hinh cau triic khdng gian dd thi v i cac g i i i
phap quy hoach sif dung dcit. Cic t i c ddng ciia
BDKH dd b i o i n h hi/dng den khdng gian dd thi
viing ven bien Tay Nam nhU NBD, trieu cUdng,
x i m nhap man, bao. sat Id bd bien. sdng (VIUP,
2015) da t i c ddng den cac thanh phan trong cau
true khdng gian dd thi' trung tam do thi v i he
thdng cdng trinh djch vu cdng cdng, khu d.
khdng gian xanh, CO sd kinh te - cdng nghiep,
giao thdng v i ha t i n g ky thuat dd thi.

O4.2O170l!ini;[|Bl;7i

e-r-

Hinh 1 He Ihong IS do thi viing ven biln Tay Nam
Hau het cic dd i n QHDT tai d i y dUOc thuc hien tif nhifng nam 2000,
trifdc khi cd Kich ban BDKH, NBD 2009,2012. Cic do i n QHC dd thi nhif:
QHC Ha Tien n i m 2000, QHC Rach Gii nam 2008, QHC Ca Mau nam
2008, QHC U Minh n i m 2001,. .chda tinh den cac kha nang thich iJng
vdi BOKH v l ; cau triic dd thj. sif dyng d i t , khdng gian xanh, h i thdng
giao thdng, w . chua k i t hop vdi kiem soat sir dung dat d l d i m b i o
thich ling BDKH toi Uu. Do vay neu phat tnen d d t h i theo hudng nay cic
QHC do thi hien cd se khd cd kha n i n g thich ifng vdi BDKH. Neu khdng
thuc hien dieu chinh QHDT thich iJng vdi BDKH tai vimg ven b i l n TSy
Nam, gan ket vdi kich ban BDKH va NBD theo tifng giai doan thi cac do
thi s6 de d i n g bi tdn thuong, ton that kinh t l va i n h hiidng den p h i t
tnen ben vOng dd thj.

2. Tam nhin cau trilc khdng gian do thi viing ven bien Tay Nam
Bo thich ling Bien ddi khf h|u
Trong qua trinh phat trien cic yeu td chii yeu ciia dd thi; c l u tnic do
thj, td chiic khdng gian dd thj, sir dung dat, mgt dd x i y dung, giao
thdng, khdng gian xanh va sir dung nang luong trong dd thj chiu tac
ddng ciia BDKH va chinh cic y l u td t r l n cung se i n h hu'dng d i n su gia
t i n g BDKH [9]. Cic y l u td chinh cd t i c ddng l i ; hinh thifc dd thi, sir
dung dat va khung phat trien ben vifng ciia d d t h j . Theo Kahn (2006), sU
t i l n hda ciia c l u trdc khdng gian d d thi trong bdi canh do thi hda toan
cau cho th^y cau tnic dd thi q u y l t dinh h i l u q u i sU thich Ung BDKH ciia
cac dd thi. Lujia (2009) cOng cho r i n g cau true khdng gian dd thj ven
bien ddng thdi ciing t i c ddng den viec gia tang hoac giam nhe BDKH,
do dd QHDT xac dinh c l u tnic khdng gian v i li/ong p h i t t h i i C02 ciia

ddthi.
Mdt tam nhin chung cho QHC do thi ven bien Tay Nam la tao cau triic
khdng gian dd thi theo hucftig p h i t tnen b i n vifng v i smh thai vl muc tieu
thich ifng BDKH. Co cau do thj khu vuc ven biln l i mdt trong nhCing dac
tinh CO ban ciia viec td chOfc khdng gian dd thi, nd phan i n h cich bd tri va
mdi quan he chat che giOa cac khu chdc nang trong do thi va phii hdp vdi
quy md cac dd thi tif loai V d i n loai II tai khu vuc nghignciAi. Cic ddthi viing
ven bien Tay Nam duoc phan loai t h i n h cac nhom do thj sit biln, gin bien
va ven bien ngap man theo cac tieu chi tai Bing 1;
Dac trdng cau triic khdng gian nhdm dd thi s i t bien: dd thi t i l p xiic
true t l l p vdi b d b i l n , trung tam d d thi tap trung tai ciTa sdng, rach Idn
do ra bien, cac khu chifc nang do thj d i n t r i i theo bd b i l n v i sdng,
dddng true chinh dd thi chay doc theo ven b d bien va sdng.
Dac trUng cau trdc khdng gian nhdm dd thi g i n b i l n : dd thi khdng
t l l p xOc true tiep vdi bd bien. trung t i m dd thi t i p trung tai nga ba hoac
nga tU giao nhau ciia sdng, r^ch Idn vdi dUdng chinh do thj, cic kliu
chifc nang do thi tap trung xung quanh noi giao nhau cda sdng va racii
Dac trdng cau triic khdng gian nhdm dd thi ven biln n g i p man. 36 tlii
khdng tiep xuc true tilp vdi bd biln, he thdng k#nh rach mat do cao c6 xu
hudng theo dang vudnggdcvitudo.Trung tam ddthi phan bd tuong ddi
dan trii tai khu vdc nga ba hoac nga td giao nhau ciia kinh rach Idn, cac
dudng giao thdng chay ven theo k§nh rach, cic khu chiic nang dd thi phan
lid ddng d l u xung quanh ndi giao nhau ciia kenh rach.
3. De xuat md hinh cau true khdng gian do thj va quy hoach sif
dung dat vfing ven biln Tay Nam thich iJlng vdi Bien doi khi hiu
Cau true tdng the p h i t tnen khdng gian dd thj la k i t q u i Idng giiip
cic c i u triic t h i n h p h i n v i khung ha t i n g k^ thuat do thj, mang tinh
chat v i hinh t h i i ciia dd thi ven bien Tay Nam. De xuat md hinh ciu tnic
khdng gian dd thi thich dng BDKH b i n g cic g i i i p h i p p h i n khu ctiiic
nang dd thj hdp ly gan k i t vdi viec kiem soat m^t do sif dung dat vdi cac

mile dd cao, trung binh va thSp de thich ifng tdi ilu vdi BDKH, d i p ifng
cic g i i i p h i p b i o ve tdi uu (cip dd 1), thich nghi (cap dd 2) hoac ne
tranh (cap do 3) cic t i c ddng ciia BDKH. Cic t h i n h p h i n trong cau triic
nay bao gdm (Bing 2);

Bang 1. Tieu chi phan loai do thi sat bien, gan bien va ven bien ngap rr an [21
Vj tri va
Ten va p h i n loai do thj
nhdm do thi
Do thj s i t bien

Dd thj g i n bien

D d t h j ven bien
ngap man

R^ch Gia (loai II), Ha Tien (loai 111). Kien Luong (loai
IV) thudc tinh Kiln Giang v i Sdng Dde (loai IV)
thupc tinh Ca Mau
Ca Mau (loai II). U Minh va Trin Van Thdi (loai V)
thudc tinh Ca Mau; Minh Lifdng [loai IV). An Bien,
An Minh va Hon D i t (loai V) thudc tinh Kien Giang
Nam Can (loai IV), Cai Ddi Vam, Cai Nifdc va Ngoc
Hien (loai V) thudc tinh C i Mau

Dac diem chinh

Khoing cich so vdi dKcfng bd
bien

Dd thi tiep xiic tri/c tiep vdi bd bien.

T l l p giap vdi ditdng thOy trilu

Nam trong luc dia, cd cdt nen tifdng
ddi cao. tap trung ddng d i n ,
thudng xuySn chju t i c d§ng ciia
b i o , lu lut
Nam trong he thdng rifng ngap
m i n C i Mau

Cach bien khoing tif 10km trd
!§n

Tif dudng bd bien cho den h i t
difn tich rifng ngap man Ca Mau


- H§ thdng khu trung t i m dd thj, trung tam cic khu dd thj v i don vi d.
Phat trien cic trung t i m khu vi/c vdi chOfc nang thUdng mai, dich vu du
lich. He thdng da trung tam, phat trien them cac cdc mdi cd t i c dung hd
trd v i phdng tranh rdi ro.
- Cac khu dd thi v i don vj d; p h i n djnh rd khu vifc p h i t trien ndi thi v i
ngoai thi. xen ke khdng gian xanh tao viing dem thich dng tdt hdn vdi
BDKH.

- He thdng khdng gian xanh dd thi; tang cudng khdng gian xanh trong
cau true dd thi. tao hanh lang thoat lu, chda nUdc.
• He thdng giao thdng dd thi va ha tang ky thuat.
- Khu sin xuat; khu cdng nghiep, kho t i n g , b i n bai.

Bang 2. Cac md hinh cau trtic khdng gian do thj thich ijfng vCic khu chiJc
C i u true khdng gian dd thi
SIT
nang do thj
D D thi sat bien

Dd thj ven bien ngap rr

Mo hinh tdng t h i :
He thdng trung tam dd
thi duoc p h i n cap
thanh hai tang b i c co
b i n la trung tam dd thi
(thanh phd, thi x i , thi
tran) va trung t i m ddn

Hinh 2. Md hinh cau true khdng gian
do thi sat bien thich iJng vdi BDKH

Hinh 3. Md hinh cau true khdng gian
gd thj gan bien thich ifng vdi BDKH

Hinh 4 M6 hinh cau true khdng gian
do thi ven b i l n n g i p man thich ilng
vdi BDKH.

- Bd tri t i p trung sat bien vacifa
sdng di khai t h i c t h i manh cOa

bien.
- Apdunggiii phapbaovetnetdl
trudc cic t i c ddng ciia BDKH.
- Cdng trinh djch vy cdng cdng
trong don vi 6 cd b i n kinh R < 500m
(ddi vdi d d t h i loai III v i II) v i R ^
1000m (ddthi loaiVva IV)

- Bd tri tap trung tai ven cacdaumdi
giao thdng cua cac sdng va dudng
Idn
- Ap dung giii p h i p b i o ve tn§t de
trifdc cac tac ddng cua BOKH
- Cdng trinh dichvu cdng cdng
trong don v i d e o ban kinh R< 500m
(ddi VOI ddthi loai 111 va II) v a R <
lOODmlddthiloaiVvalV).

- Bd tri t i p trung tai khu vifc cic dau
mdi giao thdng cua he thdng kenh
rach v i dildng Idn.
- Ap dung g i i i p h i p b i o v^ tn§t d l
trddc cac t i c ddng ciia BOKH.
- Cdng trinh dich vu cdng cdng ciia
ddn v j d c d b i n kinh Rs 1000m (ddi
vdi d d t h i loai III va II) va R < 2000m
(ddthi loai V v i IV)

- C i c k h u k l c i n g i n khutrung tam
dd thi se cd m i t dd xay dung trung

binh,
- Cic k h u d x a k h u t r u n g t a m d d t h i
cd m i t dd x i y dung thap.

- Cickhuklcinginkhutrungtim
dd thi se cd m i t dd xay dung trung
binh.
- Cickhudxakhutrungtamddthi
cd mat dd xay ddng thap.

- Csc khu k l c i n gan khu trung tam
do thi se c6 mat dd xay dung trung
binh.
- Cackhudxa khutrung t a m d d t h i
cd m i t d$ x i y dung t h i p

Khu trung tam
va cdng trinh
dich vu cdng
cdng dd thi

Cac khu dd thi
va don vi d'


He thdng
khdng gian
xanh dd thi-

Dien tich chilm ti \i nhd trong dd

li.

Tao khdng gian mem giifa dd thj
1 bien.
Tao viing dem han c h i n g i p lut dd
thi.

D en t ch ch em t le idn trong do .
- Dien tich chiem ti le tu'ong do Idn
trong dd thi.
- Tao khdng gian mem g ua do thi
v i sdng,
- Tao viing d i m han c h i ngap lut do

*

- Cic true chinh s i t sdng, cic true
hudng t i m va dddng vanh dai k i t
ndi cac khu chifc nang dd thi vdi
sdng; lam giam h i n h trinh di chuyen
trong dd thi, gdp phan g i i m nhe
ludngkhithiiC02.

- Song song v i vudng gdc vdi he
thdng kenh rach.
- Han che dudng cheo hudng t i m .
- Han c h i viec xitlyky thuat giao cat
giifa dudng bd va kenh rach.
- Cu dan chil y l u di chuyin b i n g
dudng thJiy.

%

Tao khong gian mem gida do thi va}
kenh rach
j
Tao vung dem han c h i n g i p lut do I
thL
' i^*-"^

He thdng giao
thong va
khung ha tang
ky thuat ddthi

- Dddng true chinh sat b i l n , bd
sung them cac true song song vdi
b i l n d Idp sau v i dudng hUdng t i m
ket ndi cic khu chifc nang dd thi vdi
b i l n ; lam g i i m h i n h trinh di chuyen
trong do thi, gdp phan g i i m nhe
lUOng khi t h i l C02.

A l Ol
y2Jj
i ( > l ^ [v 1'

--^
- Cdng nghiep nang (do thi loai II,
III), cdng nghiep nhe, cdng nghiep

phu trd.
- MiJcdd b i o vetn&tde vdi BOKH
(ddi vdi khu sin xuat t i p trung).
- Mifc do thich nghi vdi BOKH (ddi
vdi khu sin xuat phu trd)

- Cdng nghiep nang {dd thi loai II),
cdng rghi§p nhe. cdng nghiep phu
tro,
- Mifc do bao ve triet de vdi BOKH
[ddi vdi khu sin xuat t i p trung).
- Mifc dd thich nghi vdi BDKH (ddi
vdi khu sin xuat phu trd)

Quy hoach sCrdung dcit
Kilm soat sif dung dat dUdc i p dung cho t o i n bd hoic mdt phan ciia
khu vifc b d bien cd nhieu riii ro, d l x u i t cac khoang Idi x i y difng ven
bien tfnh tif difdng thiiy tneu [tdOng tU nhif cic chi gidi xay dung d
dudng phd do thi), x i c dinh cic difdng chi gidi xay ddng ven b i l n du
kien n g i n han den 2020 va xa hon den nam 2030, 2050, 2070 va 2100
(Hinh 5):

^ rfe:5l'-

%J

^1

1 '

- Cdng nghiep phu tro danh bat che
bien tiiiiy h i i sin, c h i b i l n ndng lam
sin,...
- Miic do thich nghi vdi BDKH.


5. Till! tifSng Chinh phu [2009). Quyet dinh so 44S/(H)-TTg ngay 7/4/2009 phe duyet flinii
huong Phat tnen he ihong do thi Viet Ham den 2025 va tam nhin den 2050.
6 niii tJdng Chinh phu (2013). Quye't dinh s6 2623/(H)-Trg ngiy 31/12/2013 Phe duyet De
an phat tri^n cac do Ihi Viet Nam Ung phd v6i BOKH giai doan 2013-2020.
7. VIJP [2015). Nhiem vuxdydt/ngkihoqch tnin khai quy hoach cdc viing lanh te Iron
tfnh din cicy&tSbih doiithihau Vien Quy hoach dothiva Nong than Ouoc gia. thang 7/2015.
e. Kahn. N. E. [2006). Green Cities - Urban Crowth and the Environment Washington
Brookings Institution Press, 2006
9. Lulia (2009). Jpfifl/ Planning in Shemheo to Built a Low Carbon Gly. 45tli ISOCAU
Congress, 2009
10. Ralf, K iim). Cities and the Potential for Climate Change Adaptation BTUCo
Department for Urban Planning and Spatial Design. 10/2012,
Ifinii 5 So do phan viing kiem soat si} dung dat do thi ven bien Tay Nam
Viing I, Cdng trinh phdng hd b d bien. vimg d i m sinh thai, du lich
b i l n , nudi thiiy h i i sin,... nam trong pham vi a 50 - 100 m tinh tif
dudng thiiy t r i l u (den 2020). Cam x i y dung cdng trinh trong pham vi
nay vi khdng hieu q u i do d u k i l n d i n 2020 se bi t i c ddng true t i l p ciia
NBD, trieu cu'dng v i xdi 16 bd b i l n ,
Viing II; Cic cdng trinh tam, phu t r q v i phuc vu du lich ngan han;
Nha 6 ban kiSn cd va dich vu cdng cdng bd biin; Cdng trinh bao ve b d
bien nam trong pham vi > 100 - 200m tinh tif dddng thiiy trieu ( d i n
2030), Sif dyng ngan han. khdng sd dung sau 20 n i m vi d u k i l n d i n
2030 se bj t i c ddng trUc tiep ciia NBD, t r i l u cudng v i xdi Id bd bien, Chi
nen xay dUng cdng trinh b i c IV.

Viing III: Cic cdng trinh du lich, nha d kien co va dich vu cdng cdng
ven bien n i m trong pham vi a 200 - 300 m tinh til dUdng thdy t r i l u
(den 2050). Sif dung ngan han, tam thdi va duy tri sif dung d i i han khi
cd dieu chinh v l khoa hoc ky t h u i t cd kha nang dng phd BDKH vi dif
kien den 2050 se bi t i c ddng true t i l p ciia NBD, trieu cu'dng va xdi Id bd
bien. Nen x i y dung cdng trinh £ bae III.
Viing IV v i V: Khi phat trien khu dd thi mdi ven bien nen dUdc dat
ben ngoai viing cd nguy co ven b i l n vdi khoang cich £ 300 m tinh t d
dddng thiiy tneu ( d i n 2070) va a SOO m (den 2100) de tranh gia tang
t l l p xuc vdi c i c mdi nguy hiem tiem nang ven bien. D i e bi§t, c i c cdng
trinh benh vien, trddng hoc, c i c co sd dudng l i o khdng nen nam d s i t
bien, vung cd nguy co riii ro cao hoac khd khan cho hoat ddng. Viing IV
cd mdc dd sif dung dat dn djnh tUdng ddi, xay ddng theo giai doan vl
dif kien den 2070 se bi t i c ddng trdc t i l p ciia NBD, t r i l u cUdng va xdi Id
bd bien, n l n x i y dung cdng trinh s bae N. Viing V cd mdc do sif dung
dat dn dinh lau dai vi d d kien den 2100 mdi bi t i e ddng true t i l p eiia
NBD, trieu cifdng va xdi Id bd b i l n . Xiy dung cdng trinh bae I.
4. Ket luan
Ba md hinh eau true khdng gian dd thj thich ifng vdi BOKH da dUdc
d l xuat (md hinh dd thi sat bien, md hinh dd thi g i n b i l n va md hinh dd
thj ven b i l n n g i p man) la g i i i p h i p quy hoach c i u true khdng gian
tUdng dng cho ba nhdm dd thi cua he thdng dd thi ven b i l n T i y Nam,
gan k i t vdi c i c g i i i phap k i l m soit sif dung dat la mdt hudng dl can
b i n 3i thifc h i f n lap QHC do thj cd ndi dung Idng ghep thieh dng vdi
BDKH. Cac md hinh dd thi t r l n cd k h i n i n g ap dung cho cae dd thj ven
bien Viet Nam ed dieu kien va tinh chSt tu'ong t d .
TAi UEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd Tai ngu/en va Moi trucmg (2012). Kich ban BBKH, NBD cho Viet Nam 2012. Nha Kua't
bjn Tai nguyen - Moi truong va Bin do Viet Nam, 2012
2 BD Xay dung (2010). De an "lighiin cDuphdt tnen cdc do thi ven bien i/iet Nam mg pho vdi

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