Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu ở miền núi vùng cao phía Bắc Việt Nam: Thực trạng và giải pháp ứng phó trên cơ sở khai thác tri thức bản địa của các dân tộc thiểu số

T a c dpng cua bien doi ld mien nui vung cao phfa Bac Viet Nam:
Thi/c trang va giai phap uTng pho
tren cd sd khai thac tri thufc ban dja
cua cac dan toe thieu so*
DUCJNG QUYNH PHUdNG**

rong Chie'n Iflgc qud'c gia ve bien
doi khi hdu giai doan 2011 - 2020
da nhdn dinh: "Tdc ddng ciia bie'n doi khi
hdu dbi vdi nfldc ta Id rat nghigm trgng, la
nguy cd hien hflu eho muc tigu xda ddi
giam ngheo, eho vibe tbUe hien cdc muc
tigu thign nign ky vd sfl phdt trien ben
vflng eua da't nfldc" (Quye't dinh so'
2139/QD-TTg, 5 /12/ 2011 cua Thu tfldng
Chinh phu). Nhan dinh dd dung trgn pham
vi todn cau; ca nfldc, vd cung dung trong
pham vi khu vifc mien nui phfa Bdc - mdt
vung dia li tdc ngfldi dpe ddo vdi hdn 30
dan tbc cd tru. Hien tflgng bie'n doi khi hdu
d nhilu dia phflcmg vimg cao, vung nui da
vd dang anh hfldng tieu cflc trong mgi Hnh
vflc Hgn quan den s i n xua't vd ddi sb'ng cac
ddn tpc. Cde hign tUdng cUc doan d vung
miln nui phia Bac ed xu hfldng diln bie'n
that thddng ea tan suit, cddng dp va mfle
dp thiet hai nhU; sat Id, lu quet, lu d'ng, lu
bun dd, mUa ldn, han hdn, ret hai,... gay
anh hfldng tidu cUc den viec thfle hien muc

T

tigu xod ddi giam ngheo nhanh vd ben
viing. Trude tinh hinh dd, ehinh quyen cde
cap can ke' hoach dng phd vdi bien doi khi
hdu phu hgp phu hgp vdi ddc thu dia
phucfng mien nui vd vung dan tdc phia Bdc
ndi chung vd tCfng dia phddng ndi rieng.
Day Id nhiem vu khd khdn, phdc tap, ddi
hdi phai cb nhieu nghien edU, tim ra cdc
giai phap phu hgp.
I. TONG QUAN KHU Vl/C MIEN NUI
PHIA BAC VIET NAM
Mien mii phia Bdc gom cdc tidu vung
Bdng Bdc vd Tdy Bdc. Tdi nguygn, kinh te
- xd hdi trong khu vdc cb nhfing net dae
thu, cb sfl bie'n doi trong qud t n n h thfle
hien cac ehii tnfdng, chinh sach phdt trien
cua qud'c gia vd cdc dia phuong trong
nhflng nam vfla qua.
Tiiu vung tu nhien vd kinh te - xd hpi
Ddng Bdc cd dien tich 63.629 km^ (chie'm
20% dien tich ca nudc) bao gom 11 tinh:

* NghiSn cdu ndy dugc tdi trp bdi Quy phat trien Khoa hpc vd Cong nghe Quoc gia (NAFOSTED)
trong dl tdi ma sd IV5.2-2011.17 . Xin chan thdnh cam cm.
** TS. Duwng Quynh Phuong, TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham, DH Thdi Nguyen


64

Nghiin cihi Ddng Nam A 8/2014

Dong Bac ciing la khu vUc co hdn 30
Hd Giang, Cao Bang, Lang Sdn, Lao Cai,
Bic Kan, Quang Ninh, Yen Bai, Tuyen d i n tdc anh em cimg chung sdng vdi sd
Quang, Thdi Nguydn, Phd Thg va Bac dan g i n 10 trieu i ^ d i , chiem trdn 40%
Giang. Ddy la khu vifc cd nguIn tai nguyen dan so toan qudc. Cu ddn thugc cdc nhdm
khoang san gidu nhat ca nUdc, vdi chung ngon ngi? Tay - Thai, Mdng - Dao, Nam A
loai phong phu va trfi lUdng ldn nhfl than, - Ka dai, Viet - Mudng,...
ti tan, ddng, apatit, thid'c, s i t , . . . Day cung
Tieu vung tU nhiin vd kinh ti - xa hpi
la khu vifc cd dilu kien phdt trien cdy ndng Tdy Bdc bao gdm cac tinh Lai Chau, Dipn
nghigp vd cdng nghigp va chan nudi dai Bidn, Sdn La, Hda Binh. Toan vung cb
gia sue. Tilm ndng du Hch ciia vung nay dien tieh tU nhien la 37.335 km^, dia hinh
eung khd giau cd va to ldn nhU Ha Long, chia cat hiem trd, da dang vdi cdc thui^
lung, nui cao, cao nguyen... Cdc sdng ldn
Bac Pd, Tan Trdo, Ba Bl, ...
nhu sdng Da, sdng Ma cd tiem nang thiiy
Phan ldn dia hinh d tilu vung Ddng
dien khdng nho. Day cung Id khu vifc cb
Bic cb dd cao tnmg binh. Dpe theo bign
nhieu md kim loai mau quy hiem nhd
gidi Viet - Tnmg ciia tieu vung Ddng Bic
ddng, thie'c, niken, da quy... Tilu vung ndy
cd son nguyen da Ddng Vdn - Lung Cu,
cd dudng bign gidi vdi Lao 600 km vd vdi
nhilu day nui cao trgn 1500 m nhi^ Tdy
Trung Qudc 300 km.
Cdn Linh (2419 m), Kieu Lieu Ty (2402

Dai bp phan dien tich lanh t h i Tiy B^c
m), Mdu Sdn (1541 m), Nam Chau Lanh
(1506 m), Tam Dao (1591 m)...; cac day la dia hinh nui cao vd chia cat sdu. Db Id
ndi hinh canh cung: Sdng Gam, Ngan Sdn, cdc cao nguyen Ta Phinh, Sin Chai, Sdn
Bic Son, Ddng Trilu. Mdt so canh ddng La, Mde Chau vd la nhfing day niii dpc
gida nui cd dien tich rpng, tddng ddi bdng theo bidn gidi Viet - Trung, Viet - Lao vdi
phang, dan cd ddng due, ndng nghiep tru dinh eao tii' 1500 m trd Ign: Pu Si Lung
phd nhu Mudng Thanh, Tuan Gido (Dien (3076m), Khoan La San (1853m), Pu Sam
Sao (1897m), Pu Ludng (1880m),
Bien), Binh Ld (Lai Chau), Vdn Chan,
Phansipan Id dinh nui cao nhat Vidt Nam
Nghia Lb (Yen Bdi), Hod An (Cao Bang),
(3143 m). LdU vUc sdng Da chie'm dai b6
Dai Tfl (Thai Nguyen),,,, Ddng Bdc la vung
phan Tiy Bdc vdi nhilu thde ghlnh cd
Idnh thd gom nfldc eho lifu vUe cdc dbng
ngudn thuy ndng ddi ddo. Tay Bdc cung cd
sdng Hdng, sbng Thai Binh. Bat nguon tfl
nhflng cdnh ddng gifia nui chie'm didn tich
day Ngan Sdn, sbng Ky Cung do nfldc
ldn nhfl : canh dong Mudng Thanh, Tuan
sang luu vUe sbng Bdng Giang Quang Tay,
Gido, Binh Lu. Tay Bac khi hdu cd 2 miia
Tnmg Qude.
rd ret trong ndm, nhiet dd trung binh
Nhilu cfla khau qub'c te' quan trgng 20'^C, lugng mfla trong nam 1.000
trong khu vUc ndm d bign gidi Viet - Trung 2.000mm, do am tfl 80 - 85%. Day Id khu
vdi chieu ddi 1.145 km. Trong nhijng ndm VLfc CO dieu kien phat t r i l n manh v l lim
g i n day, vung da phdt huy lgi the', tao nen nghiep: phat t r i l n trdng rifng, cdc ciy cdng
dien mao, sd khdi sdc cho hoat dgng kinh nghiep, cay dn qua, dflgc Hdu va chdn nubi

gia sue.
te' va xd hbi trong vung.


Duong Quynh Phuang - Tdc d^ng cUa bien ddi khi hgu d mien nui vung cao..
Todn vung c6 gan 3 trigu ngUdi thudc
hdn 20 d i n tdc thieu sd cung chung sd'ng.
Ding bao thudc cic nhdm ngdn ngfi nhu
Mdn - Khd me, Mdng - Dao, Tdy - Thdi,
Tang - Midn, Vidt - Mfldng, Nam A... Trinh
dp p h i t t r i l n cua cac d i n tdc trong vung
cdn nhieu chdnh Igch nhau vd thi'p so vdi
mdt bang p h i t t r i l n chung cua qud'c gia.
Ty le ddi ngheo cao, vigc tig'p can vdi cac
dich vu cdng cdn nhieu b a n che.
n . TAC

D6NG

CUA BIEN DOI

KHI

H A U VA THIEN TAI D E N KHU VlJC
M l i N NtJI VUNG CAO PHIA BAC
VIETNAM
Trong nhung ndm gan day, tren dia
ban cde tinh thudc khu vdc m i l n nui phia
Bic, khi hdu da cd nhiJng bieu hidn big'n
doi ngdy cdng rd ndt vd cb tdc dbng dg'n

nhieu Iinh vUe khdc nhau. Dd la hien tdgng
nhiet do tdng vd cdc hien tddng thdi tig't
CUc doan nhfl: n i n g ndng keo ddi hdn, ret
dim keo ddi hdn, mfla ldn tdp trung...
Nhiing hign tugng bat thudng nhd lu qudt,
lu bun dd, xdi mdn thoai hod di't, nflt trugt dat vd h i i n tugng xdi Id bd thudng
xuygn xay ra. Bgn canh dd edn xuat hien
cdc bat thudng vl thdi tie't nhU: ddng, ldc,
mua dd, set... gdy thiet hai nghigm trgng
vl ngudi vd tdi san.
Dd'i vdi hign tflgng nhiet do khdng khi
tdng, ket qua phan tich sd Heu khi tugng
thuy vdn d tram Hd Giang vd Bic Quang
cho tha'y, nhigt do khdng khf trung binh
ndm lan lugt tdng 0,60C vd '0,80C trong
vdng 50 ndm qua (tfl ndm 1960). Tuy
nhien su tdng nhidt do khdng khi-diln ra
khdng gidng nhau gifia cdc mua trong
ndm. Tuy theo cic dia diem khdc nhau md

65

eUdng do vd tan sud't xud't hien eac hien
tugng thdi tiet cue doan Id khdc nhau. Vi
du, nghign cdu cua cdc nhd khoa hgc ve
bien doi khi hdu d xa PhUdng Vign huyen
Chg Ddn vd xd Quang Chu, huyen Chg
Mdi tinh B i c Kan eho thd'y, d xd PhflOng
Ygn hien tflgng thdi tie't cflc doan dugc sdp
xep theo mfle do nghiem trgng giam d i n

nhu sau: lu quet, sat Id dd't, xdi mdn, mda
dd, sd'm set trong khi dd d xa Quang Chu
lai Id lu lut /lu quet, ngap ung, ban hdn,
xdi mdn da't.
Tfl xda deh nay, dai da so dong bdo cdc
dan tde mien nui vung cao phia Bac cd
cude sdng chu ye'u dUa vdo ndng - ldm
nghigp vd phu thudc vdo tfl nhidn. Do vdy,
trUdc nhiing t i e ddng cua bie'n doi khi hdu
thi hg chinh la nhflng cU dan chiu thiet
hai nhi't. Cb the minh chdng qua mdt so
khia canh sau:
Bien doi khi hdu tdc ddng den san xuat
cua ngdnh ndng nghiep, md tnfdc het bieu
hien cua bie'n ddi khi hdu Id lam mat (Hen
tich dd't canh tdc, cung vdi dd la dien tich
da't dd'c hi xdi mdn, nia trdi, ca'u true dd't
hi p h i buy, nhilu ndi hinh thdnh ke't vdn.
Da so' dd't ddi nui trd ngn ngheo, khb, r i n ,
sat Id. Nhflng tac dbng nay lam ban che
nguon vd'n sinh ke' eiia ngfldi dan, ddc bigt
la nhflng ngfldi ngheo sd'ng phu thude chii
yg'u vdo td nhien. Ben canh dd, ban hdn,
ret dam ret hai lam giam bode phd buy
dien tich da dugc giao trdng, tfl db giam
san lugng Ifldng thUe san xuat dugc lam
cho ngfldi dan vb'n da ngheo lai edng
ngheo hdn.
Theo bdo cdo eua UBND tinh Lao Cai,
trong ndm 2011 d tinh Lao Cai dd dien ra

nhilu ddt ret ddm, ret hai, nhiet do dao


66
dbng d mfle 5 dg'n 7°C. Ret dam, cd thdi
diem nhigt dd xud'ng tha'p deh 3^C, gay
khd khdn cho san xuat ndng nghigp va ddi
sd'ng, ddng thdi lam gia t a n g tai nan giao
thdng, do sUdng mu ban che' t a m nhin,
nhi't la d dia ban vung cao nhU Sa Pa, Bac
Ha... Tai Sa Pa, tam d i l m cua ret lanh,
nhiet do xud'ng thap kem theo sUdng mu,
gib bac va mUa phun nen cay cdi tdn lui,
ngudn thfle an tfl nhien cho gia sue can
kibt khig'n nhilu gia dinh d cac xa Trung
Chai, Ta Phin, Sa Pa, Hau Thao... phai sd
tan trau, bd xud'ng vung thi'p sat thdnh
phd Lao Cai (cdch xa 20 dg'n 40 km) d l
trdnh ret. D l so tdn gia sue di trdnh ret,
nbng dan phai mang theo chdn mdn, quan
do, gao, thdc pham, dung cu nau an...
xud'ng vung thd'p cam liu, lam lan; mdi gia
dinh thudng cd hai ngddi, so tan gia sue
cho de'n he't mua ret (khoang 1 dg'n 2
thdng) mdi quay ve nhd ldm vu xuan.
Nhieu gia dinh ngfldi dan toe thieu so'phai
tig't Idem chi tieu, ddnh tien mua xang d l
chay xe may xud'ng vung tha'p lay cd lam
thde an cho gia sue trong nhiJng ngdy ret
mUdt. Ret dam, ret hai keo ddi gay khd

han, thie'u nUdc cho san xua't vd sinh hoat
d nhieu dia phfldng, ddc biet Id dia ban
vung cao, bidn gidi, nhU: Ndn San, Ndn
Sin, Lfl Than (Si Ma Cai), D i n Thing,
Sang Ma Sdo (Bat Xdt)... Ddc biet, d ba xa
Ta Gia Khdu, Din Chin va Pha Long ciia
huyen Mudng Khfldng bi thieu nudc sinh
boat nghiem trpng. Theo bdo cdo cua Sd
Tai nguyen tinh Thai Nguygn, tren dia
ban tinh do anh hudng cua bien ddi khi
hau, tinh hinh dich benh bung phat trong
nhilu nam qua dd lam cho so lUdng gia
sue giam nhilu, ddc biet Id trau, bd. Dan
trau giam Hen tucll4,4 nghin con nam

Nghiin cihi Ddng Nam A 8/2014
2005 xudng cdn 108,6 nghin con nam 2007
va 96, 7 ngMn con n a m 2009, mdi nam
giam khoang 4,4 nghin con (giai doan
2005 - 2009).
Ben canh tdc dgng dg'n san xuat ndng
nghigp, big'n d l i khi hau tac dgng tidu cUc
ddn cic khia canh khdc nhau nhU tinh
mang va sflc khoe, nhd cda, tdi san, thu
nhap va tie'p can cac dich vu xa hdi dl
n i n g eao kidn thufc cua d i n g bao cdc dan
tdc thieu so' mien nui vung cao phia Bac.
Theo bao cao qud'c gia v l giam nhe thien
tai d ^^gt Nam thi cf khu vUc miln niii
vung cao phia Bdc, thien tai diln ra vdi

tan sud't cao hdn vd cUdng dd ndng hdn.
Trong vdng 10 ndm tfl ndm 1994 den 2003
d m i l n nui phia Bac ed 43 ngUdi chet hodc
mat tieh, 277 ngfldi bi thUong vd hdng chuc
nghin ngudi hi anh hudng tdm H vd kinh
te'. O tinh Ha Giang, tfl n a m 2001 den
2008 cd den 438 ngUdi chdt va 102 ngUdi
hi thddng do lu quet.
Dd'i vdi khu vUe mien nui vung eao phia
Bac, big'n doi khi hdu dd lam t r i m trpng
thgm tanh trang ngheo ciia dong bao cac
dan tbc. Sinh ke' ciia hg chu ye'u dfla vdo
nguon tdi nguyen thien nhign, trong khi
dd tinh trang nguon t i i nguyen thign
nhign lai phu thugc vdo dieu kien khi hiu
vd thdi tiet. Bien doi khi hau tdc dgng trifc
tig'p de'n thign nhien, ldm h a n che' sif tiep
can eua ngUdi dan dd'i vdi nguIn tdi nguyin
thien nhidn, ma tnfdc he't Id t i i nguygn
dat, nfldc va rimg, dieu ndy ldm anh hUofng
de'n thu nhap ciia hg. Dd cfing la mgt trong
nhflng H do khig'n cho dong b i o cdc d i n t^c
van ludn sd'ng trong vdng luan quan cua sif
suy thodi va ngheo ddi.


Duang Qupnh Phuang - Tdc d0ng cua bien ddi khi hdu d mien nui vitng cao...
i n . M 6 T S 6 KHIA CANH C 6 A
THLfC B A N D I A Ctx
DONG

CAC D A N T O C VUNG CAO CO
T I ^ TRONG VIEC tfNG PHO
BIEN D 6 I K m H A U

TRI
BAO
GIA
VCll

1. IVong vi^c k h a i t h a c v a b a o v $
ruCng

67

ddi thi ba con thdn ban, hg hdng d&i thdm
mdi ngUdi dem mdt cay que con trong de
sau nay lam tdi san hodc cua hdi mdn cho
dfla tre. Hoac khi di sdn b i n , ngUdi Dao
tuan thii nghidm ngat tuc lg khdng ban giet
nhi&ig con thu d a i ^ mang thai vi hg quan
nigm neu ban giet nhiing con thu mang
thai thi con vat ma minh nudi se khdng
sinh san dugc. Ngodi ra, dieu cam ky ndy
cdn mang y nghia dao ddc vd gdp p h i n bao
ve sfl sinh tnfdng cua dan thu.

Thfle te cho t h i y , big'n ddi khi h i u gdy
tdc ddng de'n ngudn tai nguyen theo nhieu
phddng thfle khdc nhau. Dd'i vdi tai nguyen
rCftig thi sU t i c ddng ro nhat db Id, dien

Cac thg' he ngUdi Dao cdn truyen migng
tich rCfng bi giam do cdc hien tugng thdi nhau nhi&ig quy dinh khi khai thac tdi
tig't cflc doan. d nhieu dia phfldng thudc nguygn rCmg. "Lam nUdng khbng dugc
khu vflc mien nui phia Bic, dien tich rdng phat rCfng gia, lam nhd khdng dugc chat
tu nhien dang bi suy giam nghigm trgng ciy to, chat mbt cay phai trdng bay cdy.
do lu qudt, sat Id da't, Id'c xody, chdy rflng... Chat cay to phai ehfla cay con, ldm nhfl
Ciing vdi dd Id sfl suy gidm tinh da dang the' riing mdi khbng bi ma't..." hay "Chim
sinh hgc do mat didn tich rflng vd do gia thu trong rifng ta phai bao ve. Tha'y chim
tdng dich b^nh.
thu khbng nen duoi bat. Bat con chdn
Ve phia ngudi dan dia phflcfng d khu vUe khdng dugc bat eon me, bat con chim
mien nui vung cao, bao ddi nay hg sd'ng g i n khdng dUde bat con me. Bat con ca khbng
rflhg vd sdng dUa vdo rflng, vi vay hg cb dUdc bat con me...". Ld dan tdc sd'ng nhOng kie'n thdc rat ed gid tri trong viec vung reo gifla va reo eao, cude sd'ng bao ddi
bio vg vd phdt triln rflhg. Ching han, dbi nay phu thudc chat ehe vao thien nhign,
vdi dong bdo d i n tpc Dao, hg cd nhung luat do vdy ngudi Dao hieu rat rb vai trd cua
tuc quy dinh ro rang vl viec khai thdc vd rifng dau nguon vdi cube sb'ng vd mua
bao ve rflng. Hiu hg't mdi thdn, ban diu cd mang. Cd t h i ndi rdng, nfng gdp phan
nhOng khu rimg ci'm (ma podng kim), nudi sd'ng con ngddi va dg'n khi mdi ngfldi
thdng thfldng nhung khu rifng cam nay qua ddi, riing lai ddn vl, dp u nhd ngfldi
nim ct dau ngudn khe nudc ciia thdn, xdm. Me. NgUdi Dao cd cau: "Nang kim ui, pay
TTieo tuc lg, tai khu rifng cam ndy dan lang kim pig'c" (Nghia la: Sd'ng rimg nudi, che't
chi dddc tdi trong dip thfle hien cac nghi riing chbn). Rdng cung cap cho ngUdi tfl
thdc thd rdng, tuyet dd'i khdng duge chat ngpn mdng, ngpn rau, eay nam, tbub'c
phi, thd hay budc t r i u cf khu rdng cam, neu ehfla benh.. ddn eay cdt dung nhd, chig'c
ai vi pham vdo dilu cmn Iqr ndy se bi phat quan tdi khi qua ddi.. Viec bao ve rCmg,
^^t gao, hodc bac tring. Ngodi ra, ngfldi ddc biet Id nhiing khu rifng dau ngudn,
Dao c6n c6 tuc lg khi xay dung gia dinh thi rflng thieng la nghia vu, trdch nhiem cua
edp vg chong tre phai trong tre, trdm hodc mdi ngudi vd dd trd thdnh luat tuc ciia
que. Khi trong gia dinh c6 mdt dfla tre ra thdn cua ban.

68
Ngfldi Dao ndi ve riftig, rifng thieng vd
trdch nhiem bao vg rifng cua mdi ngUdi
mgt cdch cu the, ai cung hieu dugc: "Cay cd
long (cd nghia la cay cd thu), nhU ngudi gia
ed rau, rifng xanh bat ngdt, la rimg dau
nguon, riing dau md nfldc, rifng ngut ngdn
tit tap, rifng cung tg', nftig kieng, rflng linh
thigng... Bao ve nfng de cho hdm nay, cho
ngdy mai vd cho mudn ddi thg' he: "Cd
rdng, cd cay, cd hoa qua chin. Chim mudng,
ong bddm, mudn lodi se de'n. Ng'u khdng
mubn lodi ong bUdm va chim mudng se bd
di. Db la le thddng tinh tfl nhidn thdi".
Rilfng trong t i m thdc ciia ngddi Dao nhU
trai tim cua cdng dong, the hien nhttng quy
Udc, ludt tuc vd nhiing gid tri van hda
truyen thd'ng dUde tdn thd, dugc sung kinh
nhu vdi dng bd to tign.
Dd'i vdi dong bdo dan tbc Mong, mgt dan
tpc dai dien eho nhfing cd dan sinh sd'ng d
khu vUc reo cao thi hp ed phong tuc cung
riing, hau nhU thbn ban ndo cung quan ly
mbt dien tfch rimg hoac 2-3 thdn quan ly
chung mpt cHen tich rimg cung. Ngfldi dan
Mbng coi rflng eung ciia thbn la rflng thidng
ngn bao ve rat nghigm ngdt theo hUong Udc
do thbn de ra. Hfldng fldc nay quy dinh :

Nghiem cam mpi ngudi d i n trong thdn k l
ea ngudi ngoai khdng dflgc vao rflng eting
chat cdy, lay cui, chdn tha gia sue vdo
rflhg..., ne'u ai vi pham se bi thdn phat va
bang tien, ngd hoac gao nop vao quy. Chinh
vi quy dinh nghigm ngdt va phat va ve gid
tri kinh tg' ldn nen khdng cd ngddi vi pham
vdo rflhg eung, do dd rting nay dugc bao ve
rat tdt. Hang nam vao thang gigng hodc
thdng hai nhan ddn to chdc le hbi cung
rflng, ngoai muc dich cau cho t h i n rifng phu
hb, nhan dan trong duge binh an, mua
mdng tUcfi td't, thdn cdn quy dinh mdi hg

Nghien cieu Dong Nam A 8/2014
trong thdn phai trdng tif 1 den 5 ciy vdo
khu vifc rifitig cam n h a m phdt t r i l n riftig tdt
hon. Khi di rtmg gap c i y to thugc loai gS
quy hig'm, nha nao phat hidn tnfdc thi lap
ban thd d gdc ciy. Hg thii&ng thd cung
nhiing gdc ciy to nay vdo dip tet, ngay 5
t h i n g Gieng vdi y nghia la ciy se che'gib
bao, gifi dat, gifl nUde va dem lai may man
cho gia dinh vd anh em trong d d i ^ hg. Tin
nguSng nay da cd y nghia ddc bigt quan
trong trong van de bao vd tai nguyen rtog,
bdi vi mdi mdt ban thd cung dflgc lap dUdi
gd'c cay to trong rifng dong n ^ i a vdi viec
mgt cay go quy cua rifng tfl nhign dflgc bao
ve vd tdn tai sfl sd'ng.

Vdi nhflng hinh thufc quan H vd bao ve
rdng, dac bigt la rflng thieng, rdng dau
ngudn cua eac d i n tdc d vimg cao thi dieu
ndy dd dat dUdc muc tidu kep, dd id: Bao
tdn dflgc ngudn gen, dam bao tinh da dang
sinh hgc ddng thdi cdn cd t i c dung rat tdt
trong viec giam phat thai. Rflng dugc bao
ve se ldm tdng kha nang lifu gifl nudc vd
giam td'c do gid, qua dd giam nhe dflpc
thign tai do big'n doi khi hau gay ra.
2. T r o n g v i g c c h o n g x o i m o n v a bao
vg dat
Sinh sd'ng lau ddi trdn vung di't doc,
dong bao cic dan tpc mien nui vung cao rat
gidi sd dung cac kig'n thijfc ban dia de ngdn
ngfla nguy cd sat Id da't, chd'ng xoi mdn vd
bao vg da't.
Tuy tiSng dilu kign mdi trfldng tfl nhiin
ciia mdi dia phuong ma ddng bdo cic dan
tbc cd nhiing cich thfle khdc nhau trong
viec ngan ngda sat Id vd chdng xdi mdn
dat. Cde dan tdc Mdng, Pu Pdo, Lo Id d Hd
Giang, Ydn B i i thudng kg't hgp trdng ciy


Duang Quynh Phuang - Tdc d0ng cua bien ddi khi hdu d mien mii vUng cao...
vdi viec xdp da quanh
nUdng de chdng rijfa trdi.
dugc duy trt hdng trdm
mdt sic thai vdn h o i rat

vung cao.

nhd
Cach
ndm
ridng

hoac quanh
thfle nay da
vd tao nen
cua khu vifc

Dong bdo cdc dan tgc r i t chu y den viec
lUa chgn cdc cay trdng phu hgp trgn mdi
viing dat khac nhau, nham dem lai do phi
cho dit, dong thdi bao ve dit, chd'ng xdi
mon, rufa trdi. Theo kinh nghiem cua ngUdi
Dao, cdy trong thich hgp trgn dat ddc gdm
cb cdc loai sau : (1). Trdu, md vd keo tai
tmng, kinh nghiem tfl xUa d l lai tW md
vd triu la cdy lay gd sinh tnfdng nhanh
nhd't, chi trong 5 - 6 nam da dugc thu
hoach. Gd md trdn mUdi nam rat tdt, cd the
lam go tru. Di't trdng md, trau khdng bi
thodi hba, sau khi thu hoach vdn tie'p tue
trong dgt khac. T r i n g ciy keo tai tugng xen
vdi cdy bach ddn, qud' hoac trdng xen tren
cdc vUdn dli se dat hieu qua eao vd chat
lugng td't. (2). Cdy che: ngUdi Dao tfl xua da
trdng ehe, bdi che Id thd nudc udng co

truyen. TrUdc diy, chd mgc tu nhidn trong
rung, cdy eao to, ehl viec be canh ve lay Id
pha nUdc udng, theo hg, trong che ldm cho
dat tdi xd'p, it bi xdi mdn vd cdy che cd bg
re khoe, cd tdn la rdng che ddgc mfla rdi
trdc tiep. Ngodi ra cd t h i trong them mdng
bdt do trdn ddi che theo md hinh: mdng bdt
dp + che, mdng b i t do dflgc trdng quanh
chin ddi chg. (3). Cdy hg ddu, loai cdy ndy
c6 tdc dung ldm tdt di't, ne'u trdng xen vdi
cdc ciy trong khdc se dem lai hieu qua cao.
Khi phdng vain mdt sd hd gia dinh ngfldi
Dao vl vdn dl lgi Ich ciia cdy hg dau thi hp
cho r i n g : Trong cdc cay hg ddu theo dfldng
ding mde trdn nUcmg Ida giam dUpc lugng
phin bdn vi diu do cd nhilu Id, che phu
dit, chd'ng xdi mdn td't. Hdn nfla, lac, ddu

69

dS de lai cho dat nhilu thdn Id tao chat
mim cho d i t ndn dat trd ngn mdu md, se
r i t cd lgi cho nhiing ciy trong sau nd. Trdn
vUdn rtmg, vUdn cay dn qua vd cay rong
nghigp trong xen keo tai tugng, keo Id
trdm, do cdc cay keo hut nUdc tfl mach
ngam td't lam cho vUdn am udt ndn cay
tring sinh tnfdng td't hcfn so vdi ciy khdng
t r i n g xen.
Dd'i vdi ddng bdo dan tbc Thii, Mudng &

cdc tanh Sdn La, Didn Bien, Lai Chau, Hod
Binh thi hp lai chu y deh vige trdng cay tre,
true. Theo hp, tre true khbng chi mang lai
lgi ich tnfdc m i t md cdn ed nhiing gid tri
ldu ddi thdng qua kha ndng chd'ng xdi mdn,
bao ton dit, dieu tiet nddc. Vdi kinh
nghiem ctia ngfldi dan thi ciy hg tre cd tinh
ndng chdng xdi Id da't, do vay hp thddng
trong cae cay hg tre xung quan ban, Idng,
quanh cdc d i m rfldng gin ddng chay.
IV. K E T LUAN VA K I E N NGHI CAC
G l A l P H A P LfNG P H O VC(l BIEN D 6 I
KHI HAU
Viet Nam ndi chung vd khu vUc mien
nui phfa Bdc nbi rieng dang phai ddi mat
vdi nhieu tdc ddng ciia big'n ddi khi hdu.
Hdu qua cua bie'n doi khi hdu dUdc danh
gid la nghiem trpng va la mbt nguy cd hien
hull cho viec thuc hien muc tigu xod ddi
giam nghdo vd cac muc tieu thien nign ki
cung nhu can trd viec thfle hien mue tieu
phdt triln ben vifng cua dd't nude.
De dng phb vdi bien doi khi hau can
phai ed nhuhg ddu tU thich ddng va nd lUc
ciia todn xd hdi. Cdc boat ddng vl thfch
flng bidn ddi khi hdu can duge Idng ghep,
kg't nd'i trong ta't ca cac boat dbng, cdc
chinh sdch, chie'n lUgc vd cde quy hoach

70
phdt trien de cac vung trong ca nUdc ndi
chung vd khu vifc m i l n nui ndi rieng cd tiie
tang cUdng dUdc vidn trg thdng qua cac
hinh thfle trg gidp phdt trien, ddng thdi
giam thieu cac anh hudng tieu cifc do big'n
doi khi hau g i y ra.
Hien nay, trong bdi canh bie'n dli khi
hiu, cdc hien tflgng thdi tie't cifc doan va
thign tai diln ra ngdy cang manh me va
phflc tap, trfldc khi ed sd can thiep/ hd trg
tfi ben ngoai, ngUdi dan cdc dan tgc thieu
sd da phai tim each tU ddi phd d l bao ve
ban thdn, gia dinh vd edng dong. Nhiing
sang kig'n md hg dp dung chu yeu dUgc huy
dbng tfl vd'n tri thdc ban dia dfldc due ket
td nhilu ddi. Do vay, ddi vdi khu vUc mien
nui vung cao phia Bac Viet Nam can phai
nhan thfle rd gid tri cua kie'n thdc ban dia,
dac biet la kha nang ddng gdp ciia kien
thdc ban dia vao vide phat t r i l n ben vdng,
giim ngheo va giam thieu t i c ddng tidu
cUc cua bie'n doi khi hdu.
Trong dieu kien hien nay cua vung nui
phia Bac, de dng phb vdi big'n doi khi h i u
vd thfle hien muc tieu phdt trien ben vflng
can chd y den mdt sd giai phdp sau:
Thd nhdt, can dilu tra, ddnh gia dung
thfle trang nguon tai nguygn thien nhien
vd xdy duhg cde md hinh quan H tdng hdp

tai nguyen thien nhidn trong dilu kien
big'n ddi khi hau.
Thd hai, can nang cao nhan thfle cua
dong bdo cde dan tde thieu sd vl nguy cd
cua big'n doi khi hau. Bgn eanh dd, can
khdi day vd phdt huy manh me hon nfla cdc
gii tri vdn hoa dac sde, dac biet la cdc gia
tri nhdn van trong dng xiY vdi mdi trudng,
vdi gia dinh, edng dong lang ban, ndi rdng
ra Id quang ba cdc gid tri vdn hod dan tde.

Nghien cUu Ddng Nam A 8/2014
Thd ba, hien nay ddng bao cac d i n tdc
con ngheo, lai sdng trong moi tnfdng thign
nhien khd khan, khac nghidt, trinh d§
phat t r i l n cdn nhilu h a n chg'. Dieu ndy dbi
hdi Dang va Nha nUdc ta phai quan t i m
tao dilu kien cho ddng bao nang cao ddi
sd'ng, d i n g thdi cung nang cao trdch nhiem
cua d i n g bdo trong cdng cude x i y dUhg qug
hUdng d i t nddc, tnfdc he't la bao vd mdi
trudng dau nguon, xay dung ddi sdng vdn
hoa mdi.
Thd tu, chu y dg'n vigc phdt trien "cdng
nghigp xanh", hudng tdi n l n kinh td "cac
bon thap" vd suf dung higu qua tdi nguygn
thign nhien./.

TAI L I E U THAM K H A O
1. Bien doi khi hdu: Tdc dbng, khd ndng dng

pho va mbt sd van dl chinh sdch ( N ^ S n
cdu trudng hgp dong bao cde ddn tbc thilu
sd vimg nui phia Bic), Nhom cong tdc ddn
tbc thilu sd (EMWG) / Nhdm cdng tdc B i ^
doi khi hau (CCWG). Hd Ndi, 10/ 2011.
2. Bb Tdi Nguygn &. Mbi tnfdng (2009). Kick
bdn biin ddi khi hgu, nUdc biin ddng cho
Viet Nam the ki 21.
3. Chien lugc quoc gia vi biin doi khi h&u
(Ban hdnh kfem theo Quydt dinh sl
2139?QD-TTg ngdy 05/12/2011 cda Thu
tudng Chinh Phu)
4. Le Trpng Cue (2002). Mudi ndm phdt tnin
miin niii Viet Nam : Cdc vdn di kinh ti xd hpi ud mdi trudng. Trong Phdt triin
miin nui ViH Nam - Mudi ndm nhin lai.
Ha Npi, Nxb Nbng nghidp.
5. Ha Thi Thu Thuy, Duong QujTih PhUOng, Vu
Nhu Van (2012), Cdc ddn tpc Mdng. Dao:
Gdc nhin da c/iiiu tU Dia li, ddn tdc hgc,
lich sd vd sinh thdi nhdn vdn miin nui phfa
Bdc, Nhd xuat bdn vdn hod thdng tin.