Ứng phó với thảm họa tự nhiên trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu ở Việt Nam

Ung pho tham hoa tu nhien.;,. v .,
trong boi canh bi^n doi Uu Mu &wm tima*' •

'V-'. \,i\.

....

...

- V J%™

Nguyin Danh S«if • ' '• •'

mi

Tdm tSfc Xa hoi loii ngudi ludn phai dli mat vdi cie tham hpa ty nhi@n (THTN).
Do tic dpng ciia biln 46! khf bau (BDKH) nSn cic THTN khic lift hon, xiy ra vdi tan
suat nhilu hon 1^ d pham vi rdng hon. Tic dpng ctia BDKH d nudc ta ngiy cing tang
vi theo dd cac THTN cOng nhieu hom, gSy thijl bai lonhon. tfngphd vdi 11111* vudb •I'i'il:
bet li dng phd ctia cpng ding. iJiig phd ctla cdng ding vdi THTN d mrdc ta bdn d n h -i:sinhimg a i m msnh (nhu kinh nghiim, sy cl kit cdng ding trong ddi phd vM Mlm nguy; .:nM
mjng ludi td chtic xa hpi; chfnh sich va sy hott(?ctia Nhi nudc) edn cd uhtBIghja chl
vl nbSn thlic hinh dpng cda nguM din quin IJ nhi nudc. Yiu k6m ttong hoach djiUP^.'
tl chiic thvc hien chfnh sich lim cho yj|c ling phd cdng ding vdi THTN d nudc ta Ihii^
gian qua chua phit huy dupc tit siic manh cila cic bin llSn quan.
'
Tiillhda: Thim hpa tvr nhien; ling phd cdng ding; lita kit cdng ding; biln dli kbf b§U.'
LMfrdia
Theo udc tfnh ctia quic tl v i Viet Nam,
chua kl thilt hji vl ngudi, hing nam d
nudc ta thidn tai giy thipt hai tmjng dutmg
khoing 1,5 - 1 3 % GDP. Thien tai d nudc ta

hi|n nay khdng chi chii yiu li Ipt, bao nhu
trudc diy nila mi dJ md rpng hem nhilu do
tic dpng ciia BDKH. Bd cling li mdt l-j do
chd yeu din din sv ra ddi ctia Lujt Phdng,
ching thien tai do Qudc H0i ban hinh nam
2013 thay thl Phip Ipnh phdng, chdng l\it,
bio mrdc dd (ban hinh nim 1993).
Con ngudi qui nhd bd so vdi thien nhicn
nen s\r lien kit cac ca nhan, cic nhdm xa
hpi l?i vtn nhau img phd vdi THTN li mdt
tSt yiu dl sinh tdn v i phit ttiln. iJng phd
vdi cic thim hpa ndi chung vi THTN ndi
rieng ludn li irng phd cda cpng ddng hilu
theo nghta rpng ctia tu niy, bdi lc tham hpa

a.

ludn di liln vdi nhiing mit rait, tlti Oikv^j
chit vi tmh thin vd cilng to ldn, writ q | l '
kha ning chiu d\mg v i khSc phpc ,cua,ti(^
ci nhan v i gia fflnh. Cng phd cpng tlong
vdi THTN, Y'I bin chat 14 m^t d ^ g l i ^
dOng x i hOi phin ting tnrdc Jioin c W has
tlnh huing nguy cap, khd khan xiy r^.
d nudc ta, da cd nhttng nghiln loiiu -^fe
ling phd vdi thim hpa, trong dd cd THTN?
nhung chtl yiu tip trung nhilu vSo qnfii' Ijf'
nii ro thiSn tai hojc cic md Wnh ilitg phd'
thidn ^tai dva vio cpng ddng, cdn ngHife'
Cliu vl cpng dong iing phd khi thita tai xiy'

ra t^o nen thim hpa vln cdn khi ft, nhit, j i

Pli6 gifc su, tien si, Vijn N^'Sncfc vi H8 truriiit'
rnfe. BT: 0912694437. EmaD: diinlls6ll«gaiaa.c6l«
Nghien cuu nay Saijc tU tnr bdi Qi^ pbit tiikt Kh^
hpc vi Cong n^hi qui; gia (Nalbsted), trang,111 til;
"Hinh vi tip the vi to chiipxa hOi: nghifin cihi xS h§i
hpc vc thim h?a", mit sl D.il-2013.06.


*
P
n
1
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Nguygn Danh Stm
v i plmmig £ ^ xa h # hgc, vl fag phd
epng dong vdi IHTN. Bai vilt dl ctp 2 npi
dung: THTN va lien kit cpng tMng trong
fag phd vdi THTN; ftng |Ad cdng ddng vdi
THTOdnudcta.
2. Thim hga te nhJSn va Uen k i t cong
fling trong vl|c nng phd

Trong thvic tl, tham hga thudng gin vdi
hiem hga, cd nghia la "svr kita, hipn tugng
tn nhidn hojc do con ngudi cd nguy ca giy
la thilt hai v l tmh mang, bi thutmg, thiel
hai ve tai san, gian doan vl x i hdi, kmh te

hoic suy thoii vl mdi tnidng" [1, tr.2].
Tham hga trong rali quan he vdi hilm hga
dupe dinh nghia ' l i khi hilm hpa xay ra
lam anh hudng din cpng ddng din cu de bj
tdn thmmg khdng du kha nang chong dS
vdi nhflng tic hai ctia no" [1, tr.2]. Cd hilm
hga tii nhidn (bio, lu Ivit, sm Id dit, d^ng
dit, sdng thin...) v i hilm hga do con ngudi
tao ra (chat phi rung, dot riing dl san xuat,
d nhiem mdi trudng, xiy dvmg cic cdng
tnnh khdng phi hgp...). THTN li hilm hga
ttr nhien xay ra vi gay ra nhitag tic hji to
ldn ddi vdi con ngudi, x i hdi.

Cd nhidu dinh nghia khic nhau vl thim
hpa v i dudi cac gdc dp khoa hpc chuydn
n ^ n h khic nhau. THTN d day dugc xem
ita dudi gdc dp xa h0i hpc. Tuy nhicn, gidi
nghita ctiu xa h0i hpc cung chua that thdng
nhit vdi nhau vl mpt dinh nghia diy du vl
tham hpa ndi chung vi THTN ndi rieng.
Trong s l cic dinh nghia xi hdi hpc vl tham
hpa, chiing tdi dong tlnh vi sti dung trong
nghidn aiu nay dinh nghia cfla hai nhi xa
hpi hpc Dynes R. R. v i K. J. Tiemey, theo
*" thim hga l i " s v kipn giy ra nhung svr tin
LS thuylt hinh ddng vi 1^ thuyet hinh vi
phi v i nSi dau lan rOng" [5]. Sd dt nhu vjy
tjp thl cd nhilu ling dvmg hien nay trong
bdi 2 IJr do sau: mpt li, dinh nghfa niy him

nghidn cihi khoa hgc xa hOi vl tham hga
chtia hp qua ctia su kipn (sv tin phi dilu
ndi Chung v i THTN ndi riBng. Theo do,
kita sdng vi sinh kl cua con ngudi) v i tjo
hinh vi tjp thl dugc Hnh thinh dtra trdn
nta "nSi dau lau rOng" dli vdi cudc sdng
cic yiu td nhit dinh, dd li: svr thiic diy
cua con ngudi; hai li, svr lan r^ng cua svr
mang tfnh ciu tnic; nhflng cing thing mang
kita niy ddi hdi vi tit yeu din din hinh vi
tfnh ciu tnic; sir phat triln vi lan rgng cua
t?p the trong Ii6n kit, phoi hpp hinh dpng
mpt niim tin chung; nhflng yin td cip thoi;
ling phd. Tham hpa khdng phai li tinh
svr huy dpng tham gia; kilra soit hinh
huong khin cip nhung diln biln flnh hudng
dpng, hinh vi. Hinh ddng, hinh vi trong
khin cip t#o nen tham hpa, vi vjy, hai nha
ling phd vdi tham hpa ndi chung vi THTN
xa h$i hpc ndi tren cho ting, trong nghidn
ndi rieiig cd die thh li phin ting mang tfnh
cthi vl tham hpa ngudi ta khdng thl bd qua
khta cip, liu dii (vl mit mat, thipt hai tir
svr kita khin cip, vi nd dua din nhihig svr
THTN rat ldn, pham vi anh hudng rpng) vi
mit mat vl con ngudi vi cua cai vjt chit,
tic ddng anh hudng tdi tit ca mpi ci nhan,
vi theo nghia dd, ban than sir kita khin cip
gia dinh t?i dja bin noi xay ra tham hga.
Ii m§t khfa c?nh httu co cua qua Mnh dan

COng do cic die thil nay mi trong thig phd
den tham hpa.
vdi THTN, vai trd dilu phdi cic hinh ddng


Tap chf Khoa hpc xa hgi Viet Nam, s6 8(105)-2016
]k rat quan trong. Trong xa hdi h i ^ ^ thl
JML. waac dam idi^in vai tr6 n ^ . Song then,
trong rag pho v6i THTN c6 n h i ^ cong
ddng cung tiiam gia nfaimg cong ddng d ^
cu nm xay ra th&m hoa lk cdng d6ng cd vj
tri trung tSm (hay nhan v|t tnmg tSm).
THTN Qniong xay ra tren mpt dja b^m, Ianh
th^ nhdt djnh vk tic dong anh hudng tdi con
ngudi v^ cudc song ciia cgng dong noi xay
ra tham hga. Su ^ d i han v€ dia ban, Ianh
tho khi xay ra tham hpa la can cu d6 xac
dinh cu the Ichu v ^ ( £ a b ^ , lanh thd) d€
ph& hgp hinh dgng izng phd cung nhu
nhSn v$t trung tSm (cdng dong dSn cu).

vai tF& ti^kay, ,^nb Inidng, .^uj^f&Si^^t^^
can t n k pfadi'hgp^d^ d^i^ i^ii^-i^u^tgQ^
niem tin dumg; ci^g dong dSn c ^ ' t ^ : ^
ban xay la THTN a t S m ^ f f i ^ viratpfeSt :
tmg phd v i ^ phdi hgp vd!l« c^G tfie. nSiSST
(cgng ddng) l^hic tnmgftpgphd. ,.,!,

Trong quan IJ I h i ^ tai, T H I ^ hid%Ba$
d nudc ta c&c liSn k ^ ftng phd cd; .2 d ^ g

trong mOt s6 nghifin cuu xa hgi hgc cdn gg^
Ii lien kit quan phuang v i phi quan
phuong). Ngoii ra, trong th^c t l cdn phi
biln mdt dang lien kit n i ^ l i l i ^ kit cua
chfnh cgng dong diin cu (trong nhieu tii
ligu nghiSn cftu v i quan 1;^ ggi li Ufin m
Cgng d6ng trong ftng phd v(H THTN 14
dya vio c$ng dong dSn cu, trong d6 c^ng
mdt kh^ ni^m ddng, khdng bd h?p nhu
dong dSn cu thudng dugc hilu li nhdni
cOng d6ng dSn cu trong bao v? mdi tnidng
ngudi gan vdi m^t dja bin dSn cu nh^t
t^i Ngh) dinh oua Chfnh ph^ s6
dinh, dd li nhftng nhdm ngudi d3n s^^, . ^
19/2015/ND-CP ngUy 14/02/2015: "C$ng
trong ding m^t ling xa, thdn, h^'^ i^.^.
ddng d&a cu lk cgng d ^ g nguoi sinh si6ng
Lifin kit niy (cOng ddng dSn cu) vfta WM$
ti€n cilng dta hhn thon, I ^ g . Ip, ban, budn,
bd phJln hgp thinh trong lifin kit dgc vl fi
phum, sdc, td dSn ph6 vk diem dSn cu"
kit ngang, gift vi trf trang tSra nhu iS'^i^
(Bilu 3). 06 nhilu trucmg hgp THTN tic
tugng, ddi tSc, vfta cd vi tri dOc l | | ) 1 i ^
ddng anh hudng vugt ra khdi quy mo dom
ddi nhu li "tl bio" trong quan If xa h§i. ^-*'" •':?.
vi dja bUn mOt thdn, lilng, ap, ban, budn,
phum, sdc. nghta \k gbm nhilu don vi nhu
Uin kdt dgc li d^ng lien ket theo dl^

v§y, tham chf gom nhieu huy?n, tinh, tby trdc td chfte hinh chfnh xdc dinh. Ui?o' 1^
thugc vko phgjn vi t^c dgng anh hudng ciia cdc m6i lifin hg, lifin k ^ dugc h l n h ' t i i S
mot THTN cu thl xay ra. Cgng dong trong mgt cich hg th6ng v i vSn hinh theo tr^t'M
umg phd vdi THTN bao gom: nhk nudc, thft b ^ tft trfin xuong dudi. Th^rc chit diy
doanh nghi^, ngudi dSn, ciic to chiic xa li lifin kit trong h? thdng quin IJ nhi riirSfe
hpi dSn svt. Cic nghi6n cuu lidn quan den rihSm myc tifiu chuyfin bi$t li ftng phd 44i
cgng ddng thudng I3y cdng ddng dSn cu cic mdi hiem hga \\f nhifin.
Ikm trung tSm vi cac bSn Iifin quan (cdng
Trong ftng phd vdi THTN d nudc ta
ding) khfic li6n kit, phdi hgp.
cOng nhu d cic nudc khic d^ng lifin kit n^y
Nhu viy, ftng phd cdng ddng vdi THTN li chft yiu, chft (J?o. B6i ^1 xfit vl 1^ t b u y ^
trong nghifin cftu niy dugc hieu la phan ftng tfnh ciu trdc ch^ chS, dkm bio 5\r t b ^
tap thl trudc THTN, trong dd nhi nudc giu nhit va phoi hgp hJUih d$ng, svc sin sing,

li

10


Nguyin Danh Son
« f t i a i ^ ; t r t ^ M ' h ^ ^ , c % > bichdam ehong lyt, bSo cda dia phuong trade dSy),
• ^ aliaift chditg-liSiig^^d'vm cfc i ^ & i theo dd cac td chfc kinh t l hsich toin dpc
lpp terc chllin bi trade. Tuy vay, MSia % va cdng d t o Viet Nam tii du 18 tudi
fl^niy
lal de trd thinh dilm yiu bdi mt:
din hit tudi lao dpng cd nghia vy ddng gdp
^ » i tfch quan lieu in chtia trong bit kJ mdt
cho Quy niy. Quy Phong, chong thiBn tai
the thdng hinh chfnh nio; * bipt ttong

cua cic tmh cd the dugc dilu chuyin ho
«hOng«ah hu&g khin s i p nhu Bmn hoa.
trg cac dia phuong khac va do Thu tudng
stic ^ v i tftlh quan lidu. cd. ttd eati titt h t i c
Chinh p h i quyet dinh trdn co sd tham muu
X^m tic dun|, hi|u qiia tgia life, kit.
de xuit cia Tradng Ban Chi dao Trang
uimg ve phdng, chdng thien tai sau khi
dl nudc ta vile ting phd. thidn tai dugc thdng nhit vdi Chi tieh Uy ban nhan dSn
h h h thinh vdi he th&g td chtie "cting", tinh cd lita quan.
bto g^m Ban Chi d»o Trang uong vi
TSt nhita, dang lidn kit niy cung cd su
# 6 i i & ching thidn tai v i i^c Ban Chi huy
phdi hgp vdi cic td chic xa hOi dan sy
•phdng, chliig thita tai laia Bd, nginh, dia
khic (cic cdng ding khac) nhung khi thita
pfmoiig. He thing niy host d§ng tren co
tai xiy ra thi h# thdng "cing" niy van
^ cis quy djnh ctia Lu|t Phdng, chong
hinh theo "kjch ban" da xic dinh, cac hoat
jtjiidn tai (Lust niy, cd hi^u lite thi hinh tit
ddng phii hgp cia eic td chuc, cOng ddng
,BgSy 91/05/2014 v i thay thl cbo Phip Ignh
khic se t i y thude vio phan ing cia hg
^hdng, ehing liit, bao hit hipu lyc) vdt cic
trade THTN. Vdi phuong chim "4 t»i chS"
,;i4cb bin" hinh dpng dugc xic dinh trong
trong ftng phd vdi thidn tai (chi hny t»i
Chiin tagc quic gia phdng, chong v i giam
chg, lyc liB?ng tai cho, v ^ tu tji chi, hiu

nhe thien tai vi Kl ho?ch hanh ddng thuc
cin tai cho), Chiln lugc qudc gia phdng,
hi|n Chiln lugc niy ctia CUnh phti, Bp
ching v i giara nhp thita tai v i cic kl
ngiiih, dia phuong. Luit Phdng, chdng
hoach hinh dpng thyc hita Chiln lugc niy
thidn tai cd m\ic ridng quy djnh ve khic
cia Chfnh phi, Bp nginh, dia phuong dS
' phyc h|u qui thidn tai (myc 3), trong dd cd
xic dinh quan ly rii ro thita tai phii dya
* q o y dinh cythl vl trich nhi$m cua cac
vio cgng ddng, thl hi$n cy thl trong D l in
Bin Mn qnan (Trang uong, Bp, nginh, dia
Ning cao nhjn thuc cdng ding vi quan ly
phnmg, ngudi din, tai Dilu 30 cfing nhu
rui ro thien tai dya vio cgng ddng (Phd
efc'T8'chiic kinh tl, Td chtic xa h^i din
duypt t»i Quyit dinh cia Thi tudng Chfnh
svr, t#i cic Bilu 35, 36, 37). Vl nguon lire,
p h i sd 1002/QD-TTg ngiy 13/07/2009).
.di'cip quit? gia cd Dy trii qudc gia dugc sil
Biy cfing li CO sd cho sy lien kit, phdi
'Syng eho myc tieu ting phd vdi cac thara
hgp hoat dgng cia cfc cpng dong khic
-hfl Cl cip dia phucmg, Quy Phdng, chdng
trong xa hpi vdi cic td chic nhi nudc
ithito tai cip tinh dugc thinh Ifp theo Nghi
trong ing phd vdi THTN.
Sinh ciia CMnh phti so 94/2014/ND-CP
Iigiy 17/10/2014 (thay cho Quy Phdng,

Udii kit ngang li djing lidn kit khdng
theo can true td chuc hinh chfnh ma dya


Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam. s6 8( 105) - 2016
tren CO sd tu nguyen, blnh dang, trach
nhiem xa hoi cua cac Td chfte phi chi'nh
phu (NGO). Day la lien ket hoat dgng hoac
true tiep cua moi to chfte NGO hoac cua
nhieu to chuc ciing phoi hop doi vdi cgng
dong dan cu noi xay ra THTN.
Trong so cac to chfte NGO a nudc ta, cd
nhiing to chuc vdi muc tieu hd trg cong
dong dan cu ung phd vdi tham hga ndi
chung va THTN ndi neng, trong do cd to
chuc vdi mang ludi hoat dgng ca a cap
trung ucmg va ca d cap dia phucmg, tham
chi ket noi ca vdi to chuc quoc te tucmg tu
(Hoi Chu thap do); cd td chfte la chi nhanh
(chan ret) cua mang ludi td ehftc cua nudc
ngoai hoat ddng a Viet Nam (td chfte
Oxfam, CARE...); co td ehftc khong cd
mang ludi td ehftc 6 dja phucmg nhung
hudng ve cpng dong dan cu, thuong xuyen
cd nhung hoat dgng hd trg cgng ddng dan
cu nong thon (thong qua cae du an cu the)
va khi cd THTN xay ra sdm cd phan ftng ho
trg. O mgt sd vung cd nhieu hiem hga, nii
ro, de bi tdn thucmg khi THTN xay ra cdn
cd id chuc chuyen biet ve ftng ph(3 thien tai

(thf du nhu Quy ho trg phong tranh ihien tai
mien Trung). Khi thien tai xay ra cung chn
ke den eac hoat dpng cua nhieu t6 ehftc xa
hpi dan su khac (chfnh tri - xa hpi, xa hpi nghg nghiep...), tham chi loai hinh phi t6
ehftc (nhu hgi dong hucmg, hpi nguai Viet
Nam xa que .) hay ca nhan cGng co nhung
hanh dpng, nghTa cu hfi trg dudi nhi§u hlnh
thftc doi vdi epng dong dan eu nai xay ra
THTN Trucmg hgp dac biet con co ca cac
t6 chuc quae li 1cm cimg chung sue ho trg.
Tai cuoc gap vdi bao ehf tai Tp H6 Chf
Minh ngay 06/05/2016 nhan chuyen tham

va thi sat 6 Dong bang song Cftu Long
(DBSCL), Pho T6ng Thu ky Uen Hgp
Quoc Jan Eliasson cho bi6t trudc tinh trang
han han va xam nhap man anh hudng
nghiem trpng den cugc song cua ngudi dan
Viet Nam ong se keu ggi cpng dong qu6c te
ho trg 48 trieu USD giup da Viet Nam trien
khai cac giai phap ftng phd BDKH.
Cac hoat dgng ho trg cua cac to chfte
NGO thudng true tiep vdi cgng dong dan
cu nai xay ra THTN. Hlnh thftc hd trg ciing
da dang, tft chu dpng chuan bj trudc (theo
du an) cho den quyen gop cftu trg khan cip.
Trong so cac hoat dgng ho trg da dang nJiy
can ke den cac hoat dgng cua c^c td ehftc
NGO vdi cac du an chuySn biet ve ftng ph6
thien tai dua vao cong dong. Cac hoat dgng

theo du an nay bai ban, dugc thigt kg
chuyen bipt, phu hgp vdi dac thii thien tai
va cpng ddng dSn cu nen khi xay ra tham
hpa viec ftng pho cd ket qua va hieu qua ro
ret. Cae hoat dpng nay cDng ho trg tdt cac
hoat dong ftng phd thien tai cua Nha nudc
va ddng gdp vao ket qua va hieu qua chung
ve ftng phd thien tai, trong do cd THTN.
Lien kit cong dong ddn cu la dang lien
ket "do chi'nh nhung ngudi dan sdng tai
cpng ddng dd xay dung nen nhiim giam nh?
thiet hai tai dia phuang, dua tren nhu cSu,
kha nang v& nhan thftc vg nii ro ciia chi'nh
hg"[3,tr.62].
Lien ket cgng dong dan cu ung phd vdi
THTN cd dac diem la: cac mki mat, thiet
hai Ihudng la rit Idn, keo dai, tae dpng ngay
lap tftc va true tiep tdi euge sdng, sinh kc
ciia tdt ca cac gia dlnh noi xay ra Iham hpa,
vugt qua kha nang khdc phuc, hdi phuc ciia


Nguyin Danh Som
n& gia dinh. Ifinh dpng cia ci nhin va tap dta cu vdi cfc cdng dong khac bta ngoii.
the (cftu trg, cftu giip, ddng vita...) tao nto Dd cung la ly do cia vi tri, vai trd trang ttai
CO sd cho hinh d0ng x5 hpi, trudc hit li cia cdng ddng dta cu, lita kit dya vfc
trong cang ding din cu noi xay ra tham c§ng ddng dto cuftngphd vdi THTN.
hga. Dan gian da due ket: "rngt milng khi
3. Ung phd cdng dong vdi tham hga ty
ddi bing mdt gdi khi no" Sy trg giip. chia

s4 vl vit chit Ouomg thuc, thuc phim, nudc nhita d nude ta
udng, quin io...) va vl tmh thin (an ii,
Smh ke li mdi quan ttoi htag diu trong
lltag vita...) ngay trong ndi bp cgng ddng ftng phd vdi THTN cia Nhi nudc, cic td
dto CU noi xay ra thim hga, tuy ring chi li chfte xa hdi cho din tung ngudi dto, trong
"li rich ft dim la rich nhilu", nhung ddng dd khdi phuc, hii phuc cac ngudn lyc cua
vai trd quan trgng vi cd ^ nghia lan tda to smh ke li co bta, quan trgng nhit. THTN
ldn trongftngphd vdi tham hga ndi chung phi vd hofc lim suy giam nghiem ttgng
vi THTN ndi ritag. Trong lita kit cpng smh kl drag cd nghia li lim gia ttag nhu
(Jong dta cu, m»ng ludi xi h0i ttti noi xay cau vl sy khdi phyc, hdi phyc sinh kl vi do
vjy lim ttag cudng htah dOng, htah vi tjp
ra thim hpa phit huy vai trd kit noi cic
thltttmgung phd vdi THTN.
thinh vita mmg mjng ludi. Mjng ludi niy
Nhin Chung, hiu hit cac ving, miln d
Cing tdt thi sy phit huy boat dgng trong cic
trudng hgp khin cip dfc bi^t nhu THTN se nudc ta diu in chfta cic hilm hga ty
cing hieu qui. Mjng Iudi niy trdn thuc tl d nhidn vi trdn thyc tl di xay ra nhung
nudc taeddng vai trd nhu ngudi dai dita cho THTN, nhilu nhit li d khu vyc miln nii
ctag dong tilp nhta vi kit noi cgng ding phfa Bic vi duyen hai miln Trong (Bang
1 vi Bang 2).
Btag 1: Hilm hpa d cic ving khic nhau cia Vipt Nam,
Ving/khu vuc
Miln nii Bta Bd. Trang Bd~
Ding bane SdneHdii^
Cic tinh ven bii
Trang
Tgy Nguyta
NamBd

Hiem hoa ty nhien chfnh
Lfi lyt, sat Id dat, bio, lu quet
Lfi lyt theo mia mua. bao. sat tftdSt, hAt i ^ y
R3n
l „ . .quet.
. . . i . ..a_
TT niin.
= Than hL
—a.
Bio, lyt
xim nhip
Lfl qudt, sat Id dat, han bin. Idc
Lu lut, bfc, loc, sat Id. nhilm mSn

Btag 2: Tin suit cfc lo?i hilm hpa ty nhidn d Viet Nam.
Tin suit cao


Tap chl Khoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 8(105) - 2016
d ndng thon nudc ta, nii ro ve thien tai
nam trong sd eac nii ro trong cugc song ma
ndng dan thudng gap phai. So lieu dieu tra
gin day nhdt (2014) cua mdt Du an do Vien
Nghien cftu Quan ly Kinh te Tmng uang
(CIEM), Vien Chinh sach va Chign lugc
Phat trign Nong nghiep Ndng thdn
(IPSARD), Vien Khoa hge Lao ddng va Xa
hgi (ILSSA) cua Viet Nam va Nhdm nghien
cftu Kinh tg Phat trign (DERG) thugc
Trudng Dai hgc Copenhagen, Dan Mach

phdi hgp thuc hien va cong bd kgt qua digu
tra hd gia dlnh ndng thdn tai 12 tinh (gdm:
Ha Tay, Nghe An, Khanh Hda, Lam Ddng,
Dak Lak, Dak Ndng, Lao Cai, Dien Bien,
Lai Chau, Phu Thg, Quang Nam va Long
An) cho thdy trong thai gian 2012 - 2014 ty
le hp gap nii ro thien tai ehigm tdi 38,1%,
ehi dung sau ty le hd gap nii ro vg dieh
benh (48,5%).
Hanh ddng ftng phd vdi THTN thucmg
bao gdm hanh ddng trude va sau THTN.
Hilnh dpng inidc THTN li chu dpng va
hanh vi sau THTN bao gdm ea chii dgng va
bi dgng. Vi?c bj dgng mdt phdn la do su
chli quan, lo la trong ehudn bi, du tfnh, tngn
khai thuc hien, phan khac la do khach quan
tao nen. Tren thue tg nhigu THTN xay ra cd
tinh bat thudng. Cd khi hai hoae nhigu hem
tham hpa xay ra ciing mdt luc (vf du: dgng
dat xay ra cung liic vdi sdng ihdn; bao Idn
xay ra cimg luc vdi lu dng, lu quel, sat Id
dat; xam nhap man ciing luc vdi han...).
CJ nudc ta, luy da cd chign lugc, kg
hoach, ehuang trinh, du an ftng phd vdi
thien tai dugc chuan bj tu trudc nhung su bj
ddng van hay duac luu y trong cac tdng ket,
danh gia ftng phd vdi THTN.

Han han bat thudng mgt sd nam gan d3y
xay ra d mgt so vimg nudc ta, dac biet d

viing Tay Nguyen va duyen hai Nam Trung
Bg, gSy tdn that nang ne cho ngudi dan.
Hang tram hd chfta d cac tinh Tay Nguyen
chi con khoang 30 - 40% so vdi dung tfch
thiet ke, thap hon nhieu so vdi nam 2015.
Rupng ddng nut todc, ao hd can kiet, cay ca
phe va tieu ehet khd, thieu nudc sinh hoat
tram trgng... la thuc trang do han han g§y
ra tai Tay Nguyen va ngay cang khdc liet.
Su ftng phd nhin chung cd ca phan chii
ddng va phan bi dgng. Chft ddng la do han
han van thudng xay ra d cac vung nay va da
dugc du lieu, trii tfnh trudc trong cdc quy
hoach, ke hoach va chuang trinh, du an
phat trign cac cap do (quoc gia, nganh, dia
phucmg, doanh nghiep, ngudi dan). Con su
bi dgng la do mftc dp gay gat, keo dai bat
thudng cua tlnh trang han han hon nhieu so
vdi trudc day dudi tac dgng cua BDKH vk
cuug chua trii tfnh, du lieu dugc day dO
trong eac quy hoach, ke hoach \k chuang
trinh, du an phat trign cac cap.
Su xam nhap man xay ra kem theo han
han (thigu nudc nggt cho san xudt va ddi
sdng) d viing DBSCL tft cudi nam 2015 dgn
nay la tham hga tu nhien dac biel nghiem
Irgng (ben canh nguyen nhan do hien tugng
El Nino con ed ca nguyen nhan do con
ngudi xay dung cac cdng irinh xSy di^ng
dap thiiy dipn, ho chfta nudc d thugng

ngudn sdng Mg Kong ben ngodi lanh lh6
Viet Nam). LTng phd cua xa hgi ndi chung
va cua eong dong nai xay ra tham hga ndi
rieng la bi dgng. Tai Hgi nghj phong chdng
han, xam nhap man cac tinh DBSCL hgp a
thanh phd Cdn Tha ngay 17/2/2016, Eg
Irudng Bg Ndng nghiep va Phat tridn Ndng
thdn cho rdng, tinh hmh han man d Ddng
bang sdng Ctru Long dang nhu mgt tlnh


Nguyen Danh Son
S thita tai 6 mfc cip l,,m^t tr^ tUfci o i nghidm trgng gin 1(X) tie, b) dgng, ling tmg ca tnmg xft IS, khic
l^'aiyttmti^.PbiimviisSmiii^Bmii
phyc hju qua ctag nhu dilu chinh hanh
cd Mc Stat* vM=^iyc cho ffi gin 100 km ddng trong tutmg lai.
so vdi bd biln. Thep tii lipu dugc ctog bd
ve hinh dgng ung phi, ttong nhilu
t|i HOi nghi niy, cd khotag hon 200.000
quyitffinhvi hinh dtag thyc tl da bd qna
tta hSa bi thi^t hp, hon 1.000 ty ddng cia
hofa chua tfah din diy di cic canh bio vl
<»i da mit vi sd cdn tiqi tyc tfag lta. Tfah
cac hilm hpa thita tai. Vf dy, vung Tiy
den cudi thing 4^016 da cd 11/13 tfah,
Nguyta dugc cfah bio vi nguy co, hilm
thtoh phd ttgng ving cdng bd tinh tt?ng
hga thita nudc, hjn hfa nhung cic quyit
thicn tai hta hta, xtei nhip mfa (Long An,

ffinh vi quy hofah, kl hofah, chuong ttinh,
Tien Giang, Bin Tre, Tri Vmh, Sdc Trtag,
dy fa phit ttiln cic sfa phim hay cdng
Bfc Ueu, Ci Mau, Kien Giang, cin Iho,
ttinh thim dyng nudc (ci phd, thiy difa, bd
HJu Giang, Ninh Thufa). caio din nay cic
xft - nhdm...) vln dugc dl xuit vi phe
nhi quta ly vi khoa hge vin cdn dang bta
duyet thyc hifa. Thjm chf cd nhing sta
Into ve eic phuong fa ftng phd vdi tinh
pham thim dyng nudc cdn phit ttiln vugt
ttfag xfai nhjp mfa c4 trong ngin han, ca
xa ca quy hojch phit ttiln (nhu ciy ci phe).
ttoiigttungvi dii hjn, bao gim tu cung cip
Ving DBSCL dttgc ctah bio vl nguy co,
nudc Sfah cho sinh ho« htag ngiy cia
hiem hga vl nhiem mfa (dJt vi nudc)
ngudi dta cbo tdi cic phuong ta ftng phd
nhung cSy lia nudc vln li uu tidn si 1
ve chuyen ddi co ciu cay ttong, vjt nudi
ttxmg cic quyit dinh phit ttiln vi thyc tl
thlchftngvdi xim nhip mfa, htm hta. Cdn
thyc hita vdi sta lugng lia gao cia ving
bta thfa ngudi ndng dta ving DBSCL thi
ttag lita tyc. Theo Vd Tdng Xuin: "Cii
Mng tingttxmgthfch ftng, thfch nghi vdi
htttag lim giiu nhtt md hinh tdm - lua hay
tWi ttfag xim nhjp mfa, ban han, ttgng
chuyen tdm da cd tft liu nhung nhilu ndng
khfc phyc nhihig thipt hji to Idnttirdcmit.

dto khdng lim dugc rtag rai li bdi cii gi
Nhin tft gdc d0ftngphd c5ng ddng, cic
khdng phai li lia thi khdng dugc nhi nudc
quyit djnh hfah dpngftngphd vdi THTN,
dau nt. Nhi nudc ching ta chi dau nr cho
bao gim cic td chfte (Nhi nudc, doanh
cay lua". Tat nhicn, sy ehittgngiy vio ciy
n^ipp) vi ci nhfa (ndng dfa) cfing cho
Ma hay ciy ci phd ctag dya vio IS do xfa
thiy cd nhilu dieu dfag suy ngim vl nhfa
ifag tft Igi the so sinh cia vung, nhung
thic, hfah dOng vi dpng CO hinh dtag.
nhin tft giic dd ftng phd vdi BDKH vi
Ve nhm thtic, cic hilm hpa ty nhita THTN thi khdng thjt sy bin vftng, nhat li
Pifahfa, nhilm mfa...) da dugc dy lipu vi trong bdi cfah tic ddng ngiy cfag tfag cua
c*ih bfa tft nhftng ntai 1990. Tuy nhita, BDKH. Cd nhien lji do dl giai thfch, nhung
khj THTN xay ta thi mdi thiy ring, citj cd IS dpng CO lgi feh kinh tl li Iy do dugc
Stoh bfa niy chua dugc nhfa thuc mgt chu S diu tita.
t*:h day di cia cic co quan qufa Ijj nhi
Ly lujn vi thyc tien da khing dinh
nndc, doanh nghifp vi ngudi dfa (ndng dfa
li ddi numg d§ bi tdn thuong nhit, nhilu trong boat ddng phat triln cia xi iiOi
"hit ttung THTN). Sy nhfa thuc chua diy hipn dai thi lgi feh kinh tl li dtag co ndi
bjt vi chi phdi trong da sd cic qnylt


Tap chl Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 8(105) - 2016
dinh hanh ddng va hanh ddng cua con
ngudi va td chfte. Nguyen do cua eac
quyet dmh phat trign bat chap hoac

khdng tinh dgn day du cac eanh bao ve
hiem hga lu nhien da dugc cac chuyen
gia va cac nha quan Iy chi ra la lgi
nhuan. Cac cdng trinh thuy dien nhd va
vua dugc phat trign qua mftc so vdi digu
kien tu nhien cho phal trign bgn viing d
nhieu linh ven bien mien Trung nudc la
cung nhu su md rdng qua mftc dien tfch
trdng cay ca phe d viing Tay Nguyen
nhieu nam qua bat chap canh bao ve
hiem hoa thieu nude va nguy ca han han
ddi vdi viing nay deu duge giai thich bdi
ddng ca lgi ich kinh te chi phdi, lan at.
Ddng ca nay cd trong ca cac quyet dinh
quan ly cua cac ca quan quan ly nha
nudc va ca irong cac quyet djnh cua td
chuc san xuat (doanh nghiep) va cua
nong dan.

nguy CO, hiem hga tu nhien va hay xay ra
thien tai, ben canh cac ho trg tu phi'a Nhi
nudc, cdn cd nhiing hd trg ftng phd cua c3c
cdng ddng khac (trong nudc, qudc te), nhu
Quy Hd trg thien tai mien Trung (td chuc
phi Chi'nh phu, Ihanh lap theo Quygt dinh
cua Bg trudng Bd Ndi vu sd 1253/QD-BNV
ngay 24/09/2008); Du an nang cao nang luc
cgng ddng ung phd vdi thien lai vk bign doi
khf hau (do Td chfte Habitat Viet Nam tai
irg); Du an Xay dung cgng ddng ftng pho

thien tai vung duyen hai Vigt Nam (do
Trung lam Tri thftc vg Dan chu, Nhan
quyen va Quan tri cua USAID, My lai
Irg) . Theo quy dinh cua Luat Phdng
chdng thien tai (2013), cac doanh nghigp cd
nghta vu ddng gdp quy phong chdng thien
tai tai dia phuong va tham gia hoat dgng
tim kiem, cthi nan, ho trg khSn cip va khk
phuc hau qua thien tai tai dja phuang trong
kha nang cua minh.

Khi THTN xay ra Ihl ngudi ndng dan va
gia dlnh hg [a ngudi chm mat mat, thiet hai
ldn nhat xet theo luang quan vdi kha nang
va tiem lyc kinh tg cho phuc hdi cua hg Su
ho Irg val chat tu phia Nha nudc va xa hgi
ndi chung tai thai digm xay ra tham hga chi
cd thg giup hg duy tri su tdn tai d mftc ldi
thicu cho cudc song irudc mit. Phuc hdi
sinh kc va dn djnh lai cugc sdng nhu irudc
cho ngudi dan la muc tieu cdp bach cua tdt
ca cae ben lien quan. Muc tieu nay kgt ndi
moi cd gang, no iuc dudi su digu phdi
chung ciia cac ca quan quan iy nha nudc
Nha nudc vdi chfnh saeh, co chg ung phd
vdi Ihdm hga ndi chung, trong dd cd THTN
da CO chign luoc va kg hoach hanh ddng
phong, chdng, giam nhe thien tai, trong do
xac dinh cac giai phap hd trg ngudi dan ftng
phd vdi thien tai. 6 cac khu \-irc cd nhigu

Khi su cd bat thudng xay ra, trong dd cd
Ihien tai thl, xet theo thuc tg phan ung,
ngudi ndng dan nudc la vln phai dua vao
ban than mlnh la chfnh. Kgt qua dieu tra hg
gia dlnh ndng thdn nam 2014 tai 12 tinh
dugc cdng bd trong tai lieu "Bkc digm kinh
lg ndng thdn Viet Nam - Kgt qua digu tra hp
gia dlnh ndng thdn nam 2014" cho thay,
trong ung phd vdi cac cu sdc, trong dd cd
Ihien lai, thi "ca chg tu dua vao ban than
van la cac ca che quan trgng nhil dg cSc hg
dan thfch ftng vdi eac cu sdc, vdi ty le
89,8% nam 2014. Kel qua nay tuang tu nhu
cac ket qua ciia cac vdng digu tra trudc
(91,5% nam 2012; 93,8% nam 2010; 91,8%
nam 2008, tuy nhien nam 2006 chi la
67,8%). Trong khi dd, tac ddng ciia cac
cong cu thfch ftng khac nhu vay mugn tu
ngan hang, cac ho trg tu chfnh phii/cac Id


J^>tJ:o,!.

Ngnyin Danh Son

chic NGO vln a nb nhd, (M khofag 2% gii tren cung cip mpt si cfa cft ly lufa va
n»Si loai' [2, tr.201. Thyc tl nay cfag ham y thyc tita eing cac gpi y cho viee tim kilm
ring, bta cfah tfag laidng iifag lyc cia cfa giai phfa tfag cudijg lita kit, phdi hgp
etag Atg dta cft, cih tfag cftftng hon nfla

cfa cgng dingttongftngphd vdi THTN.
sy hS tm vi phdi hgp hinh ddng tft phia
Nha mnSc v» cfa cgng ddng kifa dii vdi Tai liSo tham khfa
cpng d ^ g dta cu bi tin thutmg do THTN,
sao cho tnmgftngi*d vdi Cifa ei sic nhit [11 CAKE (2013), Qum li nii ro rtiS. tai thdm
htia ifya vao ttong ddng, H^ Npi.
li vtB m m , tU tJ B M tto ngoai cdng
dtag dto CB phai dugc tfag nH&i hon nfta [2] OEM, IPSARD. ILSSA (Vift Nam) va DERG
(BanMad!) (2015JI BacMnldnk
tendng thdn
(nhu nfai 2006 li 32,2%).
Vi^Nani-Ketquddieutrahogia^nhnSngthSn
4. Kit tain
Ung,^(i cgi^ ddng vdi THTOttongbdi
cfah tfa 4tag cia BBKH d nudc ta nhin
<*nng edn ft dttpc nghita cftu; lita k^
cgng dong ftng phd vdi THTN d nudc ta
hifa vln cdn yiu. Cfa bta lita quan (Nhi
nude,n^idi dta, to chfte xa hdi dta sy...)
^ ed rfng, no lyc nhung sy phdi kit hgp
dft Uo nta sic mfah cgng hudng edn chua
chjt tia, ding b§, cdn thieu ving mgt
"kjch hto" phi hgp. NhOng phfa tfch, dfah

nam 2014 lgi 12 tmh. Nxb Bong Die, ffi Npi.
13]

Hpi QiS Hilp do Vi|t Nam (2015), eii*f|!Dliira
hoa tgi cpng 4Shg,t&N^

[4]

MHENvi UNDP (2015), aSoododJfcWf, oia
Vifl Nam ve qudn ly rdi ro Ihien tai va hipi
tatmg i^fc doan rdidm thtic ddy thich lmg vai
biin ddi kht hgu. ffi Npi.

[5J

Dynes, K. ^ . and K. J. Tiemey (1994).
Disasters. CoOeclive Behavior and Social
Organiuuion. Univeisity ofDelaware Press.