Một số giải pháp phát triển dịch vụ logistics tại thành phố hồ chí minh

•
BQ GIAO Dl)C VA DAO T~O

TRUONG D~I

HOC KINH TE TP. HO CHi MINH

._.

A

PHAN VAN CHA U

MOT s6 GIRl PHRP PHRT TRIE"
DICH
YO• LOGISTICS
•
Tf.ll
• THA"H PH6 H6 CHI MI"H
A

?

'

CHUYEN NGANH : QUAN TRJ KINH DOANH
MA
5.02.05

so :

LUAN
. VAN THAC
. SIKINH TE

NGu'di Hu'ONG DAN KHOA HOC : TS. HO T[EN DUNG
Be) GIAO Dt,JC VA 8ft.O T~'.0
TRU
THUVI:¢N

r(flf>d3
~

.
,

,

..,

TP. HO CHI MINH - NAM 2003

•


MlJC LlJC

'

?

~

L<1IMODAU
A'

CHUONG 1:

TONG QUAN DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS

1.1 KHAI NI:eM DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ..........................................................................................T.1
1.2MOI LIEN H:e GllJ'A DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS Vdi VAN TAl BA PHUONG
' GIAO NHAN.....................................................................................................................T.2
TH(J'c v A
A

1.3NGUOI KINH DOANH DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ................................................................. T.3
1.4L<)I ICH CUA DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ..................................................................................... T.6
1.4.1 L<;1i ich cua dich Vl,l1ogistics d6i voi chu hang...................................................T.6
1.4.2 L<;1i ich cua dich Vl,llogistics d6i voi n€n kinh te" xa h()i ............................... T.7
......

,

,:?

'

1.5KINH NGHieM PHAT TRIEN NGANH DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ......................... T.8
1.5.1 Kinh nghi~m

phat trien dich Vl,llogistics cua cac nu'oc tren the' gioi...T.8

1.5.2 Bai h9c kinh nghi~m
CHUONG 2 :

THljC TR~NG

T~I

cho phat trien dich Vl,llogistics t~i
HO~

Vi~t

Nam ...T.lO

T DQNG DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS
TP. HO CHi MINH

2.1 PHAN TICH Sd Lu'<)C QUA TRINH HINH THANH DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS
TAl TP. HCM ..........................................................................................................................................T.12
2.2THt)'C TRANG HOAT BQNG DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS TAl TP.HCM ...............T.14
2.2.1 Dich Vl,l giao nh~-

kho v~n

truy€n th6ng ......................................................T.14

2.2.2 Dich Vl,l thu gom va phan ph6i hang le ................................................................ T.18

2.2.3 Dich Vl,l theo d6i ddn hang va dich Vl,llam gia tang gia tri...................... T.20
2.2.4 Cac dich vu logistics khac ...........................................................................................T.22
2.3 TINH HINH UNG Dl)NG CONG NGHe THONG TIN TRONG DJCH Vl)
LOGISTICS TAl TP.HCM ............................................................................................................ T.22
2.4PHAN TfcH M6 HINH v A CHI PHi MOT s6 MAT HANG ............................... T.23


2.5HieN TRA.NG

co sd HA. TANG TP.HCM ANH Hu'dNG DEN HOA.T DONG

DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS ...................................................................................................................... T.25
2.5.1 Ht% thO'ng C\lm cang TP.HCM................................................................................... T.25
2.5.2 Ht% thO'ng san bay TP.HCM .......................................................................................T.26
2.5.3 Ht% thO'ng giao thong duong b9 TP.HCM .......................................................... T.26
2.5.4 Ht% thO'ng kho bai TP.HCM ....................................................................................... .T.27
,

,

~

"'

~

2.6DANH GIA CHUNG VE DIEU KTI;N KINH DOANH DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS
TA.I TP.HCM ...........................................................................................................................................T.28
2.6.1 Nhung di~m

m:tnh-u~

2.6.2 Nhung di~m

ye'u-kh6 khan ........................................................................................ T.29
,..

CHUONG3:

l
,..,

?

"

~

"

MQT SO GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS
T~I
TP.HO CHI MINH

~
3.1 CAN
C(J'N"
DE XAY D.u'NG GIAI PHAP.................................................................................. T.32
?

?

"

"'

.:!

"'

3.2GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS TA.I TP.HCM ........................T.34
3.2.1 Giai phap 1 : Phat tri~n

san phffm dich V\llogistics ....................................T.34

3.2.2 Gicli phap 2: Phat tri~n

ling d\lng cong nght% thong tin (IT) ................... T.40

3.2.3 Giai phap 3 : Phat tri~n

ngu6n nhan hfc............................................................. T.44

3.2.4 Giai phap 4 :Tang cuong tie'p thi-quang ba dich V\llogistics .............. T.48
3.2.5 Gicli phap 5 : Xay dl;t'ng cac Trung tam logistics t::ti TP.HCM ...............T.51
,.(

A

K

3.3 MQT SO KIEN NGHl THl)'C Hl~N

A

?

,

GIAI PHAP............................................................T.53

3.3.1 DO'i voi Nha nu'oc va Chinh phiL ............................................................................T.54
3.3.2 DO'i voi Hit%p h9i giao nh~

KETLU~N
PHl) Ll)C
'

TAl LI~U

"

?

THAM KHAO

Vit%t Nam ................................................................ T.54

DANHMl.JC CAC TUVIETTAT
APEC

: Uy ban hqp tac kinh te' Chau A Thai Blnh Duong
(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)

ASEAN

: Hi~p

AFTA

: Khu m~u

CEPT

: Bi~u
thue' u'u dai hi~u
h,tc chung
(Common Effective Preferential Tariff)

CFR

:Chi phi hang va cuoc phi (Cost & Freight)

CFS

: Tr~m

CIF

:Chi phi hang, bao hi~m

CY

: Bai container (Container Yard)

EDI

: Trao d6i du li~u

ESCAP

: U"y ban kinh te' xa h()i khu vt;(c Chau A va Thai Blnh Duong

h()i cac qu6c gia Bong N am A
(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
dich tt;( do Bong NamA (ASEAN Free Trade Area)

thu gom/ phan pho'i hang le v~n
(Container Freight Station)

di~n

tai b~ng

container

va cuoc phi (Cost, Insurance & Freight)

til' (Electronic Data Interchange)

(Economic & Social Commission for Asia & Pacific)
FIATA

: Hi~p

h()i cac t6 chuc giao nh~

qu6c te'

(International Federation of Forwarding Agents Assocation)
GOH

:Hang may treo (Garments on hangers)

GPS

: H~

lATA

: Hi~p
h()i v~n
tai hang khong qu6c te'
(International Air Transport Association)

lCD

: Cang

IMF

: Qily ti~n

ISO

: T6 chuc tieu chuffn h6a qu6c te'
(International Organization for Standardization)

IT

: Cong ngh~

JICA

Ban
: Co quan hqp tac qu6c te' Nh~t
(Japan International Cooperation Agency)

JIT

: Bung luc -

LCL

: Hang le (Less than container load)

tho'ng dinh vi toan cffu (Global Positioning System)

c~n

container (Inland Clearance/Container Depot)
t~

qu6c te' (International Montary Fund)

thong tin (Information Technology)

kiP thoi (Just in time)


Gemadept

: T6ng cong ty dt;ti ly va giao nh~
(General Forwarding & Agency Co., Ltd.)

Saigonship

: Cong ty v~n

SCM

: Qmln ly day chuy~n

SMC

: Cong ty hang hai Sai gon (Saigon Maritime Company)

tai bi~n

Saigon (Saigon Shipping Company)
cung ling (Supply Chain Management)

SOWATCO : T6ng cong ty v~n
tai thuy phia Nam
(Southern Waterway Transport Corporation)
TEU

: Container lot;ti 20' (Twenty-foot equivalent unit)

3PL

: Ngu'oi cung dip dich vvlogistics thu ba (Third Party Logistics)

Transimex

giao nh~
kho v~n
: T6ng cong ty c6 ph~n
(Transforwarding Warehousing Joint Stock Corporation)

TCS

: Trung tam dich vv hang h6a Tan Sdn Nh~t
(Tan Son Nhat cargo services)

UNDP

Lien H<;1p Qu6c

: Chu'dng trlnh phat tri~n
(United Nations Development Programme)

VICT

: Cong ty lien doanh cang container qu6c te'
(Vietnam International Container Terminals)

VIFFAS

: Hi~p
h9i giao nh~
Vi~t
Nam
(Vietnam Freight Forwarders Association)

VINAFCO

: Cong ty c6 ph~n
giao nh~
Vi~t
Nam
(Vietnam Freight Forwarding Joint Stock Corporation)

VINALINES: T6ng cong hang hili Vi~t

Nam (Vietnam National Shipping Lines)

Vinamarine : Cvc hang hai qu6c gia Vi~t
Nam

(Vietnam National Maritime Bureau)
VINATEX

may Vi~t
Nam
: T6ng cong ty d~t
(Vietnam National Textile & Garment Corporation)

VISABA

: Hi~p

VIWA

: Cvc qmln ly du'ong thuy b9 Vi~t
Nam
(Vietnam Inland Waterway Administration)

VSA

: Hi~p

WB

: Ngan hang the' gioi (World Bank)

WTO

: T6 chile thu'dng mt;ti the' gioi (World Trade Organization)

h9i moi gioi va dt;ti ly tau Vi~t
Nam
(Vietnam Ship Agents & Brokers Association)

h9i chu tau (Vietnam Shippers Association)


'

?

~

LOIMODAU
Trong nhfi'ng mlm gffn day, di;ic bil$t tu khi thl;(c hil$n chinh sach md cd'a h9i
nh~p

khu vl;(c va the' gioi, n€n kinh te' nu'oc ta phat tri€n mc:;1nh me. Hoc:;1t d9ng ngoc:;1i

thu'dng -xua't nh~p

khffu tang nhanh. Nganh giao nh~

v~n

tiH quO'c te" cilng dang

phat tri€n va md r9ng thi tru'ong theo xu the' thu'dng mc:;1i hoa khu vl;(c va toan cffu.
Ciing giO'ng nhu' nhi€u nganh kinh doanh khac, nganh giao nh~
hoa dang chiu Sl;( chi phQ'i mc:;1nh me CUa quy lu~t

v~n

tiH hang

Cl:;lnh tranh, VOi doi hoi rfft cao CUa

thi tru'ong v€ chfft lu'qng dich Vl;t, gia ca, thoi gian Va dQ tin c~y

trong qua trlnh pht;tc

Vl;t. Trong qua trlnh phat tri€n khong ngung v€ qui mo va chfft lu'qng, dich Vl;t giao
nh~

v~n

tai tie'n them m9t bu'oc moi la dich vt;t logistics. Dich Vl;t logistics ngay

cang trd thanh nhu cffu thie't ye"u dO'i voi hang hoa xua't nh~p

kh~u,

dong gop quan

tn;mg vao sl;( thanh cong cua hol:;lt dQng san xua't kinh doanh, lam thoa man nhu cffu
xa hQi, .. DO'i voi n€n kinh te' quO'c gia noi chung va TP.H6 Chi Minh noi rieng, ne"u
phat tri€n tO't dich Vl;t logistics se co nhfi'ng y nghia sau day :,
- Dich Vl;t logistics la cffu nO'i quan trQng cho sl;( lien ke"t kinh te' trong nu'oc
voi cac nu'oc tren the' gioi, thuc dffy sl;( hoa nh~p

vao cac t6 chuc kinh te' khu vl;(c va

qu6c te'.
- Dich Vl;t logistics c6 hil$u qua se lam giam cac loc:;!i chi phi gia thanh san
ph~m.

tang tinh c~nh
d9ng ngo~i

tranh san ph~m.

thu'dng xua't nh~p

va nhu' the' h6 tr<;l va thuc d~y

kh~u

phat tri€n hol:;lt

trong bO'i canh cc:;1nh tranh toan cffu v€ gia, dem

lc:;1i mQt trong nhfi'ng ngu6n thu ngoc:;1i tl$ dang k€ cho chinh phu.
- Dich Vl;t logistics gop phffn tc:;1o ra nhi€u vil$c lam moi, giai quye"t sO'lu'qng
lao dQng dang k€. Ngoai ra cung voi sl;( phat tri€n cua no, dQi ngii chuyen gia, can
bQ cong nhan vien du'co hil$u qua d6ng thai ciing Jam giam bot cac kho khan v€ giao thong do thi, ....

Tit tlnh hlnh tren, cung voi kinh nghil$m thl;l'c ti~n
dich vt;t giao nh~-logistc,

dang cong tac trong nganh

di;ic bil$t tc:;1i TP. H6 Chi Minh la trung tam kinh te' IOn

cua ca nu'oc, chie"m d trQng Ion nha't v€ hang hoa xua't nh~p
"

,....,

?

,

,

,....?

kh~u,

toi mc:;1nh dc:;1n

chQn d€ tai "MOT SO GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN DJCH VlJ LOGISTICS T~I
'

,....,

~

,

THANH PHO HO CHI MINH".


Lu~n

van nhAm mvc dich nghien cU'u dich vv logistics va kinh nghit%m ho~t

d9ng dich vv Logistics (1 cac nu'C1c tien tie'n, rut da du'qc nhii'ng bai hQC quy gia cho
Vit%t Nam va TP.H6 Chi Minh d~
logistics t~i

du'a ra cac giai phap thie't th1,l'c phat tri~n

TP.H6 Chi Minh. Nhii'ng giai phap nay mang tinh chie'n lu'qc, v~n

vao thl,l'c ti~n

h6 trq cho phat tri~n

kinh te' ngo~i

DO'i tu'qng nghien cU'u cua lu~n
nh~p
nh~

v~n

thu'dng - xua't nh~p

van la nganh giao nh~

khffu chu ye'u bAng duC1ng bi~n,
giao nh~

dvng

v~n

tcli hang h6a xua't

duC1ng hang khong va cac dich vv kho v~n

tai da phu'dng thuc, trong d6 nha'n m~nh

Vl;l

khffu.

-

de'n vai tro dich vv giao

t6ng hqp theo xu huang c6ng nght% dich vv logistics hit%n d~i
chuy~n

dich

va quan ly day

cung ung.

Ho~t

d9ng giao nh~

va dich vv logistics n6i chung tu'dng d6i r9ng, hdn nii'a

chua c6 m9t th6ng ke chinh thuc nao phvc vv cho c6ng tac quan ly llnh v1,l'c nay,
vit%c thu th~p
t~p

s61it%u g~p

trung chu ye'u t~i
D~

ra't nhi~u

kh6 khan nen ph~m

vi nghien cU'u cua lu~n

van

TP. H6 Chi Minh.

tai du'qc nghien cU'u d1,l'a tren cac phu'dng phap sau :
- Phu'dng phap th6ng ke m6 ta, so sanh, phan tich va t6ng hqp.
- Phudng phap dl! bao kinh te'.
- Phu'dng phap chuyen gia va phong va'n.
Ke't ca'u n9i dung lu~n

van g6m 3 chu'dng :

Chu'dng 1 : T6ng quan dich vv Logistics
Chu'dng 2: Th1,l'c tr~ng

ho~t

dQng dich vv Logistics t~i

Chu'dng 3: M9t s6 gicli phap phat tri~n

dich vv Logistics t~i

Do trlnh dQ va thC1i gian nghien CUu gioi h~n
nhi~u

thie'u s6t. Ra't mong nh~

Co, cac chuyen gia am hi~u

TP. H6 Chi Minh

nen lu~n

TP.H6 Chi Minh
van cha:c cha:n con

v~

du'qc nhii'ng y kie'n dong g6p quy bau cua quy Thffy
nganh giao nh~

van du'qc b6 sung va hoan thit%n hdn.

v~n

tai - logistics d~

giup cho lu~n


- 1 -

CHu'ONG 1
A!

TONG QUAN DJCH VV LOGISTICS
1.1 KHAI NIJtM DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS

tu Logistics c6 khai ni~m

Trong linh vlfc quan slf, thu~
kinh te', c6
nguC1i l~i

tu

di~n

v~

"h~u

cffn ". Trong

dich la "mt)t t6 chlic cac dich V\1 cung ling". Cling co mt)t sff

tu Logistics la "tie'p v~n

dich thu~

".

?

Logistics du<;1c Uy ban qmln ly logistics dinh nghia la : "Qua trlnh l~p
ho~c,

ch<;>n phU'dng an tffi u'u d~
chuy~n

va bao quan c6 hi~u

gian dffi voi nguyen v~t
tin tU'dng ling

tu giai

dung cuffi cung d~

vi~c

qua, tie't ki~m
li~u,

do~n

thl,l'c hi~n

quan ly va ki~m

nha"t v~

ke'

soat vi~c

di

chi phi va ngil:n nha"t v~

thai

ban thanh phim va thanh phim, cling nhU' cac thong
ti~n

san xua"t cho de'n khi hang hoa de'n tay ngu'di tieu

dap ling yeu cffu cua khach hang". Nghia la no bao g6m m<;>i

djch V\1 kinh doanh lien quan toi v~n

tai (duC1ng bi~n,

duC1ng khong, duC1ng bt),

du'dng thuy nt)i dja), lu'u kho bai, sil:p xe'p hang hoa san sang cho v~n
bao bl, ghi ky rna hi~u,

thu'dng hi~u

tai, dong goi

va phan phffi di cac ndi theo yeu cua ngu'di uy

thac (principal).
Ngoai ra con co mt)t sffkhai ni~m
- Sli m~nh
trong di~u

khac v~

ki~n

cua Logistics la thl,l'c

teSt
d~

co th~

hi~n

Logistics nhu sau:

giao dung hang, dung ndi, dung luc va

dong gop Ion nha"t vao cong ty. (theo Ronald

H.Ballou)
- Bay R trong Logistics g6m co : dung san phim (right product), dung sff
lu'<;1ng (right quantity), dung di~u

ki~n

(right condition), dung ndi (right place), dung

IU.c (right time), dung khach hang (right customer) va dung chi phi (right cost).
(theo The Layman's definition of Logistics).
Theo ESCAP (Uy ban kinh te'- xa ht)i Chau
H<;1p Quffc) thl Logistics dU'<;1c phat tri~n

- Giai doan 1 : Phan phffi v~t

qua 3 giai do~n

A Thai

Blnh Du'dng cua Lien

:

cha"t.

Vao nhung nam 60, 70 the' ky 20, ngu'di ta quan tam quan ly co h~
nhung ho~t

dt)ng co lien quan voi nhau d~

thanh phim cho khach hang. Nhung ho~t

dam bao co hi~u
dt)ng do bao g6m v~n

qua vi~c

thffng

giao hang

tai, phan phffi, bao


- 2 -

qmln th~m
v~t

phffm, dinh muc t6n kho, bao bl d6ng g6i, ... Nhu' v~y

cha't hay Logistics d~u

g<;>i Ia phan ph6i

ra.

- Giai doan 2 : He$ th6ng Logistics
Nhii'ng nam 80, 90 cac cong ty ap dvng S\1' ke't hqmln ly nguyen lic$u) voi d~u

ra (g<;>i la phan ph6i v~t

cha't) lam tang them tie't kic$m.

Slf ke't htri~n

hon nii'a ciia Logistics la tv do h6a thu'ong m(,li h~mg
c(_lnh tranh toan c~u,

vao (g<;>i la

t6 d6ng g6p vao slf phat

h6a va dich V\l v~n

tai, slf

da d(,lng h6a ngu6n cung ca'p nguyen lic$u, cong nghc$ thong tin.

- Giai doan 3 : Quan ly day chuy~n

cung ung

E>ay la m¢t khai nic$m c6 tinh chie'n lu'
quan ly day n6i tie'p cac ho(,lt

d¢ng ttl' ngu'oi cung ung - de'n ngu'oi san xua't - de'n khach hang cung voi vic$c lam
chll'ng ttl' lien quan, he$ th6ng theo doi, ki~m

tra Ia nhii'ng vic$c lam tang them gia tri

san phffm. Khai nic$m nay coi tr<;>ng vic$c phat tri~n

d6i tac, ke't h
xua't voi ngu'oi cung ung, voi khach hang va nhii'ng ben lien quan de'n Logistics nhu'
cac cong ty v~n

tai, htu kho va ngu'oi cung ca'p IT (cong nghc$ thong tin).

ESCAP cling dinh nghia quan ly day chuy~n

cung ung (SCM - Supply Chain

Management) va logistics la "khai nic$m d6ng b¢ h6a nhii'ng ho(,lt d¢ng cua nhi~u
chll'c trong day chuy~n
thoi gian, b~ng

thu~

logistics va phan anh trd l'.li nhii'ng thong tin c~n
each sii' dvng m(,lng lu'oi cong nghc$ thong tin va truy~n

t6

thie't dung
thong ky

s6".
Ngay nay nhii'ng ngu'oi giao nh~

Chau Au cung ca'p dich vv cho khach hang

g<;>i la "dich vv quan ly Logistics" va t\1' la'y ten la "Ngu'oi cung cffp Logistics"
(Logistics providers).

1.2 MOl LIEN H:¢ CH~

T CHE GIUA DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS VOl V~N

TAl

DA PHUONG THUC VA GIAO NH~
Dich vv Logistics chinh la st,i phat tri~n

kheo leo ciia dich vv v~n

phu'ong thuc (Multimodal Transport). Toan bQ ho(,lt d¢ng v~n

hic$n theo m¢t h
tai da phu'ong thll'c va slf ph6i h
hang h6a do ngu'oi t6 chuc dich vv Logistics dam nhic$m. Bi~m
tren co sd nhi~u

du'ciia

tu'ong d6ng lad ch6,

h
dich vv Logistics se nh~
nhi~u

tlti c6 th~

tiii da

hang t'.li co sd ciia tll'ng ngu'oi ban va gom hang Ie thanh

don vi gii'i hang t(,li cac nha kho hay noi xe'p do hang h6a tru'oc khi chung


- 3 -

du'

v~n

t
nu'oc ngu'oi mua, ngu'oi t6 chuc dich V\1 Logistics se thu xe'p tach cac don vi gll'i
hang d6 va xe'p hang h6a thanh nhung chuye'n hang thich hnhung dia chi cuo'i cung.
V~n

tai da phu'ong thuc (VTBPT) la m<)t loc:ti hlnh v~n

tili tien tie'n hi~n

dang

du'nhung nam 60 tc:ti cac nuoc Tay Au va B~c

My. Ngay nay, VTBPT ngay cang phat

tri€n mc:tnh me sang ca cac quo'c gia thu<)c the' h~
doanh v~n

thu ba, lam thay d6i each kinh

tai, hc:tn che' thoi gian htu kho, giam bot phi~n

nang cao cha't lu'Sd d6 1.1 : MO'i lien h~

ha v~

thu we hai quan,

tai.

gifi'a Logistics va v~n

tai da phtio'ng thuc

(Ngu6n: adaptedfromHenstra & Woxenius [1999])
Logistics hay quan ly day chuy~n
giao nh~

(J muc d<) cao va tu'ong do'i hoan chinh trai qua nhi~u

lam cho khai ni~m
g~n

li~n

cung ling SCM la srf. phat tri€n cua ngh~

ngh~

voi logistics va n~m

giao nh~

truy~n

qua trlnh va n6 da

tho'ng ngay dmg phong pht1. Giao nh~

trong logistics.

Tu tlnh hlnh tren ngay nay nhi~u

cong ty v~n

tai va giao nh~

la Cong ty kinh·doanh dich V\1 Logistics va m<)t so'Hi~p
h<)i giao nh~

da d6i ten g9i

H<)i Giao nh~

thanh Hi~p

h<)i Logistics, vi d\1 Hi~p

thanh Hi~p

h(>i Logistics Singapore (Singapore Logistics Association).

ciing d6i ten

Singapore tu nam 2000 da d6i

1.3 NGUOI KINH DOANH DfCH Vl,J LOGISTICS
B€ khdi dffu v~n

tai da phu'ong thuc, m<)t so' don vi trong day chuy~n

v~n

tai

nhu' la hang tau va hili cang da dffn dffn hu'ong toi linh vvc dich Vl;llogistics. Trong


- 4 -

th\fc te' hffu he't cac ddn vi th\fc s\f tham gia trchuy~n

cung ung SCM Ia cac cong ty giao nh~.

gioi, cac cong ty giao nh~

qm1n ly day

Tc,ti cac mtoc phat trign tren the'

da md r9ng hoc,tt d¢ng bao g6m m9t phffn hay toan b9

dich vv logistics va gQi la ngu'C1i cung ca'p dich vv Logistics (LSP - Logistics

Services Providers) thay vl cong ty giao nh~

hay ngu'C1i t6 chuc v~n

tiii da phu'dng

thuc. Phc,tm vi cua nhung dich VlJ nay bao g6m tit dich VlJ tu' va'n d6i voi tung ye'u t6
trong day chuy~n
chuy~n

cung ung cho de'n dam trach toan b9 quan ly hoc,tt d¢ng cua day

cung U'ng. Cv thg nhu' sau :

MQt lil, nhilng dtch Vl!-

ma nglllli kinh doanh dtch Vl!- Logistics cung cap

Dich V\1 nay bao g6m:
Thrt nhdt : Dich V\1 tu' va'n
Dich V\1 tu' va'n rna ngu'C1i kinh doanh dich VlJ Logistics cung ca'p lien quan
de'n b6n va'n d~

chie'n lu'
- Cdc quye't dtnh vg vt tri: ndi Hlp d~t
t~p

cung ung :
cac nha may thie't bi san xua't, dia digm

ke't va lttu tru hang hoa ...
- Cdc quye't dtnh vg san xudt : bao g6m vil%c xay d\fng ke' hoc,tch san xua't t6ng

thg, hoc,tch dinh san xua't tren may moe va bao trl thie't bi...
Do'i vdi cdc cong tdc m1y, trong thlfc te' Slf tham gia cua nguC!i cung cap dtch
V¥ logistics chua du(/c phd bie'n ldm

- Cdc quye't djnh vg vi~c

luu kho : nguyen lil%u, ban thanh ph£m, thanh ph£m

co thg la con trong qua trlnh san xua't giua cac dia digm khac nhau ....
- Cdc quye't dtnh vg wJn tdi : quan trQng nha't la s\f chQn l\fa t6i u'u phu'dng
thuc v~n

tai vl no g~n

li~n

voi chi phi tr\fc tie'p v~

trong vil%c chC1 dthu'C1ng ra't m~c

v~n

chuygn va chi phi gian tie'p

chuygn do. V~n

chuygn hang khong

nhu'ng lc,ti giam chi phi t6n kho. Muc d9 cung ung dich

hang va vi tri dia ly dong vai tro chu ye'u d6i voi cac quye't dinh v~n
chie'm tren 30% chi phi logistics, chinh sach v~n

Vl;l

cho khach

tai. Do v~n

tai

tiii thich h
tinh cc,tnh tranh va tinh nhc,ty cam thai gian cua m9t doanh nghil%p.
Thrt hai : Dich V\1 kho v~n

- giao nh~

M9t khi cac quye't dinh chie'n lu'dich vv Logistics tie'n hanh dam trach m9t hay nhi~u

chuc nang sau day :


- 5 -

- Dtch V¥ kho bai : vi~c

btu kho hang h6a khong con thu<)c v€ nglioi san xua't

hay nglioi gia cong rna no dliQC nglioi kinh doanh dich V\1 logistics dam tnich ke't
h<;fp voi h~

th6ng vi tinh h6a tinh vi d€ quan ly cac kenh luu thong hang h6a.

- V(ln tdi va phan phdi : nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics c6 th€ chiu trach
nhi~m

dam trach ta't ca vi~c

di chuy€n hang h6a phu h<;fp voi day chuy€n cung ling.

Cong tac nay c6 th€ ke't h<;fp voi hang v~n
phliong ti~n
lien l~c

tai chinh ho~c

du<;fc thlfc hi~n

rieng cua nglioi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics dliQC trang bi voi h~

b~ng

th6ng

trong n<)i b<).

- Qudn ly t6n kho : nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics quan ly va thuong xuyen
t6i

liU

h6a lli<;fng hang t6n kho theo thong tin tu cac ben lien quan phu h<;fp voi day

chuy€n san xua't.

- Theo doi ddn hang : nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics c6 trach nhi~m
doi cac don d~t

hang tu khau nh~p

nguyen v~t

li~u,

linh ki~n

theo

de'n khi hoan ta't cac

don hang nay de'n nglioi tieu dung cu6i cung.

- Dtch V¥ lam gia tang gia tri : bao g6m cac khau hoan chinh, dong g6i, dan

nhan, phat hanh h6a don, mua hang, cong tac tai chinh, ...Khach hang rieng le
thuong c6 nhu cffu cao hon v€ dich V\1 nay .

.Th(t ba : Dich V\1 dlfa tren cong ngh~

thong tin

Ro rang la khong c6 dich V\1 nao neu tren c6 th€ thlfc hi~n

t6t dliQC ne'u nhli

khong c6 nhung cong c1:1 quan ly cao ca'p, quan trQng nha't la may vi tinh va h~
tho'ng cac phffn m€m chuyen dl:lng. Cac cong C\1 phffn m€m nay c6 th€ thue ho~c
mua ngoai tu cac cong ty chuyen nghi~p,

ho~c

phat tri€n trong n<)i b<) cong ty giup

cho nguoi kinh doanh logistics cung ca'p cac dich V\1 cao ca'p.
H~

thdng cong ngh~

Hai la,

Khi d~t

Sl/ ktt

thong tin thl:(c sl:( dong vai tro trung tam cua Logistics.

hf/p cac hof!,t dl)ng djch

Vlf,

cua ngllili kinh doanh Logistics

duqc h
dam trach toan b<) t6 chile day chuy€n cung ling cho khach hang, dam bao t6t vi~c
xay dlfng va ki€m nghi~m

cac kenh thong tin Logistics thich h
ly. E>i€u nay giup cho nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics cung lam vi~c

tho'ng quan

c6 hi~u

qua

d6i voi khach hang cling nhu cac ben lien quan vao day chuy€n cung ling. Nguoi


- 6 cung ca'p dich v1,1 Logistics phai ch~
bi ho~t

ch~n

dgy du nhan htc cgn thie't va trang thie't

d()ng dung chuc nang.
Thong thu'ong cac cu()c dam phan d~

ky ke't m()t hc;Jp d6ng Logistics phcli ma't

ra't nhi€u thoi gian (khoang vai thang) nh~m
quan h~

tru'oc khi di de'n thoa thu~n

cgn c6 thoi gian d~

tim hi~u

phan tfch ky lu'ong khia c~nh

cac mO'i

cuO'i cling. Ngu'oi cung ca'p dich Vl,l Logistics

chinh xac yeu cgu cua khach hang va ph~m

vi cac nhu

cgu cgn de'n trong hc;Jp d6ng.
B~

thl,l'c hi~n

m()t hc;Jp d6ng Logistics, thu'ong doi hoi ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1

Logistics phcli dgu tu' dang k~,
ngi{n h~n,

va vi v~y

thong thu'ong thoi h~n

phan d~

m()t hc;Jp d6ng nhu' the' khong th~

tO'i thi~u

tai ky hc;Jp d6ng moi thu'ong b~t

hanh ke't thuc. MO'i quan h~
cang trd nen m~t

Ia tu 1 nam de'n 5 nam. Cac cu()c dam

dgu vai thang tru'oc khi hc;Jp d6ng hi~n

giil'a ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1 logistics va khach hang

thie't de'n muc khach hang kh6 cha'm dUt quan h~

ca'p dich v1,1logistics hi~n

t~i

ky ke't

voi ngu'oi cung

va chQn ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1logistics moi thay the'.

Khach hang cua ngu'oi cung ca'p dich Vl,l logistics khong con quan tam de'n
chi phi htu kho va chuyen chd m()t ta'n hang hay m()t met khO'i hang rna chi muO'n
bie't toan b() chi phi logistics cua m()t don vi hang h6a. Vi v~y

ngu'oi cung ca'p dich

v1,1logistics du'c;Jc yeu cgu chao gia dich v1,1 cho m()t don vi hang h6a trong d6 bao
g6m ta't ca cac lo~i

chi phi va m()t phgn lc;Ji nhu~

cua anh ta.

Trong ba't ky tlnh huO'ng nao, khach hang luon yeu cgu ngu'oi cung ca'p dich
v1,1 logistics dam nh~
va h6 so htu tril' d~
thie't t~i

toan b() quan ly logistics dl,l'a tren dl,l' bao doanh sO' hang ban
dam bao cung ca'p thong tin tin c~y

nha't v€ sO'lu'c;Jng hang cgn

ba't ky m()t trung tam phan phO'i nao. Theo d6 ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1

logistics phai dam bao san phffm cgn thie't luon san sang nhu'ng phcli tO'i u'u h6a
hang lu'u kho trong tung giai do~n

d~

tO'i thi~u

h6a chi phi lu'u kho.

1.4 L(1I ICH CUA DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS
1.4.1 LQ'i ich ciia d.jch V\).logistics

dol voi chii hang

Lc;Ji fch cua dich Vl,llogistics dO'i voi chu hang du'c;Jc bi~u

hi~n

nhu' sau :

- Ngu'oi gfri hang chiu muc cu'oc tha'p hon va du'c;Jc hu'dng cha't lu'c;Jng dich Vl,l

t6t hon vi ngu'oi kinh doanh dich Vl,l logistics n6i chung c6 nhi€u kinh nghi~m
linh vl,l'c v~n
gfri hang.

tai, phan phO'i hang h6a, cac t~p

quan, lu~t

1~

trong

c6 lien quan hon ngu'oi


- 7 -

- Nguoi gU'i hang tang 1<;5i nhu~

dffu tu. Nhung tai san le ra phai dffu tu vao

linh vl.fc logistics thi nay duv~y

hi~u

kinh doanh chinh cua anh ta do
vi~c

qua cao hon.
- N guoi gU'i hang c6 th~

tang tinh m€m deo va ph an ttng nhanh truoc nhung

thay d6i cua thi truong vi nguoi kinh doanh dich vt;tlogistics da chu~n

bi san sang

dO'i ph6 vdi nhu cffu mang tinh thoi vt;t, nhu cffu IOn d9t bie'n, va nhu v~y
nguoi gU'i hang dang vung tren thuong truong rna v§:n tie't ki~m

giup cho

chi phi.

- Sl.f h& trcung ca'p hang h6a

kiP thoi (JIT- Just in time) cho khach hang. Thoi gian san xua't

rut ngil:n hon thoi gian san xua't dai (voi chi phi giao hang c6 th~

it hon) doi hoi khO'i

luthi~u

h6a luph~m.

tranh hi~n

tie't ki~m

tu
hi~n

tO'i

toan bQ chi phi phan phO'i san
d thanh ph~m-

hang h6a) khong

sinh l<;5i.
- Nguoi gU'i hang danh gia duki~m

du
v~n

tai nao phil h
hang cung ca'p dich vt;t logistics cho anh ta da nghien

cll'u sU' dt;tng thie't bi, phuong ti~n

v~n

tai tO'i ltu.

Trang thl.fc te', nhi€u nguoi gU'i hang d My, chau Au, Vi~n
cong nh~

l
nguoi lam dich vt;t logistics. M9t t~p
ki~m

m9t khoan dang k~
dl.f doan r~ng

tri~n

khai quan h~

vt;tlogistics d~

bC;tn hang n6i tren voi

doan san xua't xe hoi da chi ra r~ng

nho chu trQng hon de'n chu chuy~n

nguoi gU'i hang trong tltong lai chil:c h~n

doi hoi mang tinh d~c

Bong da dffn dffn
hQ da tie't

hang h6a. V a hQ cling
se gioi chuyen mon va nhung

trung hon. HQ cling san sang tra ti€n cong cao hon cho dich

dam bao thoi gian giao hang chinh xac, thuong xuyen va 6n dinh.

1.4.2 Lc;ti ich cua djch V\1 Logistics do'i vOi n~

kinh te' xa hqi

- Dich vt;t logistics trquan trQng trong Vi~c

lam cho buon ban hang hoa va cac san ph~m

dich Vl;l dltQC d~

dang. Hay thU' xem xet tinh huO'ng ne'u nhu hang h6a khong de'n dung luc, khach
hang se tll' chO'i, ho~c
khong th~

thl.fc hi~n

cung ang se bi thi~

ne'u hang h6a khong de'n dung noi, trong tinh trC;tng xa'u thi
vi~c

buon ban. Nhu v~y,

hC;ti nghiem trQng.

ta't ca hoC;tt d9ng trong day chuyen


- 8 -

- M9t trong nhii'ng hlnh thuc cc1 ban cua dich
t~o

ra nhii'ng ti~n

ich. Dung d g6c d9 kinh te", ti~n

hii'u d1,1ng rna m<)t m~t
C6 b6n lo~i

ti~n

hang ho~c

Vl,l

logistics lam tang gia tri la

ich the hi~n

v~

m~t

gia tri hay sl,l'

dich v1,1 c6 the dap ung duqc nhu cffu mong mu6n.

ich: hlnh thuc, sd hii'u, thoi gian va ndi ch6n. Trong d6 ti~n

thoi gian va ndi ch6n du'qc trq giup chu ye"u b~ng

dich v1,1logistics : Ti~n

ich v~
ich v~

thoi

gian la gia tri tang len trong cung ca'p hang h6a dung hie khi cffn nhu' la cung ca'p
nguyen v~t

li~u

cffn thie"t cho gia cong de day chuy~n

san xua't khong bi dlnh tr~

hay la giao hang dung luc cho khach hang theo yeu cffu. Ti~n

ich ndi ch6n la cung

ca'p hang de"n dung ndi cffn thie"t. Ne"u nhu' hang h6a rna nguoi tieu dung dang cffn
v~n

con n~m

trong kho ho~c

v~n

con trong htu thong thl se khong t~o

ra ti~n

ich ndi

ch6n.
Ne'u nhz.t khong c6 dtch

V{l

logistics thi se khong c6 ti¢n tch th(Ji gian va ti¢n

tch noi chffn, nhz.t the' se khong thi lam thoa man nhu c&u kinh te' xii hqi.

1.5 KINH NGHIItM PHAT TRIEN NGANH LOGISTICS vA BAI HOC

""

,

"'

,

,..

PHAT TRIEN DJCH VlJ LOGISTICS DOl VOl VII}T NAM
1.5.1 Kinh nghi~m

phat tricgn
m(}t s6 nlioc tren the' gioi

-Cdc nz.tlic Tay Au:

Khuye"n khich tl,l' do thanh l~p
nhu'ng phai tuan thu cac lu~t

v~

cong ty va tl,l' do kinh doanh dich

v~n

logistics

lao d<)ng, thue", hai quan, ... Cac cong ty nu'oc ngoai

du'qc phep md chi nhanh va kinh doanh dich
phu'c1ng ti~n

Vl,l

Vl,l

chuyen, nha nu'oc kiem soat ho~t

logistics trl,l'c tie"p, du'qc dffu tu'

d<)ng thong qua chinh sach thue".

- Nhat bdn:

Chinh phu dl,l'a vao nang ll,l'c cua m6i cong ty rna ca'p gia'y phep kinh doanh
trong tung linh vl,l'c : giao nh~

n<)i dia, v~n

quan, ... ne"u dffy du nang ll,l'c v~
doanh khong h~n

tai chinh va t6 chuc thl du'qc ca'p gia'y phep kinh

che" nhu'ng c6 phan h~ng

Hang nam Tdng cong ty Nh~t

chuyen duong b<), cong ty moi giOi hai
gia'y phep.

td chuc cac lOp dao t~o

hai quan, sau d6 t6 chuc cac cu<)c thi ca'p b~ng

mu6n ho~t
b~ng

tu

th~

nghiem ng~t.

ngh~

dich

Vl,l

thu tl,lc

Nhii'ng cong ty

d<)ng trong IInh vl,l'c nay bii:t bu<)c phai c6 nhan vien da h9c va duqc ca'p
Tdng C1,1c.


- 9 -

Chinh sach phat tri~n

voi ti~m
t~p

llfc v~

giao nh~

v~n

t
khe cong

kinh te' dung hang thu hai tren the' gioi da g6p phffn t(;lo nen nhung

doan giao nh~

v~n

tiH qu6c te' Nh~t

Ban n6i tie'ng kh~p

the' gioi nhu' Nippon

Express, Sagawa Express, Kintectsu World Express.

- Dili loan:
Thi tru'ong Bai Loan it nhi~u

t~p

trung vao phan pho'i nh~p

ban le. Nha nu'oc Bai loan co' g~n
khffu, dlf tru se c6 nhi~u

hang nh~p

sau khi Bai loan gia nh~p

djch va tlf do h6a nh~p

va t<;1o ra nhu cffu djch v1,1 logistics, d~c

WTO. M~t

ngu'oi vu'<;ft qua 13.000 USD, nhi~u
chuy~n

x6a bo rao can m~u

khffu va tr<;f giup
bi~t

la

khac khi t6'ng slm phffm noi dja theo dffu
cong ty qu6c te' quan tam vao vi~c

thie't l~p

day

cung ung hang le t<:ti Bai loan. Ngoai ra, Bai loan dang xay dlfng trung tam

logistics phl,IC Vl,l cho djch Vl,l logistics toan cffu, song song do la chinh sach cua
chinh phd thlfc hi~n

tlf do h6a thu t1,1c ki~m

C6 3 khuynh huang chinh phat tri~n
(1)

h6a Hai quan.
thi tru'ong logistics t<;ti Bai loan nhu' sau :

Logistics Dai loan dang phdt triin toan c&u h6a. Cong ty hang dffu v~

logistics China President Logistics h<;fp tac voi cong ty du'ong Bai loan xay dlfng
khu Logistics Taisugar (J Kaohsiung chu ye'u ph1,1c Vl,l logistics toan cffu. Hao Hao
Logistics- mot thanh vien cua Yang Ming Line cfing dang xay dlfng dlf an tu'ong tlf
t<:ti cang Kaohsiung.
(2)

Logistics Dai loan phdt triin ngay cang tinh te' hdn. Cac cong ty nhu' la

7-11, HCT va Ta Rong, ... chQn do'i tac Nh~t
nh~

t~n

nha b~ng
(3)

Ban thlfc hi~n

ho<;tt dong giao hang ca

nhung phu'ong thuc cao ca'p nha't.

Cong ngh¢ tin h9c du(fc dr;ic bi¢t nghien criu ring dt~ng

cong ty chu y dffu tu' vao llnh vlfc IT trong h~

cao. Cang nhi~u

tho'ng quan ly k:ho, CAPS, tffn so' vo

tuye'n, rna V(;l.Ch hang h6a ...

- Trung Oudc :
Trung qu6c v§:n bao ho thi tru'ong djch v1,1 Logistics cho doanh nghi~p

trong

nu'oc. Nha nu'oc Trung qu6c qui djnh mot lien doanh trong linh VlfC Logistics phiH
c6 v6n to'i thi~u

USD 5.000.000 ne'u nhu' v~y

coi nhu' lo<;1i bo cac doanh nghi~p

nho

cua nu'OC ngoai xin lien doanh trong linh V\fC nay Va day cfing la mot ganh n~g
giang vao cac cong ty Logistics IOn cua nu'oc ngoai mu6n thanh l~p

cac chi nhanh (J


Trung quO'c. B~ng

each nay, Trung quO'c da dung cac qui dinh v~

vO'n d€ bao h9 thi

tntong cho cac dO'i tac trong nu'oc ..
Trong thlfc te', Trung quO'c dang cO' ga:ng bao v~
nhii'ng cong ty giao

nh~

quO'c phai thong qua d~i

cac cong ty trong nu'oc,

- logistics nu'oc ngoai du'QC phep vao thi tru'ong Trung
ly dia phu'ong va hQ chi co van phong d~i

di~n

(J

Trung

quO'c.
-Hong Kong:
Hong Kong co nhi~u

u'u di€m trong vi~c

cung d(p dich v1,1logistics. Trong sO'

nhii'ng u'u di€m do la cang container sffm ufft vao h~ng

b~c

nhfft the' gioi, h~

thO'ng

thie't bi hang khong cao cffp co tffm co IOn tren the' gioi, vi tri chie'n lu'qc n~m
vung kinh te' nang d<)ng nha"t the' gioi cling voi co sCJ h~
chinh, phap ly hoan thi~n.

tffng lien l~c

Trong moi tru'ong moi nay, nhi~u

vi~n

trong
thong, tai

cong ty giao nh~

dang

phat tri€n thanh nguoi cung ca"p dich v1,1logistics thu 3 (3PL - Third Party Logistics
Providers). 3PL khong chi cung cffp dich Vl,l v~n
dong ghep hang rna con thlfc hi~n
ke, dich Vl,l cii'a tOi cii'a b~ng

v~n

chuy€n truy~n

thO'ng, quan ly kho,

ke't hqp hoan chinh cac don hang, quan ly ki€m
chuy€n da phu'ong thuc.

Noi chung slf phat tri€n dich Vl,l logistics (J Hong Kong d~t
tru'CJng thanh du'qc h6 tr<;1 tO't bCJi co sCJ h~

de'n giai do~n

tffng logistics tinh vi, chu ye'u t~p

phan phO'i hang tieu dung va tai xufft hang cong nghi~p

trung

vao thi tru'ong Trung quO'c.

- Singapore :
Nha nu'oc dung ra xay dlfng cac trung tam dich Vl,l phan phO'i hang hoa va
cho cac cong ty giao nh~

v~n

tai thue l~i.

nh~m

tang nhanh luqng hang chuy€n tai

qua san bay Changi va cang bi€n quO'c te' Singapore, t~o

S\1' tO'i u'u hoa trong v~n

tai

du'ong bi€n va hang khong d€ thu hut lu'qng hang chuy€n tai trong khu V\fC.
Hi~p

ho~t

h9i Logistics Singapore dong vai tro quan trQng trong quan ly di~u

Hi~p

d<)ng cua cac thanh vien, cac chi phi lien quan giao nh~.

hoa

chuy€n tai d~u

do

h<)i thO'ng nhfft quy dinh chung va cac thanh vien du'qc khuye'n khich ap d1,1ng
d€ tranh tlnh tr~ng

c~nh

1.5.2 Bai hQc kinh nghi~m
Nghien CUu kinh nghi~m

tranh v~

gia.

cho vi~c

phat tri~n

dfch Vl} logistics t~i

phat tri€n giao nh~

v~n

ki~n

Nam

tai va dich Vl,l Logistics t~i

cac nu'oc, tu do ta rut ra nhii'ng bai hQC chQn lQC ung dl,lng vao Vi~t
va TP.HCM noi rieng phu hqp voi di~u

Vi~t

Nam noi chung

dia ly t\1' nhien, kinh te'- xa h<)i th\fc te'.


H~u

he't Chinh phu cac

thuc dfiy kinh te' trmg trlidng.

nuoc nh~
Nha nuoc

thuc r~ng
c~n

phat trign v~n

tai lam ti~n

tu vao

phlti u'u tien d~u

d~

nhung cong

trlnh trQng digm :
- Phat trign cd sd h<;t t~ng

bao g6m hi~n

d<;ti h6a cang bign, san bay; nang ca'p

md r()ng m<;tng luoi duong b(), duong thuy; phat trign h~

thO'ng thong tin lien l<;tc

vien thong, ...
- Xay dt;t'ng va hoan chinh h~
nganh cac lien quan t<;to di~u

ki~n

thO'ng lu~t
thu~n

ti~n

phap, qui dinh Hai quan va cac ban
h6 tr
phat trign dich Vl;l

Logistics.
Kinh nghi~m

cac nlioc phat trign cho tha'y dg d<;tt du'qc ke't qua kinh doanh tO't

nhfft Vel giu the' m<;tnh trong C<;tnh tranh, cac hang cung cffp dich Vl;llogistics va giao
nh~

v~n

tai quO'c te' phai dam bao:
- Chuyen mon h6a trong tung llnh Vl;l'C, tung khau phl;IC Vl;l. f)~u

thO'ng kho bai, phlidng ti~n

ca V~

lli
tli tang h~

thong tin phl;IC

v1;1 thie't thl;l'c quan ly.
- Trlnh d() t6 chuc, quan ly m()t h~
cung ling nguyen li~u,
quan 1,y, ..

thO'ng d6ng b() tu giao nh~

de'n v~n

bao quan, phan phO'i, sU' d1;1ng thong tin di~n

tai,

ttl' vao theo d5i

?

- Trlnh d() t6 chuc va phO'i hthl;l'c hi~n

hoan hao m()t chu trlnh v~n

gia khac, duoi nhi~u

nh~

tai da phudng thuc tu quO'c gia nay sang quO'c

hlnh thuc.

Song song d6 cilng c~n
Logistics da gop ph~n

nuoc cho phep

nha'n m<;tnh de'n vai tro cua Hi~p

ra't IOn trong vi~c

H()i Giao nh~

-

h6 tr
- logistics.

Tom tift chlldng 1: ChUdng 1 cua luqn van dii gicJi thi~u
djch v~

mqt each khai quat vi

logistics cung vcJi nhilng l(Ji ich cua lor;ti hznh djch v~

ncq d6i chu hcmg va

trong nin kinh ti xii hqi. ChUdng nay cung di cqp din cdc djch v~

chinh yiu ma

nguiJi kinh doanh logistics c6 thi cung c{ip cho cdc khach hang lam cd si'! phan tich
danh gia thTJc trr;mg hor:zt dqng djch v~
diim qua kinh nghi~m

phat triin djch v~

ra bai h9c kinh nghi~m

phat triin djch v~

logistics tr:zi TP.HCM iJ chUdng sau, dcJng thiYi
logistics iJ cdc nucJc tren thi girJi, ta d6 rut
logistics tr:zi Vi~t

Nam.


CHu'ONG2

THUC
. TRANG
. HOAT
. DONG
. DICH
. VU. LOGISTICS
,

~

T~I

TP. HO CHI MINH

·2.1 PHAN TICH SO Lu'QC QUA TRINH HINH THANH DfCH Vl)
LOGISTICS T~I

TP. HO CHi MINH

Tntdc ngay giai ph6ng mi~n
nh~,

t~p

trung lam

d~i

giao nh~

SaiGon c6 khoang ba cong ty giao

ly cho cac hang giao

ye"u lam dich vv v~n
giao cho khach hang,

Nam, t~i
nh~

mtdc ngoai. Cac cong ty nay chu

chuy€n du'C1ng b<), cung ca'p dich vv tu tau, cang vao kho va
ho~t

d<)ng tu ph~m

chii ye"u la kh~u nh~p

vi cang vao n<)i dia la chinh. Cac m~t

hang cong ngh~

ph~m

hang

tieu dung trong nude va may

moe thie"t bi phvc vv chie"n tranh. S6lu<;1ng hang xua't kh~u

it, chii ye"u la hang nong

?

san.
Trong giai do~n
m~nh

l~nh

XHCN, n~
giao

nh~

n~

kinh te" t~p

va chi tieu phap l~nh,

trung bao ca'p, vi~c
quan h~

kinh te"khep kin. Giao nh~

ngo~i

di~u

thu'dng chii ye"u vdi cac nude

chii ye"u hang rC1i. E>e"n nam 1980 xua't hi~n

hang container, hang tau Lash Interlighter, tau RO-RO di cac cang Lien

Xo va Bong Au. M6i nam nude ta nh~p

m<)t lu'<;1ng IOn hang vi~n

thu<)c kh6i XHCN chu ye"u d€ bu dii:p n~

kinh te" trl tr~,

ga'p 8-15 l~n

hanh kinh te" b~ng

tr<;1 tu cac nude

do d6 giao nh~

hang nh~p

lu'<;1ng hang xua't.
Bang 2.1:

San llic;ing giao nh~

thlfc hi~n

1975-1986
(DVT: t{{n)

Nam

Xua't khau

1975

7.675

1976

Nh~pkau

Nh~pkau

Nam

Xua't khau

982.000

1981

163.288

1.158.507

122.180

2.006.925

1982

141.197

1.475.348

1977

184.013

2.060.961

1983

204.070

1.637.911

1978

169.459

1.981.949

1984

251.195

1.793.541

1979

145.294

1.951.597

1985

219.705

1.859.844

1980

179.462

1.339.220

1986

313.270

2.025.895

(Ngu6n : stflifu T6ng hr;Jp cua cong ty giao nh~

Vietrans Sai Gon)


Thl,l'c hi~n

chlnh sach kinh te' md cli'a, h()i nh~p

vao n€n kinh te' khu vl,l'c the'

gioi tu nam 1986, Nha mtoc quye't dinh x6a bo d()c quy€n trong kinh doanh giao
nh~

hang xua't nh~p
trong mtoc t~p

kh~u.

Luc nay ba:t dffu thoi ky cac cong ty giao nh~

sl,l'lam quen giao nh~

v~n

tiii

tai quO'c te' theo co che' thi tntong. M~t

hang chu ye'u la nong th6 san, thuy hcli san dC;tng nguyen li~u.
dang k~

v~n

San lu'
nha't la trong nhung nam 1986-1987. Nhung sau d6 san lu<;5ng hang giam

sut do thi tru'ong Lien Xo cfi va Bong Au tan ra.
Bang 2.2 :

San IIi«;tng giao nh;ln thl}'c hi~n

1987-1990
(DVT: ttfn)

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

1987

263.578

2.258.276

1989

144.641

355.495

1988

228.484

2.165.413

1990

131.752

106.776

(Ngubn: t6ng h(fp tit Vietrans TP.HCM, Transimex, Viconship)
Tu nam 1991 kinh te' trong nu'oc dffn dffn ph1,1c h6i nho md r()ng thi tn.tong
tieu thl,l sang cac nu'oc TBCN Tay Au, kinh doanh trong buon ban voi nu'oc ngoai
theo co che' kinh te' thi tru'ong va lu~t
nhanh, cac t~p

phap quO'c te'. Nhu cffu xua't kh~u nh~p

doan cong ty giao nh~

xua't kinh doanh vao Vi~t

v~n

tang

tai nu'oc ngoai theo chan cac nha san

Nam, tC;tO nen m()t sue cung moi v€ giao nh~

trong nuoc va quO'c te'. Cac don vi trong nuoc trd thanh dC;ti ly v~n
giao nh~

IOn tren the' gioi. San lu<;5ng giao nh~

hang nh~p

kh~u

v~n

v~n

tai

tai cho cac hang

tai khong ngung tang len ca

va hang xua't kh~u.
Bang 2.3 :

San IIi«;tng giao nh;ln thl}.'c hi~n

1991-1996
(DVT: ttfn)

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

1991

1.933.000

2.145.000

1994

4.062.116

5.861.409

1992

3.262.408

2.991.122

1995

3.750.979

9.072.782

1993

3.129.752

4.229.142

1996

5.883.457

13.172.065

(Ngubn: t6ng hc;Jp sfli~u
Vao khoang giua th~p
mQt sO' cong ty giao nh~

tit C¥c thdng ke TP.HCM, Hai quan TP.HCM)

nien 1990, cling voi sl,l' phat tri~n
quO'c te' ba:t dffu thl,l'c hi~n

TP.HCM bao g6m cac khau thea d6i c~p

nh~t

cac don d~t

v~n

tai container

cac dich Vl,l logistics tC;ti
hang tC;ti cac nha may,


nh~p

kho hang le (CFS), dong gom hang vao container, phat hanh gH(y chung nh~
hang (FCR) cho ngttoi gU'i hang va thu nh~
b() chung tu gcfc v~

d~i

ly (j cang dich d~

l~i

cac chung tu gcfc cftn thie"t, gU'i toan

lam thu tt;tc giao hang cho ngu'oi nh~,

San lu'
Bang 2.4:

...

qua cac cang 1997-2001
(DVT: TEU)

Ten cang I san lu'
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Tan cang

403.400

413.469

420.963

411.627

403.488

lCD Phttoc long

87.500

178.354

213.064

220.000

242.000

CangVICT

-

5.640

75.576

124.102

220.778

Cang Sai goon

99.036

86.244

73.527

136.093

250.247

Cang Be"n nghe

17.800

35.200

54.636

60.176

131.359

T6ng c()ng

607.736

718.907

837.766

951.998

1.247.872

(Ngu6n: tbng hr;p s6lifu tlt cdc Cang tc;d TP.HCM)

Vao thoi gian nay, cac cong ty giao
nay

g6m

c6

OCS(Orient

nh~

tham gia nhfi'ng dich V\l logistics

Consolidation

Services),

DSCMS,

BC(Buyer

Consolidators), ACS(Amercian Consolidation Services), ...
Trong nhfi'ng nam gftn day~
trung du'a logistics vao cac ho~t
nhau. Tuy v~y
ty giao nh~
nang llfc ca v~
d~

dam nhi~m

khai ni~m

cac Cong ty giao nh~

d()ng dich V\l CUa mlnh b~ng

logistics cho de"n nay v~n

cac hlnh thuc khac

con rfft moi 1~

dcfi voi cac cong

trong nu'oc. Hftu nhu' chua c6 m()t don vi nao trong nu'oc thlfc sv du
nghi~p

Vt;L

logistics va cd sd h~

tftng v~t

chfft trang thie"t bi ky thu~

dfty du toan bQ qua trlnh logistics va quan ly day chuy~n

2.2 THl}C TR~NG

HO~

T DQNG DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS T~I

Tru'oc day hftu nhu' cac doanh nghi~p
dam trach toan b() cac cong

vi~c

thu'ong m~i

d6ng voi cac Cong ty giao nh~-logistc
logistics thay the", d~

h<;> t~p

t~i

kho v~n

c6 rieng m()t b() ph~n
nhu'

cac cong vi~c

d()ng kinh doanh chinh c6 hi~u

TP.HCM dang cung cffp cac lo~i
truy~n

m~i

logistics rieng cua mlnh va hqp

logistics chu ye"u sau :

2.2.1 Dfch V\1 giao nh~-

TP.HCM

dam trach thlfc hi~n

trung vao ho~t

nay cac Cong ty giao nh~

d~u

cung ung.

logistics. Tuy nhien, cac cong ty thu'ong

the" dang dftn dftn c6 xu hu'ong ca:t giam b() ph~n

Hi~n

dang c6 khuynh hu'ong t~p

tho'ng

qua hon.
hlnh dich vv


Dich Vl;l giao nh~

- kho v~n

bao g6m cac dich Vl;l Cl;l th€ sau :

Thu nhdt lQ : Djch VQ. giao nh~

hang boa xua't nh~p

Cac dich V\1 giao h~mg n
quan, lam thu tvc xua't nh~p

h6a xua't nh~p
khffu, giao nh~

kh~u

khffu bao g6m khai thue Hai

hang h6a tu nha may hay co sd cua

chu hang de'n cang dO'i voi hang xua't khffu hoi,ic ngu'
khffu.

Dich V\1 khai thue Hai quan du'sthC1i quan ly dich v1;1 khai thue Hai quan ".

v oi

sl;l' cai tie"n don gian h6a thu tl;IC xua't nh~p

khffu va qui dinh Hai quan

theo chinh sach mt)t cti'a trong thC1i gian gffn day, lam cho cong tac giao nh~
tie"n hanh nhanh chong hon, c6 th€ hoan ta't cong vi~c
hang blnh thu'C1ng. Hi~n

du'<;fc

trong mt)t ngay dO'i voi mt)t 10

nay c6 ra't nhi€u doanh nghi~p

giao nh~

trong nu'oc tham

gia vao IInh vl;l'c nay va C(;lnh tranh ra't gay g3:t v€ gia ca.

Thu hai [Q

:

Djch VQ. kho bai va dong goi bao bi

Cac cong ty Gemadept, Transimex, Safi, Sotrans va Vinatrans dC;tt du'qc
qua cao trong

vi~c

kinh doanh kho bai trong thC1i gian qua, voi ty

hang nam blnh quan khoang 70%. Trong d6 Gemadept dC;tt hi~u

1~

hi~u

tang tru'dng

qua cao nha't tu

kinh doanh kho va cang C(;ln, dung dffu v€ doanh thu. Tuy nhien n6i chung dich Vl;l
kho bai con gi,ip nhi€u kh6 khan do da sO' kho bai xuO'ng ca'p, trang thie"t
nan lC;tc h~u,

bi ngheo

sti' d1;1ng lao dt)ng thu cong trong xe"p do la chinh, nang sua't tha'p, hang

h6a xe"p ch6ng len nhau d€ gay d6 vo hu' hong, cong tac quan tri kho con thl;l'c hi~n
theo kinh nghi~m.

Dich V\1 d6ng g6i bao bl hi~n
don gian, dong ki~n

nay chi dung lC;ti d muc dQ d6ng thung carton

bAng g6 thua hay g6 van voi phuong phap lao dt)ng thu cong la.

chinh. Con thie"u nhi€u may m6c thie"t

bi tien tie"n va chua c6 dt)i ngu cong nhan

vien lanh ngh€ c6 trlnh dt) ky thu~

dC;ti d€ cung ca'p dich Vl;l d6ng g6i cao d(p.

Thu ba IQ : Djch VQ. v~n
Trong hoC;tt dt)ng giao nh~

hi~n

tiH va kinh doanh mua ban clioc
quO'c te", cac Cong ty giao nh~

ngu'C1i moi gioi d€ cung ca'p cac dich Vl;l v~n
cu'oc. BAng mO'i quan h~

dC;ti ly va kinh nghi~m

thu'ong lu'

tai thong qua vi~c

d6ng vai tro la
kinh doanh mua ban

v€ cac tuye"n lu6ng v~n

chuy€n, hQ

tai d€ d(;lt du'

hang voi gia cu'oc cao hdn d~
Cong ty giao nh~

c6 th~

kie"m l
Vi d\1, thlfc te" trong quy 1 nam 2003

mua gia cu'oc tau bi~n

tu TP.HCM di Chau Au la USD

1200/ 20' va ban lC;ti cho chu hang la USD 1300/ 20', hudng du'100/20'. Va cling vao thoi di~m
c6 th~

nay, do'i voi v~n

usn
nhu~

tai hang khong, Cong ty giao nh~

mua gia cu'oc USD 3.00/ kg (do'i voi hang trQng lu'
TP.HCM de"n Los Angeles C1 My r6i ban lC;ti cho cac chu hang la USD 3.20/kg tC;to ra
l
USD 0.20/kg. (Pht;tlt;tc 2.1)
Tuy nhien hi~n

nay cac Cong ty giao nh~

dang g~p

dich vt;t nay vi cac hang tau c6 khuynh huang tie"p c~n
gia va dich V\l v~n

v~

tai bi~n

chao

nhu' tru'oc.

VtJn tai nhu sau :

VtJn tai biin : chie"m khoang 90% lu'
Nam. So' lu'
khffu Vi~t

qua cang TP.HCM chie"m khoang 60% v€

trQng tai n6i chung va khoang 80% hang chd b~ng
v~n

trlfc tie"p chu hang d~

tai rna khong cffn thong qua cac Cong ty giao nh~

Tinh h1nh cac loq,i h1nh dtch

*

nhi€u kh6 khan trong

container so voi t6ng san lu'
tai ca nu'oc. Cl;lm cang TP.HCM du'
nhu'ng thlfc chfft n~m

d9c theo song Sai gon, each tr(;lm hoa tieu Vfing tau 48 hai ly voi thoi gian hai hanh
khoang 3 tie"ng d6ng h6, mon nu'oc khoang 9.50 met, c6 th~

tie"p nh~

tau trQng tai

20.000 ta'n, chi thich hchuy~n

tai trong vung nhu' Singapore, Hong Kong, Dai loan.
Hang tim

di bi~n,

Vi~t

Nam : Hi~p

h()i chu tau

T6ng cong ty hang hai Vi~t

Vi~t

Nam VSA dang quan ly 300 tau

Nam Vinalines c6 11 tau container va cac

thanh vien c6 75 tau. Vinalines chua tham gia vao thi tru'ong v~n
te". .E>~
nh~

Vi~t

phl;lC V\l v~n

tai container quo'c

tai container n()i dia, Vinalines va T6ng cong ty c6 phffn giao

Nam Vinafco dam trach tuye"n TP.HCM, Da nang, Haiphong va Cong ty

hang hai Saigon SMC thlfc hi~n

tuye"n TP.HCM- Cffn thd.

Hang tctu lien doanh : Gemartrans, lien doanh voi hang tau Phap CGM no'i

tuye"n TP.HCM va Haiphong voi cac cang chuy~n

tai trong vung Hong Kong va
?

Kaohsiung. Saigonship voi cd quan chu quan Uy ban nhan dan TP.HCM, lien
doanh voi hang tau Dan mC;tch APM hoC;tt d()ng tuye"n TP.HCM - Singapore,
Tanjung Pelepas, ... voi tau container co nho xa'p xi 250-600 teus.
Hang tctu nucJc ngoai : Hi~n

tC;ti c6 hdn 10 hang tau nuoc ngoai c6 trt;t sd

Hong Kong, .E>ai loan, Nam tri€u tien va Nh~t

ban tham gia hoC;tt d()ng tau container


c
A va

Dong b3:c

A nhu

Singapore, Hong Kong va Kaohsiung. Khong c6 dich V\l trttc tie'p tit TP.HCM de'n
Chau Au va My hay nguqc h;ti, vi v~y
phai chuy~n

kh£u cho tuye'n nay c~n

tiii qua m()t cang thu ba trong vung. Ngoai ra con c6 g~n

Ion nho nuoc ngoai cling c6 m~t
mua ch6 v~n

(j

t6 chuc v~n

TP.HCM

40 hang tau

tai cac tuye'n xa b~ng

tai tau container feeder de'n cang chuy~n

cua hQ chuy~n v~n

each

tiii r6i ke't no'i voi tau Ion

de'n cang dich. (Phvlvc 2.2)

. * Vt;ln
dttoi

hang h6a xua't nh~p

tdi thuy : cac tuye'n duong thuy duqc phat tri~n

va duy tr1 ho<;1t d()ng

stt quan ly cua Cvc quan ly dttong thuy VIWA va dung d~

h6a nhu' phan bon nh~p
d6ng b~ng

v~n

kh£u, g(;lO va thuy san XUfft kh£u, d~c

song Mekong. Chu phu'ong ti~n

700 ta'n la Doanh nghi~p

tai nhil'ng hang
bi~t

la t(;li khu V\fC

do'i voi sa Ian khong d()ng co c
nha nu'oc va cong ty tu' nhan, do'i voi sa Ian

ttt

hanh c
trung b1nh 60-250 ta'n va do'i voi sa Ian hay ghe cgia d!nh hay tu' nhan. (Phvlvc 2.3)

* Vt;ln tdi hcmg khong: nhu c~u
bi~t

la v~n

v~n

tai hang khong dang ngay cang tang, d~c

tiii quo'c te' cho nhil'ng hang h6a c6 gia tri cao nhu' hang di~n

cac nu'oc Dong nam

A; ca va hoa qua de'n Nh~t

Ban; hang gia cong qu~n

dep de'n Chau Au, My, .. .Ngoai hang hang khong quo'c gia Vi~t
Airlines), con c6 g~n

20 hang hang khong nttoc ngoai dang ho~t

thong qua dich vv m~t

ttl' di/ de'n
ao, gi~y

Nam (Vietnam
d()ng t<;1i TP.HCM

da't cua TCS- lien doanh voi do'i tac Singapore. Ngo<;1i trit

dich V\[ bay trttc tie'p tit TP.HCM de'n Paris, cac tuye'n di Chau Au va My d~u
chuy~n

phai

tai qua cac nu'oc thu ba. (Phl;lll,lc 2.4)

* Vt;ln tdi b9 : b~ng

oto la phu'ong ti~n

v~n

tai chu ye'u cho dich vv v~n

dia. TP.HCM do nhil'ng kh6 khan giao thong do thi, phai thttc hi~n
vao ban ngay da lam tang cao chi phi logistics.

ca'm xe tai

d TP.HCM, c6 xa'p xi 730 Hqp tac

xa voi 27,000 chie'c xe tai. Da so' cac phu'dng ti~n

* Vt;ln tdi dz.t(Jng sdt: m~ng

l~nh

tiii n()i

nay da cu ky l(;lC h~u.

lttoi dttong s3:t Vi~t

Nam no'i li~n

Ga Saigon voi

cac be'n n()i dia nhu' Ha n()i, Hai Phong tOi bien gioi Trung quo'c D6ng Dang va Lao
Cai voi t6ng chi~u
hang xa ho~c
quo'c. G~n

dai xa'p xi 2,600 km. V~
hang n~g.

day, b3:t d~u

bat Ha n()i nhttng vi~c

v~n

Chua c6 ke' ho<;1ch v~n
v~n

tiii hang h6a, dttong s3:t thttong chd
tiii du'ong s3:t quo'c te' sang Trung

tai container giil'a Ga S6ng th~n

TP.HCM va.Ga Giap

theo d6i hang h6a giil'a cac t aRP.&lOO f(tiftj&\}}\tt!n·. bi to't.
TRUONG f'!··l KIN·,'·! ..,.~· .,.,J 1-'"·~J
THU VI~;r·.J"
-1.

II-

II

.J 1\.,.;\j,


2.2.2 Dich Vl} thu gom va phan phol hang IC
Dich vu thu gom hang h~

:

Dich vv logistics thu gom hang le nh~m
co s6 h.t<;lng nho. Cac cong ty lam dich
nhi~u

phvc vv cho cac lo hang xufft khffu
nay dung ra thu nh~

Vl,l

ngttdi gti'i hang r6i dong vao container v~n

ngttdi nh~

tttong ung. Dich vv nay mang l~i

Nglidi gti'i hang co th~

chuy~n

nhi~u

cac 10 hang nho

tu

de'n noi giao cho tung
l<;li ich cho cac ben lien quan.

gti'i duqc nhung lo hang nho di cac noi tren the' gioi voi cuoc

phi tha'p, hang v~nchuy

co them s6 lli<;lng hang

thong qua ngttdi giao

nh~,

ngttdi giao

nh~

tu cac

co them l<;li

nhu~

containers gom hang

tu khoan dtt ra giua

gia cttoc ban hang leva chi phi cho nguyen container.
Hi~n

chuffn

nay, cac cong ty logistics co th~

hi san

t~i

bai containers ho~c

gom hang tn;t'c tie'p vao containers da

gom hang vao kho CFS r6i sau do dong vao

containers. C6 hai hlnh thuc gom hang :
Gom hcmg tilng chi;ing : Hang le c6 noi de'n khac nhau dtt<;lc dong gom vao

dgy containers, r6i v~n

chuy~n

de'n Singapore hay Hong Kong. T~i

day, hang dtt<;lc

do ra r6i dong ghep voi hang cua cac nttoc khac nhau trong vung gti'i de'n vao chung
container chua hang co cung dich de'n.

Bang 2.5 : Cac cong ty giao nh~
Cang chuy~n

Ten Cong ty

c6 d.ich VlJ thu gom hang tilng chijng
tai

D~i

ly t~i

cang chuy~n

tai

Weixin

Singapore

ECU Lines

Vinaconsol

Singapore, Hongkong

Freight link Express

MPI

Singapore

Global Link CWT

Everich

Singapore, Hongkong

Famous Freight Forwarding

VI Thanh

Singapore

WSA

Trans Wagon

Singapore

Macs N el, Crista!

T&M

Singapore

A&T

Falcon

Singapore

Penanshin

Gom hcmg sutft : Nhung lo hang le co cung noi de'n dtt<;lc dong chung vao

container r6i v~n
tung ch~ng,
dich co du~

chuy~n

th~ng

tu

TP.HCM toi cang dich. Gi6ng nhtt gom hang

hlnh thuc gom hang chi dtt<;lc ap dvng khi s6lu<;lng hang de'n cung cang
dong dgy container. Tuy nhien trong thl;t'c te', hang co cung dich de'n