Khảo sát ý nghĩa và cách dùng các quán ngữ biểu thị tình thái trong tiếng Việt

TRUONG

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN

VAN

DOAN THITHU HA

KHAO SAT Y NGHIA VA CACH DUNG CAC
QUAN NGtr BIEU THI TINH THAI TRONG
TIENG VIET

CHUYEN NGANH LY LUAN NGON N G C
MA SO: 50408

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC NGON N G C

NGuOi HUONG DAN KIIOA HOC
PGS.TS HOANG TRONG PHIEN
P A I HOC v; L.OC C ; M i~.-'\ 'n '.'I !

TRliNG[i^f«r;;iOf^iTi:^'.TiiL;v,ii.i!

HA NOI - 2000


L 6 I CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan day Id cdng trinh khoa hoc cua rieng tdi. Nhung tdi
lieu phdn tick, trich dan la tnmg thifc, Nguon tu lieu duac trich dan la

chinh xdc.

Tac gia

Doan Thi Thu Ha


Ludn van tot nghiep

QUY l/OC VIET TAT

l.BKN:Bikichnh6.
2. CN : Chu ngfr.
3. C.n : Cling noi .
4. CSMD : Cay soi mua dong .
5. KN : Kiep nguoi .
6. ND va TN : Niii doi va thao nguyen .
7. PT : PhCi thuy .
8. TDGTHTTV : TCr dien giai thich hir tir tieng Viet
9. TDTV : TCr dien tieng Viet.
10. TTNC : Tuyen tap Nam Cao .
11. TTTL : Tuyen tap Thach Lam .
12. T T T N 1: Tuyen tap truyen ng^n Tap 1.
13. TTTN 2: Tuyen tap truyen ngdn Tap 2.
14. V N : VingCr.
15. VNQD : Van nghe quan doi .


Ludn van tot nghiep

MUG LUC
Trang
Mo dau

1

L Datva'nde

1

2. Muc dich, nhiem vu cua luan van

8

3. Y nghla cua luan van

9

4. Tu" lieu va phuong phap nghien cuu

9

5. Ket cau cua luan van

10

Chuang 1. Cosa ly luan ve tinh tinh thai. Khai niem quan
ngu bieu thi tinh thai

12

1. Khai niem tinh thai trong ngon ngu"

12

2. Cac phucfng tien bieu hien tinh thai trong ngon ngiJ

21

3. Khai niem quan ngir bieu thi tinh thai

24

Chuong 2. Dae diem cua quan ngfir bieu thi tinh thai trong
tieng Viet

27

1. Dae diem v6 ngu" nghla - chiic nang

27

2. Dae diem ve hinh thirc cua quan ngiJ bieu thi tinh thai

42

3. Phan biet quan ngir bieu thj tinh thai vai cac thanh phan tij"
ngQkhac cua cau

46

4. Dae diem ve ngii nghla - chu'c nang cua quan ngG bieu thi
tinh thai trong quan he vai noi dung menh de di kem

52

Chuong 3. Phan loai quan nguf bieu thi tinh thai theo cac
pham tru noi dung cua tinh thai nhan thuc

63

1. Khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic

65

2. Cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thirc thirc hCru

66

2.1. Cach hieu khai niem tinh thai nhan thu'c thyc hiJu

66

2.2. Dae diem cua quan ngG bieu thi tinh thai nhan thu-e thiie
hiJu

67


Ludn van tot nghiep

2.3. Di6u kien sir dung quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic
thuchuu

74

3. Cac quan ngii bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiJc khong thirc hiru ...

74

3.1. Cach hieu khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic khong thirc huu ... 74
3.2. Dae diem cua quan ngiJ bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic khong
thuc huu

74

3.3. Dieu kiSn su dung quan ngu bi^u thi tinh thai nhan thiic
khong thuc huu

82

4. Cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thu*c phan thuc hiJu ...

83

4.1. Cach hi^u khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic phan thuc huu ...

83

4.2. Dae diem cua quan ngU bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiJc phan

thuc huu

83

4.3. Di6u kien su dung quan ngii bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic
phan thuc huu

86

Ket luan

89

Phuluc

94

Nguon tir lieu cua luan van

207

Tai lieu tham khao va trich d^n

208


Ludn van tot nghiep

MO DAU
1. Dat van de.

Trong thuc te su dung ngon ngu, chung ta van thucmg hay gap nhung
loi noi CO chira cac to hop tu' mang tinh on djnh duac tai sinh nhidu Ian
kieu:
1) Ai dai P baa gia, ai Iqi P thebao gia, ai bdo P , ay the ma P , da ddnh
Id Py da bdo ma P, lam gi ma P the] hod ra P, thera P, thi ra P, thdo ndo
P, te ra P, dii the ndo cung P, gi thi gi cilng /^...,
2) Duong nhien (la) P, tat nhien (la) P , co nhien (la) P, qua nhien la P,
biet dau (chitng) P, P cung nen, biet ddu day, co leP, co khi P, chdng le
P, ducmg nhu P, de thuang P, le ndo P, nghe ddu P, nghe don P, xem ra
P, theo tdi thi P, nhuy toi thi P..,
3) Cu Idm nhu Id P, co hog la P, ddng le P, le ra P , lam nhu P khong
bang , udc gi P, suyt niia thi P, phdi chi P ...
4) P cho roi, P co khdc, P md Iqi, P ay ma, P Id cung, P thi co,
5) Han nua P, huong chi P, song le P, tuy nhien P, va Igi P, thoi thi P,
rot cugc P, torn Igi P,..
6) (Noi) cua ddng toi P, cUc chdng da P, (noi) ditng chap P, (noi I hoi)
khi khong phdi P, (hoi/noi) khi vo phep P, noi trgm via P..,
De nhan thay day la mot hidn tuong ngon ngu ra't pho bien ciia tieng
Viet. Tuy nhien, trong mot thai gian dai su quan tarn cua cac nha ngon
ngu hoc danh cho cac kieu ket cau nay con qua it 6i. Cho den nay, nhln
chung, chiing van chua dugc nghien cim, mieu ta mot each can than, co
h6 thong.
Qua tham khao tai Heu, chung t6i thay trong cac sach ngu phap cac
don vj nay neu co dugc de cap den thi chii yeu cung chi tap tmng vao hai
huong sau:


Ludn van tot nghiep

* Hu6ng thir nhat: Dua vao dac tiimg ciia each bieu dat ciia nhiing don vj

nay ma gSn chung vao nhiing tii loai nhat djnh.
* Hu6ng thuf hai: Dua vao y nghia - chiic nang ma nhiing don vj nay dam
nhi6m trong cau de quy chung vao cac nhom thanh phSn phu khac nhau
ciia cau.
Theo hu6ng thii nha't, cac tac gia Viet Nam van phgm (1940) cho
nhung don vj nhu .' Biet ddu, ngd ddu, co le, de thuang, vi tat, hay ddu,
khong biet chiXng... dung dat a dau cau la trang tu chi su hoai nghi to y
noi khong chac. [26,126 - 128]. Vi du:
1) Ngd ddu no bac ac nhu th6'.
2) Biet ddu cuoc dori nay kh6ng phai la mot gia'c mdng.
Con at Id, at han, tat Id, du'ng tru6c dong tu hoac tinh tu; tat nhien ,quyet
nhien, qua nhien, qua thuc , diing dat b dau cau la trang tu chi v ki6h
didn dat y noi quyet chac [26,128]. Cung v6i tinh than nay, cac tac gia
Viet Nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu (1942) da xep cac don vj nhu: co le,
de thudng , vi tat chung vdfi nhom cac tii : khong, chua , chdng , diXng,
quyet, at, dg, vdng.,, thanh mot nhom goi la trang tu chi v ki6h - lam ro y
ki6h phii djnh, xac djnh hay hoai nghi [28,112]. Con nhung ket cau ki^u:
huong chi, hay Id, song le dugc xep vao nhom cac lien tu ciing v6i md,
thi, vd, hoac ...[28,118].
D l nhan tha'y rang hucfng nghien ciiu nay con co nhieu ba't cap. Tmdc
h6't la pham vi doi tugng dugc khao sat se rat han che. No chi co the la
mot so it trong s6 cac su kien ngon ngii chung t6i neu tren kia (chii yeu
thugc nhom hai, mot phan nhom mot va nam). Con nhieu don vj bj bo
qua cho du chung co the co ciing ban chat v6i nhiing dan vj da dugc cac
tac gia nay noi den. Diiu nay thuc ra cung dd hieu, bofi le doi v6i cac ket
cau CO to chiic *'phiic tap" nhu: biet ddu chiCng, chdng co le P, theo tdi thi
P , nhUy toi thi P, gi thi gi P, du co the ndo di nCta P, du the ndo mac


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

Idng P, P dia dudi di roi, cut Idm nhu la P, cdng bang md noi P, noi sai
diMg chap P, noi khi khong phdi P, noi trgm via P... thi kho ma phan
chung vao m6t 6 tii loai nao cho thoa dang, neu khong muon noi la
khong the. Them nifa, neu xem xet ky thi viec xep cac tii khong, chua,
chdng, dg, vdng.., vao chung nhom v6i cac don vj dang xet nhu cac tac
gia Viet Nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu da lam ciing la khong chinh xac
neu khong muon noi la sai 1dm. Tom lai, theo hu6ng nghien ciiu nay,
nhung ket qua thu dugc thuc su con qua ngheo nan. Vai tro tac tir tinh
thai ciia nhiing dan vj nay hau nhu hoan toan bj bo qua. Khac phuc han
ch6' nay, b hudng nghi6n ciiu thii hai, cac nha Viet ngii hoc da bat dau
chu y den kha nang bi^u thj nhiing y nghTa tinh thai ciia cac dan vj nay
trong cau,va tuy vao he thong quan diem ciia tiing tac gia ma chung dugc
gan cac ten goi khac nhau. Chang han Nguyen Kim Than (1964) coi
nhiing to hgp kieu .• co le, noi trgm bong via, ke ra... la nhiing phu chu
ngii CO tac dung giai thich them cho mot tii nao do hoac de to thai do
chii quan cua ngu5i noi doi v6i su viec, boat dong hay trang thai neu
trong cau. Vi du;
\)Cd leong

cQng n6n chu y den dieu ay.

2) Ke ra ve day ma cii nhu b riing buon that.
3) Noi trgm bong via tii ngay no len bon, no... hom dao de [35,225].
Doi v6i mot loat cac to hgp ma nhom cac tac gia Viet nam vdn phgm
gido khoa thu goi la lien tu nhu: tdm Igi, hafi nUa, do do, trdi Igi, noi
cdch khdc...\\\i Nguy6n Kim Than cho do la thanh phan co tac dung bi^u
thj su chuyen tiep doan van [35,225] va trong cong trinh xua't ban nam
1981, 6ng goi chung la trang ngii chuyen tiep [dan theo 37,49]. ISIhom
I.S. Bystrov, Nguydn Tai Can, N.V.Stankevich (1975) dua ra khai niem

thanh phdn xen ke duac hieu la nhiing tu: ngii bieu thj moi quan he giiia


Ludn vdn lot nghiep

nguori noi v6i noi dung phat ngon, thucmg diing of ddu cau hoac tmdrc chu
ngu va vj ngii. Vi du:
1) l/dc gi toi thay dugc dong chi tieu doi tiirong cua toi nhi.
2) Don vj CO lesip vao liing lay niia.
Theo ho, nhiing tu: ngu nay kh6ng tham gia vao cau true cau, nghia la
khong CO quan he ngu phap v6i mot thanh phdn nao ciia cau [ddn theo
38,38]. Khi nghien ciiu ca'u true cu phap cau tieng Viet, Diep Quang Ban
(1987) ciing diing ten goi phu ngii cau chi do tin cay de chi nhiing to hgp
kieu: co leld, chdc hdn la, tat nhien ld...\i du:
1) Co leld chieu nay mua.
2) Tat nhien la ong ay se den.
3) Chdc hdn Id ong ay ban.
Con thugc vao nhom phu ngu cau chii y ki6h la nhiing to hgp ma theo
ong phdn 16n dugc lam thanh tii nhiing quan ngii, chung co the diing
tni6c nong cot cau hoac sau chu ngii va tnidc vj ngu [1,197]. Vi du:
1) Noi trgm bong , tii ngay no len bon, no hom dao de.
2) Noi cua ddng toi, me con toi ciing chang muon di.
3) Citnhuy ong ay thi lam nhu vay la dugc roi.
4) Theo chd toi biet thi anh a'y dang ban mot viec khac.
Ong cho rang noi dung y nghla chung cua hai loai phu ngii cau nay la
cung bieu thj y nghia tinh thai chii quan dugc hieu la moi quan he thai do
cua ngudi noi doi v6i noi dung ciia phdn con lai trong cau [1;194].
Theo each nhin nhan cua Luu Van Lang ve ca'u tiiic cau ti^hg Viet thi
nhiing ket cau ddn tren dugc xep vao nhom cac gia i6 h6 tra (thanh to
th6m vao ngoai phdn nong cot). Vi du:

1) Vd Igi nguc/i ta thue nha ciia t6i, ngu5i ta co the trach cii toi (ong goi
la chuyen ngii).
2) Thuc ra ong lao chi noi cho sudrng mieng (ong goi la trg ngii).


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

3) No lai uong mgu nua mdi chet chu: (ong goi la cam ngii) [ddn theo
38,41].
Theo he thong thanh phdn cau ma Nguyen Minh Thuyet va Nguyen
Van Hiep ap dung de mieu ta cau true cau tieng Viet thi mot so to hgp
ma chiing toi ddn tren kia dugc xep vao hai loai thanh phdn phu, do la
dinh ngu cau va tinh thai ngu . Theo quan niem ciia hai tac gia nay, djnh
ngu cau CO the diing b tru6c nong cot cau hoac chen vao giiia chu ngii va
vj ngii CO nhiem vu bieu thj nhiing y nghia han djnh ve tinh thai cho su
tinh dugc neu trong cau (cho biet su tinh dugc neu co tinh chan ly tuang
doi hay tuyet doi, la duang nhien hay khong duang nhien, chdc chdn hay
chi la phong doan, binh thuang hay ciing cue, hien thuc hay phi hien
thuc.) hoac each thiic diln ra su tinh dugc mieu ta trong cau (nhanh hay
cham , dot ngot hay khong dot nggt, bat ng5 hay co tien lieu tmdc...) Vi
du :
1) Co lehom nay da la mung hai, miing ba Tay roi minh nhi. (Nam Cao)
2) That ra thi thj biet khong nguoi khong dugc.

(Nam Cao)

3) Khong letoi lai vui khi duge mot cai tin nhu the'.

(Nam Cao)

4) Nhdy mat, nhai ben nhay den tru6c mat noi.

(To Hoai)

5) Bdng dung anh thay tr5i da't toi sdm lai.
6) Dot nhien, thj thay hien ra mot cai 15 gach cG bo khong... (Nam Cao)
Tu: 1 deh 3 la vi du ve djnh ngii cau bieu thj y nghla han djnh tinh thai, tii
4 den 6 la vi du ve djnh ngii cau bieu thj y nghTa han djnh each thiic didn
ra su tinh. Ciing lam nhiem vu bo sung y nghia tinh thai cho cau, khai
niem tinh thai ngii duac cac tac gia nay de xuat nhu mot loai thanh phan
phu chuyen biet. Theo ho, thanh phdn nay trong mo hinh cau tiiic tiiiu
tugng ciia cau luon luon diing sau nong cot (...) khong tham gia vao phan
doan thuc tai cau. Vi du:
1) Dugc vao day hat, ho thich me roi cdn gi.

(Nha't Linh)


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

2) Co vao trong nha toi thi han.

(Nhat Linh)

3) Cha An Nam thi chi quen den An Nam , nhu lao huyen Ydn Mo, lao
thuang ta Id cung [38,133].
4) No lai la'y ca qudn ao mang di mdi chet.
5) Kia kia, may trong ngucfi ta di chan con dugc nRa Id [38,139].
6 cau CO nong cot kep dan gian hay phiic tap, tinh thai ngii co the chiem
vj tri cuoi m6i ve cau. Vi du:

- Nhiing liic ay dang le kheu ggi lam thi phdi song tiic thay no chi la
nhung biic tranh mau, pho tugng trdng ddy bui bam. (Nguyen Cong
Hoan) [38,133].
De nhan thay la mac dii day do co nhiing diem chua thong nha't trong
each phan loai ciing nhu dan nhan cho cac kieu to hgp da neu tren kia
giiia cac tac gia viia trich ddn, song ho co mot diem chung la da phat hien
ra chiic nang bo sung y nghia tinh thai cho cau cua cac ke't cau nay. Tuy
nhien, trong khuon kho mieu ta ciia minh, tdm quan trong cua va'n d^ nay
chua dugc cac tac gia danh gia diing miic. Cac to hgp nay chii yeu m6i
dugc xem xet trong su gi6i han a pham vi ca'u tnic noi tai ciia cau titn
binh dien tinh tai, tach xb'x khoi ngir canh giao tiep hien thuc. Nhiing nhan
to thugc pham vi ngii dung nhu ngucfi noi, ngu5i nghe, y do, tinh cam, y
chi, thai do danh gia cua nhung nguai tham gia giao tiep doi vdri hien
thuc khach quan cung nhu voi noi dung ma cau bi^u thj hdu nhu chi dugc
nhdc den mot each sa luge. Trong khi tren thuc te, day m6i chinh thuc la
nhiing yeu to cdn yeu phai dugc chii trong khi ban den vaii de tinh thai.
Dieu nay ddn den viec giai thuyet cac hien tugng ngon ngu tiiJc tiep lien
quan den cac to hgp nay khong tranh khoi su phieh dien hoac co phdn
don gian hoa. Nliung ket qua dem lai chi la nhirng chi ddn chung chung.
May chuc nam gdn day, ciing v6i su phat trien manh me ciia ngii phap
chiic nang, ngif nghia - ngii' dung, khoa hoc ngon ngii da co nhimg bu6c


n

Ludn vdn tot nghiep

tien dang ke. Dudi anh sang cua huong nghien cu-u tong hgp, nhieu hien
tuang, nhieu van de ngon ngu da dugc nhin nhan, danh gia lai mot each
day du, thoa dang han trong do co van de tinh thai. Nghien CLIU noi dung

cua tinh tiiih thai cCing nhung kieu loai phuang tien bieu thi noi dung ay
trd thanh mot van de co sue hap dan 16n cua ngon ngu hoc hien dai.
Nhanh chong nam bdt va hoi nhap v6i xu huorng chung nay, a Viet Nam,
trong nhCmg nam g^n day, van de nghien cuii tinh thai theo hudmg ngu
nghia - ngu dung cung da va dang ngay cang thu hut dugc su quan tam
chu y ciia cac nha ngon ngu hoc tir i-ihieu goe do va pham vi khac nhau.
Dang chu y nhat la nhung cong trinh :
1) Logic ngon ngii hoc qua cii lieu tieng Viet. (Hoang Phe.1989)
2) Tieng Viet sathdo ngCf phap chirc nang. (Cao Xuan Hao . 1991)
3) Ngii phap chirc nang tieng Viet. Quy en L Cau trong tieng Viet - Cau
triic - Ngu: nghia - Cong dung. (Hoang Xuan Tam. Nguyen Van Bang.
Nguyen Tat Tuam. Cao Xuan Hao chu bien. 1996).
4) Logic va tieng Viet. (NguySn Diic Dan. 1996).
Ngoai ra con hang loat bai viet v6 cac van de co lien quan den pham
trii tinh thai of khia canh nay hay khia canh khac v6i nhung mUc do nong
sau khac nhau cua cac tac gia Nguyen Ngoe Tram, Hoang Tue, Hoang
Minh, Le Dong, Pham Hi!ing Viet, Nguy6n Van Hiep, Nguyen Thi Thuan
v.v... dang rai rac titn cac tap chi ngon ngu.
Tham khao cac cong trinh va bai viet ciia cac tac gia neu tren, chung
toi nhan thay y nghTa tinh thai va cac phuang tien bieu thi y nghla tinh
thai trong do co mot so to hgp ma chung toi da dan a phan tren buoc dau
da dugc chu y nghien cihi theo huofng hoat dong chiic nang gdn lien v6i
cac tinh huong va ngu canh hien thuc, v6i muc dich y do cua nguoi noi
va su tac dong lien chia the giii'a nguofi tham gia giao tiep. Nhung ket qua
nghien cu'u theo xu hu6ng nay la su bo sung het siic quan trong va co gia


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

8

trj cho cac nghien ciiu co tm6c theo hu6ng ngu* phap hinh thiic nhu da
trinh bay, khdc phuc dugc tinh phien dien va dan gian hoa trong nghien
ciiu tinh thai ciia tiehg Viet.
Mac dii da co nhiing thanh tuu dang ke nha't djnh trong viec nghien
ciiu chi ra cac kieu loai y nghla tinh thai nhu vay, song a cac cong trinh
nay, pham vi doi tugng bieu thi tinh thai dugc ban den nhin chung con
han hep, thucmg chi la mot nhom phuang tien gdn lien v6i dac diem tii
loai hoac mot kieu cau tnic nhat djnh. Do vay nhirng nghien ciiu m6i chi
diing lai b nhiing quan sat dan le. Tren thuc te, chua co cong trinh nao
tap tmng di sau nghien ciiu mot each ddy du, co he thong dac diem cau
tiiic, ngir nghia - chiic nang, dieu kien sir dung cac to hgp ma chung toi
da ddn v6i tu each tac tu bieu thj y nghTa tinh thai. Day thuc su la mot dia
hat cdn dugc tiep tue nghien ciiu, nhan thiic day dii va sau han va toan
dien han nira de di den nhirng ket luan thoa dang, gop phdn hoan thien
tiing bu6c biic tranh toan canh ve vah de tinh thai ciia tieng Viet.
Tiif nhiing dieu da trinh bay b titn chung toi chon phuang tien nay
lam doi tugng nghien ciiu cua luan van. Va de tien lam viec chiing toi
tam qui u6c ggi chiing la cac quan ngir bieu thi nghia tinh thai viet tat la
quan ngir tinh thai.
2. Muc dich, nhiem vu cua luan van.
Khi chon thuc hien de tai nay, chiing toi dat ra nhiing nhiem vu sau:
2.1. Xac lap mot danh sach cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai thu thap dugc
(xep theo thii tu chir cai) kem theo su giai thich ngdn gon y nghTa tinh
thai ma chung bieu thi va dieu kien dung (trong truorng hgp cdn thiet)
nham cung cap tu lieu cho nhirng ngu5i co quan tam den vah de.
2.2. Bu6c ddu phan tich, mieu ta nhirng dac diem ca ban ciia chiing ve
hinh thiic cung nhu ve y nghTa - chiic nang xet trong moi quan he v6i noi
dung menh de va tinh huong giao tiep. Titn ca sa do, tien hanh phan

Ludn vdn tot nghiep

loai, xep nhom cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai dong thai chi ra su che
djnh ciia khung tinh thai v6i noi dung menh de.
3. Y nghia ciia luan van.
Luan van co th^ noi la cong trinh ddu tien di sau vao nghien ciiu chiic
nang ngif nghTa ciia cac quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai trong tieng Viet. Vori
sir mieu ta mot each ca ban co he thong cac quan ngii, chiing toi hy vong
luan van se co nhiing dong gop nhat djnh vao viec nghien ciiu tinh tinh
thai ciing nhu cac phuang tien bieu thj tinh thai ciia tiehg Viet, lam cho
vah de phiic tap va con tuang doi m6i me nay tra nen sang ro va ddy dii
han.
Viec chi ra dac diem hinh thiic, ngii nghTa - chiic nang, canh huong
sir dung cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai, trong mot chiing muc nao do,
ciing giiip ich trong viec day ngif phap trong nha tiirdng, dac biet cho
ngudi nu6c ngoai hoc tiehg Viet.
Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia luan van con la nguon tu lieu co gia trj nhat
djnh lam tien de cho viec tien hanh nghien ciiu, so sanh, doi chieu he
thong quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai tieng Viet v^i cac ngon ngif khac. Tii*
do, iiit ra cac nhan xet cu the ve cai chung va cai rieng trong each con
nguori thuoc cac dan tgc khac nhau nhan thiic va cam thu the giai, gop
phdn soi sang moi quan he giiia ngon ngu va cac dac trung van hoa dan
tgc.
4. Tir lieu va phuang phap nghien cufu.
De thuc hien nhiem vu, muc dich ciia luan van, chiing toi chii truang
tieh hanh cong viec theo cac bu6c sau:
- Ghi chep cac to hgp tii, cac loi noi ma chiing toi cho la quan ngif bieu
thj tinh thai co trong cac sach bao, tap chi, tac phdm van hoc hien dai
ciing nhu trong Titdien tieng Viet.

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10

- Thd'ng ke, xac lap mot danh sach cac quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai thu
dugc theo thii tu chif cai.
- Ldn lugt phan tich cac quan ngii tinh thai thu dugc. Trong khau doan
nay, chiing toi chu yeu su dung phuang phap phan tich ngif canh, nghTa
la dat cac phuang tien cdn xet vao phat ngon trong moi quan he gdn bo
v6i noi dung menh de va nhieu nhan to ngii dung khac. Dong thai cac thii
phap nhu so sanh, cai bien... ciing dugc sir dung khi cdn thiet.
S.Ket cau ciia luan van.
Ngoai phdn ma ddu va ket luan, luan van gom co ba chuang. Cu the
nhu sau:
Chuang 1: Co sa ly luan ve tinh tinh thai khai niem quan ngif tinh
thai.
Trong chuang nay, chiing toi trinh bay:
1. Cach hieu ve khai niem tinh thai trong ng6n ngii.
2. Cac phuang tien bieu thj y nghTa tinh thai chu yeu thucmg gap trong
tiehg Viet.
3. Cach hieu khai niem quan ngii tinh thai.
Chuong 2: Dac diem ciia cac quan ngiir bieu thi tinh thai trong tieng
Viet.
Chuang nay gom co cac noi dung sau:
1. Dac diem ngif nghTa - chiic nang ciia quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai.
2. Dac diem cau tao hinh thiic ciia cac quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai.
3. Phan biet quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai v6i cac thanh phdn tii' ngif khac
ciia cau.

4. Cac kieu quan he thucmg gap ve ngif nghTa - chiic nang ciia quan ngif
bieu thj tinh thai v6i noi dung menh de cua cau.


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11

Chuong 3: Phan loai cac quan ngur bieu thj tinh thai theo cac pham
tru noi dung cua tinh thai nhan thiic.
1. Khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic.
2. Cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai nhan thiic thuc hifu (factive).
3. Cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai nhan thiic khong thuc hii'u (nonfactive).
4. Cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai nhan thiic phan thuc hiiu (contrafactive).


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

12

CHUONG I. CO S6 LY LUAN VE TINH TINH THAI
KHAI NIEM QUAN N G C BIEU THI TINH THAI
1. Khai niem tinh thai trong ngon ngu.
1.1. Truo'c nay, trong gidi ngon ngii hoc ton tai pho bien each hieu "tinh
thai la thih cam, thai do cua nguai noi doi v6i dieu dugc noi ra". Cach
hieu nay de nhan thay la con mang tinh chu quan, chung chung va phien
dien. No chi diiiig ve phia nguai tao phat ngon va chi gio'i han a pham vi
quan he giifa ngUoT noi vdi cai dugc noi ra trong cau.
Hieu nhu vay v6 hinh chung chiing ta da lam thu hep neu kliong
muon noi la sai lech noi ham cua khai niem nay. Vay khai niem tinh thai

cdn dugc hieu nhu the' nao?
Nhu moi ngucri deu biet, khai niem tinh thai vdn xuat phat tii logic
hoc. Do do, nhirng nguai ddu tien quan tam nghien ciiu van de tinh thai
phai ke deh la cac nha logic. Trong bat ky cong trinh nghien ciiii logic
nao, logic tinh thai ciing dugc nhdc den nhu mot phuang dien quan trong
khong the thieu cua he thong logic ben canh nhiilig logic vi tii*, logic
menh de, logic thai gian v.v... Do su han che ve trinh do cung nhu khuon
kho cua luan van, a day, chiing toi khong di sau mieu ta tinh thai logic
ma chi xin tom luge nhiilig dac diem ca ban noi bat nhat ciia loai tinh
thai nay. Tren ca sa do, xem rdng khi chuyen dich sang khoa hoc ngon
ngii each hieu thuat ngii nay co nhiilig bien doi ra sao.
Trong logic hoc, noi dung cua menh de dugc chia lam hai phan: ngon
lieu va tinh thai. Ngon lieu la cai tap hgp gom vi ngii logic va cac tham to
ciia no dugc xet nhu moi lien he tiem nang, con tinh thai la each thuc
hien mdi lien he tiem nang ay, cho biet mdi lien he a'y la:
- Hien thuc hay phi hien thuc.
- Ta\ yeu hay khong ta't yeu.


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13

- Co kha nang hay khdng co kha nang.
T.Givon (1989) da chi ra rdng: " Trong logic truyen thdng, tinh tinh
thai gdn li6n v6i cac menh de va chi v6i menh de ma th6i.(...) No dugc
xem xet tif goe do thuan tiiy nhan thiic nghTa la chi lien quan deh tinh
chan thuc cua noi dung menh de." Cach hieu nay, ciing theo T.Givon,
neii tmy ngugc lai co the tlm tha'y dugc it nhat tii thai Aristot. O do, bdn
loai tinh thai sau dugc cong nhan:

a. Chan ly cdn thiet hien nhien (Necessary tmth): Chan ly theo djnh
nghTa (Tme by definition)
b. Chan ly thuc te (Factual tmth): Chan ly nhu thuc te (Tme as fact)
c. Chan ly co the (Possibly tmth): Chan ly theo gia thuyet (Tme by
hepothesis)
d. Phi chan ly (Non tmth): Gia hieu (False). [45,128].
Do chd chi quan tam den gia trj chan - nguy ciia menh de gat bo vai
tro chu quan cua ngudi noi cung nhieu nhan td khac nen "cai am giai tinh
thai logic chi gidi han trong tinh hien thuc, tinh tat yeu va tinh kha nang
vdi nhirng miic do khac nhau ciia tinh chat ay va su phdi hgp giifa cac
tinh chat ay" [24,50]. Noi each khac, tinh thai trong logic chi duy nha't
lien quan den pham tiii tinh thai khach quan. Cac y nghTa tinh thai dugc
mieu ta ciing chi duy nhat xoay quanh mdi quan he giiia noi dung ciia
di6u dugc thong bao vdi thuc te.
Trong ngon ngif, cac tinh thai mac dii phdn ldn deu tme tiep hoac
gian tiep cd lien quan den tinh hien thuc, tinh ta't yeu va tinh kha nang
(vdn la ba pham trii da dugc tinh thai logic quan tam nghien ciiu tii lau)
nhung khong the phu nhan la chiing vdn lam thanh mot pho da dang vi
mau sdc, phong phii ve each bieu hien han nhieu so vdi tinh thai trong
logic. Ly giai dieu nay, T.Givon da chi ra ling dd la bdi "...trong ngon
ngif ciia con ngudi, tinh tinh thai da dugc nhln nhan va ly giai tii gdc do


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

14

dung hoc v6i nhiiiig scf chi ro rang ve ngirofi noi, ngiiofi nghe, v6i sir quan
tam den y do muc dich, giao tiep ciia ho" [45,129]. Chinh goe do nhin
nhan, ly giai nay lam nen diem khac biet can ban giua tinh thai trong

logic va tinh thai trong ngon ngir, la ca so cdn yeu cho sir phan bi6t tinh
thai khach quan vdi tinh thai chu quan.
Tuy nhien, cung can phai noi ngay rang khong phai ngay tir dau cac
nha ngon ngu hoc da y thu'c duoc nhu vay. Tren thuc te, trong mot thdi
gian tuong doi dai, viec xac lap mot duang gianh gi6i dut khoat giua
ngon ngG va 15i noi ciia F.D. Saussure da co anh hucmg kha sau sac den
khoa hoc ngon ngir noi chung, nghien ciru tinh thai noi rieng. Theo quan
niem nay, tinh tinh thai bi day ve phia Idi noi va bi coi la thii yeu. Ngon
ngir thucmg duoc nghien ciru thien ve mat cau tnic hinh thiic, mat noi
dung noi chung va nhat la cac noi dung lien quan den cac nhan to giao
tiep nhu ngu canh, ngu5i noi, nguofi nghe hau nhu khong dugc quan tam.
Tinh hinh nay dan den thuc trang nghien ciiu tinh thai ra't ma nhat, con
nhieu ba't cap. Diing nhu Cao Xuan Hao da nhan xet: " Ngii phap tmydn
thong, vdfi su thien vi co hiru doi v6i hinh thiic bieu dat, ra't it khi mieu ta
cac phuang tien tinh thai mot each co he thong. Cac loai tinh thai dugc
mieu ta va ggi ten theo nhung dac trung ciia each bieu dat ("khdi ngO",
"pho tir phu dinh", "ngir khi tir", "pham tm thi", "pham tru the", "pho tir",
"pho dong til'", "trg tir", "tieu to", v.v...) va nhieu khi nhiing tir bieu dat
tinh thai dugc liet vao loai hu tii, nghla la nhiing tir cong cu khong co
nghTa tiif vung mac dau nghla ciia cac tii tinh thai, neu khong muon dung
cac tii nay, phai dugc di6n dat bang ca mot cau hay mot ti^u cii gom
nhieu thuc tir." [24,52].
Ma'y chuc nam trd lai day, va'n di tinh tinh thai ciia ngon ngu" tu nhien
da dugc nhin nhan lai, tra ve diing v6i vi the xiing dang cua no, dong thcfi
trd thanh van de tmng tam ca ban va ciing la phiic tap nha't ciia ngon ngii


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

15

hgc hien dai. Ngudi ta nghien ciiu chiing trong ngii nghTa, cii phap, ngii
phap chiic nang va trong ly thuyet hanh vi ngdn ngii. 0 nhirng khuynh
hudng, tmdng phai ngon ngii* khac nhau, khai niem tinh thai dugc hieu
khong gidng nhau. Do vay ma xung quanh vah de tinh thai trong ngon
ngii cho den nay vdn da va dang cdn ton tai nhieu y kien, quan diem each
hi^u chua hoan toan thdng nhat giiia cac nha nghien cihi. Ve dieu nay,
V.Z Panfilov da tifng cd nhan xet rang "khong cd pham trii nao ma ban
cha't ngon ngii hoc va thanh phdn cac y nghTa bg phan lai gay ra nhieu y
kieh khac biet va ddi lap nhau nhu pham tm tinh tinh thai" [ddn theo
38,215].
Trong khuon kho luan van nay, chiing toi xin trinh bay mot sd quan
niem pho bieii da dugc nhieu ngudi chap nhan va lay dd lam ca sd ly
thuyet cho viec giai quyet nhimg vah de tiep theo.
Anh huong sau sac nha't den ly thuyet tinh thai tnrdrc het phai kd d6'n
nha ngon ngii' hoc noi tieng ngudi Phap Ch.Bally. Theo ong, trong noi
dung ngii nghia ciia cau, can thiet phai phan biet hai yeu to khac nhau do
la Dictum va Modus. Dictum dugc hieu la noi dung bieu hien lam thanh
cot loi ngir nghia ciia cau mieu ta mot su tinh nao do ciia the gi6i, con
Modus la nhii'ng thai do, each danh gia khac nhau cua ngudi noi doi v6i
n6i dung dugc bieu hien ciing nhu moi quan he giiia noi dung a'y v6i hien
thuc trong each iihin nhan cua chii th^ phat ngon rang do la cai mong
muon hay khong mong muon, cai hien thuc hay phi hien thuc, gdn v6i
muc dich phat ngon nao... va ong cho rang chinh day m6i la "linh hon
ciia cau".
Tu tuomg cua Ch.Bally ve co ban da dugc thira nhan r6ng rai va phat
tri^n trong ngon ngif hgc. Tuy ling ve sau sir doi lap ma ong de xuat co
th^ dugc thay bang nhung cap thuat ngir khac tuy theo he thong quan
diem ciia tiiiig tac gia v6i nhimg ngu y rieng. Chang han, Ch.Phillmore

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16

trong bai Ngii: phdp cdch (1968) xuat phat tii viec nghien ciiu cau tnic
cau ciing chia cau ra hai phdn Menh de (Proposion-P) va Tmh thai
(Modus-M). Theo dd, ong quan niem ca'u tnic ngif nghTa cua cau
(Sentence-S) se bang khung tinh thai cong vdi loi menh de phan anh mot
noi dung su tinh nao dd: S = M + P. Ciing chia cau thanh hai phdn, N.
Chomsky - dai dien tieu bieu ciia ngii phap tao sinh lai dung cap thuat
ngif Tinh thai va Hat nhan. Ong cho ling day la hai yeu td cdn yeu, quan
trong tao ra cau ca sd - la dan vj thugc ca'u tnic be sau, ton tai trong tu
duy con ngudi mot each triiu tugng. Tif ca'u tnic be sau chuyen thanh ca'u
tnic be mat (nhu'ng phat ngon cu the), cau ca sd phai trai qua nhiing phep
cai bie'n nha't djnh.
Cd ciing quan diem coi tinh thai tnJdc he't la mot bg phan quan trgng
thugc binh dien ca'u true ngu nghTa ciia cau nhu Ch. Phillmore, J. Lyons
(1977) da nhan djnh: "tinh thai la thai do ciia ngudi noi ddi vdi noi dung
menh de ma cau bieu thj hay tinh trang ma menh de dd mieu ta."
[44,452]. F.P Palmer (1986) cung cho rdng "tinh thai la thong tin ngif
nghTa cua cau the hien thai do hoac y kie'n ciia ngudi noi ddi vdi dieu
dugc ndi ra" va chii truang phan biet nhiing ye'u td bieu thj tinh thai vdi
nhirng ye'u td bieu thj menh de [ddn theo 38,216]. Ciing coi tinh thai la
mot dac tnmg ca ban cua cau tao cau, V.V Vinogradov da phat bieu "tinh
tinh thai dugc xac lap theo quan diem ciia ngudi ndi song ban than quan
diem dd lai dugc xac djnh bdi vj tri cua ngudi ndi vao liie ndi ddi vdi
ngudi ddi thoai va ddi vdi cai phan doan thuc te' duge phan anh trong
cau." [ddn theo 17,18]. Tinh thdn nay dugc A.V.Bondarko (1977) dien
dat mot each khac nhu sau "tinh thai la mot pham tm ngon ngif chi ra dac

diem ciia cac mdi quan he khach quan dugc phan anh trong noi dung ciia
cau va chi ra miic do ciia tinh xac thuc ve noi dung ciia chinh cau dd theo
quan niem ciia ngudi ndi" [ddn theo 43, 48].


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

______^^ ^^

Mot each cu the han, M.V Liapon (1990) trong muc viet ve tinh thai da
khang djnh "tinh thai la mot pham tm cua chiic nang ngii nghTa the hien
cac dang quan he giua ngudi ndi vdi mdi quan he khac nhau cua phat
ngon ddi vdi thuc te' ciing nhu cac dang danh gia chii quan khac nhau cua
dieu dugc thong bao" [dan theo 43,48]. Ong cdn ndi them rang: hudng di
dugc nhieu ngudi cong nhan nha't la phan chia pham tm tinh thai thanh
pham tm tinh thai khach quan va tinh thai chii quan. Theo ong, tinh thai
khach quan the hien mdi quan he giiia cai dugc thong bao vdi thuc te' d
binh dien hien thuc tinh; cdn tinh thai chii quan la da'u hieu ta't ye'u d mot
phat ngon ba't ky (pham trii thiic ciia dong tiif la phuang tien chinh de hien
tinh thai d chiic nang nay). Tinh thai chu quan la quan he ciia ngudi ndi
vdi dilu dugc thong bao la da'u hieu khong bat huge cua phat ngon. Dung
lugng ngif nghTa cua tinh thai chii quan rgng han dung lugng ngif nghTa
cua tinh thai khach quan va khong ddng loai. Khai niem danh gia lam
nen ca sd ngu nghTa cho tinh thai chu quan. Khai niem nay khong chi
bao gom cac danh gia logic (ly tinh, duy ly) ve dieu dugc thong bao ma
cdn gom ta't ca cac dang khac nhau ve phan ling cd tinh cam xiic (phi ly
tinh) [ddn theo 43,48-49].
O Viet Nam, va'n de tiiih tinh thai ciing dang la mot va'n de ma vcfi su
ton tai nhieu quan diem, y kien khac nhau giiia cac nha nghien ciiu.
Chang han, Hoang Trong Phien, de cap den van de tinh thai, trong cuon

Ngic phap tieng Viet - Cau (1980) cho ling tinh thai la pham tru ngir
phap ciia cau 6' dang tiem tang. Tinh thai co mat trong ta't ca cac kieu
cau. Di6u nay the hien a ch5 cau co gia tri thofi su, no co tac dung thong
bao mot dieu moi me. Qua do, ngub'i nghe hieu ling ngudi noi co thai do
the nao vdfi hien thuc. D6 Huu Chau (1983) lai quan niem "tinh thai se
bao gom toan bg nhiilig y nghia thugc phcim vi dung hgc va se tap hgp lai
thanh thong diep bgc 16 kem vofi loi P cua cau [3,16]. Chia se quan diem


Ludn vdn tot nghiep

18

nay, trong mot bai viet ban vl khai niem tinh thai (1988), Hoang Tue da
nhan xet "tinh thai la mot khai niem trong su phan tich theo each nhln
tim deh thai do ciia ngudi ndi trong hoat dong phat ngon tiic ciing la tlm
de'n tac dong ngii* dung, tac dong ma ngudi ndi muon tao ra d ngudi nghe
trong thuc te' hoat dong ngon ngif."
Mac dii each dien dat ciia cac tac gia la khong gidng nhau song nhln
chung, each hieu tinh thai la mot pham tm ngii nghTa - chiic nang phan
anh mdi quan he, thai do, each danh gia cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi noi dung
ciia phdn cdn lai trong cau la each hieu dugc nhieu nha nghien ciiu thifa
nhan nha't. Cung nhu vay, mac dii chua thdng nha't dugc vdi nhau ve quan
he giifa pham trii tinh thai va cac pham tm khac ciia cau, song cac nha
nghien ciiu deu nhat tri cho rdng cd hai loai tinh thai: tinh thai khach
quan va tinh thai chu quan. Trong dd tinh thai chu quan la kieu tinh thai
ma ngon ngu hgc dac biet quan tam.
1.2, Tii cac each quan niem ve pham tm tinh thai nhu titn khi di vao
phan tich cu the noi dung cac y nghTa tinh thai bg phan, each giai quyet
ciia cac tac gia duang nhien ciing cd nhifng diem khac biet. Chang han,

A.V.Bondarko khang djnh rdng chi cd hai nhom y nghTa dudi day mdi
diing la cac y nghTa tinh thai dugc cac nha nghien ciiu cong nhan:
- Tinh kha nang, tinh thuc te va tinh cdn yeu. Nhdm y nghTa nay la ca sd
cho tinh thai khach quan.
- Su nghi ngd, tinh khong chdc chdn (gia djnh kha nang) va tinh diit
khoat. Nhdm y nghTa nay la ca sd cho tinh thai chu quan [ddn theo
43,18].
E.M.Volf lai cho rdng cd nhieu kieu y nghTa tinh thai. Trong dd, su
danh gia cd the coi nhu mot trong nhirng kieu tinh thai tiiim len titn noi
dung duge mieu ta ciia su bieu thj ngdn ngii. Ngoai ra cdn cd cac y nghTa
khac: tinh thai cdn yeu, tinh thai mong mudn (nguyen vgng), tinh thai


L.uan van tot nghiep

19

khuyen nhii, tinh thai ngan cam va canh cao tmdc, tinh thai ran de...[dan
theo 43,49].
6 mot mii'c khai quat han, J. Lyons cho rdng tinh thai chii quan cd
the dugc chia lam hai tieu loai: tinh thai nhan thifc (Epistemic modality)
va tinh thai dao ly (Deontic modality). Mot each dai the, tinh thai nhan
thiic dugc hi^u la su cam ke't d mot miic do nao dd ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi
tinh chan thuc ciia dieu dugc ndi ra; tinh thai dao ly bieu thj thai do cua
ngudi ndi ddi vdi hanh dong ma menh de bieu thj chiing dugc xem xet
theo cac noi dung ve tinh nghTa vu, su ca'm doan va su mien tiir [ddn theo
38,217]. Tan ddng quan niem nay, F. R Palmer (1986) cd nhan xet "khai
niem tinh thai nhan thii'c khong chi lien quan den tinh kha nang hay tinh
ta't ye'u ma cdn lien quan de'n miic do cam ket ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu
ma anh ta ndi ra (...) nd bao gom ca su xac nhan ca nhan ciing nhu nhifng

bao dam ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu ma anh ta ndi ra. Cdn tinh thai dao ly
thi lien quan de'n tinh hgp thiic v6 dao ly cua hanh dong do mot ngudi
nao dd hay do chinh ngudi ndi thuc hien" [ddn theo 38,217].
Su phong phii ve cac ki^u y nghTa tinh thai cilng cd the tha'y ro trong
cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ve tie'ng Viet. Chang han trong cac bai vie't
hoac cong tiTnh ciia cac tac gia D6 Hiiu Chau [xem 3], Nguyen Diic Dan
[xem [9], [10], [12]], Le Dong [xem [14], [15], [18]], Hoang Phe [xem
[30], [31]], Nguyen Thj Thuan [xem [36], [37]] , Nguyen Ngge Tram
7,

[xem [40]]. 0 mot mu"c khai quat cao, Cao Xuan Hao cho ling tinh thai
ciia cau dugc bieu thi trong ca'u tnic cu phap ca ban (ma tac gia ggi la
ca'u tme De - Thuyet) gom co:
- Nhan dinh cua nguai noi ve gia tri chan nguy ciia dieu dugc noi ra trong
cau (khang dinh, phii dinh, ngd vuc, neu ro pham vi gi6i han va dieu kien
ciia tinh chan ly).


M^uun yuii lui

ngiiiep

20

- W6 tinh kha nang hay ta't yeu ciia dieu dd (cd the hay khdng cd the, ta^t
nhien hay khong tat nhien, miic do cao hay thap ciia tinh kha nang tinh
ta't ye'u.
" Cach danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi su tinh dugc tmy6n dat (dang
miing hay dang tie'c, dang hy vgng hay e ngai nen cd hay khong nen
cd...).

- Su gidi thieu cua ngudi ndi v^ tinh cha't ciia cau ndi (tinh thanh thuc ,
dan gian, ang chi^rng hay chinh xac...).
- Mdi quan he giiia cau ndi vdi tinh hudng ddi thoai hay ddi vdi ngon
canh va nhieu noi dung khac thugc ITnh vuc logic va sieu ngon ngii
[24,175].
Tdm lai, tren ca sd nghien ciiu ciia nhirng ngudi di trudc chiing toi
xin tong ke't thanh ma'y diem chinh nhu sau ve va'n de tmh thai:
- Tinh thai citing vdi noi dung menh de la hai thanh phdn cdn ye'u tao nen
cau tnic ngii nghTa ciia cau, gop phdn thuc tai hoa cau, gdn cau vdi dieu
kien giao tiep hien thuc.
- Tinh thai la mot pham tm rgng ldn th^ hien thai do, nhihig dang danh
gia khac nhau ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi noi dung menh de, vdi ngudi ddi
thoai va vdi cac nhan td khac ciia ngii canh lien quan de'n su tinh dugc
phan anh.
- Tinh thai can dugc nhln nhan, xem xet, nghien cihi nhu mdt pham trii
mang tinh phiic the, nhieu phuang dien tac dong ldn nhau mot each tieh
cue va lien he mot each chat che vdi cac pham trii ngii nghTa - chiie nang
cQng nhu vdi cac pham trii ciia ngir dung hgc. Theo each nhln nay, khi
nghien ciiu tinh tinh thai, chiing ta phai tinh den su tuong tac phiic tap
giira bdn nhan td ciia qua trinh giao tiep : ngudi ndi, ngudi ddi thoai, noi
dung ciia phat ngon va thuc te.