So sánh cấu trúc và phương tiện biểu hiện câu hỏi chính danh trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

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BO G5A0 DUC VA DAO TAO

'DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

TRUING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

TRAN CHI IVIAI

1(1^

SO snNH cnu TRUC vn P H I / O N G TICN BICU
cnu HOI CHINH DRNH
TflONG TIC'NG ANH vn TIC'NG VI€T

HI€N

Chuyen nganh : Ly luan ngon nguf
Ma so
: 50408

Luan van Thac sT Ngon ngu hoc

Ngu&i huong ddn khoa hoc
P.Gido sir Tieh si Hoang Trong Piiien
!TRllNGTAMTH(>iuTi;i.rHlJVirM
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Ha Noi - 2000


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MUC LUC
Trang
Ma dau
I.

Muc dich y nghia.

1

II.

Pham vi doi tirgng nghien curu.

2

Ill

Phuofng phap nghien curu.

2

IV.

Bo cue cua luan van.

3

ChuangL

Mot so van de chung ve cau hoi va cau hoi chinh danh

4

1.1.

Vai quan ni6m hien nay ve cau hoi.

4

1.2.

Phan loai c^u hoi.

8

1.2.1.

C^u hoi trong tieng Anh.

8

1.2.2.

Cau hoi trong tieng Vi6t.

31

1.2.3.

Cac nghia bo sung cua cau hoi.

34

Quan niem v6 cau hoi chinh danh.

37

Tieu ket.

38

1.3.
Chuang IL

Mieu ta cau true va phuffng tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh
danh trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet.

40

C&'u true va phuang tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh danh trong tieng

2.1.

Anh.

40

2.1.1.

Cau hoi c6/kh6ng (Yes/No Question).

41

2.1.2.

Cau hoi CO tu" hoi bat dau bkig WH- (WH-Question).

2.1.3.

Cau hoi lua chon (Alternative Question).

50
57

Cau tnic va phuang tien bieu hien cua cau hoi chinh danh trong

2.2.

tieng Viet.

58

2.2.1.

Cau hoi lira chon,

58

2.2.2,

Cau hoi khong lua chon.

66

Tieu ket.

•

'

72

Chuang IIL Nhutig net tuong dong va khac biet ve cau triic va phuang
tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh danh giua tieng Anh va tieng
Viet.
3.1.

Nhiing net tuong dong va khac biet ciia cau hoi c6 chira dai tir

73


3.1.1.

Hoi ve nguoi.

74
74

3.1.2.

Hoi ve vai va doi tugfng cua hanh dong.

77

3.1.3.

Hoi phan loai.

83

3.1.4.

Hoi ve so hiJu.

84

3.1.5.

Hoi v6 nguyen nhan.

85

3.1.6.

Hoi ve thoi gian.

87

3.1.7.

Hoi ve dia diem - hoi ve huang chuyen ddng.

88

3.1.8.

Hoi v6 each thirc hanh dong, tfnh chat hay dac tnmg cija su vat.

90

nghi van lieng Anh trong su so sanh voi tieng Viet.

3.2.

NhGng net tuofng ddng va khac biei cua cau hoi c6/kh6ng tieng
Anh trong su so sanh vdi lieng Vi6l.

98

3.2.1.

(Ai) CO... khong?

100

3.2.2.

Co phai... khdng

101

3.2.3.

Kieu cau hdi... duofc khdng,... cd duac khdng, cd... dugc khdng.

102

3.2.4.

A/Ha.

103

3.2.5.

IT/Sao.

104

3.2.6.

Hay/Hay la.

106

3.27.

Hay khdng.

106

3.2.8.

Lieu.

107

3.2.9.

Hinh nhu... thi phai.

107

3.2.10.

Chac.

108

3.2.11.

Chang le/chling nhe/cd le.

108

3.2.12.

Nhe/nhi.

109

3.2.13.

Chii.

110

3.2.14.

... chua/da... chua.

111

3.2.15.

Chang.

112

3.2.16.

Cau hoi cd/khdng trong tieng Anh chuyen dich sang cau hoi

3.2.17.
3.3.

tieng Vi6t khdng cd tieu tijr mang tm hieu nghi van.

113

Cau hdi cd/khdng trong lieng Anh ngam an dai liJ nghi van.

113

Nhiing net tuong dong va khac biet ciia cau hdi lua chon tieng


Anh trong su* so sanh vai tieng Viet.
3.4.
3.5.

1J 4

Nhung net tuang d6ng va khac biet cua cau hoi duoi (Tag
Question) trong sir so sanh vai tieng Viet.

115

Mot giai phap kh^c phuc nhung kho khan trong giang day v6 cau

117

hoi.
Ket luan.

123

Phu iuc cac bang thong ke .

126

I- Bang thong ke so lieu cac tiir hoi trong tieng Vi6t tuang utig
vdi cac dai tir nghi van trong tieng Anh.

127

II- Bang thong ke so lieu cac tir tao cau hoi trong tieng Viet
tuang ling v6i c^u hoi lua chon va cau hoi duoi trong tieng Anh,

131

ni- Bang thong ke so lieu cac tir trong cau hoi tieng Viet tuong
ling voi cau hoi cO/'idiong trong tieng Anh.

132

IV- Bang thong ke vi tri cac tir hoi trong tieng Viet tuang umg
vai dai tir nghi van trong tieng Anh.

135

V- Bang thong ke vi tri cac phuang tien trong cau hoi tieng Viet
tuang ling vai cau hoi lua chon va cau hoi duoi trong tieng Anh.

139

VI- Bang thong ke vi trf cac khuon hoi trong tieng Viet tuang
ling vai cau hoi c6/kh6ng trong tieng Anh.

140

Phu luc ve ngtt lieu so sanh.

143

Cac nguon tu lieu trich d^n.

192

Tai lieu tham khao chinh.

194


MO DAU
1. Muc dich y nghla
Cau hoi noi chung va cau hoi trong tieng Viet noi rieng la mot dang cau co
t^n so sir dung nhieu trong giao tiep. C^u hoi la cau true cu phap bieu hien hanh

vi ngon ngu. Ddi vai nguoi hoc ngoai ngu, thuc hien hanh vi nghe hoi va hoi thuc
su gap nhidu kho khan. Ngay ca cac giao vien cung nhi6u khi lung tung tru6c
viec giai thfch va huong dan sinh vien su dung. Tnuc te cho thay cac sinh vien
Vi6t Nam rat boi roi trong dich thuSt khi chuyen tu" cau hoi tieng Anh sang cau
hoi tieng Viet, va ngirgc lai. Thiet nghi, d6'i vofi nguai nuac ngoai hoc tieng Viet,
kho khan nay cung khong phai la ngoai le. Chon ten de tai: So sanh cau true va
phuong tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh danh trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet,
chung toi mong muon gop them mot tieng noi cua minh vao thao ga vaii de nay,
va vdi hy vong nhung van de nghien ciiu se duac ling dung trong cong tac giang
day tieng Anh cho nguai Viet, va giang day tieng Viet cho nguai nu6c ngoai noi
tieng Anh.
Tir truac den nay, viec nghien ciiu cau hoi da dugc quan tam nhieu nhat tir
goe do ngon ngu hoc va logic hoc. Pham vi va miic do quan tam chu y dang ngay
cang dugc ma rgng.
Hoi la m6t dang hanh vi ng6n ngir pho bien, mot thanh to tham gia thuang
xuyen vao cac cau tnic doi thoai. Mat khac, nha sir tac dong cua hoan canh, tinh
huong va thong qua cac vong chuyen hoa khac nhau, cau hoi co the thuc hien
nhung kieu chiic nang giao tiep, nhirng hanh vi tai loi rat da dang, Vi the viec
nghien curu cau hoi chang nhung gop phdn vao viec nghien ciiu mieu ta lai noi
d6'i thoaj, nh^m hinh thanh ky nang giao tiep b^ng'm6t ngon ngu (vai tu each
tieng me de hay ngoai ngu), ma con giai dap rat nhieu van de co y nghia ly
thuyet va thuc ti6n ciia ngu dung hgc.


Nguai ta da su dung cau hoi nhu' mot cong cu quan trgng de xac dinh doi
tugng, nhiem vu va dinh huong tu duy. O day, cai chua biet, cai an so lai nam
trong moi tuang quan nhat dinh vai cai da biet. Bai vay, nghien ciiu cau hoi la
m6t trong nhung va'n de rat dang dugc quan tam cua ngii dung hgc. Van dt
nghien curu cau may chuc nam gan day da co nhung buac phat trien quan trgng.
Trong cac hanh vi ng6n ngu, con nguai la hat nhan cua hanh vi do. Cac hanh vi

ngon ngu (tai idi hoac mugn lai) ma nguai noi thuc hien thuc su la mot bg phan
ca'u thanh binh dien cua cau, la muc dfeh huong tai cua cac cugc giao tiep ngon
tir hien thuc. Va, chfnh no la nhan to chi phoi toan bg cau true ngir nghia - ngii
dung cua cau nhu m6t chinh th6 thong nha't ben trong, d6ng thai gdn no vai cau
khac, cac hanh vi ngon ngu khac trong lai noi.
Nghien ciiu cau vai tfnh each la sir the hien hanh vi ngon ngir, tiic la nghien
ciiu no trong cac dong tir hanh chiic, gin lien vdi ngu* canh, vai dieu kien su dung
hien thuc cac hanh vi ngon ngu. Nhirng nhan to ca ban dugc chu y tai la:
a. Nguai noi, nguoi nghe (hay nhung nguai tham gia giao tiep).
b. Thai gian, dia diem phat ngon.
c. Nhiing dac trung di kem cua nhan to do nhu y do, muc dfeh giao tiep, von
tri thiic nen, tinh cam y chf, thai do danh gia... gan vai tirng kieu di6n ngon.
Cai doi tugng ma ngii nghia - ngu dung quan tam khong phai chi la noi
dung menh d6, cai loi mieu ta cua cau gin vdi ben ngoai ma con la trinh bay ngii
nghia - ngu dung cua no trong thanh phan cua hanh vi ngon ngir.
II. Pham vi doi tugng nghien ciru.
Trong pham vi luan van nay, chiing t6i chi khao sat hinh thiic va noi dung
cac loai cau hoi chfnh danh trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet, chi ra cac phuang tien
tao lap cau hoi trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet, tii do rut ra dugc ke't luan ve nhimg
dac diem tuang ling va kh6ng tuang ling giira cau hoi chfnh danh trong hai ngon
ngir do.
III. Phuang phap nghien ciru.


De CO the lam dugc nhu tren , chiing toi tien hanh phan tfch cau hoi tren ca
sa dua vao cac nhan to nhu muc dich, y 66 giao tiep, von tri thiic sSn co... de tij'
do CO the xay dung nhirng dinh huong thfch hgp nhu* so sanh, thay the. Viec phan
tfch nay doi hoi mot su phoi hgp linh hoat giira cac mat sau day:
- Quan sat cac loai hinh cau hoi chfnh danh mot each khach quan.
- Phan tfch va so sanh cau hoi chfnh danh giiia tie'ng Anh va tie'ng Viet qua

su phan tfch va t6ng hgp cac dac trung cua doi tugng, lay tieng Anh lam ngon
ngii goe, va tie'ng Viet lam ngon ngir dfeh.
- Su dung cong cu mieu ta ngon ngu' hgc mot each co dinh huong.
- So sanh m6t so ti6u thuye't van hgc va truyen cuoi thai ky hien dai bao
gom ban gdc tieng Anh va ban dich tie'ng Viet,
- Khao sat cau hoi qua cac giao trinh giang day tie'ng Anh hien dang thinh
hanh va trong thuc te giao tiep hang ngay vai nguai noi tieng Anh va tieng Viet.
* Tu lieu diing de khao sat, mieu ta la cac cau dugc trfch dan td* mot sd tac
pham song ngir. Co the trong lai dich chua that dugc Viet hoa, nhung de dam bao
tfnh trung thuc ciia van ban, chung toi trfch nguyen .
IV. Bd cue cua luan van.
Luan van se dugc cau true thanh ba chuang vai noi dung ca ban nhu sau:
Chuang 1. Mot sd van de chung ve cau hoi va cau hoi chfnh danh,
Chuang II. Mieu ta cau true va phuang tien bieu hien cau hoi chfnh danh
tidng Anh va tieng Vi6t.
Chuang III. Nhirng net tuang ddng va khac biet ve cau true va phuang tien
bieu hien cau hoi chfnh danh giira tie'ng Anh va tie'ng Viet.
Ngoai ba chuang chfnh, luan van con co phan md dau, phan ket luan, phu
luc cac bang thdng ke, phu luc ve ngir lieu so sanh, cac ngudn tu lieu trfch din va
tai Ii6u tham khao chfnh.


CHUDNG I

MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG
y ^

VE CAU HOI VA CAU HOI CHINH DANH
1.1. Vai quan niem hien nay ve cau hdi.
Noi nang la mot hoat dong giao tiep. Moi cau ndi la mot hanh dong co chiic

nang nha't dinh. Khi ndi ra mdt cau, ngudi ndi da thre hien mot hanh dong nha't
dinh, nghia la xac nhan mdt menh de, nhung '^di-ig hoi cung thuc hien mot hanh
dong cd muc dich giao tiep nao dd nhu trinh bay, ke lai, hdi, tra Idi, phu dinh,
khang dinh phan bac, ra lenh... Dd la mot hanh dong tai Idi. Cach nghi truyen
thdng la khi ndi ra mdt cau, ta chi cd the thuc hien dugc mot trong ba viec:
1. Tran thuat.
2. Hdi.
3. Cau khien (ra lenh hay nhd va).
Sd dl nhu vay la do trong nhi6u ngon ngG cd su phan biet rat ro ve hinh thiic
ngir phap giiia ba loai cau nay. Can cii vao hinh thiic de phan loai cau la can thiet,
song khong the coi day la su phan loai theo muc dfeh ndi nang, vi khdng dung
vdi thuc te su dung. (Theo tac gia Cao Xuan Hao - [9-tr.211] ),Hay so sanh ba
cau dudi day:
a. Anh co thera hanh lang dm mot lat duac khong?
b. Chung toi mod anh ra hanh lang dai mot lat.
c. Phien anh ra hanh lang dai mot /iir.(*Cac vf'du lay tii "So thao ngir phap
chiic nang"- Tap I cua tac gia Cao Xuan Hao.)


Neu phan loai theo muc dfeh phat ngdn thi cau (a) la mot cau hdi (hay cau
nghi van), cau sau la cau ke,va cau (c) la cau cau khien. Neu xet theo hanh vi
ngdn tii thi ca ba cau tren la cau cau khien.
Tuy nhien, each trinh bay thuan Igi nha't cd le vln la can cii vao hinh thiic
ngir phap, va coi gia tri tai Idi nhu mdt tinh thai (ciia hanh ddng phat ngon) long
vao cau hdi vdn cGng chiia dung mdt menh de.
Ddi vdi tie'ng Viet, can cii vao mdt sd thudc tfnh v6 cau true cu phap, cd the
phan loai cac cau thanh hai loai ldn: cau ke va cau hdi, va can cii vao hinh thiic
ma coi loai cau m6nh 16nh nhu mdt ti^u loai cua cau ke khac vdi cac tieu loai
khac ve tinh thai.
Trong khudn kh6 cua luan van nay, va de so sanh cau hdi chfnh danh trong

tieng Anh va tie'ng Viet, chung tdi tap trung trinh bay ba quan niem tieu bieu:
quan niem ciia tac gia Cao Xuan Hao, quan niem cua tac gia Hoang Trgng Phien
ve cau hdi tieng Vi6t va quan niem cua tac gia Simon C. Dik v6 cau hdi tieng
Anh.
Quan niem cua tdc sid Cao Xuan Hao:
"Cau hdi cua tieng Viet ciing nhu nhieu thii tie'ng khac, ngoai cac gia tri hdi
(yeu cau thdng bao) la gia trj tai Idi true tiep cua nd, cdn cd the cd mot (hay
nhieu) gia tri tai Idi phai sinh khac nhu phu dinh, khang dinh, nghi nga.." (9 tr.212).
Nhu vay, theo tac gia Cao Xuan Hao, cau hdi cd gia tri dua mdt an sd, mot
cai chua biet trong menh d6. Mdi cau hdi cdn cd cac gia tri tai Idi phai sinh, va
day lai chfnh la cdng dung va muc dfeh cua cau ndi.
Nhirng cau hdi trong tie'ng Viet ngoai ddng gdp sic thai tu tir cho cau ndi
cdn cd ra't nhi6u cac hinh thiic hdi khac nhau. Ngudi nghe cam nhan dugc dd la
nhiing cau hdi nhd ngir dieu cau, trgng am vao tieu diem nghi van, cac cung bac


nhirng cau hdi nhd ngii dieu cau, trgng am vao tieu diem nghi van, cac cung bac
chuyen tii* y hdi thuan tuy qua nhi6u sic do nhu ggi y, ngd vuc, phu dinh, khang
dinh vdi nhiing sac thai cam xuc ciia ngirdi hdi.
Quan niem cua tdc sid Hodns Trons Phien:
"Cau hdi la mdt the cau thugc pham trii phan chia cau theo thuc tai hoa. Neu
cau ke thudc pham trii cau hien thuc, thi cau hdi thugc pham trii kha nang... cho
dii dudi dang nao, trong ndi dung cau hdi d6u lam cho noi ro mot "cai khong ro"
ma cau tra Idi can hudng de'n..." (13-tr.274)
Theo tac gia Hoang Trgng Phien, cau hdi nham dat de'n su* ddng tinh ciia
ngudi nghe la loai cau hdi tu tir. Cau hdi cd mdt qui dinh cho td chirc cii phap
rieng biet la "cai khdng ro". Muc dfeh cua chu the la mong tim dugc cau tra Idi
ve "cai khdng ro" nay, va ngudi tra Idi dap ling bang each cung cap mot thanh
phan tuang ling. Va tieu diem tu duy ciia ca ngudi hdi va ngudi tra Idi deu tap
trung vao "cai khdng ro" ay.

Ndi dung ngir nghia ciia cau hdi dugc tao thanh nhd hai nhan td:
1 - Su cd mat ciia "cai khdng ro"
2 - Nguyen vgng, y dinh cua ngudi hdi.
O day ngudi hdi phai tac ddng de'n ngudi tra Idi, sao cho ngudi tra Idi tap
trung va y thiic dugc de tra Idi cho cai khdng ro. Neu bi6u dat cau hdi bang cdng
thiic: X + Y, thi X bi6u thj "cai khdng ro", va nguyen vgng, y dinh ciia ngudi hdi
bifeu thi bang Y. Cdng thiic nay chi ro ndi dung ngir nghia cua cau hdi. X lam
chiic nang khu biet cau hdi vdi cac th6 cau khac, va Y lam chiic nang lien ket cau
hdi vao pham trii ngir phap.
Quan niem cua tdc sid Simon C.Dik:
S.C.Dik dt cap den chiic nang cau hdi va de cap den cac kieu tra Idi khac
nhau cd th6 ap dung tra Idi cho cau hdi. Cac kieu cau hdi cd th6 phan biet theo:


1 - Loai thdng tin dugc hoi.
2 - Ki6u tra Idi cd the ap dung cho cau hdi.
Tac gia S.C.Dik cho rang: "Cau hdi cd dai tii hdi bgc lo dugc nhirng dac tfnh
noi bat nhat, cu the la trong mdi tuang quan, mot mat vdi ddng tii han dinh, cdn
mat khac vdi cac cau tnic khuyet, c6 the tach ra dugc, cd the bien ddi dugc..."
(24-tr.258).
Nhiing cau hdi cd dai tii hdi cd mdi quan he vdi cac ddng tii han dinh theo
kieu chiing c6 the dugc hieu theo nghia ciia mdt hoat ddng cau triic ciia cau hdi
nay, cd the la mdt ca'u tnic trung tam, mot cau tnic chfnh, trong dd thanh td nghi
vail trong cau hdi cd tir hdi mang chiic nang chfnh, xet ve ban chat.
S.C.Dik md ta cau tnic chung ciia cau hdi nhu sau:
Int: X : Extended Predication
(Int: cau hdi; Extended Predication: vi ngir md rgng)
Trong dd tac tir (Operator-/OP/) nghi van, vt mat ngir nghla va ngii phap cd
the chuydn hoa thanh cau cau khien, cau hdi tu tii hay cau cam than...
Tac gia S.C.Dik quan tam de'n khfa canh kieu cau tra Idi cho cau hdi. Can

phan biet ro cau tra Idi (answer) va Idi dap (response) cho mdi cau hdi. Tac gia
S.Dik cho rang vdi mgi cau hdi d6u cd Idi dap, nhung chua chic tat ca nhirng Idi
dap dd d6u la cau tra Idi. Thf du:
Cdu hoi:

Where's Peter's office? - Van phdng cua Peter d dau?

Ldi dap:

a -1 don't know (tdi khdng biS't).
b -1 can't tell you (tdi khdng the ndi cho anh dugc).
c - That's none of you business (khdng phai viec ciia anh).

Trd loi:

d - It's on the second floor (tren tang hai kia).
e - It's over there (d dang kia).

Cd the tha'y: ta't ca nhirng cau tra Idi dtu la Idi dap, nhung khdng phai Idi
dap nao cung la cau tra Idi. Nhung Idi dap (a) (b) (c) cho cau hdi tren trong mdt
chiing muc nao dd mang tfnh giao tiep vi nd lien quan den su phii hgp, kha nang


8

tra Idi hoac trong nhirng hoan canh nhat dinh ddi vdi kha nang tra Idi. Nhir vay,
cau hdi la nhimg hanh vi Idi ndi ban dau dien hinh. Va cau tra Idi la hanh vi dap
lai can thiet. Cau hdi cd the tao ra mdi tru'dng cho bude giao tiep tiep theo, va cau
tra Idi la thanh vien cua cap di ddi vdi nhau : hdi - tra Idi.
1.2. Phan loai cau hoi.

1.2 J. Cdu hoi trong tieng Anh.
12.1.1. Ve khdi niem cdu hoi.
Ciing nhu cac ngdn ngir khac ,trong tie'ng Anh cd hang loat cac hien tugng
khac loai dugc gdp vao mot cai ten chung la cau hdi (Question). Tuy nhien di sau
vao khao sat, cd the tha'y cdn nhidu van di can thao luan, chang han trudc he't
''cdu hdr khdng phai la thuat ngir chfnh thiic bao gdm nhiing cau thudc mot so
kieu loai khac biet nhau mdt each rd rang. Cai gi da ket hgp nhiing cau nhu the
di cho cd su kien la "v6 mat ngii nghia chiing va trong mot chirng muc nao dd,
chiing tuong ddng vdi nhirng cau cdu khien, vi cac cau hdi la mot loai yeu cau
dac biet. Song cau hdi khac cau cau khien, la nhiing cau ddi hdi hinh thiic cua
hanh vi hoac hanh ddng phi ngdn ngir hgc nao dd. Cac cau hdi chu yeu gin li6n
vdi phan ling ngdn ngii." (Katz va Postal - 1964).
DT nhien cd mdt sd cau ciu khien ddi hdi phan ung ngdn ngii' nhu ''Hay noi
ten anhV Nhung binh dien ngdn ngir ciia nhiing cau ciu khien nhu the ro rang
gan li6n vdi ye'u td phi cau khien cd trong nhiing cau ay va khdng phai la van di
dac biet. Tuang tu nhu vay "mdt sd cau tra Idi bang cu chi nhu nhiin vai, chi trd,
ham hir... ddu la hanh vi phi ngdn ngir. Nhung nhirng hanh vi viia ke ciing cd the
coi la dugc phat sinh va thudng di kem vdi nhirng cau tra Idi bang Idi." (Katz va
Postal - 1964). Nhu vay nhiing kieu cau hdi khac nhau dugc thdng nhat lai bdi
viec ngudi ndi n6u chiing ra nham gay phan ling ngdn ngir d ngudi nghe, va anh
ta lam viec dd ma khdng van dung den hinh thiic cau cau khien ciia ddng tir nhu
say, tell...


Thu niia , dau hdi trong cau hdi khdng nhirng de chi nhimg cau hdi nhu vin
thudng lam, ma cdn de chi nhung net ngu' dieu nhai dinh. Dau hdi se dugc diing
de bieu thj ring gigng vin di len cho tdi dau hdi trong thf du sau:
a. Did you see Michael?

^

Anh cd trdng thay Mai can khdng?
b. Have you cleaned your room? T
Con dgn nha roi phai khdng?
Hoac ngir dieu se bat dau tir cao d diu cau hdi xudng thap gigng d cudi cau
hdi trong cac thf du:
a. What are you doing? T
Anh dang lam gi day?
b. Where does he live now?

^

Cau ta dang sdng d dau?
Trong cac phat ngdn kieu nay ,ngudi nghe se nhan ra tieu diem cau hdi chii
yeu thdng qua ngir dieu va sir nhan manh vao trgng am cau.
1.2.1.2. Cdch hieu truyen thong ve cdu hoi.
Do nhan djnh ve mdi tuang quan mdt ddi mot cua truyen thdng giiia ndi
dung va hinh thiic cua mdt phat ngdn, ngii phap truyen thdng da cd each nhin kha
gian dan v6 cau hdi. Ngir phap truyen thdng cho ring tieng Anh cd ba loai cau
hdi sau day:
1 - Cau hdi tong quat (cau hdi cd/khdng - Yes/No question).
Loai cau hdi nay ddi hdi cau tra Idi cd hoac khdng, va khi ndi, ngu dieu len
cao cud'i cau hdi. Loai cau hdi nay dugc ca'u tao bing each chuyen mdt phan vi
ngir, nhu tac tir (Operator) len trudc chu the gay ra hanh dong cua cau. Thf du :
a - Do you like art?
b - Can

you

speak

English?


10

Ne'u ddng tii vj ngir dugc bieu thi bing ddng tir BE hay ddng tii cd hai thanh
phan thi d dang cau hdi, ddng tii BE va thanh phin trg tir ciia ddng tii vj ngir
dugc chuyen len trudc chii the gay ra hanh ddng. Cung cd trudng hgp cac tac tu
bj tinh luge (khdng cd tac tu diing trudc chii the gay ra hanh ddng). Thf du :
You got many English books?
Ddi khi nhirng cau hdi nhu vay cd dang phu djnh de bieu thj su nghi ngd
hoac ngac nhien.Thf du :
Haven't you seen him yet?
- CAVi hdi dudi (Tag Question).
Loai cau hdi nay ddi hdi cau tra Idi co hoac khong, va gom mdt ve la dang
cau phii djnh, diing sau la trg tur dang khang djnh, hoac mdt ve la dang cau khing
djnh, diing sau la trg tur phu djnh, ciing cac dai tir nhan xung. Ngir dieu cau len
gigng d ve trudc va xudng gigng d ve sau.
a.You are tired, aren't you?
b. You

speak

English , don't

you?

2 - Cau hdi dac biet (cau hdi chiia dai tir nghi van - WH-Question).
Cau hdi nay bit diu bing mdt tir hdi vdi ngir dieu cau xudng gigng d cudi

cau. Trat tu tii ciing gid'ng nhu cau hdi t6ng quat, nhung tii hdi dugc dat trudc tac
tir (operator), ddng tir tinh thai (modal verb) hoac ddng tir BE true tiep lam vj
ngu.
a - Where do you live?
b - When

did

he

go

there?


11

Khi tii' hdi (dai tu nghi van WH-) la chii ngii* hay la bieu trung ddi vdi chii
ngir, thi trat tu tir trong loai cau hdi nay gidng nhu trat tu tii' ciia cau kd, va khdng
cd tir dao vi tri trong trat tu cau.
a - Who

lives in this

b - Whose pen

is on

room?
the

table?

3 - Cau hdi lira chgn (Alternative Question).
Loai cau hdi nay bad hieu su* lua chgn mdt trong hai ddi tugng trong cau hdi
va ngii di6u cau len gigng d phan dau, xudng gigng d phan ke't thiic cau.
Do

you

live

in the

town

or

in the

country?

4 - Cau hdi cd gia trj gian tiep.
Ngoai ba loai cau hdi ke tren, trong tieng Anh, cau hdi cd gia tri gian tiep
chiem mdt tan sua't ldn trong giao tiep hang ngay. Do la nhiing cau hdi cd tfnh
ciu khien hoac tfnh cam than ^ co tfnh khing djnh hoac tfnh phii djnh... Thf du:
a - Can you help me?
Anh cd the giiip tdi dugc khdng?
b - Would you like a cup of tea?
Cau mudn diing mot tach tra khdng?

c - Would you mind giving me a hand?
Khdng phi6n gi neu anh giiip tdi mot tay chii?
Nhiing cau hdi kieu nay dugc diing trong each giao tiep Ijch su, bay td su
nha nhan, Ijch thiep, bay td siic manh, trach nhiem hay dja vj xa hdi giira cac
thanh vien tham gia cudc thoai. Khdng chi cd vay, k^ ca each ndi Idng, bit Ijch
su ciing dugc sir dung trong cac ciu tnic tham thoai. Ta hay xem miic do cua mdt
hanh ddng dugc the hien nhu the nao:
a - Get up!


12

b - Get up. will you ?
c - Would you please get up?
d - Would you mind getting up?
e - Do you think you could get up?
f - Would you mind if I asked you to get up?
g - Wouldn't it be nice if you could perhaps get up?
Ciing mdt hanh ddng danh thiic ngirdi nao dd ngu day, ngudi phat ngdn cd
the dung cau ciu khid'n (dang menh lenh) hoac cac cau hdi cd gia trj ciu khien.
Miic do trong cac thf du tren co hieu lire giim din tur (a) den (g).
Loai cau hdi cd gia trj gian tie'p khdng nim trong pham vi khao sat cua luan
van nay.
12.13. Vdn de cdu hoi trong tieng Anh
1.2.1.3.1. Nhan xet chung
Neu gap nhirng cau hdi nhu:
1 .a. I should go the housing office now?
Tdi phai den phdng nha cira bay gid sao?
b. Go you to school here?
Anh di hgc d day a?

thi ngudi dugc hdi that di dang tra Idi: Yes (cd) hoac No (khdng), Ngudi ta ggi
hai dang nghi van nay la nhirng cau hdi yeu ciu tra Idi co hoac khong (Yes/No
question)'. Nhung ca hai cau hdi tren d6u khdng diing vdi dang cau hdi cd/khdng
thdng thudng, khdng dugc sir dung dien hinh khi ngudi ndi mudn xac nhan mot
lugng thdng tin da dugc cung cap. Dang cau hdi di6n dat y djnh cua ngudi ndi
mdt each thfch hgp nhit vdi cac trudng hgp nay se la: '
' Do cung la ly do vl sao lu^n van nay sir dung thu^t ngu cSu hoi c6/kh6ng cho loai cau hoi nay. Va tu
day chung toi sii dung thuat ngu nay cho loai cau hoi nay.


13

2.a. Should I go to the housing office now?
b. Do you go to school here?
Chiing tdi cho ring neu ca hai dang cau hdi nay diu diing ngir phap di chang
nira thi ngudi (la) da khdng tuan theo qui tic chuyen djch ddng tii* thfch hgp
quanh chii thi ciia hanh ddng (trong trudng hgp nay la should). Cdn ngudi (lb)
thi da van dung qui tic chuyen djch ddng tir qua miic bing each ap dung sai qui
tic ddi vdi vj ngir chfnh ciia cau. O cau phu djnh, trg ddng tir do-^not dugc sir
dung khi khdng dimg cac trg ddng tii khac. Thay vi ndi:
I go not to school here .
Ngudi ta lai ndi :
I do not (don't) go to school here.
Rat khd doan bie't ngudi thii* nhat da hinh thanh cau phii djnh nhu the nao,
nhung neu ngudi thii II nhat quan thi tir not nay se diing sau ddng tir vi ngii' chfnh.
Nhu vay khdng diing.
Trong cac cau hdi, tit ca cac menh de nghi van va phu djnh cd ddng tii chia
theo ngdi va sd d6u cin mdt ddng tir cd chiic nang nhu mdt tac tir trong bg phan
bien doi de trd thanh cau hdi hinh thiic. Ne'u bd phan bien ddi bao gdm mdt ddng
tir tinh thai kieu nhu should hay will thi ddng tii tinh thai ay chfnh la tac tii'. Neu

menh di cd dang phii djnh, tieu txx not bugc phai di theo tie tu nay, va thudng gin
lien vdi nd bing dang nit ngin - n't. Trong cau hdi, tac tu trd thanh trg dong tir
diing trudc, di chuydn quanh chu ngii*. Neu bg phan bien doi gdm ddng tii* d thi
qua khii hay hien tai thay the cho ddng tii tinh thai, thi mot ddng tii khac {did/do)
dugc dua vao vj trf tac ttr. Ne'u cum ddng tii gdm trg ddng tii thi hoan thanh nhu
have, hay trg dong tir thi tiep dien be, dang bi dong be, hay dong iii chinh he, thi
ba't ky tir nao trong s6 cac tii- do dung ben trai dong tir chinh deu dugc di chuyen


14

vao bd phan bie'n doi de trd thanh tac tii'. Tac tu kei hgp vdi yeu td chi thi ddng tii'
trong bd phan bien doi. Neu khdng cd ddng tii tinh thai va cum ddng tii khdng cd
ddng tu ket hgp, thi trg ddng tir do se dugc dua vao vi trf tac tu. Tac tii' do nay
ciing bie'n doi theo ddng tu, va trong cau phii djnh, tac tu do diing trudc ti6u tir
phu djnh not, hoac dugc gin lien vdi dang nit ggn -n't (don't/didn't). Khi cau
hdi la mdt cau hdi phii djnh, dang ngan -nt thudng hay dugc su dung han so vdi
dang nguyen not, va nd dugc di chuyen ciing tac tir.
Cau hdi dudi bao gdm menh d6 trin thuat va phan dudi dugc lay tii* mdt
phin cau hdi cd/khdng sang. Tie tu va thi ddng tir trong menh de trin thuat dugc
nhic lai d phin dudi cau hdi. Neu menh d6 tran thuat khdng cd tac tu, do dd thi
ddng tir dugc in djnh len vj ngir chfnh, thi do ciing bie'n ddi theo thi ddng tir dugc
sir dung d phin dudi cau hdi. Trong nhiing cau hdi dudi diing de hdi, neu ddng tu
thudc menh de trin thuat d dang khang djnh thi phin dudi cau hdi d dang phii
djnh va ngugc lai. Phin dudi phu djnh dugc diing d dang ngin -n't. Ddi khi dang
diy dii cua tieu tir phii djnh not dugc diing vdi ham y nhan manh. Neu menh de
trin thuat d dang khang djnh, ngudi ndi chd dgi cau tra Idi khang djnh. Neu
menh de trin thuat d dang phu djnh, ngudi ndi chd dgi cau tra Idi phu djnh. Thf
du:
a - You can't speak English, can you?

- No J can't.
b - They will come to us, won't they?
- YeSy they will.
Tieng Anh cd he thdng cau tnic cau hdi dudi phiic tap.


15

Cau hdi lira chgn la cac menh di nghi van dugc nd'i vdi nhau bang lien tii' or.
Nhiing menh di nay cd the giam sd lugng tir, giim tit ca cac tii' trong menh d6
sau lien tir or, tru' nhiing tir mang thdng tin ddi lap.
Tdm lai, trong tie'ng Anh cd nhiing qui tic hinh thiic thi hien tinh diing ngir
phap ciia mot cau hdi chfnh danh. Nhirng qui tic nay bao gdm: cac tac tir, khung
so dd chung va cac phep chuyen djch ddng tii.
1.2.1.3.2. Tac tir.
Tac tir (operator) la mdt loai cdng cu dugc dung de the hien cac hien tirgng
ngii nghia hoac ngii phap da dugc ngii phap hoa. Trong ngir phap hoa cau hdi
tieng Anh, cac tac tir cd nguon gdc tii ddng tir nhung dd la loai ddng tir ba chiic
nang
Ti'uac het, trong cac dang cau phu djnh, loai ddng tu nay diing trudc not
hoac ke't hgp vdi not khi da bj nit ngin thanh n't nhim the hien y nghia phu
djnh. Thf du:

•

- .

. . . .

a - O'Connor will not agree to this,

b - O'Connor has not agreed to this.
c - O'Connor wouldn't agree to this.
Thu hai, trong dang cau hdi colkhong, loai ddng tir nay cd kha nang chuyen
djch quanh chu ngii* va chiem vj trf diu tien ciia phat ngdn. Thf du:
Will O'Connor/OP/ agree to this?
Has O'Connor/OP/ agreed to this?
Wouldn't O'Connor/OP/ agree to this?
Ghi chu: Tir day/OP/trong cac thf du dung de chi lot cu cua tac tir trudc khi
chuyen djch ve vj tri diu tien trong phat ngdn khi da tra thanh cau hdi.


16

Tru' su khac nhau ve ngii' dieu, su xuat hien ciia mdt ddng tii' (nhung khdng
phai la ddng'tii' chfnh) trudc chii the ciia hanh ddng la mot dac diem chfnh de
phan biet cdu hoi cd/khdng vdi cac cau hdi tudng thuat khac ciia chiing.
Ddng tir vdi tu each mdt tac tir ciing cd the xuat hien d dudi cau hdi. Thf du
O'Connor will not agree to this, will he?
O'Connor has not agree to this, has he?
O'Connor would agree to this, woudn't he?
Dd chfnh la loai cau hdi duoi (tag questions). Ddng tir vdi cuang vi tac tir
ludn dugc chia theo ngdi, sd trong cau. Nd hoac la mot ddng tir tinh thai hoac la
mdt ddng tir dugc chia d cac thi hien tai hay qua khu'.
Chi cd mdt ngoai le trong tie'ng Anh My (American English) va hai ngoai le
khac trong tieng Anh Anh (British English). Do la khi chiing ta khing djnh ddng
tir da la tac tir thi khdng the diing vai trd nhu mdt ddng tir chfnh trong cau (vi
ngir). Chang han cau: He goes to Margate tonight co nhiing dang cau hdi
cd/khdng, cau phu djnh, va cau hdi dudi tuang ling sau day:
a. Does he go to Margate tonight?
Anh a'y den Margate chai tdi nay a?

b. He doesn't go to Margate tonight.
Anh ay khdng den Margate choi tdi nay.
c. He goes to Margate tonight, doesn't he?
Anh a'y den Margate chai tdi nay phai khdng?
Khi khdng cd mdt ddng tir khac ddng vai trd tac tir thi do dugc dimg thay
the'. Do dd nd cd chiic nang nhu mdt loai tac tir dugc dua vao khi khdng cd tir giii
chiic nang nay. Ngudi ta ndi dd la cac trudng hgp ngdai le: tao sinh dang phu
dinh va cdu hoi colkhong khi dieu kien la mdt menh de khdng cd kha nang chiia
mdt ddng tir nira mdt each phii hgp cho vai trd tac tu.


17

1.2.1.3.3. Cac tac tii' va cau tnic so dd cau hdi chinh danh.
1- Cau hdi cd/khong (Yes/No Question).
Nhu da trinh bay d tren, trong cac cau tnic so dd, bat ky tac tu nao ciing
nim trong mot ket cau cd bien td va deu phai chia theo ngdi va sd. Neu bien td ay
bao gdm mdt ddng tir tinh thai, thi dd chfnh la tac tir. Neu bg phan bao gdm chi
cd ddng tir d thi hien tai hay d thi qua khii, thi nd khdng cd ddng tir phii hgp ddng
vai trd la tac tir. Va thi cua ddng tii' chi dan gian dugc ket hgp vdi ddng tir di sau
nd. Tuy nhien, ne'u cum ddng tir bao gdm cac ddng tir khac ben canh ddng tir lam
vj ngir chfnh, thi ddng tir d vj trf diu tien dugc chgn va trd thanh tac tir. Do dd,
neu cum ddng tir bao gdm ddng tii the hoan thanh have, ddng tir the tiep dien be
hay ddng tir the bj ddng be, thi ddng tir nay phai bien dang theo thi cua ddng tir
neu nd diing d vj tri diu tien ciia cum ddng tir.
Trong cau phu djnh, ddng tu* - tac tir chi dan giin chuyen djch tir cum ddng
tir den vj tri trong bd phan bien dang theo thi va nhu vay, nd chuyen djch ve phfa
trai ciia tieu tir phu djnh not. Dudi day la ciu tnic so dd dugc dan gian hoa ciia
cau Has he visited Snodgrassl
S'

S'.
Comp

PreD.P
NP
VP

N'

J6

N

(+ Finite)

V

he

PRESENT

have
(-en)

VP
visit
AG

Snodgrass
TH

(Saddl~[30])
-DAi H C C C O C :. -.':/. M^ ' X''i

TRUiiGTAMTiirii'Gli^J

L^

.„fi

wiir-^^


s

Do ta can phai phan biet cau hoi voi cau tuong thual thong IJTU'ong, nen
chiing toi da su dung mot cai nut moi Q (danh cho cau hoi) va dai no vao vi irf
mot true S cao hoii. Nut moi nay rai can thiei cho cac loai menh de khac. Co the
cho r^ng tat ca cac menh d6 deu co nut moi nhu vay ma nhung nut nay con chua
CO ky hieu trCr khi su dung cho cau hoi.
Vi khong co tac tu trong bo phan bien to doi voi cau duoc mo ta trong so 66
tren, nen trg dong tir have dugc chuyen den bg phan nay, tro thanh tac tu, nhu
dugc mo ta trong so do duoi day:

S'

s;
Comp

NP

PreD.P

r

N'
N

(+ Finite)
V

^

he PRESENT have
(-en)

/OP/

visit

Snodgrass

AG

TH

(Sad62-[30])
Phu to "-en" cin phai dugc ket hgp vdi ddng tir chfnh diing ke tiep sau dong
tir - tac tir, trong khi phin phu td chi thi cua ddng tir va dang ddng tii* cung bien
doi theo. De cau tao mdt cau hdi diing ngir-phap, tac tir dugc dua den lot (khe

trong) cua bd ngii hoa. Cd the coi su* thay ddi nay la viec di chuyen tu cd chiic
nang len phfa trudc (ben trai). Dudi day la so dd ket qua:


19

S'
S'.
Comp

PreD.P

NP
/+Finite/

N'
N

has

I
he

/OP/

visited
AG

Snodgrass
TH

(Sadd3'[30])
Khi mdt bd ngir hoa lai dugc djnh vj chfnh vao lot (khe trdng), thi khdng the
di chuyen len vi tri phfa trudc dugc. Dd chfnh la nguyen nhan tai sao cau hdi
cd/khdng chem (Embeded questions) khdng cd ddng tir - tac tir diing trudc chu
ngii cua chiing: Bo sung td whether xuit hien trong cau hdi cd/khdng gian tiep da
lam cho ddng tir - tac tir could khdng the chuyen len phfa trudc. Thf du:
The witness asked whether he could look at the drawing once more.
Dd la ly do tai sao cau dudi day lai la cau klidng diing ngir phap:
The witness asked whether could he look at the drawing once more.
Tuy nhien, ban than cau "Could he look at the drawing once more ?" lai vin
la cau diing ngir phap khi nd khdng chem vao m.dt cau nao khac.
C) nhirng cau ma mot ddng tir phii hgp cho vai trd tac tir khdng the xuit hien,
tham chf ciing khdng cd ca den hai ddng tii hay gap nhat la have va be thi vai trd
tac tir se dugc do dam nhiem. Thf du:
a. Was the world economy seriously affected by the new tariffs'^