Yếu tố dân gian và yếu tố Bác học trong kịch bản chèo : Luận án PTS. Văn học: 5 04 07

BO GIAO O y C VA OAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC GIA IIA NO I
TIIUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

T r a n Dinh Ngon

YEU T O DAN GIAN VA YEU T O BAG H O C
TRONG

KICH

BAN C H E O

ChuyGn nguiih : Van hoc dan gian
Ma so : 50407
LUAN AN P H O TIEN SI KHOA HOC NGIJ VAN
Nguoi huong dan khoa hoc

Gido 6i/. TRAN BANG
P1L<> gido ^u, PTS L E CHI QUE

•J^^^T^

T'.^

K
HA NOI - 199G

0

MUC LUC
Trang
PHAN MO DAU

5

Chucmg I
Yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hgc trong qua trinh
hinh t h a n h va phat trien cua kich ban Cheo

15

I. Kich ban Cheo thuo so khai va su xuat hien
yeu to' dan gian.

15

II. Su xuat hien yeu to' bac hpc

21

III. Su xuat hien cac tac gia doc lap trong viec
sang tac kich ban Cheo va xu huong "bac hpc hoa".

23

IV. Yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban
Cheo nhung nam gan day.

29

Chuomg I I
Su ket hop giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc
trong kich ban Cheo

34

I. Su ket hgp yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc
trong to chixc ket cau kich ban Cheo.

35

II. Su ket hgp yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc
trong xay dung nhan vat

40

III. Su ket hgp hai yeu to' trong van hpc Cheo

54

IV. Su mau thuan trong moi quan he giua yeu to
dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo
Chuomg III
Van de ket hgp yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc

71


Trang

trong kich ban Cheo mod

76

I. Sir ket hgp ye'u to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong
kich ban Cheo eai luong

78

II. S u ket hgp yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hgc
trong kich ban Cheo tu 1950 den nay.

86

III. S u hue thiet phai ket hgp yeu to dan gian va
yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo

112

IV. Kich ban Cheo hien dai - Kich ban Cheo
chuyen nghiep mang phong each dan gian

127

Ket l u a n

132

Tai lieu t h a m k h a o

137

QUY U O C TRINH BAY
1. Ve y nghia

cdc ky hieu :
NXB. N h a x u a t ban
H. H a Npi

2. Chu thick

: D a n h dau (-)

3. Cdc tdi lieu tham
tham

khdo,

khdo

vai so thu

so tdi lieu

vd so trang

trick dan duijc ghi trong phdn

tic tic 1 den

108. Khi

trick

ddn

trong dau [ J. Vi du [101: tr.70]

tdi

lieu

duoc

gki


PHAN MO DAU
,^ . «
1. Ly do chon de
tai

Nghe t h u a t Cheo da tung trai qua nhung chang duong dai cua
qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien, tung dat tod nhung dinh cao
nghe thuat vod nhung tac pham tieu bieu, trong do c6 nhung trich
doan ngoi len nhu nhung vien ngpc quy : Thi Mdu len chiia^
Van gia

dai,

Tudn

ty - Ddo Hue, Xd truang

Siiy

- Me Dop^ va

nhixng manh He Cheo doc dao.
Trong qua trinh van dung hinh thuc san khau Cheo vao de
tai hien dai, mang npi dung mod, nhung nguoi lam Cheo da dat
dugc nhung thanh t u u dang ke ve mat npi dung phan anh va
t u tuong tac pham, gop phan vao viec phuc vu cong cuoc each
mang giai phong dan toe va xay dung xa hoi mod. Nhung ve
mat hpc thuat, nhung nguoi lam Cheo da phai vua lam vua tim
toi nghien cuu va thuc nghiem da khong t r a n h khoi nhung sai
lam mang tinh tat yeu.
Ngay nay, trong co che thi truang xoa bo bao cap, san khau Cheo
chuyen nghiep va ke ca Cheo trong phong trao san k h a u khong
chuyen cua quan chung ciing deu gap kho khan Ian ve nguon von
dau t u cho xay dung va dien va su chuyen bien cua thi hieu khan
gia. Da tung co nhieu nguoi cho rang nghe t h u a t Cheo khong con
thich hgp vod nguoi xem hom nay, chi nen xep vao bao tang. Cac
doan Cheo chuyen nghiep mat dan khan gia, dan tod trinh trang
khung hoang va c6 khi be tac ve phuong huong.
De giai quyet nhung be tac cua Cheo truoc tinh hinh kho khan,
nhieu nguoi da di tim each khac phuc, thao go 6 co che quan ly


khoan san pham trong viec dan dung va mod va khi di bieu dien

doanh thu. Co nguoi tiep tue di theo khuynh huong "eai tien", "each
tan" Cheo bang nhung thu phap nghe thuat cua kich noi, eai luong
va kich h a t phuong Tay. Co nguoi lai yeu cau nha nuac bao cap
hoan toan cho cac doan Cheo. Ba each lam tren deu khong phat
trien dugc Cheo, chi dam chan tai cho hoae lam m a t di n h u n g dae
trung CO ban cua nghe thuat Cheo.
Cach giai quyet dung dan nhat la tu thuc tien cua san khau
Cheo phai di sau nghien cuu khoa hpc co ban ve Cheo de tu do
n i t ra dugc nhung van de ly luan de roi lai t u ly luan van dung
vao boat dpng thuc tien. Muon tim dugc huong di dung dan cho
Cheo hien dai, dieu quan trpng truoc het la phai hieu dugc mot
each thau dao nhung ddc trung co ban trong ngon ngu nghe

thuat

cua Cheo, nam vung phuong phdp sang tac truyen tkong vd viec su
dung cdc thu phdp nghe thuat trong phuong phdp sang tac do n h u
the nao. Hieu biet co ban va sau sac ve Cheo truyen thong la mot
yeu cau tat yeu doi vod nguoi thua ke di san san khau cua cha
ong, va doi vod ca nhung nguoi thuong thuc. Thuc tien cua dod song
san khau hom nay cang thiic day yeu cau do, doi hoi n h u n g nguoi
lam Cheo cang phai quan tarn. De tiep noi vao qua trinh nhan thuc
ve Cheo va gop phan giai quyet nhung be tac ve phuong huong
nghe t h u a t trong qua trinh sang tao vo dien mod o cac Doan Cheo,
chung toi chpn de tai Yeu to ddn gian
kich

ban

vd yeu to bdc hpc^

trong

Cheo. Van de ket hgp yeu to dan gian va bac hpc trong

cac tac pham cac loai hinh von nam trong ban chat cua van hpc
nghe thuat, le ra khong can phai ban tod. nhung thuc tien san khau


Cheo vod nhung kho khan liing tung, va sai lac da khien cho van
de tror nen buc xuc, cap nhat can phai di sau tim hieu de khang
dinh lai ve ly luan va gop phan xac dii;ih huong di cho Cheo hien
dai. Mong sao de tai nay vua dugc dong gop vao viec tim hieu
nhung van de co ban cua san khau Cheo, vua c6 y nghia thuc tien
gop dugc phan nao vao cong cuoc chan hung nen san khau dan toe.
Do Cling la muc dich khoa hpc ma luan an nay huong toi.
2. Lich s u van de.
•

De tai Yeu to ddn

gian

vd yeu to bdc hgc trong

kich

ban

Cheo la mot van de quan trpng trong to chixc ket cau cua kich ban

Cheo ma cac nha nghien cuu truoc day chua co dip di sau vao tim
hieu. Tuy vay, mot so' cong t n n h nghien cuu buoc dau ve Cheo cua
cac nha nghien cuu Cheo: Tran Bang, Ha Van Cau, Hoang Kieu,
Tran Viet Ngu, Nguyen Thi Nhung, Nguyen Tat Thang, Tran Tri
Trie... va mot so' bai viet cua cac nha viet kich Long Chuong, Tran
Huyen Tran da dat nhung nen mong dau tien cho cong tac nghien
cuu ly luan ve Cheo, gpd ma ra nhieu van de co ban cua Cheo.
Trong cac cong trinh nghien cuu ve Cheo da cong bo', tuy chua c6
cong trinh nao de cap tod su ket hgp giua yeu to dan gian va yeu
to' bac hpc trong ket cau cua kich ban Cheo, nhung hau het cac
cong trinh di truoc da it nhieu noi toi tinh chat dan gian va tinh
chat bac hpc trong van chuong Cheo, trong nghe t h u a t bieu dien
cua Cheo va coi tinh chat dan gian, tinh chat bac hpc nhu la thupc
tinh pham chat cua san khau Cheo. Trong Qua trinh
vd phat

trien

cua

nghe

thuat

Cheo

hinh

thanh

Pho giao su Ha Van Cau

cho rang "nghe thuat Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe thuat dan gian


do nong dan sang tao ra de tu thuc hien minh trong xa hoi va tra
lai phuc vu cho giai cap minh. Trong napt chung muc n h a t dinh,
giai cap phong kien vod tu tuong phat giao ciing da dat tay vao
Cheo va su dung Cheo nhu mot cong eu tinh than cua giai cap do"
[11: tr.21] Ngoai y nghia chinh cua no, doan van tren ciing da gian
tiep noi den su hien dien cua tinh chat dan gian do nguoi nong
dan dem vao Cheo va chung muc nhat dinh co tinh chat bac hpc
do tang lop nho si phong kien dem vao Cheo. Trong Lich
khau

su

san

Viet Nam Nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu da trich dan

y kien cua Giao su Tran Bang khi noi chuyen ve Cheo n h u sau :
"Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe thuat tong hgp, bat nguon t u kho
tang van nghe dan gian phong phii va r a t co xua cua dat nuoc,
lay dan ca dan vu lam nen tang, the hien su hgp tac ly thu giua
hai luong van hpc co dien va dan gian" [80: tr.355]. Tuy mod chi
de cap tod "su hgp tac" giira "hai luong van hpc co dien va dan
gian" (nghia la tren hinh dien van hpc), nhung giao su Tran Bang
ciing da cho rang do la mot "su hgp tac ly thii" ! Den Cheo - Mot
hien

tuong

sdn khau

ddn toe [5], giao su Tran Bang lai viet :

"Cheo ra dod sau, bang each tiep thu phuong phap nghe t h u a t cua
Tuong, phong theo cau true eiia Tuong, lay kho tang van nghe dan
gian cua luu vuc song Hong lam chat lieu, lam xuong thit ma tao
thanh". [5: tr.25]. Nhu vay, duong nhien trong Cheo da c6 su ket
hgp giixa yeu to' bac hpc (the hien bang phuong phap nghe thuat
cua Tuong, mot hinh thuc san khau co dien) va yeu to dan gian
(the hien bang su tiep thu kho tang van nghe dan gian lam chat
lieu, lam xuong thit). Giao su Tran Bang ciing khang dinh quy luat


tat yeu cua Cheo la phai tu dan gian len chuyen nghiep (mang tinh
bac hoc). "O Cheo, nghe thuat dan gian da phat trien, tra thanh
nghe t h u a t san khau a binh dien dan toe, co chuan muc vung vang
ve phuong phap nghe thuat, ve cac khau ky t h u a t hat, miia, va
nghe t h u a t bieu diln. Va chinh nhung nghe si chuyen nghiep co
ban lanh cua nghe thuat san khau nay da truyen lai cho chiing ta
nhung di san quy bau, do la nghe thuat Cheo cua ngay hom nay".
[5: tr.45]. Hai nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu va Hoang Kieu
cho rang "Dae tinh irng dien nay sinh trong hoan canh ma nhixng
nguoi sang tao ra Cheo eon chua lam chu cuoc dod, bieu 16 su khong
thong nhat ve each dat van de giua kich ban (co su thong qua sua
ehiia ciia phong kien) vod nghe nhan (va nguod xem)" [80: tr.365]
va "Su quan he giua tinh tich dien va tinh ung dien trong nghe

t h u a t Cheo (co), do tir nguyen nhan mau thuan giua nguoi viet kich
ban (nho si) va nguod dien (nong dan lao dpng) lam noi len mot
nguyen tac khong the bo qua, la su ket hgp giua eai hi va eai hai
trong Cheo (ed)" [80: tr.364]. O day, hai tac gia da de cap den moi
quan he giua tinh ung dien cua mieng tro ngoai tich vod tinh on
dinh cua than tro do "bac tho" da viet va neu ra su mau t h u a n
gdira hai tinh chat ay, dong thod cho rang su ket hgp giiia eai bi
va eai hai o trong Cheo la he qua tat yeu cua mau t h u a n giua
tinh tich dien va tinh ung dien (theo each noi ciia hai nha nghien
cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu - Hoang Kieu). Nhixng n h a n dinh tren da
god cho ta nghi den su bat cap o mot mat nao do trong moi quan
he giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo.
Trong mot bai tong ket Hoi thao ve Cheo, giao su Dinh Quang cho

E


rang: "Ve mau sac dan gian ^ Cheo hom nay da boat dpng theo
phuong thuc chuyen nghiep bac hoc, nhung van dam mau sac dan
gian. Do do ma chat dan gian ciia Cheo van la net chu dao, la ban
chat" [90: t r . l 0 8 ] T r a n Due Tri cung cho rang: "Cheo ra doi khi ma
nen van hpc nghe thuat dan gian cua dong bang Bac bp Viet Nam
da dugc phat trien manh me, toan dien. No dan dan hoan thien
trong qua trinh ra doi cua nen van hpc viet bang chu Nom va sau
do tra t h a n h mot loai hinh san khau tong hop co kha nang dong
hoa nhuan nhuyen hai dong van hpc nghe thuat dan gian va bac
hpc trong do yeu to' dan gian lam chinh the tao t h a n h dae dinh
dan gian cho Cheo" [104: tr.24]. De khang dinh ban chat van hpc
ciia kich h a t truyen thong, Pho giao su Tat Thang da dan Tao Mat
lam vi du tieu bieu cho tinh bac hpc va xu the bac hpc hoa trong

sang tac kich ban Cheo: "Tinh chat Ipc, tinh hinh tugng va dae biet
la tinh tham thiiy (y tai ngon ngoai) cung vod sir hom hinh den
sac sao va mot eai hon, eai than, eai ky dieu cua tarn hon nghe si
pha vao nghe thuat ngon tu ay da lam nen gia tri van hpc va ban
sac trpn ciing khong Ian cua ngon ngu Tao Mat". [94: tr.70] Tong
hgp t u nhixng y kien rai rac va so bp ve yeu to dan gian va yeu
to' bac hpc trong Cheo^ ta van c6 the di den mot nhan thuc rang
cac nha nghien cuu Cheo da gpd mo ra mot van de kha co ban va
ly thii cua san khau Cheo. Do la trong Cheo co su ket hgp giua
yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc va six ket hgp nay co khi hai
hoa "ly thii" (nhu y kien cua giao su Tran Bang), lai co khi "mau
thuan", "khong tho'ng nhat" (nhu nhan dinh ciia hai nha nghien ciiu
Cheo Tran Viet Ngu - Hoang Kieu). Tren ca so ciia lich su van de


nhu vay, luan an nay se di sau nghien cuu ve six hinh thanh cua
yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo tim hieu
su ket hgp ciia hai yeu to' ay a ca hai chieu thuan va nghich de
di tod chung minh luan diem cho rang trong Cheo moi, muon
duoc dae trung co ban cua Cheo truyen thong thi nhat thiet

giit
phai

CO su ket hop hai hoa giua yeu to dan gian vd yeu to bdc hoc.

3. Phuong phap nghien ciru
Doi vod van hpc dan gian, tu truoc tod nay da co nhieu phuong
phap nghien cuu dugc van dung. Moi phuong phap deu co nhixng
uu diem va ban che nhat dinh truoc moi de tai eu the, doi vod cac

loai hinh khac nhau trong van hpc dan gian, va a cac nuoc, cac
vung mien khac nhau trong mot nuoc. Vod de tai Yeu to ddn
vd yeu to bdc hoc trong

kich

ban

gian

Cheo, nghien cuu sinh nhan

thay khong the ap dung hoan toan mot phuong phap san co nao,
cang khong the chi ap dung mot phuong phap duy nhat, nhu da
thay trong cac cong trinh nghien cuu van hpc dan gian, bod vi :
kich ban Cheo tuy nam trong the loai van hpc kich co yeu to' dan
gian, nhung khong thuan tiiy la van hpc dan gian. Them nua, kich
ban van hpc tuy la mot tac pham van hpc o mot the loai dae biet
nhung no luon luon dupe gan chat vod nghe thuat bieu dien va phai
the hien minh qua nghe thuat bieu di§n. Rieng kich hat, kich ban
van hpc ngoai nghe thuat bieu dien, con phai dugc "the hien minh"
qua nhixng Ian dieu hat va nhung khuon miia nua. Do dae diem
ciia doi tugng nghien cuu (kich ban Cheo) ma phuong phap nghien
cuu phai dugc xac dinh cho thich hpp, dam bao tinh khoa hpc, giiip
cho nguod nghien ciiu nhan thuc diing dugc doi tugng, tiep can dupe
•\

10

chan ly khach quan. Tren co so ciia nhan thuc luan bien chung
Mac-xit, nghien cuu sinh xac dinh phuong phap luan khi nghien
cuu de tai ciia luan an nay la : Nghien
bien

chiingy

lich

ciiu

de tdi

mot

each

su, cu the. Nhu vay, phai nghien cixu cac kich

ban Cheo trong qua trinh van dpng va phat trien ciia san khau
Cheo, dat cac tac pham vao dung thai diem ra dod va ton tai ciia
chiingj xem xet tung kich ban va he thong kich ban de riit ra
nhixng n h a n dinh chung nhat. Day chinh la van dung phuong

phdp

lich su, coi do la phuong phap chii yeu va ket hgp vod mot so
phuong phap khac.
Nghien cuu van de yeu to dan gian vd yeu to bdc hoc trong kich
ban Cheo tue la nghien cuu hai yeu to tham gia cau tkdnk

kick

ban Cheo, .tue la nghien cuu hai yeu to trong to chiic ket cau vat
chat cuo kien tuong sdn khau Cheo, vd nhu vay, duong nkien
dat de tdi nghien cuu vao trong pham

phai

tru hinh tkuc (ciia su vat,

hien tugng, theo quan diem triet hpc bien chung Mac-xit). Tuy vay,
khi nghien cuu yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong hinh thuc
kich ban Cheo, khong tach rod khoi npi dung phan anh ciia san
khau Cheo, khong tach rod nghe thuat bieu dien, mot dae thii ciia
van hpc kich.
4. Gidi han pham vi de tai va khai niem thuat ngir
a) De tai Yeu to ddn gian

vd yeu to bdc hgc trong

kich

ban

Cheo CO the dugc nghien cuu a cac giac dp khac nhau, cap dp khac
nhau, pham vi khac nhau. Trong luan an nay, nghien cuu sinh chi
xin h a n che de tai trong pham vi nhu sau :
- Chi nghien cuu yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc va su ket
11

hgp cua hai yeu to nay trong kich

ban

Cheo, khong mo rpng ra

pham vi san khau Cheo, mot loai hinh nghe thuat tong hgp ma
ngoai van hpc, con co cac ngon ngix nghe thuat thanh phan khac
nhu am nhae, my thuat, miia, va nhat la nghe thuat bieu dien.
- Chi nghien cuu su hinh thanh yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac
hoc trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia kich ban Cheo,
chung minh tinh tat yeu phai co su ket hgp giua hai yeu to' nay
trong kich ban Cheo mod. Nghia la chi nghien cuu hai yeu to nay
trong viec tham gia cau thanh kick ban (the hien a ca ba khau ciia
mot kich ban la ket cau, nhan vat, lod doi thoai). Luan an khong
de cap tod each thuc tao ra hai yeu to nay cho kich ban Cheo, cung
khong di vao ban chat ciia tung yeu to ma trong do npi dung ciia
yeu to' nay da ham chua mot phan nao tinh chat ciia yeu to' kia.
b; Ddn gian

va bdc hgc la hai danh tu da tham gia cau t h a n h

nhung t h u a t ngu khoa hpc nhu van hoa ddn gian,
gian,

tinh

hgc.v.v....

chat

ddn

gian,

van

hgc

bdc

hgc,

van hgc
tinh

chat

ddn
bdc

ma moi thuat ngu lai dupe mang nhung npi dung khai

niem khac nhau do each hieu, each noi khac nhau ciia cac nha khoa
hpc, cac truang phai nghien cuu ly luan trong van hpc nghe t h u a t .
Trong luan an nay, danh tu ddn gian

va danh t u bdc hgc

ghep vod danh tu yeu to de tao thanh hai thuat ngu yeu to
gian

va yeu

to bdc

hgc

dupe
ddn

vod npi dung khai niem xin dugc hieu

nhu sau :
- Tu dien

Tieng

Viet

do Hoang Phe ehii bien, NXB Khoa hpc

xa hoi xuat ban nam 1988 da dinh nghia 'Yeu

to'' la bp phan tham

gia cau thanh mot su vat, hien tugng". O day, bp phan tham gia

1&


cau thanh kich ban Cheo la nhung six kien, tinh tiet, tinh each
nhan vat, lod van doi thoai. Yeu to ddn gian

gom nhixng six kien,

tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each lod do'i thoai, ca tu dugc nhan thuc,
danh gia, chpn lixa theo t u duy dan gian chat phae hon nhien va
luon CO xu huong huyen thoai hoa, dong thod dugc trinh bay theo
phong each dan gian binh di trong sang hon nhien va c6 xu huong
ky hoa (la hoa). Con yeu to bdc hgc gom nhung six kien, tinh tiet,
mau sac tinh each, lod do'i thoai, ca tix dugc nhan thuc, danh gia,
chpn lua theo t u duy bac hpc tong hgp khai quat t u kien thiic sach
vo va trai nghiem cuoc song, dong thai dugc trinh bay theo phong
each bac hgc ham siic, co dpng, mang tinh triet luan va y nghia
giao huan.
Vod gdod h a n npi dung khai niem tren day, khi noi c6 su xuat
hien yeu to bdc hgc trong kich ban Cheo nghia la c6 six xuat hien
mot bp phan tham gia cau thanh kich ban Cheo bao gom cac su
kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan thuc, danh
gia,chpn lua theo tu duy bac hpc, dong thod dugc trinh bay theo
each bac hpc ; Khi noi c6 six ket hgp giixa yeu to dan gian va yeu
to^ bac hpc nghia la co six ket hpp cua mot bp phan six kien, tinh
tie't, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lua
theo t u duy dan gian, trinh bay theo phong each dan gian voi mot
bp ph'an six kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan
thuc, danh gia chpn lua theo tu duy bac hoc, trinh bay theo phong
each bac hpc.

Xin dugc luu y rang, trong luan an nay, nghien cuu sinh khong
dong nhat p h u o n g thuc s a n g tac dan gian vod yeu to ddn

gian,

khong dong nhat phuong thuc sang tac ca the t h a n h v a n con
gpi la p h u o n g t h u c bac h g c vod yeu
13

to bdc hgc.

Phuong thuc


sang tac dan gian chi la dieu kien nay sinh va phat trien yeu to
dan gian, va phuong thuc sang tac ca the thanh van chi la dieu
IF

kien nay sinh va gia tang yeu to bac hoc trong kich ban Cheo ma
thoi. Voi quan niem tren, c6 the co mot kich ban Cheo la tac pham
van hpc kich thanh van ciia mot tac gia huu danh nao do ma khong
CO yeu to dan gian, tham chi khong co ca yeu to' bac hpc, va chae
chan no khong the dugc gpi la mot kich ban Cheo thuc thu.
5. Bo' cue cua iuan an

- Phan mo dau : Noi ve muc dich, y nghia, ly do chpn de tai,
lich su van de, phuong phap nghien cuu gioi han de tai va khai
niem thuat ngix, trinh bay bo cue luan an.
- Chuong I : Trinh bay qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia
yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong qua trinh hinh thanh va

phat trien ciia kich ban Cheo.
- Chuong II : Trinh bay six ket hpp ciia yeu to' dan gian va yeu
to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo tu khau to chixc ket cau qua khau
xay dung tinh each nhan vat den khau lod ca, lod thoai. Thong qua
nghien cuu ve su ket hgp ay ma khang dinh ve tarn quan trpng
ciia no trong kich ban Cheo,
- Chuong III : Khao sat ve six ket hgp cua yeu to' dan gian
va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo Mod de chung minh rang
trong kich ban Cheo hien dai, nhat thiet phai co six ket hpp
cua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc, va nhu vay mod dam
bao giu dugc nhung dae trung ngon ngu nghe t h u a t mang phong
each Cheo truyen tho'ng.
- P h a n ket luan : Khai quat toan bp tinh than luan an.

14


Chuong I
YEU TO DAN GIAN VA YEU TO BAG HOC TRONG QUA
TRINH HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA KjCH BAN CHEO
I. KjCH BAN CHEO THUO SO KHAI VA SLT XUAT HIEN YEU TO DAN GIAN

Trong Qua trinh
cheo

hinh

thdnh

vd phat

trien

cua nghe

thuat

[11], pho giao su Ha Van Cau da bang cu vao nhieu tu lieu

t h u tich CO de chung minh "Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe t h u a t dan
gian do nong dan sang tao ra de tu thuc hien minh va tra lai phuc
vu cho giai cap minh" [11: tr.21] "Cheo hinh t h a n h tren co so tro
nhai va miia h a t dan gian. Do la dae trung rat ca ban cua Cheo
va dong thai dae trung do r a t Viet Nam". [11: tr.21]
Co the phai dpi den thod Tran, vod six du nhap ciia tap kich doi
Nguyen vao nuoc ta qua nguoi tu binh - thay tuong Ly Nguyen
Cat, Cheo mod that su co nhung vo dien hoan chinh. Nhung ciing
r a t CO the "ngay t u buoi dau, nghe thuat Cheo da mau chong mang
tinh t u SIX ke chuyen tren co so tro jihai". [11: tr.21] Do chinh la
nhixng tich Cheo tu thuo so khai.
Vay t u tro nhai va miia hat dan gian Cheo da dugc hinh t h a n h
n h u the nao ?
Cung gan gui voi gia thuyet ciia pho giao su Ha Van Cau nha
nghien cuu Cheo, Vu Khac Khoan trong cuon 'Tim hieu

sdn

khau

Cheo*' [46] cung cho rang "Cheo la ket qua ciia su phat trien lien

tue ciia nen ca vu thuan tiiy dan toe tu hinh thuc mot nghi le co
SO vuan tod mot hinh thuc san k h a u biet lap va dich thuc". [46: tr.65]
phan tich ky cang hinh thuc Cheo dua link

15

trong nghi le an tang


nguod mat theo phong tue co xua, nha nghien cuu Cheo Vu Khac
Khoan da chi ro su xuat hien phan "bpi" (phan tich truyen dan
gian them vao) trong Cheo dua tinh.

Do la six manh nha ciia mot

hinh thuc san khau, cung la buoc phoi thai chuyen tiep t u dien
xuong dan gian sang san khau dan gian, giong n h u t u nghi le te
t h a n rugu nho sang san khau co dai Hy Lap.
Vod t h a n h t u u nghien cuu ciia hai tac gia tren, di sau nghien
cuu qua trinh t u tro nhai va miia hat dan gian san khau Cheo
dugc hinh t h a n h qua nghi thuc cheo dua linh, cho thay six xuat
hien nhan vat "tong thuong" (mot nguod h a n h le) tach ra khoi dan
ba trao (nhung nguoi cheo thuyen bat nha) de doc bach, ciing n h u
SIX xuat hien nhan vat dau tien tach ra khoi dan dong ca trong
nghi le te t h a n rugu nho Dionysos. Cheo dua

linh t u mot to khiic

cac bai van ca da bat dau mang tinh ke chuyen.
Do nhu cau keo dai phan dien xuong trong nghi le tang ma de

thay cho ken tho va tieng khoc thau canh ciia tang quyen, n h u n g
nguod dien xuong cheo dua

linh

da tang them phan bpi toi muc

phai hinh t h a n h mot cau chuyen ke tach r a khoi to khiic van ca
dua linh. Co le liic dau cau chuyen ke nay chi dugc nhan vat tong
thuong thuc hien bang doc thoai, sau do chinh nhan vat tong thuong
nay da tie'p thu loi dien tro nhai trong dan gian de vua ke chuyen
vua bieu dien minh hoa. Sau do, tien len mot buoc cao hon la them
n h u n g nhan vat khac xuat hien va tich dien gian don nhat da dugc
hinh t h a n h . N h u n g tich dien chae chan da dugc nhung nguod den
chia buon ciing tang quyen huong ung, va ho da tro t h a n h n h u n g
k h a n gia nhiet tinh cd vu cho phan bpi nay phat trien m a n h hon.

16


Nguod xem keo den cang dong theo da phat trien ciia cac tich dien
ngoai nghi le. Six dong diic cua cong dong a nha chu tang cang
tang them danh gia hoac niem an lii cho tang quyen. Vi vay cac
chii tang cang khuyen khich cac phuong cheo dua linh gia tang cac
tich dien ngoai phan nghi le. Den mot liic nao do, cac phuong ganh
chuyen dien xuong cheo dua linh ay dugc gpi la phuong

cheo

bgu

Trong phan "bpi", de trinh dien cac tich chuyen dii la con don
gian, cac phuong cheo bpi da phai van dung cac dieu dan ca de be
i a n n a n d i e u cho phu hop voi tinh huong va tarn trang n h a n vat
n h u each noi ngay nay, bod vi a day khong the diing lai cac dieu
van ca

trong Cheo dua

linh

dugc nua. Miia ciing khong the chi

diing nhixng dpng tac minh hoa cheo thuyen bat nha ma phai bd
sung them nhung dpng tac minh hoa nhung h a n h vi sinh hoat va
dpng tac lao dpng gian don cua nguoi trong chuyen ke. The la miia
dan gian n h u xudn

phd,

miia

bongv.v...

da dugc tiep thu va eai

bien cho phu hgp vod cac cix chi, hanh vi ciia cac vai dien trong
tich tro.
Khi nhieu tich tro da dugc trinh dien doc lap tach khoi nghi thuc
cheo dua linh, thi phan "bpi" da tu nghe t h u a t dien xuong dan gian

t r a t h a n h mot hinh thuc san k h a u va doi hoi can ban doi voi no
la phai trinh dien (bat chuac) dugc hanh

dong

ciia nguoi trong

chuyen. Nguod dien tro khong the dung lai o muc su dung nhiirng
dpng tac dua day phu hoa cho lod hat van ca ciia cheo dua linh
ma n h a t thiet phai dien ta (bat chuoc) n h u n g cu chi, h a n h vi cua
cac nhan vat, nghia la phai trinh bay tich chuyen bang nghe t h u a t
bieu dien san khau. The la mot mat cac nghe nhan cheo bpi bat

17

J


chuoc cac nguyen mau a ngoai dod, mot mat khac tiep thu ngay
n h u n g t h a n h qua ciia tro nhai dan gian ca ve khuon mau va kinh
nghiem. Co the noi : Phan "bpi" ciia cheo

dua

linh

chinh la nod

gap go ket hgp dau tien giixa nghe thuat bieu dien kieu tro
va miia

hdt

ddn

gian

nhai

dugc be Ian nan dieu de tro t h a n h mot

hinh t h u c kich h a t tach khoi nghi le tang ma, bieu dien doc lap
trong cac dip hoi he, trong cac le khanh ha, trong cac cuoc khao
vpng, hay trong cac cuoc sinh hoat van hoa a lang que.
Tren day la dai luge qua trinh hinh thanh san khau Cheo a thuo
so khai. S u hinh t h a n h cac tich dien cung dong thoi keo theo six
hinh t h a n h kich ban trong eai thuo ban dau. Ciing vod tich dien,
kich b a n da dugc hinh thanh mot each tu phat, bod vi nguod nghe
si dan gian xua chua he co khai niem kich ban. Do nhu cau ke
chuyen bang nghe thuat bieu dien, nguod nghe si dan gian da phai
tao d u n g mot cot truyen vod mot s6^ nhan vat ma nguod xua quen
gpi la vai dien, vai tro, cung vod nhung lod do'i dap, lod hat cua cac
vai ay, trong qua trinh dien bien ciia cau chuyen.
Mot khi cac phuong Cheo bpi da gia tang phan bpi t h a n h cac
tich dien, da tiep thu nghe thuat bieu dien t u tro nhai thi r a t co
the n h u n g nghe si dan gian chuyen lam tro nhai ciing da t a p hgp
n h a u lai t h a n h phuong ganh de phoi hgp ciing "nhai" lai n h u n g six
tich CO nhieu vai dien hon, va moi nghe si nhai mot vai chu khong
phai v u a ke chuyen vua nhai nhieu vai nhu da tixng lam. Nghia
la CO mot dong t h u hai t u tro nhai tiep thu miia h a t dan gian qua

be Ian dieu de tro thanh mot hinh thuc san k h a u ma khong qua
nghi le Cheo dua

linh.

18


Trai qua six thang tram ciia hang nghin nam lich su, n h u n g tich
dien t h u o so khai ciia Cheo khong con luu truyen lai. Rieng ban
Cheo

dua

linh

va ban Huyet

ho co le vi gan lien vod nghi thuc

t a n g 11 cho nen con truyen lai den ngay nay, mac dii da bi them
that, sua doi nhieu khong con giu dugc nguyen dang cd xua. Cho
dii thie'u t u lieu nhu vay, nhung can cu vao cac quy luat chung
ciia cac qua trinh hinh thanh cac loai hinh van hpc nghe thuat,
chiing ta van co the hinh dung va suy doan ve qua trinh sang tao
ra n ^ e t h u a t Cheo ciia cac nghe nhan xua.
Theo hai giao su Dinh Gia Khanh va Chu Xuan Dien thi "Viec
sang tac mot vo Cheo thuong dugc tien h a n h n h u sau : Dua vao
mot tich nao do (co tich, than thoai, truyen lich su, truyen nom),
nguoi

truang tro ban bac vod cac dien vien de sap xep lop lang

cua va dien, dung len eai cot ciia va. Loi hat thuong la n h u n g bai
ca dao dugc be theo cac Ian dieu Cheo. Loi h a t cua moi vai thuong
la do dien vien thii vai do sang tac [44: tr.399]
Trong viec sang tao ra ca mot tich dien thi kho khan dau tien,
cung la kho khan nhat la viec tim ra, sang tao ra co't truyen. Mot
khi cong chiing da co nhu cau doi hoi cac tich dien tach ra khoi
nghi thuc tang le, bieu dien doc lap de gop vui trong n h u n g ngay
hoi he thi duong nhien khong the dien tich Huyet

ho, va cung

khong the t h u a t lai nhixng cau chuyen ciia nguod that viec t h a t n h u
tro nhai van lam, ma nhat thiet cac nghe si phai di tim cot truyen
mod thich hgp voi nhu cau thuong thuc chung cho moi nguod va
thich hgp vod viec bieu dien a nhieu noi. N h u ta da biet, truoc khi
x u a t hien Huyet

ho tro thi da co Huyet

19

ho phd.

Chinh

Huyet

ho phd

da gpi y va cung cap co't truyen cho cac nghe nhan chuyen

t h a n h Huyet

ho tro. Va tu tich dien nay, cac nghe si Cheo xua

da tiep tue khai thac de tai mugn co't truyen t u cac tac pham van
hpc dan gian nhu truyen co tich dan gian, truyen nom khuyet danh.
Do la nguon de tai phong phii va h a u nhu khong bao gia voi can.
Cac vo Cheo con luu truyen lai den hom nay h a u het deu dugc
chuyen t h a n h va dien tu nhung truyen dan gian hoac truyen nom
khuyet danh nhu cac va Luu

Binh

Kinh,

Tu Thuc,

Nhi

Tricu

v.v... Chi rieng va Kim Nham

Phan

Tran,

Duong

Le,

Quan

do Mai,

Nii

tii tdi,

dm

Thi

Hodng

la chua ai phat hien ra goe

truyen nom hay truyen dan gian ciia no va nguod ta tam coi la mot
va dugc sang tac hoan toan chi c6 a san khau Cheo. Nhu vay ro
rang, dai bp phan cac va Cheo truyen thong la su sang tao cac
m a n h tro dien de san khau hoa cac cau chuyen ke trong dan gian
bang nghe thuat bieu dien ke thixa tro nhai va miia hat dan gian
de tao nen mot hinh thuc san khau dan gian.
Tu n h u n g dieu da trinh bay ve qua trinh hinh t h a n h ciia Idch
ban Cheo trong qua trinh hinh t h a n h san k h a u Cheo, co the riit

ra ke^t luan : Trong giai doan so khai ciia san k h a u Cheo noi chung
va kich ban Cheo noi rieng, cac nghe si dan gian da sang tac theo
phuong thuc dan gian tong hgp t u van hpc dan gian, nghe t h u a t
dien xuong dan gian, tro nhai dan gian va miia h a t dan gian de
tao nen mot hinh thuc san khau dan gian Viet Nam, do la Cheo.
Trong eai thuo ban dau nay, san k h a u Cheo trong do c6 phan cot
loi ciia no la kich ban da dugc cau t h a n h bod mot yeu to' dan gian
va chi mot ma thoi ! Bod vi toan bp cac six kien, tinh tiet, nhan

20


vat, lod van trong kich ban deu dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lua
theo t u duy dan gian ciia cac nghe nhan xua, va dugc trinh bay
bang phong each dan gian tiep thu tu tro nhai, miia hat dan gian
va van hoc dan gian.
II. Sy* XUAT HIEN YEU TO BAC HOC

Vod phuong thuc sang tac dan gian ngau hung, tap the va truyen
mieng, viec sang tao dugc mot cot truyen, dat bay dugc mot so
raanh tro la mot viec vo ciing kho khan doi hoi cong phu ciia cac
nghe nhan gop lai qua sang Ipc tu nhieu dem dien, tham chi dugc
sang Ipc qua nhieu the he nghe si. Vi vay tich dien khong chi luu
truyen trong tri nho va qua truyen mieng cua cac ban nghe. Tich
dien can phai dugc ghi lai du chi la phan cot loi de c6 the de dang
tim hoi khi can thiet, nhat la khi phai thay the nguod dong vai.
Nhu cau van ban hoa kich ban Cheo da xuat hien doi hoi phai c6
nguod ghi che p.
Mat khac, viec soan tich tro da tro thanh mot cong viec quan
trpng CO n h u n g doi hoi sang tao nghe thuat khac vod nghe t h u a t

bieu dien. Do la viec sang tac Idch ban van hpc cho va dien.
Khong phai nghe si bieu dien nao cung co kha nang lam them
va lam tot cong viec nay, cang khong the de dang ixng tac ngay
mot tich dien dugc. Cong viec soan tich tro doi hoi mot
lixc mod khac vod nang lixc lam tro

nhai

nang

(bieu dien) von co ciia

nguoi dien tro. Phai co nguoi dii kha nang dap u n g yeu

cau

mod, ganh vac cong viec soan tich tro cho cac phuong

bgi.

cheo

T u hai yeu cau tren ciia six phat trien Cheo ma x u a t hien nguoi
soan tro (cac phuong Cheo xua gpi la "bac tho"). "Bac tho" vua la
21


nguod chep lai, tu chinh cac tich tro ma nhieu nghe si bieu dien
da Cling nhau ung tac qua cac dem dien, dong thod soan them nhung
tich tro mod (chii yen la dua vao cac truyen co tich dan gian).

Nhixng tich tro nay ban dau chi la nhung mang cot yeu ma nguod
xua gpi la than tro. Trong qua trinh bieu dien cac nghe si tiep tue
u n g tac them de boi dap vao cho day dan, phong phii va hap dan
nguod xem, thich u n g vod tung doi tugng khan gia.
De lara dugc va lam tot cong viec tu chinh n h u n g mieng tro ixng
tac ciia cac nghe si bieu dien va soan phan than tro cho tich dien
mod, roi lai phai doc lai van ban de day truyen mieng cho da so'
dien vien khong biet chu, "bac tho" nhat thiet phai la nguod thong
hieu Han Nom va c6 kha nang sang tac van hpc. Khong the la ai
khac trong xa hoi thai xua, "bac tho" chae h a n la cac nho sinh,
thay khoa a noi lang xa. Do la nhung nguod dugc hpc hanh, it
nhieu co tri thuc van hoa va co von hieu biet doi chiit ve Nho giao,
P h a t giao va co chiit von lieng ve lich six va van hpc eo, van hpc
dan gian cua Trung Hoa, Dai Viet (Kinh thi, ca dao, tue ngu)
Trong qua trinh chinh ly va sang tac tich tro cac nho si lam cong
viec cua "bac tho" da dua vao kich ban Cheo (chii yeu la a phan
t h a n tro n h u n g tu tuong triet hpc, tu tuong chinh tri va quan niem
ve dao due theo Khdng giao, Dao giao va phan nao cua P h a t giao.
Dong thoi ve mat nghe thuat, hp da dua vao kich ban Cheo phong
each van chuong bac hpc trong cac lod doi thoai bien ngau va trong
ca t u theo cac the tho. (Luan an se phan tich ky n h u n g bieu hien
nay a chuong sau). The la trong kich ban Cheo yeu to bac hpc da
bat d a u xuat hien.

22


H.'-

Tu khi xuat hien yeu to' bac hpc, yeu to dan gian tuy van con

chii dao, song da mat dia vi doc ton. Tu day, trong Cheo, su dan
xen giua hai yeu to dan gian va bac hpc tao nen mot dae diem
quan trpng dong thai tao nen mot thupc tinh pham chat ciia kich
ban Cheo.

.

III. SU* XUAT HIEN CAC TAC GIA DOC LAP TRONG VIEC SANG TAC
KjCH BAN CHEO VA XU HU'ONG "BAC HOC HOA"
1. Cuoc each tan Cheo cua phong trao Cheo van minh, Cheo eai
luong va sir xuat hien cac tac gia kjeh ban viet eho San khau Cheo

Khoang cuoi nam 1913, mot so nguod keu gpi hiin von lap Hoi
Xan-Nhien (lam cho tuoi sang, rue ro) vod muc dich "Chan hung
nen hy kich nuac nha cho tien kip vod van minh the gioi"*^^'. [79: tr.34]
"Hoi t h a n h lap vod 100 co phan, bau ra Ban quan tri gom cac ong
Nguyen Van Ngpc nha giao, nha suu t a m tue ngu phong dao co
tieng, Nguyen Quang Oanh, Do Than". [79: tr.34] "Ban quan tri trao
cho Hoi truang vod ba bon ong co nho hpc, thich nghe h a t ciing
n h a u ban bac va soat lai cac ban tro dang dien sap xep on dinh
cac lop lang cho mach lac, uo'n nan chinh ly n h u n g cau cii van luat
ma nguoi nghe nho nham, hieu sai dong thai bo sung nhung doan
van tho duong dai cho them y nghia, cot npi dung va hinh thixc
tro dien tang them y nghia" [79: tr.35]. Cac vo cii dugc chinh ly,
mang ten mod n h u : Phuc
pho

hodn

danh

chdu

thuy

nan

(Truong Vien) Trung

(Nu tii tai) Trinh

phu

hdm

thu

(Chu Mai Than)

Hgp

khoi

nguyen

dong

oan

tam

si

(Truong Sinh) cung dien

Co sach viet nham la "San nhien". Chu San co nghTa la con san
23'


voi cac vo Ton Manh
Binh

- Duong

Ton Trgng,

Kim

Nham,

Td

Thuc,

Luu

Le... Song so' lugng do khong du dap ixng yeu cau

nguod xem khi ban hat dien co dinh a mot vai rap vod khach xem
la thi dan Ha Thanh, cho nen hang loat vo mod da dugc sang tac

nhu cac vo dua vao tich truyen trong kho tang truyen cd, truyen
Nom : Ly
Phuong

Cong,

Hoa...

Chu Dong

Tu, Luc

Van

Tien,

Nhi

do

Mai,

"Khong it va di vao the hien cac t h a n tich, t h a n h

tich de dien vao dip ky niem hoi he n h u Huang

Son phat

tich,

Tam

Le trieu

cong

chua"

vi Thdnh

mdu,

Tran

trieu

hien

thdnh,

[79: tr35]

Trong khoang 10 nam, Cheo van minh da tao nen cho minh
mot so n h a soan tro (viet kich ban) n h u Pham Si Chu, Nguyen
Ngpc Chau, Nguyen Van Tam... ben canh nhung nguod chinh ly
hieu dinh kich ban c6 tieng nhu Nguyen Van Ngpc, Do Than,
Nguyen Quang Ganh.
T u nam 1929 voi six ra dod ciia vo kich noi Chen

thuoc

doc ciia

Vu Dinh Long, kich noi da phat trien them mot buoc va ti*anh
gianh khach xem vod Cheo van minh. Mat khac, san khau Cai luong
r a dod vod ten gpi liic dau la "Ca ra bp" tix Nam bp ra Ha Thanh
cung CO sue cuon hiit nguoi xem. Cheo van minh phai dan them
mot buoc tren con duong doi mod Cheo de thich ixng vod nhu cau
nguod xem duong thai. Cheo van minh dugc cai tien bang each tiep
t h u it nhieu loi viet kich Thai tay dua loi dien ta thuc vao san
k h a u Cheo, su dung them ca cac Ian dieu dan ca Bac Trung Nam
va phong canh ta thuc n h u kich noi thod bay gia. De quang cao
cung la de noi ro muc dich ciia minh, cac nha lam Cheo o Hoi Xan

24


Nhien da menh danh cho 16'i Cheo do ciia minh la Cheo Cai luong,
nghia la Cheo da dugc cai bien cho tot hon hay hon.

Nguyen Dinh

Nghi da t u nguoi nhae va tro thanh mot tac gia tieu bieu nhat ciia
Cheo cai luong. Ong con de lai cho dod sau tren 60 kich ban, trong
do CO mot so" vo da dugc xuat ban ngay thoi bay gia n h u Mot
cuoi

(1924) Tran

cuoi thu hai, Tran

cuoi thii

tran

ba (1925).

Co the noi, den thai ky Cheo van minh va Cheo cai luong, song
song vod n h u n g kich ban dugc sang tac theo phuong thixc dan gian
ciia cac p h u o n g ganh bieu dien a nong thon thi a Ha Npi da xuat
hien cac tac gia doc lap (ca the) ciia san khau Cheo va nhixng kich
b a n ciia hp da dugc van ban hoa hoan toan va dugc xuat ban n h u
mot tac p h a m van hpc.
2) Xu h u o n g bac hoe hoa ttr Cheo van minh va Cheo cai luong

Cac tac gia Cheo van minh va Cheo cai luong ma tieu bieu
n h a t la Nguyen Dinh Nghi da cam mot cai moc quan trpng tren
tien trinh lich six ciia Cheo noi chung va kich ban Cheo noi
rieng. Tu day, kich ban Cheo co them mot bp phan la

nhung

tac pham van hpc kich thanh van ciia nhung tac gia doc lap
voi phong each rieng mang ca tinh sang tao ro ret n h u cac tac
p h a m ciia Nguyin Dinh Nghi.
Cac tac gia tien phong cua Cheo van minh n h u Nguyen Van Ngpc,
Do Than, Nguyen Quang Oanh deu la n h u n g hpc gia co tieng tam
thoi bay gio do yeu san khau, say Cheo ma cung nhau lap Hoi Xan
Nhien de roi n h u a n sac, bien soan cac kich ban Cheo. Nguyen Dinh
Nghi dii chua phai mot bac tiic nho nhung cung la mot nguoi dupe

hpc h a n h den noi den chon. Qua tac pham ciia ong, nguoi dpc bay
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