Vấn đề tính chất hiện thực và chủ nghĩa hiện thực trong văn học Việt Nam nửa cuối thế kỷ XVIII - Nửa đầu thế kỷ XIXK (khảo sát qua Truyện Kiều)

DAI HOC QUOC GI.\ HA NQI
TRI/CING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN
KHOA VAN HOC

CHU THIHONG LOAN

VAN DE TINH CHAT HIEN THlTC
VA CHU NGHIA HIEN THl/C TRONG
VAN HOC VIET NAM NLTA C U O I
THE KY XVIII - NLTA DAU THE KY XIX
(KHAO SAT QUA TRUYEN KIEV)

LUAN VAN THAC SI NGlT VAN
Chuyen nganh van hoc Viet Nam
Ma so: 5.04.33
Giao vien hirong dan: PGS.TS: Tran Nho Thin
DA; HOC Q u O C

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5

Chirang 1: Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieii b^ng phirong
phap tiep can Xa hoi hoc - Cong trinh Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia hieu
(hue ciia Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky.
1.1- Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu bang phirong phap tiep can
Xa hoi hoc.
1.2- Truyen Kieu vd chu nglua hien ihifc cua Ni^uyen Du - Lich sir ciic y
kien danh gia.
1.3- Phuxyng hudng giai quyet cho van de liep can mot tac phAm van hgc
,trung dai.

9

9
14
22

Chirang H: Nhung dac trirng nghe thuat quan trong cua Truyen Kieu.
n . l - Vay mugn col truyen.
11.2- He thong nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu.
11.2.1- Ngoai hinh nhan vat.
11.2.2- Ngdn ngfr nhan vat.
11.2.3- Ngi tarn nhan vat.

11.3- Yen id tam linh trong Truyen Kieu.
11.4- Kel cau Truyen Kieu.
11.5- Nhfrng yeu to edng ihiic, irdc le trong Truyen Kien.
11.6- Xa hoi trong Truyen Kieu.

32
32
37
44
52
60
70
15
S2
88

Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong boi canh xa hoi, van hgc Viet Nam
cuoi the kv XVIII - dau the kv XIX.
III. 1 - Sir tliay ddi quan niem tham my trong van hoc trung dai Viel Nam.
III. 1.1 - Quan niem lliam my trong van hoc the ky X - XVII.
Tieukci
III. 1.2- Quan niem tham my trong van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX
Tieuket
^
III.2- Sir song dong. chiln thirc cua van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX.
Tieu ket
^
^
'

95
95
95
^^^^
103
109
11 1
117

Kc( liiaii

119

Tai lion tham kluio

122

*•

*

•


Van de tinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc..

LCJi M 6 DAU
Nhieu thap ky qua. cac nha nghien ciiu van hgc trung dai Viet Nam da
to'n khong ft giay mirc ban ve phirang phap tiep can van hgc ihdi ky na\. Tu\
vay cung khong phai da hoan loan thong nhat trong each nhin nhan. danh gia

bdi day la mot thai ky van hgc ton tai trong khoang thai gian kha dai d nude la
(tir the ky X den the ky XIX). Ngay nay, nhieu ngirdi cd thdi quen dem nhung
khai niem hien dai de xem xet nen van hgc qua khir vdn cd nhfrng dac trirng
loai hinh rieng biet khac vdi thdi dai chung la. Va bat ky mot sir lap luan chira
chuan xac, diing d^n nao nao cung se lam cho each nhin nhan. danh giii van
de nghien ciiu trd nen phien dien. thieu khach quan va khong chfnh xac.
Trong cac van de van hgc can dirge nghien ciiu ciia thdi ky trung dai,
van de cd hay khong cd chii nghTa hien thge trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi
the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX la van de da dirge dem ra ban cai nhieu
song van chira thire sir cd mot hirdng giai quyet than dao. Tren thuc le van de
nay dirge de cap den chii yeu thong qua Truyen Kieu eiia NguycMi Du, b(Vi day
la icie pham Idn ciia thdi dai, cd le la tac phiim duy nhat da phan anh dirge sau
sdc va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan canh xa hoi nirdc la trong mot giai doan
lich sir nhat dinh.
Tir lau, cd le tir Hoiii Thanh vdi Qnyen song ciia con ngii'o'i trong Trnyen
Kien ciia Nguyen Dn (1949) va nhat la tir Le Dinh Ky vdi Trnyen Kien vd chii
nghia hien ihifc ciia Nguyen Du (1970) la bdt gap nhu'ng nhan dinh \'e chu
nghia hien thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam trung dai ndi chung cung nhu irong
Trnyen Kieu ndi riCMie. Tir 1945 den naw irons gidi nehien cfru a nude ta.
phan anh Inan da chi phdi sau siic 6cn phirang phap nghien ciru cung nhu he
ihdniz \'an de nghien ei'ru. Tromz linh hinh dd thi dat \'an de xem uia iri phan
anh hien llurc la gia iri cao nhat eiia \'an hgc tro' thanh de hieu. Tu\ nhien. \ lec
nghien ci'ru I ruyen Kien nhir mgl san pham cua phuxmg phap sang Uic hien
thuc chu imhia tren thire le dem lai nhieu nhfrng kien giai hat cap \a gap


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

khong It nhirng ban khoan phan doi. Khoang tir thap nien 80, 90 ciia the ky
XX, rai rac da xuat hien nhirng y kien mang tfnh chat trao ddi dieu chinh ve

each tiep can nay, cac nha nghien ciiu Tran Dinh Hugu, Dang Thanh Le. Tran
Dinh Sir, Tran Nggc Vuang, Tran Nho Thin, Dao Xuan Quy, Nguyen Hfru
San... khi ndi ve cac van de khac nhau ciia van hgc Viet Nam trung dai da de
xuat mot each liep can khac, dd la ''tiep can he thong - van hgc - lich sir ddi
tugng nghien ciru'' (42), nghia la xem xet cac hien tirgng van hgc bang thirde
do gia tri ciia chfnh thdi dai ma no ra ddi chii khong phai tir each giai ma cua
chung ta ngay hdm nay. Trdn Nho Thin cho rang "viec dira nhfrng tieu ehf
hien thuc - mot trao lu'u van hgc phuang Tay d giua the ky XIX vdn cd nhfrng
dac trirng loai hinh rat khac so vdi van hgc trung dai Vict Nam d cudi nira the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de md la Truyen Kieu la mot viec kha mao
hiem va thire te da bgc Id nhieu bat cap" (55,tr48).
Tuy vay, cho tdi nay van thieu mgl cdng trinh nghien ciiu mang tfnh
chat long kel va de xuat hirdng giai quyet mot each he thong, loan dien ve van
dd nay. Thirc hien luan van Cao hgc chiing tdi mong mudn gdp mot phan nh(')
bo xung cho sir thieu hut dd.
6 day, vdi muc dfch dira ra mot each nhin long quat ve qua Irinh tiep
can van hgc trung dai tren ca sd phirang phap sang uic hien thirc chii nghia,
V chi ra nhfrng ddng gdp cung nhu nhfrng han che ciia phirang phap tiep can xa
hoi hgc va de ra mot hirdng giai quyet cii the" ap dung cho Truyen Kieu chiing
tdi lien hanh thirc hien de tai: "Van de tfnh chat hien thire va chu nghTa hien
thire trong van hgc Vict Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX
(khao sat qua Truyen

Kieuy\

Thirc ra. van de ehii nghia hien thire (cd hay khong ed) ciia Truyen Kieu
khong phai la van de cd y nghia lir than ma no cd lien quan 6cn phu'(^ng phap
doe, phirang phap liep can mgl tac pham \'an hoc Irung dai ndi chung. Mdi
'each doe deii cd gia iri liep can rieng." song \eu can dai ra la phai phan anh

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

trung thanh dac trimg ciia ddi tugng. Hien nay. dang ton lai bdn each dgc
Truyen Kieu khac nhau.
Cach doc xa hoi hgc.
Cach dgc phong each hgc.
Cach dgc thi phap hgc.
Cach dgc van hoa hgc.
Dgc Truyen Kieu bang phuang phap tiep can xa hoi hgc lieu bieu la Le
Dinh Ky, vai chuyen luan Truyen Kieu va ehii nghTa hien thii'e ciia Nguyen
Du. Vdi each dgc xa hoi hgc dng da nhin thay trong uic pham nhfrng gia tri
chong phong kien, phan phong, phai bay mat trai eiia xa hoi dirang thdi... do
vay ngay eang bgc Id nhieu ban khoan. thac mac. Thirc ra, van de khong phai
la han che ciia ban than each dgc, cung nhu phuang phap nghien ciiu xa hdi
hgc ma do sir van dung may mdc ciia ngirdi sir dung nd.
Thuc hien dC lai lien chiing tdi mudn gdp phan chi ra nhfrng bat cap cua
vice van dung khai niem chii nghia hien thuc cho van hgc nude ta niia cudi the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX, vach ra tinh trang dan gian hoa cac van de cua
van hgc giai doan nay. Bdi thuc chat hien nay khong ft ngirdi ddng nhat phan
anh hien thire (id khd, mat trai ciia che do phong kien) vdi chu nghia hien
thuc. Dong thdi, cung gdp phan chi ra viec hieu biet khong day dii ddi tirgng
nghien eiiii trung dai (eu the d day la rngt tac pham van hgc trung dai) se dan
den nhfrng lam lac, khien cudng, cd tfnh chat chii quan trong nghien ciiu khoa
hoc.
Ban luan van dirge lien hanh chii yeu dua tren cac phuang phap phan
ifch, so sanh, thdn" ke, de thay dirae dac trims riens biet ciia ddi tuaniz nshien
cfai van hgc trung dai. Ddi khi dC^ lam rd them yixn de quan niem ha\ lam rd
nhfrng dac irirng mang tfnh quy luat cua sir phai iricMi chiing idi so sanh \di
Ciic lac pham eimg thdi, hoac so sanh \di cac tac pham cua chu nghia hicMi

ihuc eiia \'an hgc phuang Tay the ky XIX \an hoe Viel Nam giai doan 19301945 de lam rd \im de neu ra.
•

7


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc..

Van ban ma luan van se dua vao la cudn Truyen Kieu - Ngu\en Du do
Nguydn Quang Tuan (khao dfnh va chii giai), in Ian thii tu, Nha xuat ban khoa
hgc xa hoi 1997.
Chung tdi xin chan thanh cam an PGS. TS Tran Nho Tliin da tan tinh
giup dd chung tdi hoan thanh luan van nay. Tren ca sd tiep thu y kien cua
nhirng ngudi di trudc, lien hanh tim hieu nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan
trong ciia Truyen Kieu dudi gdc do loai hinh van hoa de tim ra gia iri ma
Nguyen Du de lai cho chiing ta qua kiet tac Truyen Kieu. chiing tdi h\' vgng se
ddng gdp dugc mot phan nho cho viec nghien ciru tac phalm tam ed nay eiia
van hgc trung dai.
Luan van, chile chan khd tranh khdi nhirng sai sdt, mong dugc y kien
gdp y eiia cac thay cd va sir ddng gdp chan thanh ciia cac ban ddng nghiep.
Ban luan van dugc trinh bay theo bd cue sau:
Phiin ma dau
Chuang I: Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu bang phucrng phap
tiep can xa hoi hoc - cdng trinh Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien ihifc cua
Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky.
Chirang II: Nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan trgng ciia Truyen Kieu.
Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong bdi canh xa hdi, van hgc Viet Nam nira
cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX.
Phan ket luan.

8


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

Chuong I
NHAN DANG VIEC NGHIEN CLfU TRUYEN KIEU B A N G
PHL/ONG PHAP TIEP CAN XA HOI HOC - CONG TRINH TRUYEN KIEU
VA CHU NGHIA HIEN THUC CUA NGUYEN DU - LE DINH Ky.

LI- Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu b^ng phuong
phap tiep can xa hoi hoc.
Phuang phap tiep can xa hdi hgc bat nguon chii yeu tir my hgc Maexft.
mot thii ly luan nghe thuat. "dac biet la ly luan xa hdi hgc nghe ihual"
(2(),lr29). PhU(mg phap nay dat ra van de tiep nhan mot tac pham xan hgc dua
tren hoan canh lich sir xa hdi tac pham ay ra ddi de tir dd cat nghia cac tang
giii tri ciia nd, hay ndi each khac gia tri ciia mot tac pha'm van hgc dugc dinh
gia, lap luan tren ca sd moi quan he ciia nd vdi xa hdi ma nd xuat hien. Mac
•va Angghen ciing da xem xet cac hien tugng \'an hgc trong quan he cua no \a\
nhfrng dieu kien xa hdi ma lac pham phan anh. xan dung quan dieni dau Iranh
giai cap, phan ifch lap trudng quan diem cua ngirdi viel. de tim ra nhfrng uic
dung true tiep va gian tiep, nhfrng anh hirdng nhieu rnat eiia dieu kien xa hdi
den cac hien tugng van hgc. Do vay. hien tugng \'an hgc thudng dugc Mac Angghen dan 66 chung minh cho cac quan diem chfnh tri. khi ndi ve vai lid
ciia dong lien trong xa hdi tu ban Mac ca nggi nhfrng doan van cua Gcrt \a
Sechxpia viel xe xan de nay. khi nhae den tinh trang mat tir do trong sang lac
Mac nhac den Beranggie...
Xiiai phat tir quan niem xem xan hgc la mot hinh thai y thiie xa hdi.
phan anh va gdp phan ciu tao hien thire.' Mac da lirng nhan xet ve eae lac pham
eiia Dicken. Thaeetyray, Brdnli ... "Trudng phai hien dai \o\ lac nhfrng nha lieu
thuvel Anh ma nhfrng trang tieu hieu \a himg hdn da phai hien cho ihe guVi

thav nhieu sir that chfnh iri va xa hdi hon la uii ca nhfrng nha chinh iri chu\en
nghiep. nhfrng nha chfnh luan va nhfrng nha Uuin ly hoc gop lai" (5.ir362). Sau


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

nay khi nhan xet v6 Bandac va lac phalm Tan trd c////. Angghen cung cho rang
vdi hinh ihiirc mieu ta cd tfnh chat bien nien sir lir nhirng nam 1816 den 1848.
Bandac da cung cap cho ngudi dgc hien thuc diein hinh ciia xa hdi Phap:
"Xung quanh cai bii'c tranh trung tam nay, Bandac tap trung tat ca lich su cua
xa hdi Phap, d day tdi da biet dugc, ngay ca theo y nghia kinh te hoc. nhieu
chi tict (chang han vd su phan phdi lai ddng san va bat ddng san sau cude each
mang) han d cac quyen sach ciia tat c^ cac nha chuyen mdn: cac su gia. cac
nha kinh te hgc, cac nha thong ke ciia thdi ky nay gdp lai" (5,tr385). Nhu the,
ca Mac va Angghen deu danh gia cao khfa canh phan anh xa hoi, id cao xa hdi
va coi nd nhu mot thudc do quan trgng gia tri eiia tac pham van hgc.
Ly Traeh Hau trong Bon hdi gidng my hoc. cho rang "Ly luan nghe
thuat ciia my hgc Maexft cd mgl dac sac ca ban nhat quan la lay tac dung xa
hdi eiia nghe thuat lam hat nhan va chii de. Tac dung xa hdi nay lai ihuimg
xuyen lien he vdi sir nghiep each mang ciia giai cap vd san ma chu nghia Mae
de xudng vdi tinh than phe phan ma suy xet, do lirdng danh gia \i\ binh luan"
(20,tr 30). Rd rang, dng mudn khang dinh chii nghia Mae ludn dat ra yeu can
.cho mot uic pham nghe thuat ciia giai .cap \'d san la nd phai mieu la lai hien
thuc iheo tinh than phe phan cai tao lai hien thirc, dap ung duac nhfrng d()i hoi
ciia eugc dau tranh each mang trong xa hdi.
Chfnh vi coi trgng cao do va tap trung chii yeu vao tac dung thuc le cua
mzhe thuat ddi \di cude sdn*z hien thuc \'a dau tranh each mans ma viec nhan
manh vai trd cua nghe thuat la mieu ta, phan anh. nhan ihi're phe phan eugc
song hien ihire da trd thanh ly luan my hgc ca ban. Dieu nay anh huang manh
me den nen van hoc. ly luan phe binh van hgc ciia nhdm cac nude xa hdi chu

nuhia. Cho nen la dt} dans nhan thav lir Mae, Ansshen den Lenin, Mao Trach
Ddng \a nga> ca \a\ Ho Chi Minh nhan thuc luan cua phan anh luan da \xa
ihanh ly luan eo" han de danh gia g-ia tri cua \an hoc nghe ihual. .Mae.
Angghen da cd mot sir gap gd kha ly ihii khi n(')i \e uic dung nhan llurc cua
Ciic tieu lIuiN'et Anh xa Phap, Angghen eon nhan manh tam quan irons cua
10


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

nhirng 'Hfnh each dien hinh" trong "nhirng hoan canh dien hinh". Lenin thi cd
hang loai bai viet ve Tdnxtdi bgc 16 nhu'ng quan diem ly luan \c tfnh Dang,
tinh nhan dan va coi Tdnxtdi nhu la mot tam guang ciia each mang Nga
(5,tr204). Mao Trach Ddng thi neu cao "yeu cau" van chirang phai "vi edng
ndng binh, viel v6 cdng ndng binh". 0 Trung Qude dau thap ky 50 den cudi
thap ky 70 (ciia the ky XX) khau hieu luu hanh trong gidi van nghe la "\'an
nghe phiic vii chfnh tri", ''van nghe tdng thudc chfnh tri". Mai cudi thap ky 70,
xuat phat tir nhirng bai hgc thdi "van each" (Cach mang van hoa), dudi sir chi
dao ciia phuang cham "giai phdng tu tirdng, thuc sir can thi", de xuat viec tir
nay ve sau khdng nhac den nhirng khau hieu tren nfra ma ddi ihanh "xan nghe
phiic VII nhan dan, van nghe phiic vii XHCN" (45). Tai Viel Nam. Ho Chf
Minh trong dai hdi van hoa van nghe 1948 cung dan dd eae nhii sang uic:
"Van hoa nghe thuat la mgl mat Iran, anh chi em nghe si hi chicMi si tren mat
tran ay".
Chiins ta khdns phii nhan vai trd ciia nhan ihiic. eiins nhu nhan ihi'rc
luan trong cude song, nhung nghicMi ciiu van hgc coi nhan ihiic luan lii each
tiep can duy nhat lai la thieu sdt. Nhan thiic luan ludn dugc coi la c(y sd iriet
hgc ciia hgc thuyet Mac, ma rdng ap dung trong nghien ciiu van hgc, trd thanh
xuat phat diem eiia ly luan van hgc Macxit. Vii nhieu nam qua nd da trd thanh
ca sd iriet hgc duy nhat ciia ly luan van hgc. hinh thanh van nghe hgc nhan

Ihiic luan, my hgc nhan thiie luan. Nhu vay, trong sir phat tri&n hudng tdi da
dang hoa ciia quan niem van hgc. tat se khien nhan thire luan bi hoai nghi.
Tiep nhan phan anh luan nhu la "hdn da uing eiia My hoc Macxfl"
(2(),tr^3) irons nshien cfru van hoc xuat hien a nude la \i\o khoans nhfrns nam
60 - 70 cua the ky XX, cac nha nhien eiiu dong nhat chu nghia hien ihue \di
\iee phe phan hien thire. nham miie lieu lai dd che do xa hoi ap bi're hoe lot
theo chu irirang ciia each mang dan tgc dan chu.Tir da\ gi(')i nghien ciiu \an
hgc trung dai Viel Nam dac biet hi gidi "Kieu hoc" da \an clung pluro'ng phap
tiep can hien ihire chu nghia de danh gia Truyen Kien. Tham ehi co nhirng uic


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

gia con coi "chii nghia hien thuc hay van hgc hien thuc tu nd la mot gia tri"
•(42). Cd mot thdi sir phan chia mgi hien tugng trong sudt lien irinh \an hgc
nhan loai thanh "hien thuc chii nghia" va "phi hien thuc chii nghia" da ed
nguy ca trd thanh quan niem phd bien. Su phan chia nay bat nguon tir quan
niem cho rang, chii nghia hien thuc la dinh cao nhat ciia van hgc. vay thi phai
chu'ng minh rang van hgc truyen thong nude ta cung da cd chii nghia hien thuc
rdi. Do dd mdi cd viec tim tdi ehii'ng minh Truyen Kieu eiing cd chu nghia
hien thuc. Mdi loat cac bai viet, cac cdng trinh nghien cii'u nii rac trong nhfrng
nam 60 - 70, tham chf sang ca nhung nam 80 ciia the ky XX, da di vao tim
hieu, van dung cac thao Uic khac nhau de di den ket luan cd chii nghia hien
thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX va
'trong 1 ruyen Kieu.
Nghien ciru Truyen Kieu theo lieu chf phan anh hien Ihirc dien ra lir sau
each mang ihang Tam 1945. Md dau la Hoai Thanh dat van de ve Quyen song
ciia con ngu'd'i trong Truyen Kieu (1949). Theo dng "cai chfnh cua nghe ihiuit
Nguyen Du la d chd da nhao nan lai, sang lao ra ca mot the gidi cd that va dng
ludn ludn nhan manh cho tfnh ed that nay: "Tii Ba, Ma Giam Sinh, Sd

Khanh... cai nhin ciia Nguyen Du khdng phai la cai nhin be ngoai. Nguyen Du
da nhin than tan trong rugt nhfrng eon ngudi ay. Han nfra Nguyt^n Du da sdng
han cude sdng ciia nhfrng con ngudi ay. Dang dieu. eir chi. ngdn ngfr eiia
nhfrng con ngirdi ay khdng cd tfnh chat cdp nhat chap va ma dfiu bieu hien
mot sir sdns ben irons" (13.tr80). Tir dd dns di den nhan dinh: "irons Truyen
KieiL NguycMi Du da \'e ra dugc cai hinh anh ciia moi xa hdi d ue, da dung len
dirge mgl nhan xat anh himg nd la giac mong thoal ly ciia nhfrng con ngirdi
mudn viran minh ra ngoai cai khudn khd phong kien \a mgl nhan xai than the
long dong. nd hi lieng oan hdn. lieng ken ihirang cua nhfrng eon ngirdi hi day
doa. bi sia\ \ o irons cai khudn phons kien" (13.lrK)5). Va dns dira ra mdi
each liep nhan "hgp ly" Nguyen Du xa Truyen Kieu trong iho'i dai ha\ gi(y lii

2


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

"trong mat tran dan tgc thong nhat phai cd con ngirdi ay" xa "chiing la mdi
Nguyen Du vao hdi Lien Viet" (13.tr42).
Dang Thai Mai trong Dgc sac ciia vdn hoc co dien Viet Nam c/ua noi
.dung Truyen Kieu da de cap nhieu den cai ggi la "biit phap ui thuc" xa "linh
than ta thuc". Dang Thai Mai cd miic do han. dng liai y bdi Truyen Kieu hi tac
pham mugn cot truyen nen di tim chi tiet "chan that ciia xa hdi Viet Nam qua
tap tha dd cung la cau chuyen ma mang" hay viec "di tim hinh linh ciia xa hdi
Viet Nam" d day thi "tranh sao khdi Idi lap luan khien cudng. ep udng sir
thuc" (9,tr526). Tuy nhien khi di vao tim hie^u Truyen Kieu cd phan anh ft
nhieu gi xa hdi Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIll - nira dau the ky XIX hay
khdng, dng lai cho rang Nguyen Du da "trinh bay" dugc "bd mat thuc cua mgl
xa hdi", di den khang dinh dgc Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du la xan nhin thay
"nhfrng mdi mau thufin eiia xa hdi phong kien tren con dudng phan hoa"

•(9,tr527). Ong nhan manh: "Ngdi biifui thuc ciia Nguydn Du cfing hel sue
trung thanh khi ui nhfrng canh sdng hang ngay ciia cac hang ngirdi trong xa
hdi. Biie canh cd Kieu sdng trong gia dinh em am ngay nwi cap ke la hien
thuc. Bao nhieu man canh trong may Ian gap gd gifra Kim Trgng va Kieu van
la hien thuc. Hien thuc khi thi si chop canh quan nha bat bd va xet eiia nha dan
lirang ihien. Hien thuc, tu the, Idi le, eir chi ciia Ma Giam Sinh cua mii Tii Ba
va tat Cii cude ddi cd Kieu trong sudt mirdi lam nam luu lac, "Thanh lau hai
lugt thanh y hai Ian", qua mgl iha\ gian liim le ciia Thiic Sinh. lam xa eiia Tir
Hai, xan la nhfrng canh hien thuc..." (9.tr529) xa theo dng ngudi dgc khi tiep
nhan Truyen Kieu nhan thay ca "tinh than ui thire" va "tinh than phe phan"
qua nhung hien thuc ay.
Ngirdi nghien ei'rii Truyen Kieu nhir mgl tac pham ihude xe phu'crng
phap sang Uic hien thire ehii nghia. ndi each khac ngirdi khang dinh thuc sir cd
mot chii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieu. mot each cd he thdng la Le Dinh
K>' trong chuxen liuin Truyen Kieu \d chu w^hla hien thia < na \'.^nycn Du.
Mac dii dng eimg da dat dieu kien "chu nghia hien thuc cua Trnyen Kieu la
13


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

mot chii nghia hien thuc trong hinh thai phat trien dau lien cua nd khi nd vira
thoal thai tir chu nghia quy pham, tir tfnh each dieu va udc le ciia my hgc
phong kien, tir xu hudng ly tudng hoa va chu nghia giao huan" (I6.tr 388).

1.2- Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia hien thuc ciia Nguyen Du Le Dinh Ky - Ljch sucac y kien danh gia.
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du da ra ddi trong bdi
canh nghien cii'u van hgc trong quan he vdi hien thuc ddi sdng xa hdi theo
quan diem my hgc Maexft. Nghia la tac pham van hgc dugc nhin nhan nhu la
su phan anh ddi sdng xa hdi va bgc Id thai do ciia nha van ddi xdi hien ihire

dd. 6 chuyen luan nay Le Dinh Ky da quan tam den nhfrng van de tu ludng
chii quan eiia ngirdi sang tac: tu tirdng xa hdi, tu tudng nghe thuat ciia Nguyen
Du, iriet ly trong Truyen Kieu... ndi bat han ca la van de tim hieu phuang phap
sang lac eiia NguyCn Du trong Truyen Kieu. Lan lirgi khao sat co' sd' iw fiffhig
tham my ciia Truyen Kieu va van de dien hinh hod irong Truyen Kieu, rd rang
'dng mudn diing nhfrng cdng thiie eiia phuang phap sang Uic hien ihirc chu
nghia de nghien ciiii Truyen Kieu. Ong hirdng vao nghien ciiu cac nhan vat
trong Truyen Kieic va day la mot thanh edng ciia dng so xdi cac giai doan
Irirde Irong linh vire tim hieu nhan vat Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da phan ifch
Vii phat hien trong Truyen Kieu ed nhfrng nhan vat dugc mieu la bang "nhfrng
ngdn tir lay thang tir eugc sdng", do vay dng da di den ket luan "cd mgl xa hdi
'Truyen Kieir (16,lr284), xa hdi ay bat dau xdi bo may cai tri. lir ihang ban M
den ifMig dde Ho Ton HitMi va dang sau Ho Ton Hien lii ca mgl irieu dinh
phong kien thdi nat. Ong ghi nhan the lire cua dong lien irong Truyen Kieu
"the lire ciia dong tien da dugc Id cao mgl each true liep xa sau sac irons uic
pham ciia Nguxen Du. xa xe mat nay. Truyen Kieu xung dang duoc xap xep
x'ao nhfms sia tri \I dai nhat eiia nen xan hoe the sidf" ( I6.ir292j. Tux nhien
Le Dinh Kv khdns chii v rans su bdc Idi irons xa hdi xa the lire cua dons lien

14


^ Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

khdng phai la dac thii rieng ciia nha nude phong kien. Ngoai ra dng da danh
han mot chuang de tim hieu Dien hinh hod theo hitdmg hien thifc chu nglua,
trong dd dng da van dung nhirng cdng thuc ciia chii nghia hien thire de xem
xet tac phalm nay va khang dinh "cd the ndi Truyen Kieu da dat tdi mgl chu
nghia hien thuc tam ly cao nhat trong nen van hgc dan tgc qua khii"
(I6,tr387). Khang dinh the song Le Dinh Ky lai khdng khdi lung King khi liep

can nhfrng yeu id udc le tugng trung trong tac pham, nhfrng quan niem, nhu'ng
each cam nhan xa hdi khdng gidng vdi each hieu, each cam nhan ciia chiing ta
.ngay nay va dng liet tat ca nhirng cai -khae dd vao nlulng rdng hiioc ciia my
hoc di((fng ttun. Tir day dng di vao phan tfch va coi nd nhu hi nhfrng han che
ciia NguyCn Du cung nhu ciia thdi dai dng, coi chii nghia hien thuc ciia
Nguyen Du "thieu nhat quan va day mau ihuSn" (16,tr389).
Ndi chung each tiep can van hgc theo hudng xa hdi hgc de dan cac nha
nghien cuu den be Uic, va dan den nhfrng nhan dinh mang tfnh chii quan. Cac
lac gia, dac biet la cac tac gia Idn hg ludn mang trong minh sir nhai qiuin
nhfrng thanh liru van hoa, van hgc ciia thdi ddi minh chu khdng gidng nhir
each danh gia ciia Le Dinh Ky "cac nha van qua khii thudng la mang nhfrng
mau thuiin Idn trong ngirdi va lac pham ciia hg cung phan anh linh irang mau
•lhuandd"(16,tr485).
Tuy nhien, phai ghi nhan Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua
Nguyen Du la mot tac phalm dai, cdng phu trong dd Le Dinh Ky da dua tren
lieu ehf ciia chu nshia hien thuc de' danh sia. nhan dinh xe cac van de trong
Truyen Kieu. De khang dinh "Nguyen Du da birde xiio ngudng cua cua chu
nghia hien thuc", dng di viio md xe '^nhfrng mat lien bd trong lu liuyng xa hdi".
eiins nhu "nhfrns mat han che be tac eiia Nsuven Du". Ben canh viec ly giai
CO' SO" tu luons tham mv cua Nguxen Du. dns dims ban 2/3 duns luans ciia
cudn sach de ban xe xan de dien hinh hoa trong 'Truyen Kicu theo huVrng hien
thuc ehii nshla. Ons cho rans "\' thi're trims thanh xdi cude sdns da khien
Nsiivdn Du, xe ca ban da gifr dugc tfnh each khach quan, chan thuc cua su


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

mieu ta". va "cd the ndi den mot chii nghia hien thuc cua NguycMi Du. nhirng
la mgl each cd dieu kien". Nhung mot mat dng cho Nguyin Du da cd y thuc
ve su khach quan trong mieu ta, mot mat dng nhan dinh nhan xai Kim Trgng

"tuy van chan thuc. nhung lai thieu mot cai gi nhu la gan cot xa xirang sdng".
dng lai tiep "Nguyen Du cung da sdp xep bd trf tat ca cho ddi liia dugc gap gd
gan bd nhau: tir can nha gan k6 cd ten la Lam Thuy chi chd dgi Kim Trgng
den thue, den chiee kim ihoa Thuy Kidu da may man danh rai - khdng phai rai
lam dat ma mac vao canh dao - va tham nshiem kfn cons cao tuirns cfms
khdng ngan can Kim Trgng nhat dirge". Tir nhan dinh dd dng di vao mgl ket
luan rat nude ddi: "a Truyen Kieu cd tinh hinh la: udc le ma van hon nhicMi
chan thuc van chii'a chan tinh tii va cam_ xiic" (16,tr406)
'Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du la mgl trong nhung
chuyen luan hay viet ve Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da tiep nhan lac pham nay
vdi mot sir Iran trgng va kha nang nhay ben ciia cam xiic, sac sao trong sir the
hien ngdn tir. Ong binh luan Truyen Kieu bang nhfrng cau chu rat tinh te de di
vao Idng ngudi dgc. vf dii nhu nhfrng doan:
"Sue mitnh eiia cau tha Kieu khdng phiii la d chd kham pha ra nhfrng
hinh tirgng ehira ai hinh dung nhfrng y nghl. ehua ai ngd tdi ma la cai linh din
tinh nguiri tham tham ma Nguydn Du dua vao cai nhin, cai nghe. cai nghl eiia
minh. vao mgl virng trang. mot ddng sudi. mot ngan dau. mgl licMig chim. mot
nson la. Den da irirde nsdi biit Nsuv(!n.Du eiins phai mem di irude nhfrns dau
khd ciia con ngirdi:
- Le ro'i tham dd to'chia ru tdm
- Ddu Id dd Cling ndt gan lo ngu'd'i...
Cling theo Idng ngiriii ma rao rue sa>' dam:
Tff phcn dd biet tuoi vdng. (16,trl70)
"Da I Da I Da .... Nguyen Du nhu keu len \o\ chiing ta: "Cude sdng Irdi
qua !". Khdng [^hai hi chuxen quan am iham thoal. chuxen ngira eha\ qua cua
sd. ma la cai biroe di nhir sir. nlur m(') diioe cua ihoi gian. eai dau \el cua no da
16


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

han len tren nhirng hy vgng, chd mong, dau thuang. khd nhuc cua con ngm>i
va bang bae khap nai khap chdn" (16.trl71).
Doan viet vi ngdn tir Nguyen Du danh de mieu la mdi tinh Kim - Ki^u
'dng viet: "Truyen Ki6u la lieng reo vui khi hy vgng yeu duang trim la lieng
hat khai hoan ciia tinh yeu chien thang, la ban ai ca ciia tinh cam khi bi irac
trd, viii dap. Bang khuang riio rue, dat dao, nhd thuang. dgi chd khac khoai.
trai tim con ngudi da id rd quyen sdng ciia nd ma bao nhieu cam doan rang
huge cudi ciing cung khdng chdn viii bdp nghet dugc" (16,trl65).
Nhung cd the ndi diem dac sac nhat eiia Le Dinh Ky la "dng da van
dung mgl each nhuan nhuy6n cac khai niem ve tfnh each, ca tfnh. hoan eiinh.
chi liet de phan tfch tfnh loan ven sinh ddng eae nhan vat Truyen Kieu'^
(53,trl 8). Cho den nay chua cd ai viet ve dien hinh hoa eiia Truyen Kieu thii vi
nhu Le Dinh Ky, sau han 40 nam edng trinh ciia dng xuat hien. Nhfrng nhan
vat phan dien Tii Bii, Ma Giam Sinh. Sd Khanh... dugc dng xem xet. phan tfch
de cho thay day hi nhfrng nhan vat thuc sir dirge diic ket tir cude sdng llurc
phong phii, sdi ddng. Phan viet ve ly tudng thiim my ciia Nguyen Du qua nhan
vat Thuy Kieu cung cd nhung kham pha mdi. thii vj.
Tuy nhien, viec nha nghien ciru tim hieu phuang phap sang uic cua
NguycMi Du d Truyen Kieu trong tirang quan vdi phuang phap sang Uic ciia
ehii nghia hien thuc khien nhieu ngirdi chua ddng tinh, nhat la khi dng lay cac
nguyen Uic, lieu ehuain ciia ehii nghia hien thuc de xem xet cac phuang dien
sang Uic ciia Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieu - mot uic phalm van hgc trung dai
phuong Ddng (nhfrng ndi dung xa hdi. ndi dung phan anh, tfnh each xii hoan
canh dien hinh. nhfrng ehi lie! hien thue chu nghia. ngdn ngfr da dang phong
phii an khdp xdi sir that ddi sdng...). Cung chfnh viec van dung cac khai nieni
phirang phap sang lac hien thuc ehii nghia xao Truyen Kieu da lam cho lac gia
king uing. khi nhung nhan xai chfnh - nhan xat ehinh dien cua tac pham nhu
Thuy Kieu. Tir Hai, Kim Trgng dcu la nhfrng nhan vat numg dam tfnh chai
udc le. Ix lirdns hoa. Rdi cude chi cd nhfrns nhan vat phan i.\\cn la nhan xai

y-ill

C51-


Vifn de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

hien thuc chii nghia, nhu Ma Giam Sinh. So Khanh. Tii Ba "mang nhieu net
lay thang tir eugc sdng". Thuc te cdng trinh ciia Le Dinh Ky cho thay eae
nguyen tac phan tfch hien thue chii nghia chi phii hgp vdi nhan xat phan dien
chiir khdng phii hgp vdi cac nhan vat chfnh dien. Day la mot thir thach Idn ddi
vdi phuang phap nghien cii'u nay khi dem ap dung cho van hgc trung dai. Do
'vay, mot mat Le Dinh Ky phat hien nhfrng yeu to dien hinh hod theo hu'o'ng
hien thifc chu nghTa nhung mat khac van nhan thay sir ton tai nhu'ng rdng huoc
ciia my hoc ducmg thcri. Qua nhirng nhan vat, nhfrng yeu to nghe thuat ining
khft vdi cdng thiic eiia ehii nghia hien thuc dng ghi nhan Nguyen Du hi mgl
tac gia lieu bieu ciia phuang phap sang lac hien thue ehii nghia. cdn nhfrng
nhan vat, yeu to nao khdng triing khft thi dng cho dd khdng chi la han che cua
NguyCn Du ma la han che chung eiia ea thdi dai Nguyen Du. Nhu vay, vd hinh
chung uic giii da diinh giii thap Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieic a day tu luirng cua
NguyCn Du cung nhvtTruyen Kieu bi nhin nhan nhu mgl khdi nuiu ihuan. tua
khdng dugc xem xet nhu mot ehinh the thdng nhat. Chfnh xi the tir khi i ruvcn
Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc ciia Nguyen Du ra ddi den nay da c() khdng ft
nhfrng y kien trao ddi tranh luan xung quanh viin de niiy.
Nguy(!n Lgc khi di vao tim hieu lich sir van de nghien cfru 'Trnyen Kieu
khiing dinh nhfrng ddng gdp eiia Le Dinh Ky trong quii trinh nghien cfru mdi
dd hi nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu trong mdi tuang quan vdi phuang phiip sang tiic
ciia nha tha. Ons shi nhan "vdi nsdi biit sac sao eiia mdi nha phe binh" lir sdc
dd phuang phiip siing uic Le Dinh Ky da ed nhfrng "phai hien mdi" xe Truyen

Kieu ma gidi nghien ciiu ve Truyen Kieu giai doiin trudc "ehua cd". Nguxen
L(>c cdn chi ra dugc nhfrng ddng gdp diing ke ciia Le Dinh Ky xe ly iiahig
tham my ciia Nguyen Du irong Truyen Kieu, x'e mot so nhan vai Truyen Kieu
Cling nlur \e irici /v Truyen Kicu. Tir do dng di den ket luan "iruycn Kicu vd
chu nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du giiip ngucri dgc hieu sau ho'n nhfrng gui iri
doc diio ciia mot nhii tha ihien uii" (28.ir465). Dii khii gan giii \o\ quan diem
ciia Le Dinh Kv. nghia hi ciing chgn ciieh tiep can Truyen Kicu tu phuong
18


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

phap sang tac, tir nguyen idc dien hinh hoa nhung Nguyen Lgc nhiin dinh
"irong cdng trinh nghien eiiu ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng duoc chat
che. Va mac dii lNguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhirng thanh edng eiia dng lai hi nhiing kham
pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tac ehii chua phai
nhu'ng ket luan vd biin than phuang phap sang tac trong Truyen

Kieif

(28,tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot lieu chuan cd siin nao dd
.ve chii nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu", "so siinh" vdi
'Truyen Kieu chii d day tac gia chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuat phat tir quy luat van ddng ngi tai ciia van hgc dan tgc de nghien cfru. Tuy
nhien biin than Nguydn Lgc trong phan viet ve dien hinh hod 'Truyen Kieu
Cling chia phucrng phiip siing Uic ciia Nguyen Du thanh ba Idi dien hinh hoa,
"ly tudng hoii", "dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thue". "dicMi hinh hoii
iruyCm thdng theo ly tudng hoii den Idi dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thue"
(28.lr396) ciing hi ehua hgp ly.

Tran Dinh Hugu mac dii khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh cu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du song liii ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns "Nsuyen Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu iruyen de dien Ndm Uic la ed
tim dugc d trong dd ciii ma dng mudn tim". Triin Dinh Hugu cho rang ciii ma
Nguyen Du tim dirge nhiit quyei khdng phiii la do hien thuc a irong dd gidng
x'di hien thuc xa hdi Viet Nam, bai dng nhan ihay tiic giii da luge bo di nhfrng
ehi liet cii lhC\ mil theo nha Nho thi ta dam xe ndi dung, rirdm ra, kem trang
nha X'e nghe thuat. d mgl mat niio dd dieu niiy lai "xa cai thuc cua van hoc".
Theo dng "Nguxen Du Ira thiinh hieu ddi, thiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng
khdng |")hai theo ciieh cua nhfrng nghe si hien thuc chii nghia xuiii phat lir thue
le. di tim ciie ludi lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc. ciii ban chat, ciii
diem hinh trong llurc liii cd trudc nuit. Ong quan Uim den thuc lai mdi ihuc lai
rdns ho'n irucVc nlumg la mdi thue lai irini lirong ma dng S(M la cdi nguoi ta
(50,tr468). O phuang dien miy cho tha> Tran Dinh Hirou dii \em ,\et I rmen
19


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

phap sang tiic, tir nguyen lac didn hinh hoa nhung Nguxen Lgc nhan dinh
"trong cdng trinh nghien ciru ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng dugc chiii
che. Va mac dii tac gia cd dung y giai quyei van de phuang phap siing uic cua
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhung thanh cdng ciia dng \d\ la nhfrng kham
pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tiic ehii ehua phai
nhCrng ket luan ve ban than phuang phap sang tiic trong Truyen

Kieir

(28.tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot tieu chuan cd siin niio dd
.v6 chii nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu". "so sanh" xdi

Truyen Kieu ehii' d day tiic giii chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuai phat lir quy luat van ddng ngi tai ciia van hgc dan toe de nghien ei'ru. Tuy
nhien biin than Nguyfin Lgc trong phiin viei ve dien hinh hod Truyen Kieu
Cling chia phuang phap sang uic ciia Nguyen Du ihanh ba Idi dien hinh hoa.
"ly tudng hoii". "dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thuc", "dien hinh hoa
truycm thdng theo ly tirdng hoa deii Idi dien hinh hoii ciia chii nghia hien thue"
(28,tr396) ciing la chua hgp ly.
Triin Dinh Hugu mac dii khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh eu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du song liii ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns "NsuycMi Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu truyen de dien Ndm liie la ed
tim dugc d trong dd cai ma dng mudn tim". Tran Dinh Hugu cho rang ciii ma
Nguyen Du tim dugc nhiii quyet khdng phai lii do hien thue d trong dd gidng
X'di hien thue xa hdi Viet Nam. bdi dng nhan thay tiic giii da luge bo di nhfrns
ehi tiet cu thd. ma theo nha Nho thi la dam xe ndi dung, nwm ra. kem irang
nha xe nghe thuiit. d mot mat niio dd dieu nay Icii "xa Ciii thue eiia van hgc".
Theo dns "Nsuven Du ird thiinh hieu diu. ihiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng
khdng phiii theo each ciia nhfrng nghe si hien thuc chii nghia xuiii phai lir thuc
te. di tim ciic mdi lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc. ciii ban chat, eai
dieni hinh trong thuc lai ed trudc mat. Ong quan Uim den thuc lai mdi iluie lai
"rdns ho'n iriiiVe nhimg hi mot thue lai iriru tuang ma dng goi la edi nguo'i la
(50,tr468). 0 phuang dien niiy cho thiiy Tran Dinh Hirou da xem \el Trnyen
19


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

Kieu (truyen Ndm ndi chung), trong bdi canh van hoa. xan hoe trung dai. han
nu'a dng da cd y thu'c chii y den dac trung cua thi phap trung di^ii. Ong khang
dinh "trong van hgc Viel Nam trung can dai" khdng ed "phong trao xan hgc
hien thuc chii nghia". Va ket luan "neu eai dep la sir da diing eiia nhfrng ciii

dgc dao, la vd sd thi van hgc Viet Nam trung can dai cung khdng nhiit thiol
phai cd khuynh hudng hien thuc, va cd nhieu yeii td hien thue mdi la mot nen
van hgc phat trien" (50,tr498).
Trong bai Lai hdn ve chii nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu cua
Nguyen Du in trong Tcip chf van hgc sd 9 - 2000 dng Dao Xuan Quy lai cd
mgl Ciieh diinh giii va giiii quyet khac. Ong dat van de "mot tiic phimi phan iinh
dugc hien ihuc ciia mgl xa hdi ed phiii liic nao ciing la mgl tac pham viei theo
phucyng phap hien thue ehii nghia khdng?". Va dng dua ra nhfrng bai tha cua
Bach Cu Di, Dd Phii phiin anh dugc "sau siic den lirng chi tiet" hien thue xa
hdi Trung Qude dt^i nha DuiTng. roi tu hdi "cd the ket limn rang chii nghia
hien thuc da xuiii hien d Trung Qude ciich day han mgl nghin nam khdng?"
Dao Xuan Quy cdn dua ra nhfrng ly le vii di\n chiing de khang dinh rang tir giii
tri hien thuc den chii nghia hien thuc la mgl quang dudng dai. Ong neu ra yeu
Ciiu cot yeu ciia chii nghia hien thue lit van de dien hinh vii cho rang "cd the
ndi trong Truyen Kieu khdng ed nhfrng "nhan vat dien hinh trong hoan canh
dien hinh" xa ciii chfnh hi dng khdng thira nhan cd chu nghia hien thue irong
Truyen Kieu. Diio Xuan Quy viei: "Thien tai eiia Nguyen Du da thdi ha\ sdng
viio nhfrng nhan viit xdn binh thudng trong cudn lieu thuyet cua Trung Qude
Vii da dem lai cho hg mgl tam hon mot cude ddi. mot sd phiin. Nhu the la du
rdi. chiing la khdng nen giin cho Nguyen Du nhfrng di6u khdng the cd dirae".
Va dng de nghi ludt hudng nghicMi cuu Nguyen Du cung nhu Truyen Kieu la
phiii hieu sau viio uii Cii ciic nuit trong liim trang cua Uic gia chii khdng the de
dai giiin don duoc.
Trim Dinh Su trong 'I'hi phdp Truyen Kieu khi di xiio lim hieu nhiing
ehan^^ dudns nshien cfru thi phap iruyen
^

t_

*-

1

1

-

-

Kieu da ghi nhan Trnyen Kicu va
^0


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

chu nghia hien thifc ciia Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky "ed the ndi dd la sir nghien
ciru thi phap Truyen Kieu theo thi phiip ciia chii nghia hien thue" (53.lrl8).
Tuy nhien dng ciing chi ra nhiing king tiing ciia Le Dinh Ky khi xan dung khiii
niem phuang phap sang tac hien thuc chu nghia vao tac pham nay. Trong khi
tuyen nhan vat chfnh Kim Trgng. Tir Hai va ca Thuy Kieu dcni mang dam tfnh
chat ly tudng hoa, thi tuyen nhan vat phiin dien trong dd nhfrng Ma Giam
Sinh, Sd Khanh, Tii Ba d^u "mang nhieu net lay thang tir cude sdng". Tran
Dinh Sir nhan dinh neu ndi "udc le mil viin hdn nhien, chan thuc xan chi'ra
chan "tinh tir va cam xiic", eae hinh anh dien cd cd siin ma nhan xai van sinh
ddng, mdi ngudi mot ve khdng lan Idn vao nhau" thi tren thue te. khai niem
ehii nghia hien thue da bi thay the" (53.tr 19). Ong kei luan '^y niem chu nghia
hien thuc thdi niiy cdn giiin dan, ngucii ta chua thiiy tfnh chu quan eiia chu
• nghia hien thue eiing nhu tfnh udc le cua nd. Riii nhieu ngiriyi vien cau "nhfrng
dieu trdng thiiy" ciia NguyCn Du nhirng ft nguc^i xem xet Nguyen Du thiiy theo
eai nhin niio, eon mat nao." (53,trl9)

Trong Ciic biii viei eiia Trim Nho Thin ciing ed xu hirdng |:)hu nhan sir
hien dien ciia chii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieic dng da ehi ra khuynh
hudng nghicMi eiiu Truyen Kieu iheo phuang phap sang uic hien thue chu nghia
dien ra x'iio khoiing nhfrng nam 60 - 70 eiia the ky XX, la mgl thuc le va phd
bien. Theo dng. mac dii cac nha nghien cii'u nay da ed mgl "nd lire mdi nham
khoa hoe hoa cdng xiee nghien cfru" nham dai xan hoii Viet Nam xiio bdi canh
phat trien chung cua van hgc the gidi xa "nhin nhiin xan hoc Viet Nam nhu
nuit bd phiin khdng uich vai cua xan hoc the gidi". nhung thue le tren the gidi
nhiing nam 60. 70 "da va dang dien ra ciic khuynh hudng van hoc khiic nhau".
dac biet lii chu nghia huyen Ihoiii xdi nhfrng

ICMI tudi

Idn nhu T.Mann. J.Joyce.

F.Kafka... va da thax the chu nghia hiLMi ihirc cua ihe ky XIX. Nhung \i
"nluins Ix do khiic nhiui" nen sidi nshien cfru xii \an hoc nii'(ic la "dmh hu'iing
siii tri" xiin chu xeii "khoanh xiins irons chu nshIa hien llurc" bao gom hien
thue phe phiin xii hien thuc xa hdi chu nshla. Ons cho riing xiee ap clung
21


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

nhu'ng lieu chf ciia chii nghia hien thuc ciia van hgc phuang Tax' khoang the ky
XIX, vdn cd nhirng dac trung ve loai hinh rat khac vdi xan hgc trung diii Viet
Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de tim hieu Truyen Kieu la
"mot viec khii mao hiem va thuc te da bgc Id nhirng bai cap" (55.tr48). Tran
Nho Thin neu ra nhirng bai cap khi ap dung chii nghia hien thuc xiio Truyen
Kieu, dng cho rang "each tiep can nay thuc chat da bien Truyen Kieu tir mdi

chinh the nghe thuat thanh mot thue the dity mau thuiln. ihieii thdng nhiii. no\
ehura dung nhfrng phuang phiip khiic nhau" (55,tr48). Va ciin thiei phiii ed mot
phuang phap nghien ciru khac bd xung cho sir thieii hut dd. chfnh la phuang
phap nghien cii'u loai hinh hgc van hoa
Nhu the, ta thay rd rang sau khi Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c
ciia Nguyen Du ra dai ben canh nhfrng y kien Uin ddng thi eiing xuiit hien
hiing loiil nhfrng ban khoan phiin ddi d khfa ciinh niiy khfa ciinh kia. a mo\
ehirng muc nhiit dinh. Nhin chung cac y kien phiin ddi deu thdng nhiii cho
rang khdng the coi trong 1 ruyen Kieu dd cd chii nghia hien fhii'c. Tuy nhicMi,
viec dira ra cac each tiep ciin 'Truyen Kieu the niio liii rat khiic nhau hay ncii cu
the han vice dua ra phuang hirdng giiii quyei lap di khoiing trdng do phu nhan
Ciieh tiep can ciia Le Dinh Ky liii rai khiic nhau. Cd ngudi de nghi tiep can
Truyen Kieu theo hirdng phong Ciieh nhu Phan Nggc trong Phong cdch nghe
thiuit Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu. Cd ngudi de nghi cac tiep can thi phiip
hgc nhu Triin Dinh Sir trong 7/// phdp Truyen Kieu. Ngudi thi de nghi ciieh
tiep can theo hirdng van hoii hgc nhu Tran Dinh Hugu, Trim Nho Thin. Dao
Xiuin Quy...

L3- Phuong huong giai quyet cho van de tiep can mot tac
pham van hgc trung dai.
Tro" liii xan de chu nghiii hien thuc trong 'Truyen Kicu. chiing la lha\
ihd'i sian siin dax hau nhir cac nhii "Kieu hoc" tranh khons su duns thuat ngir

22


Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

chu nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu va cung khdng ft ngirdi da lo thai do
phan ddi rd ret. Thuc te khi dgc Truyen Kieu chiing ta khdng phu nhiin tfnh

chai hien thuc ciia tac phalm bdi nd chfnh la "tac phalm duy nhai da phan iinh
dugc sau sac, va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan ciinh xa hdi nude ta trong mot
giai doan lich sir nhai dinh" (8). Nhung cai phai xac dinh mgl ciich rd rimg la
van de ////// chat hien thifc va chii nghia hien thifc, khdng phiii la nhfrng khai
niem trung kbit nhau.
Phan anh hien thue la dac quy6n ciia nghe thuat ndi chung chii khdng
rieng mot phuang phiip sang tac nao hay mot mdn nghe thuat niio. Ngay cii
khi ngudi nghe si siing tito ra nhfrng hinh iinh ben ngoai bien gidi cua thuc liii
hay ndi ciich khac lii khdng ed trong hien thue thi ihirc chiii dd chi hi each
nhiio nan liti nhfrng bd phan nhfrng ciii da ed eiia thue tiii ma thdi. Theo
B.Xusedp, nhu'ng sir vat ky quai nhai tudng khdng cd d tren ddi nay. thue ra la
nd vdn dirae xay dung theo nhfrng hinh iinh ed siin ciia eugc sdng (qui qiuii riit
ky di nhung vim cd mat. mfii, mieng, tay chan... chi ed dieu duoc xe dieh \a
cudng dieu nhfrng ti le thdng thuiyng ciia chiing). Day chfnh lii nguyen ly van
hgc biit nguon tir hien thue. Do vay. nhfrng lac phiim thudc ciie trudng phai
• tuang trung. an tugng. trim tirgng... chang qua eiing ehi hi sir nhao niin cac
hinh anh hien thuc. Nhu the ciing cd nghia la phan iinh hien thire khdng the la
thudc do giii tri ciia mot Uic phiim van hgc liii ciing khdng the la biit phiip diic
trung ciia phuang phap siing tac hien thue ehii nghia. Khdng cd ly gi khang
dinh van hgc hien thuc "cd giii tri" han nhfrng ddng van hgc khiic.
Han nfra chu nghia hien thue xdi tu ciieh la mgl phuang phap sang uic la
mdi hien tuang lich sir ehi phiit sinh d mgl giai doan phiit trien nhiii dinh cua
tu duy eon ngirc)i. xao thdi ma trudc con ngirdi niiy sinh sir tai yeu khdng tranh
khoi phai v thfre ban chiii xa khuynh hirdng viin ddng cua xa hdi. xao thcri ma
nhfrng hanh ddng xii tinh cam cua eon ngudi (di tir tu phiii den tu giiic) khdng
phai hi hc:^ qua cua nhfrng say mc. hoac x dd cua than linh ma chiing diKre
quyet dinh bai nhfrng nguycMi nhan thue lai ndi each khac la nhfrng nguxen
'^^

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

nhan bat nguon tir trong chfnh xa hdi loai ngudi. Thuc ra. do biin xem sir ra da\
cLia chii nghia hien thue xuat hien vao thdi diem nao cung cd mot vai y kien
khac nhau, nhung cung khdng phai la ddi nghich nhau. Loai y kien ma Kdniiil
la dai dien tieu bieu chii truang, chii nghia hien thue chi cd d xan hgc the ky
XIX, trong khi dd lai ed mot loiii y kien khac nhu B.Xusedp diii dien. liii ma
rdng gidi hiin len tan the ky XV - XVI, thdi ky phiie hung. Song xe ca ban hai
y kien tren cung khdng khac nhau v6 nguyen tac, tun chung nd deu dugc xac
dinh la tir khi xuat hien giai cap tu san thi liie ay cd sir ra dc^i ciia chu nghia
hien thue. Kdnriit yeu eiiu "can phai hidu tinh thiin phe phiin eiia ehii nghia
hien thuc Phap nhu la mgl phuang phap kham pha hien thuc trong loan bd tfnh
•

phue tiip va mau thuan ciia ciie lire krgng hoiit ddng d hien thue ay" (ehuycMi
dan 55,trl72). Rd riing phuang phap kham phii hien thuc nay ehi bieu hiclm
gay gat khi cd sir phat trien d miic do niio dd eiia y thi're xa h()i xa su xam nhiip
quyei \\c\ ciia khoa hgc tu nhien viio tim hieu bim chiii ciia thuc lai. Xuskdp
cho rang tinh thiin nghicMi cfru khdng ehi la iru the ciia ricMig van hgc nghe:
thuat mil cdn eiia cii triei hgc va khoa hgc tu nhien da bat diiii lir thcri dai [")luic
hung - thiii did giai eiip tu siin bat diiu hucie

ICMI

vii dai chfnh tri. Nghia la cV

nhfrng nude Chau Au sir phat sinh va hinh thimh chu nghia hien thue nhir la
mgl triio luu nghe Ihuiil doe lap gan lien vdi nhfrng sir bien ddi to Idn - sir xdi
Id Ciiu triic Ciie quan he phong kien quyei dinh xi trf ciia eon ngirdi trong xa
hdi. Cho dii ed the ndi liie nay ehua phiii lii ehii nghia hic;n thue theo nghia

di'eh thue eiia lir niiy, dd xnai chi la nhfrng birdc tiep can chu nghia hiclMi thue
mil thdi. Do dd, chu nghia hien thue chi cd the hinh thiinh xii phat irien khi cd
sir xiiiit hien ciia giai ciip tu siin xii khoa hgc da phiit trien a mcii irinh dd nao
dd Xii liei") theo nd liii veil bi thax' the bcVi mcit phuang phiip sang Uic khiic phii
hop x'cVi ihivi chu hon.
Nhu the khi deni soi xiio xa hcii Vic}i Nam nira cudi the} kx XVIII - nira
diiu the ky XIX la thiiy rd rang cc) riii nhieu khac biet. Xa hdi nuoc lit liic hax
sid' xan hi mot \a hdi phons kic^Mi. khdns cci biii cfr mdi cude each mans \a hoi
24