Tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh về quan hệ dân tộc và giai cấp trong cách mạng Việt Nam giai đoạn 1920 - 1945

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DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
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TRl/dNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

NGUYEN DirC HOA

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TUTUONG HO CHI MINH VE QUAN HE
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DAN TOG VA GIAI CAP TRONG CACH
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MANG VIET NAM GIAI OGAN 1920- 1945
LUAN VAN THAC SI TRIET HOC

huyen nganh: CNDVBC VA

M a so

CNDVLS

: 5.01.02

Gido vien hmng dan: TS. Nguyen Anh Tuan

OAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOl
TRUNG TAM THQNG TIN THlf VIEN

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HA NOI 2006


LCII CAM DO AN
Toi xin cam doan cong trinh nay la do toi thuc hien dirai su hirang d^n khoa
hoc cua TS. Nguyen Anh Tuan. Nhung so lieu, cur lieu dirac trich dan trong luan
van la co nguon goc, xuat xii ro rang.
Hoc vien

Nguyen Due Hoa


MUC LUC
Trang

M6DAU

1

CHUGNG 1: CAC TIEN DE HINH THANH TUTUONG
HO CHI MINH VE MOI QUAN HE DAN TOC VA
GIAI CAP

6

1.1. Quan diem Mac- Lenin ve quan he dan toe va giai cap

6

7.7./. Quan diem cua Mac va Angghen ve quan he dan toe va giai cap

6

7.7.2. Quan diem cua Lenin ve quan he dan toe va giai cap

21

l.l.Truyen thong dan toe va tinh hinh Viet Nam dau the ky XX

31

7.2.7. Truyen thong yeu nuac, dodn ket dan toe cua nhdn dan Viet Nam ..31
],2.2, Xd hoi Viet Nam duai dch thong tri cua thi(c dan Phdp va
cdc phong trdo yeu nucrc cuoi the ky XIX, ddu thekyXX.

1.3.

39

Qua trlnh Ho Chi Minh tiep can quan diem dan toe

va giai cap cua chu nghia Mac- Lenin

44

Ket luan chuong 1

50

CHUONG 2: NOI DUNG CO BAN CUA

TUTUONG

HO CHI MINH

VE QUAN HE DAN TOC vA GIAI CAP TRONG CACH MANG
VIETNAM

52

2.L Moi quan he giua dan toe va giai cap trong each mang
Viet Nam theo tutuongHo Chi Minh

52

2.7.7. Cdch mgng Viet Namphdi di theo con du'cyng each mgng v6
sdn, doc lap dan toe gdn lien vai chu nglua xd hoi, giai quyet van
de dan toe tren lap trU(yng giai cap cong nhdn

52

2.7.2. Dgt yeu to dan toe len hang ddu, coi trong lai ich dan toe

58

2.1.3, Nhdn dan cdc nude thuoc dia chu dong dung len ti(giai phong

76

2.2. Mot so van de van dung tu tuong Ho Chi Minh ve moi quan
he dan toe va giai cap vao sir nghiep xay dung dat nuoe ta
hien nav

80

2.2.7. Tinh hinh quae tevd trong nud'c hien nay

80

2,2.2. Van dung tutudng Ho Chi Minh ve quan he dan toe vd giai cap
vdo sU nghiep xdy dung dat nude hien nav

85

Ket luan chirang 2

92

KET LUAN

93

DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

97


MO DAU
1. Tinh cap thiet ciia de tai
Moi quan he giua dan toe va giai cap la met trong nhung moi quan he ca
ban va phiic tap trong lich sir cung nhii trong the giai dirang dai. Nhiing nam qua
quan he dan toe a cac nucfc tren the gi6i tra nen phurc tap va nong bong hon, va
thadng bi cac the lire de quoc lai dung. Nhirng diem nong vi xung dot sdc toe
didn ra a nhi6u nai anh hirong Ion tdi doc lap dan toe va chii quy6n quoc gia nhu
a Xomali, Ruanda, Burundi, Apganixtan, Xrilanca, xung dot giOa Palextin va
Ixraen... Tmh hinh xung dot dan toe cung rat nghiem trong nhir a NagomuiKarabac (Acmenia), Trexnia (Nga), Grudia, Tatgikixtan, Cirragaxtan, Boxnia va
Hecxegovina, Maxedonia... (xem them: [4, 16]). Tmh hinh nay cung dang anh
hirong tai nir6c ta. Dan toe dang la van de noi corn a nhi^u nai tren the gi6i, ma
chinh sach dan toe c6 quan he chat che v6i van d^ giai cap. "Chinh sach dung
dan trong van de dan toe phan Ion phu thuoc vao sir hieu biet moi tuang quan
giua cac lai ich giai cap va dan toe"[27, 1].
Cach day tron 60 nam, nhan dan ta da dung len lam cuoc Cach mang thang
Tam VI dai nam 1945. Day la mot sir kien lich sir v6 cung trong dai, c6 tarn anh
huong rong I6n. Thanh cong ciia cuoc each mang nay da dira nirdc ta tir mot

nirac thuoc dia thanh mot nu6c doc lap, dira nhan dan ta tir ngirai no le thanh
ngirai tir do, lam chii dat nirac.
Mot trong nhung nguyen nhan dSn den thang lai ciia each mang thang Tam
la do Dang cong san Viet Nam c6 duong loi dung dan giuong cao ngon ca doc
lap dan toe gan Win v6'\ chu nghia xa hoi, da gia^ quyet thanh cong van de dan
toe va van de giai cap. Ngudi dat n6n mong cho thanh cong do la Ho Chi Minh.
Tu duy bien chung ciia Ho Chi Minh ve moi quan he giira dan toe va giai cap la
mot trong nhung nhan to lam nen thang lai ciia each mang Viet Nam, mot trong
nhung dong gop xuat sSc vao ly luan each mang ciia chii nghia Mac-Lenin. Dang
ta khang dinh: "Tu tuong Ho Chi Minh soi duang cho cuoc dau tranh ciia nhan
dan ta gianh thang lai, la tai san tinh than to Ian cua Dang va dan toe ta"[ 17, 84].
Sir nghiep doi mai toan dien dat nuac do Dang khai xucifng va lanh dao da
dat duac nhung thanh tuu quan trong, kinh te tang truong kha, dai song nhan dan


ngay mot nang cao. Ben canh do, viec phat trien kinh te thi truang dinh huang xa
hoi chii nghia, thuc hien da dang hoa quan he sa huu da lam bien doi ca cau giai
cap - xa hoi of nuac ta, tao ra su khong thuan nhat. xung dot cac lai ich trai nguac
nhau. Them vao do hien nay cac the lire thii dich dang tim moi each chia re khoi
doan ket toan dan toe, gay tac dong tieu cue t6i sir nghiep xay dung va bao ve dat
nu6c cua nhan dan ta.
Dai hoi Dang Ian thu IX da xac dinh nhiem vu chien luac ciia each mang
nude ta trong giai doan hien nay la "phat buy sufc manh toan dan toe, tiep tuc doi
mai, day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, xay dung va bao ve To quoc Viet
Nam xa hoi chii nghia" [17, 60], va "noi dung chii yeu cua dau tranh giai cap
trong giai doan hien nay la thuc hien thSng lai sir nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien
dai hoa theo dinh huong xa hoi chii nghia" [17, 22].
De thuc hien thang lai muc tieu tren doi hoi phai huy dong sue manh long
hop cac nguon lire ciia cac tang 16p nhan dan, ca: thanh phan kinh te, trong va
ngoai nuac. Di^u nay yeu cau chiing ta, han liic nao het, can nhan thuc ro moi

quan he giOa dan toe va giai cap, van di doc lap dan toe trong quan he quoc te,
de CO chinh sach thich hop. Do do, can phai nghien cuu tu tuong Ho Chi Minh ve
van d^ nay di tim ra nhiJng chi dan thich hop v6i f\m doan each mang mai.
Tam quan trong do da thoi thiic chiing toi chon van di Tu tudng Ho Chi
Minh ve quan he dan toe vd giai cap trong cdch mang Viet Nam giai doan 1920
- 1945 lam di tai luan van thac sT triet hoc ciia minh.
2. Tinh hinh nghien cihi de tai
Tu tuong Ho Chi Minh soi duong va mang h»i thang loi cho cuoc dau tranh
ciia nhan dan Viet Nam. Trong nhiJng nam qua, d^ tai tu tuong Ho Chi Minh da
thu hut sir chu y ciia dong dao cac chinh khach, cac nha khoa hoc, ca trong va

ngoai nu6c. Co the neu ra mot so cong trinh nhu: Ho Chi Minh vd con ngU(yi Viet

Nam tren con dU(yng dan gidu mafe manh cua Pham Van D6ng [24]; Sue manh
dan toe cua cdch mgng Viet Nam dudi anh sang tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ciia tac
gia Le Mau Han [28]. Su hinh thanh tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve cdch mgng gidi
phong ddn toe (1911 - 1945) ciia tac gia Nguyen Dinh Thuan [70]; Tu tudng Ho
Chi Minh ve gidi phong ddn toe - eon diayng ddn den chien ihdng lich su Dien


Bien Phu ciia tac gia Nguy6n Ba Linh, Nxb. CTQG, 2004; Gidi phong ddn toe vd
doi mai dudi dnh sdng tutudng Ho Chi Minh ciia tac gia Bui Dinh Phong, Nxb.
CTQG, 2004 V.V.. Cac cuon sach tren de cap nhi6u van di vi tu tuong Ho Chi
Minh, trong do c6 tu tuong ve van de dan toe va van de giai cap. Trong tac pham
neu tren, tac gia Le Mau Han da khai quat duong loi cuu nu6c ciia H6 Chi Minh
va khang dinh chmh ducmg loi diing dan do da dua cuoc dau tranh giai phong
dan toe ciia nhan dan Viet Nam den thang loi. Tac gia Bui Dinh Phong trong
Gidi phong ddn toe vd doi mai dudi dnh sdng tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ciang khang
dinh gia tri ciia tu tudng Ho Chi Minh trong cuoc each mang giai phong dan toe
va xa hoi chii nghia va nhan manh su can thiet phai van dung tu tuong Ho Chi

Minh trong sir nghiep doi moi dat nuoc.
Ngoai ra con mot so bai viet, chuyen khao dang tai tren cac tap chi: "Triet
hoc", 'Ly luan chinh tri", "Cong san"... nhu: Ket hap dung ddn van de giai cap
vdi van de ddn toe theo tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ciia Le Duy Son, Tap chi Nghien
cuu ly luan so 10/1999; Con duang cidi nude, gidi phong ddn toe, gidi phong
nhdn ddn cua Ho Chi Minh ciia Nguyen Huy, Tap chi khoa hoc xa hoi so 1/
2004; Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve moi quan he giai cap vd ddn toe ciia Nguy6n
Ngoc Long, Tap chi Ngien cuu ly luan so 4/ 1996; Moi quan he hien chung giua
van de ddn toe vd van de giai cap trong tU tudng Ho Chi Minh ciia Nguyen Duy
Quy, Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi, so 5/ 2004... Trong bai Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve
moi quan he giai cap vd ddn toe, Nguyen Ngoc Long phan tich quan diem cua
Lenin ve sir can thiet phai thuc hien sir gan bo giua cuoc dau tranh each mang
cua giai cap v6 san v6i cuoc dau tranh giai phong dan toe ciia nhan dan cac nuoc
thuoc dia. Tac gia cung khai quat nhOng luan giai ciia Ho Chi Minh vi sir thong
nhat khong the tach roi do va khang dinh do la mot noi dung co ban va quan
trong ciia tu tuong Ho Chi Minh. Tac gia Nguyen Duy Quy trong bai neu tren da
phan tich, khai quat qua trinh Ho Chi Minh tiep can ly luan dan toe va giai cap
ciia chu nghia Mac - Lenin, nhung ket luan Ho Chi Minh riit ra qua viec nghien
cuu ly luan do va thuc ti^n lich su the giai va dat nu6c. Tac gia cung khang dinh
sir can thiet phai tiep tuc nghien cuu, hoc tap, quan triet tu tuong Ho Chi Minh vi
van de dan toe va giai cap trong tinh hinh moi, lay do lam co so cho vice van


dung, hoach dinh, to chiic va thuc hien duong loi, chinh sach ciia Dang va Nha
nu6c.
Nhieu ngudi nucfc ngoai va ngudi Viet Nam 6 nude ngoai cung nghien curu
ve tu tuong Ho Chi Minh va co nhiJng dong gop nhat dinh, nhu Ho Chi Minh gidi phong ddn toe vd doi mdi ciia Futura Motoo [25]; Tim hieu nen tdng van
hod ddn toe trong tu tudng cdch mgng Ho Chi Minh ciia tac gia John Le Van
Hoa, Nxb. Ha Noi, 2003... Day la nguon tai lieu dang tham khao.
Ngoai ra ciang co mot so luan van, luan an nghien cuu ve tu tuong Ho Chi

Minh, trong do co the ke den luan an tien si sir hoc ciia Tran Van Hai voi di tai
Chu tich Ho Chi Minh vdi van de ddn toe vd giai cap trong each mang Viet Nam
duac bao ve tai Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia He Chi Minh nam 2001. Day la
cong trinh tiep can tu tuong Ho Chi Minh tren binh dien sir hoc.
Cac cong trinh tren da khai thac tu tuong Ho Chi Minh o nhieu khia canh,
de cap mot each kha toan dien va sau sac, do la nhung dong gop Icfn vao viec
nghien cihi tu tudng Ho Chi Minh, Tuy nhien, chua that su cd cong trinh, tac
pham nao nghien cuu day dii va cd he thong tren binh dien triet hoc ve tu tudng
Ho Chi Minh vi mdi quan he dan toe va giai cap trong each mang Viet Nam giai
doan 1920 - 1945, de tii dd van dung vao viec xem xet, giai quyet van di nay d
nude ta giai doan hien nay. Day cd the la khoang trong ma chiing toi cd ky vong
phan nao khac phue bang nghien cuu nay.
3. Muc dich va nhiem vu nghien cuti
Muc c/ich: Luan van trinh bay mot each cd he thong nhung quan diem cua
Mac, Angghen va Lenin va Ho Chi Minh vi quan he dan toe va giai cap, lam ro
hoan canh ra doi ciia nhung quan diem dd. Neu van de van dung tu tudng Ho Chi
Minh ve mdi quan he nay vao tinh hinh cu the d nude ta hien nay.
Nhiem vu:
- Chi ra nhimg \\in di hinh thanh tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve mdi quan he
dan toe va giai cap.
- Phan tich mdi quan he dan toe va giai cap trong tu tudng Ho Chi Minh.
- Rut ra nhung van di van dung vao thUc tier, nude ta giai doan hien nay.
4. Co so ly luan va phuong phap nghien cihi


Luan van duoc thuc hien dua tren co sd chii nghia Mac-Lenin, tu tudng Hd
Chi Minh va chii truong, dudng loi ciia Dang ta ve quan he dan toe va giai cap.
Co sd phuong phap luan: phep bien chung duy vat va chii nghia duy vat lich
sir; cac phuong phap nghien cuu: lich sir - logic, phan tich, tdng hop, so sanh...
5. Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu

- Doi tuang: Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve mdi quan he dan toe va giai cap.
Tuy nhien, dan toe va giai cap la nhung van de rong Idn, la doi tuong
nghien cuu ciia nhieu nganh nhu triet hoc, sir hoc, dan toe hoc, xa hoi hoc...
Luan van nay de cap dan toe vdi pham vi qude ^ia dan toe, chu khong phai d
pham vi toe ngudi, xem xet van di giai cap dudi gdc do tinh giai cap ciia dan toe
chu khong de cap mot each cu the ve cac thanh phan giai cap.
- Gidi han thai gian: chii yeu tir 1920 - 1945.
6. Dong gop cua luan van
Luan van trinh bay mot each cd he thong nhung quan diem ciia Mac,
Angghen va Lenin ve quan he dan toe va giai cap, lam ro su van dung sang tao ly
luan dd ciia Hd Chi Minh vao hoan canh cu the ciia Viet Nam, neu van de van
dung vao thuc tien nude ta giai doan hien nay.
Luan van cd the duoc dijng lam tai lieu tham khao cho cac can bo nghien
cuu, giang day, sinh vien va nhung ngudi quan tam.
7. Ket cau ciia luan van
Ngoai phan md dau, ket luan va danh muc tai lieu tham khao, luan van gdm
2 chuong 5 tiet.


CHirONG 1
CAC TIEN DE HINH THANH TlTTl/dNG HO CHI MINH
VE MOI QUAN HE DAN T O C VA GIAI CAP

1.1. Quan diem Mae - Lenin ve quan he dan toe va giai cap
7.7.7. Quan diem cua Mdc vd Angghen ve quan he ddn toe vd giai cap
Trudc khi trinh bay cac quan diem ciia Mac, Angghen va Lenin ve quan he
dan toe va giai cap, chiing toi se khao sat khai nie:n dan toe va giai cap.
Dan toe la hinh thai cong dong ngudi hinh thanh trong qua trinh phat trien
lau dai ciia lich su. Cac nha chep sir thdi cd dai da cd nhung tac pham phan anh
ve phong tuc tap quan ciia cac cong dong toe ngudi, mieu ta cac cuoc chien tranh

giOa cac thanh bang trong mot qudc gia. Heroddi (484 - 425 tr. en) da mieu ta
cuoc chien tranh Hy Lap - Ba Tu nhu la cuoc chien tranh giOa nhung qudc gia.
Tuyxidit (460 - 395 tr. en), tac gia ciia bo su noi tieng ''Lich sir cuoc chien tranh
Pelopone'' da ke lai cuoc chien tranh giiJa cac thanh bang Aten va Xpac.
Tu Ma Thien trong tac pham dd so ''Su ky'' da ndi den cac qudc gia cd dai d
Trung Qudc vdi nhung qudc hieu rieng. Den khi Tan Thuy Hoang thdng nhat

van tu, don vi do ludng, lanh thd thi dan toe Trung Hoa duoc hinh thanh. Cac

trieu dai phong kien thdng tri d Trung Qudc da tu cho dan toe minh la ngudi

''Hoa \\'d\ cdn cac dan toe xung quanh duoc ho coi la ''man di". O nude ta, tir the

ky XV, nha tu tudng vl dai ciia dan toe la Nguyen Trai da neu nhiJng net khac

biet giua dan toe Viet Nam va dan toe Trung Hoa, dd la lanh thd, van hien,

phong tuc va lich sir de khang dinh chii quyen ciia ngudi Viet. Sau Nguyen Trai

vai the ki, Vua Quang Trung cudi nam 1788 cung da ndi len long quyet tam
danh giac giiJ gin nen van hoa va nhirng phong tuc tap quan lau ddi ciia dan toe.

Trong bai "Su ddng gdp ciia Nguyen Trai ve khai nicm dan toe", tac gi
Tran Hdng Luu cho rang Nguyen Trai la "ngudi dau tien trong lich sii* the gidi cc

gang tim kiem va da dua ra duoc mot dinh nghia dan toe tuong ddi cd he thdn^

va toan dien" [52, 24]. Nhung phai doi den Stalin mdi la ngudi dua ra dinh nghlc

"dan toe" tuong ddi cd chii y ro rang trong tac pham "Chii nghia Mac va van d(

dan toe'' nhu sau: "Dan toe la mot khdi ngudi cong ddng on dinh, thanh lap tronj
6


lich sii dua tren co sd cong ddng ve tieng ndi, ve lanh tho, ve sinh boat kinh te va
ve cau tao tam ly bieu hien trong cong ddng van hoa" [67, 16].
Nhu vay Stalin da neu len bdn dac trung ciia dan toe:
1. Chung ngon ngu (tieng ndi).
2. Chung lanh thd.
3. Cong ddng sinh boat kinh te, cd ket kmh te.
4. Cong ddng ve ket cau tam ly.

Stalin cho rang chi cd cong ddng nao bao gdm duoc tat ca nhiJng dac diem

ndi tren mdi duoc goi la dan toe, cdn neu tach rieng hoac chi thieu mot trong cac
dac diem tren thi cung khong the goi la dan toe, khong dii de hinh thanh dan toe.

Phai thira nhan rang, day la mot dinh nghia ro rang, cd tinh thuyet phue cao,

VI vay ma nd nhanh chdng trd nen phd bien trong gidi macxit va duoc nhieu nha

nghien cuu sau nay ke thira. Cd the ke den mot sd cong trinh cua cac nha khoa

hoc Lien X6 nhu cudn "Tir dien chinh tri'' do B.N. Ponomarep chii bien, dinh

nghia: "Dan toe la mot cong ddng ngudi on djnh hinh thanh trong lich sir, xual

hien tren co sd ciing chung tieng ndi, lanh thd, sinh boat kinh te va cau tao v^

tam ly, the hien trong nen van hoa dan toe chung" [77, 14].

Cudn "Tir dien Triet hoc" do Nha xuat ban Tien bo Matxco\^a an hanh cc

ghi: "Dan toe la hinh thuc cong ddng ngudi hinh thanh trong lich sir da thay the

cho hinh thuc bo toe. Tieu bieu cho dan toe trudc het la tinh cong dong ve nhirng
dieu kien sinh boat vat chat: lanh thd va ddi sdng kinh te; cong ddng ve ngor

ngu, nhung net nhat dinh ciia tinh each dan toe the hien d tinh dac thu dan toe

ciia nen van hoa dan toe. Dan toe la mot hinh thuc cong ddng rong hon bo toe, V
ddi vdi suxuat hien va hinh thanh hinh thai tuban chii nghia" [78, 121-122].

O nude ta, trong nhirng nam gan day ciing cd nhieu nha nghien cuu dua re
dinh nghia ve dan toe nhu "Tir dien bach khoa Viet Nam" dinh nghia: ^^Dan toe

theo quan diem truyen thdng, la cong ddng ngudi on dinh hinh thanh trong quc
trinh lich sir ciia xa hoi vdi bdn dac trung: tieng ndi chung, lanh thd chung, dd

sdng kinh te chung va to chuc tam ly chung bieu hien trong mot nen van hoi

chung" [31, 633]. Cac tac gia cudn tir dien nay cho rang '^So vdi bo toe thi dai

toe la cong ddng ngudi gan bd vdi nhau mot each chat che hon bang nhutig mo


lien he ve kinh te, tao ra mot thi trudng thdng nhat toan dan toe. Dan toe dc

nhung ngudi thuoc nhieu chiing toe, bo lac hay bo toe khac nhau hop lai" [31.

633-634]. Cudn "Thuat ngir, khai niem lich sir phd thdng" do Phan Ngoc Lien

chii bien neu ro : "Dan toe la mot cong ddng ngudi on djnh, duoc hinh thanh

trong qua trinh lich sir, cd nhirng mdi quan he chung ve lanh thd cu trii, tam 1>

dan toe, ngon ngu, kinh te va mot sd dac trung ve van hoa, hinh thanh tren co sc
phat trien ciia bo toe" [50, 57].

Nhu vay, cac dinh nghia ve dan toe neu tren da dua tren cac tieu chi dc

Stalin neu ra. Cac yeu td chung kinh te, ngon ngiJ, lanh thd, van hoa duoc xem 1^

cac tieu chi ciia dan toe. Bdn dac trung dd gan ket vdi nhau. Tuy nhien, chiing toi
cho rang de hinh thanh dan toe cdn cd mot yeu td nua cd vai trd vd ciing quar

trong, dac biet trong viec gan ket, td chufc bao ve va xay dung, cung cd cong
ddng ngudi, ddng thdi khang dinh chii quyen, doc lap cua timg dan toe, gdp phar

vao viec tdn tai va phat trien dan toe. Yeu td dd chinh la chinh tri, bo may chinh

quyen nha nude. Cac bang thdng nhat thanh nude Due vao giira the ky XIX d^

thanh lap nen nha nude Due, mudi ba thuoc dia Anh d Bac My sau khi gianh doc
lap da thanh lap nen Nha nude Hop chung qudc Hoa Ky. Vice Viet Nam thoa

khdi su do ho ciia phong kien phuong Bde sau hon mot nghin nam khong th(

khong ke den viec trudc dd ngudi Viet da cd nha nude neng la Van Lang, Ai

Lac. Dieu dang luu y la yeu td chinh tri - nha nude ciia dan toe da duoc mot nhi

tu tudng ndi tieng ciia Viet Nam la Nguyen Trai neu ra tir dau the ky XV tronj

tac pham "Binh Ngd dai cao". Trong dd liet ke Trieu, Dinh, Ly, Tran vdi Han
Dudng, Tdng, Nguyen, dd vira la lich sir, ddng thdi vira la cac trieu dai cua cat

dan toe Viet Nam va Trung Hoa. Trudc Nguyen Trai vai the ky, trong bai the

"Nam qudc son ha", Ly Thudng Kiet da khang dinh chu quyen cua nude Nam 1;
bdi vi ta cd "Nam de", cd chinh quyen nha nude rieng ciia ngudi Viet va do dt
nd ngang hang vdi Bac qudc, Chu quyen cua Dai Viet phai duoc ton trong.
Ngay ca ddi vdi cac cong ddng toe ngudi (ethnics) cd trd thanh qudc gi
dan toe (nation) hay khong thi phan Idn ciing phu thuoc vao vice cong ddng to
ngudi dd cd thanh lap duac mot chinh quyen nha nude hay khong. Trudng ho

Dong Timo la mot vi du. Trong "Tuyen ngon ciia Dang Cong san". Mac v
Angghen da viet: "Giai cap tu san ngay cang xoa bd tinh trang phan tan ve t


lieu san xuat, ve tai san va ve dan cu. Nd tu tap dan cu, tap trung cac tu lieu sar

xuat va tich tu tai san vao trong tay mot sd it ngudi. Ket qua tat nhien ciia nhirng

thay doi ay la sir tap trung ve chinh tri. Nhirng dja phuong da duoc tap hop lai
thanh mot ddn toe thong nhat. cd mot chinh phu thong nhat. mot ludt phdp thon^

nhat. mot lai ich ddn toe thong nhat (chiing toi nhan manh) mang tinh giai caj

va mot hang rao thue quan thdng nhat" [53, 602-603]. Ro rang la d day Mac vh
Angghen cd ndi tdi "mot chinh phii thdng nhat" ciia "mot dan toe thdng nhat".

Mac du mdi dan toe cd dac thii rieng nhung xet su hinh thanh, tdn tai v^

phat trien cua cac dan toe tren the gidi thi thay, giua chiing cd nhung diem chun^

la deu cd cac yeu td: lanh thd, kinh te, ngon ngir, van hoa, chinh quyen nha nude
va loi ich dan toe. Tir dd chiing toi cho rang: Ddn toe Id mot cong ddng ngudi or

dinh duac hinh thdnh trong qud trinh lich su song tren mot lanh thd xdc dinh. cc

mot nen kinh te thong nhat. chung ngon ngU. tdm ly ddn toe. cung chung lai ich
ddn toe dudi su dieu hanh cua mot nha nude trung uang thong nhat,

+ Dan toe la mot cong ddng ngudi on dinh duoc hinh thanh trong qua trinh
lich sir, chu khong phai "de hop, de tan" nhu thi toe. Ngay nay, cac qudc gia dar

toe thudng la qudc gia da dan toe. Song, trong mdi qudc gia thudng cd mot toe
ngudi ddng vai trd trung tam cua sir phat trien dan toe.

+ Sdng tren mot lanh thd xac dinh. Qua trinh quan cu ciing sinh sdng trer

mot lanh thd, cung san xuat, sinh boat, ddi phd ^ di thien nhien va hiem hoa t

cac cong ddng ngudi khac tao nen sir cd ket cua mot khdi ngudi. Do vay chun^
lanh thd la yeu td lam hinh thanh dan toe.

+ Cac mdi lien he kinh te la yeu td tao nen sir thdng nhat va phu thuoc lar
nhau cua mot cong ddng ngudi. Day la nhan td, suy cho ciing, ddng vai trd quye

dinh cho su ra ddi ciia dan toe.

+ Ngon ngir cung la mot trong nhirng nhan td quan trong gdp phan hinl

thanh dan toe. Ro rang la ciing chung tieng ndi sc de dang ban cho sir gan ke

nhirng con ngudi lai vdi nhau thanh mot khdi. Trong mot qudc gia dan toe c(

nhieu toe ngudi sir dung nhieu ngon ngiJ khac nhau, song bao gid cung cd ngd]

ngir chinh thiic ciia dan toe. Tuy nhien trong nhieu trudng hop thi ngon ngi
chung thdng nhat khong phai la yeu td co ban nhar ciia dan toe.


+ Cung sinh sdng tren nhung vimg lanh thd nhat dinh, chju su chi phdi ciic
dieu kien tu nhien, each thire sinh boat san xuat se tao ra nhirng cong ddng ngud
cd chung tam ly va cac dac trung ve van hoa nhat Jjnh.

+ Nha nude giii vai trd chu dao trong viec td chiic khdi cong ddng dan toe
xay dung, giiJ gin, bao ve va phat trien dan toe mmh. Nha nude trung uong quar
ly dan cu theo viing lanh thd, dung ra tap hop, thdng nhat cong ddng dan toe

ngan ngira va phong chdng nhCfng am muu, boat dong gay chia re dan toe. Tron^

lich sir, cac toe ngudi thieu sd thudng cd xu hudng ly khai khi chinh quyen trun^

uong suy yeu, song thdng nhat dan toe mdi la xu hudng chu dao. Trong lich si

nha nude ciing la bo may dam nhiem viec md rong lanh thd, sap nhap cac viin^
lanh thd khac, md rong dia ban cu trii cua dan toe.

Cac ca nhan trong mot cong ddng ngudi hop thanh dan toe sd dl cd ciin^

chung "tieng ndi", ciing diing len bao ve dan toe la vi ho cd ciing chung loi ici
dan toe. Giai cap thdng tri cd loi ich phii hop dan toe thi se de dang duoc nhar
dan iing ho, cdn neu di trai vdi loi ich dan toe thi nhan dan se ndi len chdng lai.

Ngay nay, cung vdi khai niem qudc gia dan ^oc cdn cd cac khai niem tuonj

duong duoc diing quen thuoc nhu khai niem nhan dan. Vi du: nhan dan Vie

Nam diing de chi tat ca cac toe ngudi sdng tren lanh thd Viet Nam. Ngoai ra
khai niem "ngudi" cung duoc diing de chi nhan dan ciia mot qudc gia nhu: ngud
Due, ngudi Y, ngudi Phap.

Cdn khai niem Td qudc lai mang tinh khai qaat cao hon, nd goi len nhirng

gia tri cao dep bdi tinh yeu cua con ngudi ddi vdi lanh thd ma minh sinh sdng

gan bd. O day con ngudi va dat nude, ngon niii, con song quyen chat vdi nhau
Td qudc, que huong da trd thanh mau thit cua mdi con ngudi.

Ddi vdi giai cap thi ngay tu* thdi cd dai xa hoi da cd sir phan chia dau tiei
thanh nhirng tap doan ngudi khac nhau vdi nhirng khac biet va tuong ddng ve di

vi giira nhung ngudi trong mot cong ddng. Van de phan tang xa hoi da nay sinl

tir cudi thdi cong san nguyen thuy. Day cd the la mam mdng diiu tien ciia gic
cap. Vay tu thdi co dai cac nha tu tudng da quan niem the nao lii giai cap?
Su phan tang trong xa hoi Trung Qudc cd dai la het sue ro rang. Lao Tir d

phe phan tang Idp thdng tri khi dng cho rang: "D^/c> trdi ben thua. hu thieu: da


ngudi bat thieu bu thita'' [72, 42]. Song, ong khong cat nghia duoc nguyen nhan

ciia hien tuong dd va cudi cung ong mong mudn trd ve vdi xa hoi thdi nguyen
thuy "tieu qudc qua dan".

Khong Tir ciing da nhan ra nhirng su khac biet trong xa hoi. Ong ndi:

"Ngudi dan thudng hoc tap trudc rdi mdi ra lam quan, cdn con chau quy toe thi
lam quan trudc rdi mdi hoc" [29, 56]. Ong da cat nghia sir giau ngheo, sang her

cua mdi ngudi la do "Trdi", "Sdng chet tai menh, giau sang tai Trdi". Ong ndi;
"Nha Vua sai khien be tdi thi lay dieu le, be tdi thd Vua thi lay dieu trung" [71

77-78] va "Quan tir chet vi nghia, tieu nhan chet vi loi". 6 day, Khong Tir "Ndi
den chii nhdn Id nhdm vdo ngudi quan tie ben canh chir nhan cdn cd chir ddr

ddnh cho no le'* [72, 31]. Nhu vay, Khong Tir da nhan ra sir phan boa xa hoi

thanh cac tang Idp ngudi khac nhau (tuy ong chua neu khai niem giai cap) v^
trong tham tam ong mo udc mot xa hoi "dai ddng", "mot xa hoi ly tudng" [72
29].

Manh Tir cho rang irong xa hoi cd hai lap ngudi, lao tam va lao lire, tron^
dd lao tam cai tri lao lire [72, 37]. Mac Tu chu truong "kiem ai", keu goi mo

ngudi thuong yeu khong phan biet thu bac cao thap, sang hen. Vdi tu tudn^

"thuong hien", "thuong ddng", dng chii truong phai sir dung ngudi hien tai tron^

bo may nha nude, ngudi cai tri nude phai la nguoi hien chu khong phai can ci
vao quy toe hay thudng dan.

Khong rieng gi Trung Qudc, d An Do, theo Rig Veda thi trong xa hoi Ai

Do tdn tai bdn dang cap dugfc sinh ra tii' bdn bo phan khac nhau tren co the Than

dd la tang Idp Brahman (duoc sinh ra tir mieng Than), Kshatriya (tu tay)

Vaishya (tir diii) va Shudra (tir chan). Bdn lap ngudi nay cd dia vi va vai trd khai

nhau. Tang Idp tang lir Brahman gitr dac quyen trong viec cung bai, le nghi

Kshatriya la quy toe v6 si cd chuc nang quan ly xa hoi; Vaishya bao gdm thuon;

nhan, tho thu cong, nong dan cd trach nhiem san xuat cua cai cho xa hoi, cdi

Shudra la tang lap cimg dinh, lam cong viec tdi td, phue vu. Ngoai ra cdn cd mc

lap ngudi ngoai dang cap la Paria (nhirng ngudi khong the dung cham) la nhiJn,
ngudi lam nhung cong viec hi coi la hen mon, ban thiu.

11


6 thanh bang Xpac (Hy Lap cd dai) dan cu duoc chia lam ba tap doan

ngudi cd quyen loi va nghia vu rieng. Ngudi Xpac khong tham gia cac boat ddng

san xuat nhu lam ruong, lam tho thii cong, budn ban. Ho sdng bang sir no dich,

bde lot siic lao dong cua ngudi Periet va Hi Ldt. Ngudi Xpac chi cd chire nang

cai tri va tham gia vao quan doi. Ngudi Periet cd chiic nang boat ddng kinh te,

nop thue. Ngudi Hi Ldt la no le chung cua nha nude, phai lao ddng san xuat va
duoc hudng mot phan thu hoach.

CJ mot thanh bang Hy Lap cd dai khac la Aten, sau cai each cua Xdldng vao

nam 594 (tr. en) da tdn tai bdn dang cap. Tai san la co sd phan chia dang cap.

Chi cd nhirng ngudi thuoc dang cap thu nhat mdi duoc tham gia giir cac chufc vii

cao cap cua nha nude. Dang cap thu tu chi duoc tham gia bau cir cac chuc vu cua
bo may nha nude cap thap.

Platdn trong md hinh "Nha nude ly tudng* da chia xa hoi thanh ba Idp

ngudi. Tang Idp thu nhat la cac nha triet hoc, ho la nhirng ngudi thdng minh.

chinh true, cd dao dure va hoc van, do vay ho dam nhiem vi tri lanh dao nh^

nude. Tang Idp thii hai la binh si cd nhiem vu bao ve nha nude, giiJ gin trat tu tri

an. Tang Idp thu ba gdm nong dan, tho thu cong, thuong nhan ma nhiem vu chi
yeu la lam ra cua cai vat chat de nudi sdng xa hoi.
Arixtdt ciing chi dirng lai d viec xem xet quyen loi ciia cong dan trong md

quan he vdi nha nude. Ong diing tren lap trudng cua giai cap chu nd khi cho ran^
"nd le la cong cu biet ndi".

Thdi Trung cd Tay Au tieu bieu la quan d'em ciia Tdmat Dacanh. Dun^

tren lap trudng than hoc, Tdmat Dacanh cho rang "dang cap cua mdi ngudi tron^

xa hoi la do Chua sap dat, neu ngudi nao vuot len cao hon dang cap cua minh h
cdtdildi"[5, 247].
The ky XV - XVI la thdi ky chuan hi cho sir ra ddi cua chii nghia tu ban

Cling la thdi ky bat dau hinh thanh nhieu hoc thuvet kinh le chinh tri tu san c(

dien. F. Kene - dai bieu xuat sac ciia trudng phai Trong nong Phap trong 1;

thuyet ve giai cap da chia xa hoi thanh ba giai cap: '^giai cap san xuat ra sai
pham thuan tuy, giai cap khong san xuat va giai cap sd huu" [6, 24].

12


Viet Nam va Trung Hoa trong thdi dai phong kien rat phd bien quan nien
chia xa bdi thanh bdn hang: si, nong, cong, thuong. Trong dd si va nong duoc co
trong: "nhat si nhi nong". Si la nhirng ngudi cd chir nhu thay dd, hoc trd, quar

lai. Nong la nhiJng ngudi lam ruong. Si la lap ngudi cd vi tri cao nhat trong x^
hoi. Trai lai "thuong" (nhirng ngudi budn ban) lai bi xem thudng nhat.
Nhu vay, trudc Mac da cd nhieu ngudi ban ve giai cap va thira nhan su tor
tai cua giai cap song chua cd ai thuc sir cat nghia mot each khoa hoc ve ban cha

cua giai cap.
Xuat phat tu quan diem duy vat lich sir, trong tac pham "Sang kien vl dai'
Lenin da dinh nghia ve giai cap nhu sau:

"Ngudi ta goi la giai cap, nhirng tap doan *o Idn gdm nhirng ngudi khac
nhau ve dia vi ciia ho trong mot he thdng san xuat xa hoi nhat dinh trong lich sir

khac nhau ve quan he ciia ho (thudng thudng thi nhirng quan he nay duoc phaj

luat quy dinh va thira nhan) ddi vdi nhiing tu lieu san xuat, ve vai trd ciia he

trong td chuc lao ddng xa hoi, va nhu vay la khac nhau ve each thiic hudng thi

va ve phan ciia cai xa bdi it hoac nhieu ma ho duoc hudng. Giai cap la nhirng taj

doan ngudi, ma tap doan nay thi cd the chie'm doat lao ddng cua tap doan khac
do cho cac tap doan dd cd dia vi khac nhau tron^ mot che do kinh te - xa hd
nhat dinh" [48, 17-18].

Djnh nghia tren cua Lenin chi ra bdn dac trung ciia giai cap: Dd la cac taj
doan ngudi khac nhau ve dja vj trong mot he thdng san xuat xa hoi nhat dinh.
- Khac nhau ve quan he ddi vdi tu lieu san xuat.
- Khac nhau ve vai trd trong td chirc lao ddng xa hoi.
- Khac nhau ve phuong thiic thu nhan ciia cai xa hoi.

Cung nhu dinh nghia ve vat chat, dinh nghia nay ngay nay van duac si

dung rong rai va chiing tdi cung lay dd lam khai nicm cong cu cho nghien cih
cua minh.

Ngoai khai niem giai cap, khai niem tang lap ciing duc:fc dung pho bien, d*

la "tap doan ngudi trong xa hoi cd dia vi, quyen k;i gidng nhau... Thudng dim;
chi mot bo phan ciia giai cap, dang cap" [50, 147].

13


Ca dan toe va giai cap la nhirng pham trii lich sir. Do dd khi xem xet cac
quan diem ve quan he dan toe va giai cap cua cac nha tu tudng chiing ta phai dat
cac quan diem dd trong bdi canh lich sir.

v e bdi canh ra ddi ciia quan diem ciia Mac \a Angghen ve quan he dan toe

va giai cap, can thay rang sau qua trinh tich luy tu ban ban dau lau dai bang cac

hinh thiic tu nhien (san xuat hang hoa nhd) va bang phuong phap bao luc, d cac

nude Tay Au da hinh thanh mot Idp ngudi cd sd vdn Idn va ddi lap la nhiing

ngudi vd san. Day la qua trinh true tiep bien ngudi lao ddng trong xa hoi tien tu

ban chu nghia thanh cong nhan lam thue, qua trinh giai cap tu san ngay cang
trudng thanh ve sure manh kinh te va y thiifc giai cap. Cac cuoc each mang tu sar

lien tiep nd ra vao cac the ky XVI - XIX d cac nude Ha Lan, Anh, My ma tieu

bieu nhat la cuoc Dai each mang tu san Phap da danh guc hoan toan quy toe

phong kien, dua giai cap tu san len nam chinh quyen, dieu dd cang thiic da>

manh me sir phat trien cua nen san xuat tu ban chii nghia.

Mot su kien khac tuy dien ra am tham nhung da tac ddng sau sac den ddi

sdng xa hoi cua cac nude Tay Au, den su phat trien cua phuong thuc san xuat ti
ban chu nghia va sir ra ddi ciia giai cap v6 san la cuoc each mang cong nghiep

duoc bat dau d nude Anh vao nira sau theky XVIII, sau dd nhanh chdng lan san^

cac nude khac. Cach mang cong nghiep danh dau thdi ky chuyen tir cdng trudng
thu cdng len san xuat co khi, la budc phat trien ve chat cua nen san xuat tu bar
chu nghia, dan den sir ra ddi mot Idp ngudi true tiep san xuat hoan toan mdi

Angghen viet: "Dai cdng nghiep keo ngudi cdng ihan cdng trudng thu cdng n
khdi nhirng dieu kien gia trudng ciia ho, ho mat het moi tai san cudi ciing va ch
khi dd ho mdi trd thanh ngudi vd san" [53, 462].

Cuoc each mang cdng nghiep da duac hoan thanh co ban d nude Anh vac

cudi nhirng nam 30 ciia the ky XIX, sau dd cun'? hoan thanh d Phap. Due. Si

xuat hien cdng nghiep che tao may da lam cho cac nganh san xuat chii yeu cii;

nude Anh tdi thdi gian nay deu sir dung may mdc. Nude Anh trd thanh "cdn;

xudng ciia the gidi". San xuat co khi da lam thay ddi ve co ban co sd ky thua
ciia nen san xuat xa hoi. Nd pha tan gianh gidi giua cac viing mien ciia cac qud
gia, sap nhap nhieu dia phuong nhd hep thanh thi trudng thdng nhat trong c
nude va hinh thanh thi trudng the gidi. Trong Tuyen ngon Dang Cdng san, Ma
14

va Angghen khang djnh: "Chinh giai cap tu san la giai cap dau tien da cho thay
boat ddng cua loai ngudi cd kha nang lam duoc nhirng gi... nd da tien hanh
nhimg cuoc vien chinh khac ban nhiing cuoc di cu ciia cac dan toe va nhiJng
cuoc chien tranh thap tu" [53, 600].
Cach mang cdng nghiep da thiic day manh me sir phat trien nhanh chdng
ciia luc luong san xuat xa hoi va da khong chi tao ra giai cap tu san dai cdng
nghiep la "nhiing nha tu ban hien dai, nhiing ngudi sd hiru tu lieu san xuat va sir
dung lao ddng lam thue" [53, 596], ddng thdi cung tao ra giai cap vd san, la
"nhiing cdng nhan lam thue hien dai vi mat cac lu lieu san xuat cua ban than,
nen budc phai ban siic lao ddng cua minh de sdng" [53, 596]. Nhirng ngudi vd
san hi tude doat het tu lieu san xuat, cai cdn lai duy nhat ciia ho la sue lao ddng.
Ho chi cd the sdng duoc bang each ban sufc lao ddng cho nha tu ban.
Neu nhu d the ky XVIII va dau the ky XIX nen san xuat tu ban chii nghia
"chua thanh thuc vdi nhiing quan he giai cap chua thanh thuc" thi den giira the'
ky XIX xa hoi "da don gian boa nhirng ddi khang giai cap. Xa bdi ngay cang
chia thanh hai phe Idn thii dich vdi nhau, hai giai cap Idn hoan toan ddi lap nhau:
giai cap tu san va giai cap vd san" [53, 597]. Dudi sir thdng tri chua day mot
tram nam ciia giai cap tu san, sue san xuat duoc t'^o ra da Idn ban nhieu lan sue
san xuat cua tat ca cac thdi dai trudc kia gdp lai [53, 603]. Cac trung tam cdng,
thuong nghiep moc len, cac thanh phd duoc md rong, Nhung ciing vdi sir phat
trien dd, canh sdng tuong phan giira tu san va cdng nhan ngay cang hoc Id ro ret.
Loi ich ciia giai cap tu san hoan toan trai nguoe vdi loi ich ciia giai cap cdng
nhan. Giai cap cdng nhan lam vao tinh trang vd cung cue khd. Sir thuc ve ddi
sdng cdng nhan da duoc Angghen mieu ta trong tac pham 'Tinh canh giai cap
cdng nhan Anh" [1,360].
Khdng the chju duoc dieu kien sdng va lam viec qua tdi te, giai cap cdng
nhan da dung len dau tranh. Mac va Angghen viet: '^Giai cap vd san trai qua
nhieu giai doan phat trien khac nhau. Cuoc dau Iranh ciia ho chdng giai cap tu

san bat dau ngay tir liic ho mdi ra ddi" [53, 607].
Qua cac phong trao y thiire giai cap va trinh do td chiire ciia cdng nhan duoc
nang len; hinh thuc dau tranh ngay cang phong phii, tir pha rnay, dot c d n g ^ d n g
r OAI H 6 C QUOC GIA HA hJ^I T

dau


tranh ciia cdng nhan cdn mang tinh tu phat, phan tan nhung da cd y nghia to Idn,
nhu C.Mac va Ph. Angghen nhan dinh "Ket qua that sir cua nhiing cuoc dau tranh
ciia ho la su doan ket ngay cang rong cua nhiing ngudi lao ddng, hon la sir thanh
cdng tiic thdi" [53, 608]. Lenin thi cho rang: "Bai cdng day cho cdng nhan thay
rd dau la sue manh ciia bgn chii va dau la sire manh ciia minh, nd tap cho cdng
nhan cd thdi quen nghl den tat ca bon chii, den toan bd giai cap cac nha tu ban va
den toan bd giai cap cdng nhan, chur khdng phai chi nghl den chu ciia minh va
den cac ddng chi gan gui nhat ciia minh" [38, 372\
Cuoc khdi nghia cdng nhan Lydng (Phap) nam 1831 da md ra mot trang
mdi trong lich sir phong trao cdng nhan. Ho neu khau hieu "Sdng cd viec lam
hay la chet trong chien dau". Nam 1834, cdng nhan Lydng lai ndi day khdi
nghia. Cuoc khdi nghia lan nay da mang tinh chat dau tranh chinh tri rd rang, ddi
thanh lap che do cdng hoa. Dieu dd the hien quH khau hieu "Cong hoa hay la
chet". Ca hai cuoc khdi nghia nay deu that bai nhung nd danh dau sir Idn manh
ciia cdng nhan Phap.
Tai Anh, nhiing nam 30 - 40 ciia the ky XIX da dien ra mot phong trao ram
rd, thu hut ddng dao luc luong quan chiing tham gia, dd la phong trao Hien
chuong de ddi quyen phd thdng dau phieu. Cao trao lan thu nhat dien ra vao
thang 5/1839, ban kien nghi cd 1.125.000 chu ky duoc giri len Nghi vien. Nam
1842, cd ban kien nghi khac vdi tren ba trieu chir ky va ban kien nghi lan thii ba
vdi tren nam trieu chii ky. Lenin cho dd la '"phong trao each mang vd san to Idn
dau tien, that sir cd tinh chat quan chiing va cd hinh thuc chinh tri" [47, 365],

O Dii'c, phong trao cdng nhan thdi ky nay cung dien ra manh me vdi cac
hinh thuc dau tranh phong phii. Thang 6/1844 nd ra cuoc khdi nghia ciia cdng
nhan det d Xoiedi. Cdng nhan khdng nhirng pha buy nha may ma cdn pha buy ca
nha cira cua bon chu.
Cac phong trao dau tranh tren chung td su Idn manh ciia phong trao cdng
nhan. Nhu Mac da ndi, tir nhirng nam 30 ciia the ky XIX "trong thuc tien cung
nhu trong ly luan cuoc dau tranh giai cap mang nhirng hinh thai ngay cang rd ret
va dang so" [54, 29]. Angghen thi nhan xet: "Cuoc dau Iranh giai cap giira giai
cap vd san va giai cap tu san da dan dan chiem dia vi hang dau trong lich sir cac
nude phat trien nhat d Chau Au" [2, 302].
16


Xa bdi tu ban thoat thai tir xa bdi phong kien, nd khdng xoa bd duoc ap
biic, bat cdng, khdng thuc hien dugfc nhimg gi tdt dep da neu trong khau hieu vl
dai Tu do - binh dang - bac ai ma cdn lam ban cung hoa quan chung lao ddng.
Dd la mot xa bdi mang trong Idng nd day ray nhirng mau thuSn ddi khang. Sir
phat trien cua phong trao cdng nhan ddi bdi phai cd mot ly luan each mang va
khoa hoc dan dudng.
Ra ddi trong hoan canh dd, vdi ban chat la mot hoc thuyet each mang va
nhan dao, chii nghia Mac da tap trung trudc het vao vice cung cap ly luan cho
cuoc dau tranh ciia giai cap cdng nhan.
Quan diem ciia Mac va Angghen ve quan he dan toe va giai cap duoc the
hien trong nhieu tac pham nhu "Nhiing nguyen li cua chii nghia cdng san", "Dau
tranh giai cap d Phap" song tap trung nhieu nhat la d tac pham "Tuyen ngon ciia
Dang Cdng san". Tac pham nay da "danh dau budc ngoat ciia chu nghia Mac ve
van de dan toe. Chinh trong tac pham cd tinh chat cuong llnh ciia chii nghia xa
bdi khoa hoc nay, lan dau tien quan diem duy vat lich sir ve van de dan tdc, quan
he dan tdc - giai cap duoc de cap mot each co ban, cd he thdng" [74, 12].
Van dc dan tdc duoc Mac va Angghen xem la mot bd phan ciia he van de

dan tdc va giai cap tiic la xem xet van de dan tdc dudi gdc do cuoc dau tranh ciia
giai cap cdng nhan chdng giai cap tu san. Nd la mot bd phan khdng the tach rdi
cua su nghiep giai phdng giai cap cdng nhan, ddng thdi cung la giai phdng toan
the nhirng ngudi lao ddng khdi moi hinh thire ap hue bde lot.
Mac va Angghen da de cap den sir ra ddi ciici dan tdc gan lien vdi su ra ddi
cua phuong thire san xuat tu ban chii nghia, ciia chii nghia tu ban. Le tat nhien dd
la dan tdc tu san ma giai cap tu san la dai bieu. C) Chau Au trudc khi chii nghia
tu ban ra ddi da tdn tai cac lanh dja phong kien cat cir, phan tan va biet lap. 6
Due, chang ban, trudc cdng cuoc thdng nhat ciia Bixmac da tdn tai tdi 38 cdng
qude Idn, nhd, ma Pho la Idn nhat. Cac cdng qudc nay cd quan ddi. tai chinh,
don vi do ludng va tien te, quan thue rieng. Do dd vice xoa bd tinh trang phan
tan, cat ciif, xay dung thi trudng dan tdc thdng nhat la nhiem vu dan tdc ciia each
mang tu san, va giai cap tu san da hoan thanh nhiem vu nay.
OAI HQC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRUNG T A M T H O N G TtN THU VIEN
\

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Q I

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17

N3"^ OHl Nil eNOHl NVl -jivfiiJi !


Mac va Angghen nghien ciru phuong thire san xuat tu ban chu nghia de hieu
ban chat ciia dan tdc tu san va nguoe lai nghien curu dan tdc tu san de hieu ban

chat cua chu nghia tu ban. Khi chii nghia tu ban trd thanh thdng tri thi nd bien tat
ca cac dan toe khac, dii mudn hay khdng, cung trd thanh dan tdc tu san, quy
phue tu san. Nd ''budc tat ca cac dan toe phai thuc hanh phuong thuc san xuat tu
san, neu khdng se hi tieu diet; nd budc tat ca cac dan tdc phai du nhap cai goi la
van minh, nghia la phai trd thanh tu san" [53, 602J. Nd cd sue manh den ndi ''bat
nhiing dan toe nong dan phai phu thuoc vao nhimg dan tdc tu san, bat phuong
Ddng phai phu thuoc vao phuong Tay" [53, 602].
Tir viec phan tich su thdng tri ciia giai cap tu san ddi vdi dan toe, va ddi vdi
cac giai cap va tang Idp khac trong xa bdi, M^c va Angghen da khang dinh:
"Cdng nhan khdng cd td qudc" [53, 623]. Tai sao? Bdi nhu cac dng da giai thich,
trong xa hoi tu ban thi "lao ddng cdng nghiep hien dai, tinh trang ngudi cdng
nhan lam nd le cho tu ban, d Anh cung nhu d Phap, d My cung nhu d Diic, lam
cho ngudi vd san mat bet moi tinh chat dan tdc" [53, 611]. Vay thi, thai do cua
cdng nhan ddi vdi dan tdc, ddi vdi td qudc nhu the nao? Trong 'Tuyen ngon ciia
Dang cdng san", Mac va Angghen da len an viec giai cap tu san budc tdi nhiing
ngudi cdng san la mudn xoa bd td qudc, xoa bd dan tdc. To qudc, dan tdc khdng
phai la cai gi xa la ddi vdi giai cap cdng nhan va chinh dang ciia nd. Thuc te la
"giai cap da xuat hien lau ddi hon dan tdc, nhung dan tdc lai cd gdc re sau xa va
ben viing hon giai cap" [51, 40]. Giai cap cdng nhan khdng the thd o ddi vdi dan
tdc. Dd la dia ban true tiep cua cac boat ddng kinh te - xa hoi, ciia cac cuoc dau
tranh giai cap, cac cuoc each mang xa bdi. Dan tdc cdn la cai ndi san sinh va
nudi dudng, giir gin, bao tdn cac nen van hoa ciia nhan loai. Vi vay, nhiem vu

trudc bet ciia giai cap vd san la "phai tu vuon len thanh giai cap dan tdc, phai tu

minh trd thanh dan tdc, tuy hoan toan khdng phai Iheo cai nghia nhu giai cap tu

san hieu" [53, 624]. Cd nghia la giai cap vd san phai vuon len trd thanh giai cap
chu dao trong dan toe, giir vai trd thdng tri.

Phong trao dau tranh ciia giai cap vd san khac vdi tat ca cac phong trao dau

tranh ciia cac giai cap khac d chd '1at ca nhirng phong trao lich sir, tir trudc den

nay, deu la do thieu sd thuc hien, hoac deu muu loi ich cho thieu sd. Phong trac
vd san la phong trao doc lap ciia dai da sd, muu loi ich cho dai da sd"^ [53, 611]
18


Cac phong trao xa bdi trudc kia chi thay the hinh thiic bde lot nay bang hinh thire
bde lot khac, cdn muc tieu cua giai cap vd san la xoa bd moi hinh thure bde lot.
Vi le dd ma Mae va Angghen cho rang: "Cuoc dau tranh ciia giai cap vd san
chdng lai giai cap tu san, dii ve mat ndi dung khdng phai la mot cuoc dau tranh
dan toe, nhung liic dau lai mang hinh thire dau tranh dan toe. Duong nhien la
trudc het giai cap vd san mdi nude phai thanh toan xong giai cap tu san nude
minh da" [53, 611].
De thuc hien sii menh lich sir toan the gidi cua minh thi trudc het giai cap vd
san d mdi nude phai gianh lay chinh quyen tir tay giai cap tu san, phai "tu minh trd
thanh dan toe". Cd gianh duoc chinh quyen thi giai cap cdng nhan mdi trd thanh
dai bieu chinh thuc ciia dan tdc.
Mac va Angghen cdn de cap den viec giai phdng dan toe va giai phdng giai

cap. Cac dng cho viec gidi quyet vdn de giai cap cd y nghia quyet dinh doi vdi

viec gidi quyet vdn de ddn toe. Cac dng viet: "Hay xoa bd tinh trang ngudi bde

lot ngudi thi tinh trang dan tdc nay bde lot dan tdc khac cung se hi xoa bd" va

"khi ma su ddi khang giila cac giai cap trong ndi bd dan tdc khdng cdn nua thi su

thii dich giiia cac dan tdc cung ddng thdi mat theo" [53, 624]. Rd rang la nguyen

nhan sau xa, can ban cua sir ap hue ciia dan toe nay ddi vdi dan toe khac la d su

ap hue ciia giai cap nay ddi vdi giai cap khac, ciia che do ngudi bde lot ngudi. Ap

bufc dan tdc cd ngudn gdc tir ap hue giai cap, la mot bieu hien cua ap hue giai

cap, ach ap hue dan tdc chi hi thii tieu khi ngudn gdc de ra nd hi thii tieu. Dc

vay, khdng the giai quyet duoc van de dan tdc neu khdng tien hanh cuoc dau
tranh giai cap ciia giai cap cdng nhan de thu tieu che do ngudi bde lot ngudi

Mac va Angghen khang dinh rang chi cd con dudng each mang vd san, xay dung

chu nghia cdng san mdi xoa bd triet de ach ap bufc dan tdc. Va de thuc hien duoc
sir menh Ijch sir ciia minh, theo Mac va Angghen, giai cap vd san khdng chi pha

doan ket trong nude ma cdn phai thuc hien doan ket qudc te. Khau hieu ndi tien^

duoc cac dng neu ra "Vd san tat ca cac nude, doan ket lai" cd y nghia cue ki tc

Idn ddi vdi thang loi cua each mang vd san. Ban than Mac va Angghen da cc

nhirng boat ddng tich cue de thuc hien khau bieu dd. Quc5c te I, quc5c te II duo*

19


Mac va Angghen thanh lap, va sau nay Lenin sang lap qudc te III cung la de

doan ket giai cap vd san d cac dan tdc khac nhau vao cuoc dau tranh chung.
Sd dl giai cap cdng nhan cd the va can thiet phai tap hop lai thanh mot khdi

VI trong cuoc dau tranh chdng tu san, cdng nhan tap hop theo giai cap chur khdng
phai chia re theo dan tdc de gianh lay va bao ve loi ich chung cua toan the giai
cap minh. Mae va Angghen viet: "Trong cac cuoc dau tranh cua nhirng ngudi vd
san thuoc cac dan tdc khac nhau, ho dat len hang dau va bao ve nhimg loi ich

khdng phu thuoc vao dan tdc va chung cho toan che giai cap vd san" [53, 614].

Hon niia viec gianh chinh quyen ciia giai cap vd san de trd thanh giai cap thdng

tri cung chi la giai doan qua do de di tdi xoa bd giai cap. Mac va Angghen khang
dinh: "Neu giai cap vd san thdng qua con dudng each mang ma trd thanh giai

cap thdng tri va vdi tu each la giai cap thdng tri, nd diing bao luc tieu diet nhung

quan he san xuat cu, thi ddng thdi vdi viec tieu diet nhiing quan he san xuat ay,
nd cung tieu diet ludn ca nhiing dieu kien tdn tai ciia sir ddi khang giai cap, nd

tieu diet cac giai cap ndi chung va cung do day, tieu diet ca su thdng tri ciia
chinh nd vdi tu each la mot giai cap" [53, 628].

Nhu vay, theo Mac va Angghen thi giai cap vd san cung chi tdn tai trong

mot thdi gian nhat dinh, sau dd nd hi tieu vong vdi tu each la giai cap thdng tri

xa hoi trong mot xa hoi khdng giai cap. Vay thi, sau khi giai cap mat di dan tdc

cd cdn tdn tai khdng? Mac va Angghen chua ndi rd ve viec nay, cac dng chi

khang dinh rang ach ap hire, sir thii dich giira dan tdc nay vdi dan tdc khac trudc

sau se bi xoa bd. Trong 10 bien phap ma Mac va Angghen de ra cho giai cap v6

san sau khi gianh duoc chinh quyen thi thu 9 la '1hi hanh nhimg bien phap lam

mat dan sir khac biet giira thanh thi va nong thdn" [53, 628]. Trong ban tieng

Anh xuat ban nam 1888 thay cho nhimg chir tren la nhiing chir '^dan dan xoa be

su khac biet giira thanh thi va nong thdn bang c?ch phan bd dan cu mot cacli

ddng deu hon trong cd nudc\ Qua dd chiing ta thay rang mdi quan he dan toe v^
giai cap cdn tdn tai lau dai trong sudt qua trinh each mang xa bdi chii nghia.

Nhu vay, Mac va Angghen "da cung cap quan diem, phuong phap that si
khoa hoc de nhan thiire van de dan tdc va quan he giai cap dan tdc" [7, 42]

Nhung tu tudng co ban ciia Mac va Angghen ve quan he giai cap va dan tdc duoc
cac nha li luan macxit, cac nha each mang sau nay tiep thu va phat trien.
20


Tuy nhien, nhu nhieu nha nghien cuu den nay thdng nhat rang trong quan
he dan toe - giai cap thi Mac va Angghen tap trung lam sang td van de giai cap,
hai dng "ndi nhieu hon ve dau tranh giai cap va each mang vd san" [33, 65].
(xem them: [74, 14]; [51, 40]; [7, 43]). Sd dl miu vay la bdi thdi ciia cac dng
trong xa bdi Tay Au mau thuan co ban ndi com la mau thuan giira giai cap tu san
va giai cap vd san. Xa bdi duoc "chia thanh hai phe Idn thii dich vdi nhau, hai

giai cap Idn hoan toan ddi lap nhau, giai cap tu san va giai cap vd san" [53, 597].
Hem niia, d thdi ki dd van de dan tdc "tuy rat quan trong, nhung chua trd thanh
mot trong cac van de biire xiic nhat ciia thdi dai" [74, 22]. Chinh vi vay Mac va
Angghen tap trung giai quyet van de giai cap la dieu de hieu. Va cung vi the ma
"ddi vdi nguyen li chu nghia xa bdi khoa hoc d the ki XIX, van de con dudng
giai phdng dan tdc hi ap hue chua duoc vach ra mot each cu the" [74, 22]. Ngoai
ra, trong bdi canh liic dd Mac va Angghen cung chua cd dieu kien di sau vao cac
van de quan he giila dan tdc va quc^c te, loi ich dan toe. Van de dan tdc ma Mac
va Angghen ndi den mdi chi duoc dat ra chii yeu vdi giai cap vd san d cac nude
tu ban phat trien, chua phai ddi vdi giai cap vd san d cac dan tdc thuoc dia, nira
thuoc dia va phu thuoc.
Thuc te' cho thay mdi quan he dan tdc - qudc te, giiJa dan tdc nay vdi dan

tdc khac cung cue ki phue tap. Cac dng neu khau hieu "Vd san tat ca cac nude,

doan ket lai" ciing la dua tren co sd loi ich chung ciia giai cap cdng nhan the

gidi, khdng rieng gi mot nude nao. Giai cap cdng nhan cd sir mang lich sir toan

the gidi do dd phai thuc hien doan ket qudc te, phai cd tinh than qudc tc vd san.

Dieu nay la hoan toan diing xet ve mat li luan. Song, nhin vao lich sir the gidi va

phong trao cdng nhan qudc te may chuc nam qua chung ta thay rang mdi quan

he giila cac qudc gia dan toe, ke ca d nhiing nude cd dang cdng san cam quyen.

thi khdng phai liic nao ciing dien ra sudn se, em dep, ma cd liic cang thang, ga>

gat. Cd the dat cau hdi la tai sao giira cac dan tdc cd ciing ban chat giai cap m^

van dien ra cac cuoc tranh chap, cd khi quyet liet? Va tai sao giifa cac dan tdc ce
giai cap cam quyen khac nhau ve ban chat lai cd the lien minh duoc vdi nhau
chang ban nhu Lien Xd va cac nude tu ban Anh, Phap, My... trong cuoc chier

tranh the gidi lan thir hai. Ngudi cdng nhan, ben canh loi ich giai cap la gidn^

nhau nhung ho lai sdng trong tirng dan tdc nhat dinh, ho thuoc ve mot dan td(
21