(Luận án tiến sĩ) ảnh hưởng qua lại giữa đạo công giáo và văn hoá việt nam luận án TS triết học 62 22 80 05

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI
TRLTC^iJNG OAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
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PHAM HUY THONG

AXH HUdl^G QUA LAI GUfA DAO COII^G GIAO
VA TAX HOA VIET iVAM
Chuyen nganh Chu nghla duy vat bien chiimg
va Chu nghia duy vat lich sijr
Ma so : 62.22.80.05

LUAN AN TIEN Sl TRIET HOC
Tap the hu6ng djin khoa hoc:
1. GS.TS Nguyen Hiru Vui
2.TS Duong Van Duyen

.Al HOC QUOC GIA HA NO(
i^UNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

Ha Noi, thang 02 nam 2008
linMMllllWH«H.ll

MUG LUC
A. Mo dau
Chucfng 1: Dau an cua dao Cong giao trong van hoa Viet Nam

1
8

1.1 Nhiing dong gap tick cUc cua dqo Cong gido vai van hod Viet Nam 8
1.1.1 Khai niem dao Cong giao va van hoa Viet Nam

8

1.1.2 Dao Cong giao voi six giao liru giua van hoa VietNam
va the gi6i

13

1.1.3 Dao Cong giao vai cong trinh sang tao ra chiJ Quoc ngu ....

19

1.1.4 Dao Cong giao gop phan lam phong phii van hoa Viet qua \t hoi,
van hoc, nghe thuat, baochi Cong giao

25

1.1.5 Giao ly Cong giao gop phan xay dirng loi song lanh manh trong
xahoi

44

1.2 Nhvtng dnh huang tieu cifc cua dqo Cong gido vdi van hod Viet NamSA
1.2.1 Ngudi Cong giao gap kho khan khi the hien long yeu nirac va thirc
thi phap luat

54

1.2.2 Niem tin ton giao can tra ngiroi Cong giao hoa nhap
vai van hoa cong dong

62

Ket kudn cua chuang 1

66

ChuY/ng 2: Sir tac dong tro lai cua van hoa Viet Nam vol dao Cong giao
0 nifdc ta

68

2.1 Van hoa Viet Nam, mot nhdn to gop phan hien doi dqo Cong gido
xa \q thdnh mot ton gido gdn gfd vcri vdn hoa ddn tqc

68

2.1.1 Van hoa Viet Nam thiic day tien trinh hoi nhap van hoa dan toe
ciia dao Cong giao ve phong tuc tapquan

69

2.1.2 Van hoa Viet Nam lam thay ddi thai do cua dao Cong giao
vai cac ton giao khac

81

2.1.3 Van hoa Viet Nam vai vice Viet hoa cac ITnh virc Phung vu cua
dao Cong giao

87


2.1.4 Tien trinh Viet hoa dao Cong giao vai viec dao tao doi ngu giao sT
ngirori Viet

92

2.2 Vdn hoa Viet Nam gop phan hinh thdnh vd phdt trien con dudng dong
hdnh cung ddn toe cua dqo Cong gido

95

2.2.1 Khai niem dong hanh cung dan toe
2.2.2 Ngufod

96

Cong giao Viet Nam v6\ cuoc khang chien gianh

doc lap dan toe

100

2.2.3 Ngudi Cong giao Viet Nam vai six nghiep xay dimg va bao ve To
quoc

108

- Ket hidn ciia chuo'ng 2

121

Chuang 3: Xu hiidng phat trien cua moi quan he giura dao Cong giao
va van hoa dan toe trong giai doan doi mdi va hoi nhap quoc te hien
nay

124

3.1 Nhung nhdn to tich cUc vd tieu ci(c doi v&i viec thuc day moi quan he .
gdn ho giua dqo Cong gido vd vdn hoa ddn toe

124

3.1.1 Nhirng nhan lotich cue

124

3.1.2 Nhung nhan to tieu cue

142

3.2 " Song Phuc dm giua long ddn tqc '* la xu hiurng tdt yeu cua moi quan
he qua Iqi giifa dqo Cong gido vd vdn hoa Viet Nam

151

3.2.1 Tien trinh "Song Phiic am giua long dan toe" cua dao Cong giao tai
Viet Nam

151

3.2.2 Mot so giai phap thiic day tien trinh " Song Phiic am giira long dan
toe"

158
- Ket ludn cua chifc/ng 3

165

B. Ket luan

168

C. Tai lieu tham khao

174

D. Danh muc cac bai bao khoa hoc cua tac gia da cong bo lien ^uan
den luan an

183

r. fill! luc: Quyet djnh thanh lap Hoi dong cham luan an cap Nha nuoc;
r.Nnn xet cua 3 phan bien, Quyet nghi cua H6i dong; Toat yeu Suan an.


MODflU
L Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
^ach " Khdm dinh Viet sir Thdng gidm cu'(/ng muc'' viel: ''...Nam
Nguyen Hoa thu nhat (1533) dai Le Trang Tong c6 nguai Tay duang ten
Inekhu len den truyen dao Gia to a lang Ninh Cucmg va Quan Anh 6
huyen Nam Chan va lang Tra Lu thuoc huyen Giao Thuy..."[Dt. 65,
tr. 187-188] *. Cho den hom nay, cac sir gia Cong giao cung chua biel
them mot chi tiet nao ve giao si c6 ten la Inikhu tren day nhung dao Cong
giao vSn lay nam 1533 la nam khai sinh cho minh a Viet Nam. Nhu vay,
so \6i cac ton giao c6 nguon goc tir nude ngoai du nhap vao nuac ta nhu
Phat, Nho, Dao giao thi dao Cong giao vSn con rat tre. The nhung, ton
giao nay da de lai mot dau an kha dam net trong van hoa dan toe va cung
lam xuat hien mot loat cac quan he phurc tap c6 khi xung dot gay gdt vai
van hoa, xa hoi a nude ta.
Tru6c het, qua trinh truyen giao va phat trien ciia dao Cong giao giin
lien vdi viec banh truang ciia chii nghla thuc dan, de quoc a Viet Nam nen
no cung gap phai su chong doi quyet liet ciia mot so trieu dai phong kien
truac day cung nhu mot so si phu c6 tinh than yeu nuac thiet tha vai van
menh dan toe. Dao Cong giao bi coi la '' ta dao'\ chong lai phong luc
truyen thong cua dan toe ma ro net nhat la van de tha cung 16 tien.
Cuoc xam lang nude ta ciia thuc dan Phap vdi quy mo va cudng do
ngay cang quyet liet thi muc do chong doi dao Cong giao cung cang ngay
cang gay gat han. Dudi cac trieu dai phong kien d nude ta, da cd 53 sic

chi lien quan den viec cam doan dao Cong giao duac ban hanh. Co cuoc
khdi nghia da coi dao Cong giao la ke thu nguy hiem ngang hang vdi thuc
dan Phap can phai tieu diet ngay vdi khau hieu '' Binh Td\\ sat ld^\

''•' Cac liTch dSn true tiep de trong [ ]. con gian tiep c6 them chu Dkn thco (DiJ


dan cua Van than d Nghe TTnh nam 1874 ghi: 'Trieu dinh dau hoa vdi
Tay mac long, si phu nude Nam vSn khong chiu, vay trudc hct xin gict hci
giao dan roi sau danh Tay cho het de giiJ lay cai van hoa ciia ta da ho'n moi
ngan nam nay" |Dl.53, tr.87]. Sir ky thi dao Cong giao cang bj khocl sau
khi thuc dan, de quoc sau nay am miru chia re luong- giao.
Khi Dang cong san Viet Nam ra ddi lanh dao nhan dan la gianh doc lap
cho dan toe, mot phan do cac the lire thij dich luon lai dung ton giao nhai
la Cong giao de pha hoai sir doan ket loan dan toe va tren ihirc le da cd
mot bo phan khong nhd cua ton giao nay cau ket vdi che do thirc dan, dc
quoc va tay sai. Mot phan nifa cung do anh hUcVng cua thai do cung ran,
thieu mem deo ciia cac Dang cong san Lien x6, Trung Quoc luc bay gid
nen da hinh thanh trong xa hoi nude ta trong do cd ca can bo, dang vicn
lU tircVng la khuynh bai ton giao nhat la Cong giao, phu nhan gia Iri van
hoa, dao du*c cua cac ton giao. Giao su Dang Nghiem Van da ndi rat diing
hien lugfng nay. Ong viet:
Thuc te da hinh thanh trong tir iixang can bo quan niem phat Iricii
ton giao khong co kli cho each mang...Do la do sir hieu biet han
hep cua ho chi xet ton giao qua nhung hanh dong ton giao phuc vu
muc dich chfnh tri dofn thuan nen da v6 tinh gay ra nhung doi lap
khong can thiet giifa nha nut'yc va ton giao trong doi song xa hoi,
tren ca mat tran van hoa, dao dure, tarn ly... |90, tr.611.
Suot Mil gian du6i ihai chien tranh lanh, mau thuan giiJa y ihuc he
cong san chu nghla va cac ton giao, dac biet la Cong giao bi thoi phong.

khoet sau, tham chf coi nhau la thu dich. Ngay 19-3-1937, Giao hoang Pio
XI da cong bo thong diep Divini Redemptoris (Dang Cuu chuoc) icn .ID
chu nghla cong san. Thong diep viet: "Cong san ban chat la gian la sa
khong the chap nhan cong tac tren bat cu pham vi nao doi voi moi nguoi
muon cuu lay van minh Kito gia()"[Dl.7.'^, tr.482|. Con o Dong Diiung.

-2


ngay 9-11-195K 14 Giam muc trong dd cd 4 ngirdi Viet Nam cung da ky
vao mot Thu chung vdi Idi le con gay gat hon:
Chu nghla cong san bac bo Thien chua, bac bd moi ton giao, bac
bo thuyel linh hon hang song, bac bd quyen lai cua con ngudi va
gia dinh. Chu nghia cong san xung khac tuyet ddi vdi Cong giao
den ndi Dure Thanh cha tuyen bd : khong the vira ihco cong san
vira theo Cong giao dirac va ngirdi Cong giao nao gia nhap Dang
cong san thi lap tiic bi khai trur khdi giao hoi. [Dt.76, lr.93 |.
Nh&ng quan diem cue doan tren day da gay ra mac cam dinh kien cho
ca cong dong Cong giao va mot bo phan xa hoi ddi vdi ton giao nay. Ma
day lai la mot ton giao Idn d nude la hien nay vdi gan 6 trieu Ifn dd chiem
hom 7% dan so ca nude. Dung nhu Giam muc Biii Tuan da chia se tarn tir
gan day:
Mot dang doc lap va hoa hcJp dan toe luon la ly tudng idi khao
khai. Mot dang chong cong lai la menh lenh cua Be tren trong
dao ma loi phai vang. Kho khan Idn nhat la d cho: Thai diem lap
trung vao viec gianh doc lap va xay dung doan ket chong ngoai
xam lai do Dang cong san Viet Nam lanh dao. Cd nhiJng luc
luofng lam toi cam ihay diSn ra xung dot gay gal. Xung dot cd
chieu sau tham tham va chieu rong menh mdng. Xung dot lai keo
dai tir nam nay qua nam khac. [85, tr.3].

Dang cong san Viet Nam, dac biet la Chu lich Hd Chf Minh- ngudi
sang lap va lanh dao Dang ta da cd ral nhieu chu truong, chinh sach dung
dan nham xoa di mac cam dinh kien giua ngudi cd dao va khong cd dao,
xay dung khdi dai doan ket loan dan toe vi muc tieu doc lap lir do cho dan
toe, hanh phuc cho nhan dan. Sau khi tien hanh cong cuoc ddi mdi moi
each loan dicn. Dang cung cd nhiJng quan diem rat bien chun>i vo ion
giao. Nghi quyet 25-NQ/TW "\e cong tdc ton gido'^ duac thdng qua dau
nam 2003 la moi vf du. Nghi quyet viel: 'Tm ngUdTig . Idn giao la nhu cau

~ 3


linh than cua mot bd phan nhan dan va se ton tai cijng dan tdc trong qua
trinh xay dung chu nghla xa hoi d nude la. Dong bao cac ton giao la bo
phan cua khdi dai doan ket loan dan toe...Dao dure ton giao cd nhieu dieu
phii hop vdi cong cuoc xay dung xa hoi mdi'' [25, tr.49].
Ve phia dao Cong giao cijng cd nhiJng budc lien dai tren dm^g
dong hanh ciing dan toe. Sau khi nude nha thdng nhat, mot khong khf
phan khdi, tir hao dang Irao trong moi ngudi dan Viet Nam irong dd cd
dong bao Cong giao. Thu chung cua cac Giam muc Viet Nam nam 1980
da ghi lai niem pha'n khdi dd. Lan dau tien ngudi ta thay nhirng giao huan
nhu the nay:
Yeu To quoc, yeu dong bao ddi vdi ngUdi cong giao khong
nhiing la tinh cam lu nhien phai cd ma con la mot ddi hoi ciia Phiic
am... Long yeu nude cua chung ta phai thiet thuc nghla la chiing ta
phai y Ihiic nhirng van de hien tai cua que huofng, phai hieu biet
dudng loi chinh sach cua Nha nude va tfch cue cijng dong bao loan
quoc gdp phan bao ve va xay dung mot nude Vict Nam giau manh,
lir do, hanh phuc [65, tr.2431.
Rd rang liT nay, ngudi Cong giao khong con phai ban khoan diimg

imdc nhiing lira chon khd khan la ton giao hay dan toe. dao hay ddi vi
nghla vu ngudi cong dan cung la bdn phan ciia ngudi ifn huu. Til nay
Cong giao va Dan toe cung dong hanh tren mot con dudng.
Tuy vay, nhiJng quan diem dung dan tren day lii hai phfa giao hoi va
Nha nude chua phai da duac sir dong thuan, ung ho ciia moi ngudi. Van
con mot so ngudi trong giao hoi coi tu tudng dong hanh ciing dan loc la
''cap lien'' tham chf la "theo dudi Nha nude", la giam muc, linh muc
''quoc doanh".., Nguac lai ciing khong ft Idi chi Irfch chfnh sach ur do tfn
ngudng, ton giao dung dan ciia Nha nude la nhat la tir nhiJng ngudi cd lu
tirdtig cue doan lif nude ngoai. Ho cho rang lam nhu hien nay la '^ mat
canh giac'' ma phai dijng cac bien phap ciing ran vdi cac Idn uiao...


Tmofc mot tinh hmh nhu vSy, chiing toi muon thong qua nhung kien
giai trong luan an nay khang dinh nhiJng dong gop tich cue cua dao Cong
giao v6i van hoa xa hoi Viet Nam nh^m gop phan xoa di nhung mac
cam, dinh kien von ton tai lau ddi trong mot bo phan dan chung dong
thdi cung chi ra r^ng chi c6 gdn bo vdi van hoa dan toe, dong hanh v6i
dSn toe, dao Cong giao m6i c6 the phat trien lanh manh va c6 cho diJng
trong long dan toe.
2.Tinh hinh nghien curu de tai
De tai ve dao Cong giao duac rat nhieu hoc gia, vua chua, .sT phu, cac
nha lanh dao nude ta quan tam. Chu tich Ho Chf Minh ciing c6 rat nhieu
bai viet, bai noi ve de tai nay ma chiing toi da siru tap lai trong cuon Chii
tich Hd Chi Minh vdi dong bao Cong gido { Nxb CTQG, 2004). Co the
nhan ra mot xu hudng truac thdi ky doi mdi la cd nhung tac pham chi
nhln thay mat tieu cue cua ton giao nay nhu Dao Thien Chita vd chii
nghia thuc ddn a Viet Nam ( Cao Huy Thuan, Nxb Hmmg que. USA
1988) hoac chi thay mat tdt mang tinh chat ho giao nhu Cong gido Viet
Nam trong dong sinh minh Viet Nam (Cao The Dung, Dan Chiia xuat

ban- USA 1988). Nhan su kien phong 117 thanh tu dao Viet Nam nam
1988, nhieu cuoc hoi thao khoa hoc cap Nha nude da duac to chirc. nhieu
tac pham nghien ciiu ve dao Cong giao da dugc cong bd vdi cai nhm mdi
nhat la nhirng tac gia gan day nhu Vdn deddnh gid vai tro ciia ton gido
(GS.TS Nguyan Huu Vui, Tap chf Triet hoc 3-1992); Niiioig dong gop
ciia Cong gido vao nen vdn hoa Viet Nam (PCS Nguyen Van Kiem. Tap
chf Nghien ciJu ton giao so 1-2001); Ton gido trong mdi quan he vdi vdn
Iwd vdphdt trien (PGS.TS Nguy6n Hong Duong, Nxb KHXH 2004); Vdn
de ton gido trong cdch mang \ let Nam- Ly luan vd liiitc lien ( GS.TS Dd
Quang Hung, Nxb CTQG 2005); Mot so luan an TS Triel hoc gan day
cung chon de tai nay nhu Tmcmg Nhu Vuttng : Cjdp phdn dm hieu dao
due trong Kinh thdnh (1988); Dd Thi Lan Hien: Su ihom^ nlidl gi7a kinh


Chua vd yeu nuac trong tu tudng Viet Nam th&i can dai (2001)... Nhieu
lac gia la ngUdi Cong giao cung duac du luan chu y nhu Tran Tam Tinh
vdi I hap gid vd luai giMm ( Nxb Tre 1988), Nguyen The Thoai vdi Cong
gido tren que huang Viet Nam ( Luu hanh noi bo 2001).. .The nhung
chua CO mot tac pham nao de cap mot each day du den mdi quan he qua
lai giiia dao Cong giao va van hda Viet Nam.
3. Muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien ciiru cua luan an
- Muc dich cua luan an la nham lam sang td nhirng ddng gdp lich cue
cua dao Cong giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam va anh hudng Ird lai ciia van
hoa nude ta vdi ton giao nay nhat la trong vice xay dung dudng huCm^
"Song Phiic dm giifa long ddn tqc'\
- Nhiem vu :
+ Phan tich lam rd nhiing anh hUcVng tich cue ciing nhu lieu cue ciia
dao Cong giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam.
+ Lam rd su lac dong Ird lai cua van hoa nude ta vdi dao Cong giao
trong tien trinh Viet hoa dao Cong giao, bien d(5i ton giao nay tii' mdi ton

giao xa la Ird thanh ton giao ngay cang gan bd vdi van hoa dan loc,
- Pham vi nghien ciiu: Tap trung nghien ciiu anh hudng ciia dao Cong
giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam va sir lac dong Ird lai ciia van hoa nude la ddi
vdi Idn giao nay tren hai phuctng dien Viet hda Phung vu va con dudng
ddng hanh eimg dan toe.
4. Ca so ly luan va phuong phap nghien curu
Luan an duac xay dung tren ca sd nguyen ly eiia triel hoc MacLcnin, dac biet la quan dem ciia chu nghla Mac- Lenin va lu lirdng Hd
chf Minh ve van de ton giao.
Ve phucflig phap nghien cihi: Luan an quan triel phuoiig phap luan
triel hoc Mac xil. Cd sir thdng nhat giira phucmg phap lich sir va logic.
phan Ifch va long hap, kel hiip giua nghien cim ly ihuycl va khao sal ihuc
lien.

-6


5. Cai mdi cua luan an
- Luan an trinh bay he thdng va lucmg ddi day dii nhiing ddng gdp tfch
cue ciia dao Cong giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam.
- Khang dinh rang, nhd sir tac dong trd lai cua van hoa n\l6c la nen da
bien ddi dao Cong giao liif mot ton giao xa la, xung khac vdi van hoa dan
toe trd thanh mot ton giao gan bd, gan gui vdi dan toe. Luan an cung
phae thao xu huctng van dong cua dao Cong giao d Vict Nam irong mdi
quan he vdi van hda dan toe va dua ra mot giai phap de phat trien mdi
quan he gan ix) dd trong giai doan dai nude doi mdi va hoi nhap quoc te.
6. Y nghia ly luan va thurc ti^n cua luan an
+ Y nghla ly luan: Su bien doi cua dao Cong giao d Viet Nam chirng id
rang, ton giao nay cung la san pham cua xa hoi, cua lich su. Ton tai tren dai
nude la, Irong xa hoi la, nhiing yeu id tfch cue cua dao Cong giao duoc phat
huy, nhung yeu td lieu cue bi khong che, vi vay xem xet ton giao nhu Nghi

quyet 25- NQ/TU* V*^^ cong tdc ton gido cua Dang ta la bien chirng va diing
dan, gdp phan phat trien ly luan ciia chu nghla Mac Lenin ve van de ton
giao.
+ Y nghla thuc tien: Vdi vice khang djnh nhung ddng gdp ciia dao Cong
giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam, luan an gdp phan xoa di mac cam, djnh kien
n(ti ddng bao cd dao va cong dong xa hoi ddi vdi ton giao nay.
Luan an cd the su dung lam tai lieu nghien cihi, giang day, tuyen truyen
gdp phan xay dung khdi dai doan ket loan dan, phat huy siJc manh loan dan
toe.
7. Ket cau ciia luan an
Luan an dai 18^ trang khd A4. Ngoai phan Md dau, Ket luan, 3 trang
f'hu luc anh minh hoa, Nhung cong Irinh cua tac gia cd lien quan den luan
an va Danh muc cac tai lieu tham khao. luan an chia lam .3 chuong. 6 tiet.

7


Churong 1
DRU AN CUfl DRO CONG GIflO
V6l VAN HOl^ VICT NRM
^^an hoa la mot pham tru cd noi ham rat rong va da cd hang tram dinh
nghla ve khai niem nay. Chu tich Hd Chf Minh viet:
Vi le sinh ton cGng nhu muc dfeh cuoc song, loai ngudi mdi sang
tao va phat minh ra ngon ngir, chii viel, dao diic, phap luat, khoa
hoe, ton giao, van hoc, nghe Ihual, nhiing cong cu cho sinh hoal
hang ngay ve mat an d va cac phuang thiic sii dung. Toan bo
nhiing sang tao va phat minh dd la van hoa| Dt.23, tr. 19|.
Theo quan niem nay, Idn giao la mot thanh td cua van hoa va ductng
nhien, chung cd quan he qua lai vdi cac thanh id khac. Dao Cong giao
duac du nhap vao nude ta chua day 5 the ky nhung ton giao nay da de lai

moi dau an kha dam net trong van hoa Viet Nam d nhieu linh vuc lii chir
viet den nghi IC, loi song, lir van hoc, nghe ihual den linh vuc bao chf, lir
vice truyen ba kien thiic khoa hoc ky thuat, kinh le d phucmg Tay vao
nude ta den vai trd lam cau ndi gidi ihicu hinh anh dat nude, con ngudi
Viet Nam ra the gidi ben ngoai...DI nhien, su vat, hien luoUg nao cung
cd nhieu chieu kfch. Vi vay, ben canh nhiing ddng gdp Ifch cue dao Cong
giao cung cd ca nhiing anh hucyng tieu cue vdi van hoa Viel Nam ma dudi
day chung loi se cd gang trinh bay lai mot each he thdng.
LI

NHQNG

DONG GOP TICH CUC CUA DAO CONG GIAO VOI VAN

HOA VIET NAM
•

1.1.1 Khai niem dao Cong giao va Van hoa gi&a Viet Nam
Theo TS Nguyen Tlianh Xuan, "dao Cong gido la ddng gdc cua dao
Kitd cd trung tam d Roma" |99, tr.l 13|. d Vict Nam lau nay. tren sach
bao diJng rat nhieu ten goi khac nhau de ciing chi mot ton giao nhu dao.
gido, Cong gido, Thien chua gido, Kiid gido, dao Ciia id ( ha\ Da id}. Co'

8


doc gido. Cong gido Rd ma. Thien chua gido La md va xa xua hc^n cdn cd
ten goi la dqo Pha Lang, dqo Hoa Lang. Mdi mot ten goi cd mot ngudn
gdc va y nghla Ijeh sir rieng. Vf du trong sac lenh cua Trinh Tac nam
1663 viet: "Le Huyen Ton, Canh Tri 1, Minh Vlnh Lich 17, Thanh

Khang Hy nam Ihii hai, miia ddng thang mudi, cam ngudi trong nude hoc
dao Hoa Lang". Hoac mot sac lenh khac ghi: "Trudc day ed ngudi Tay
duc^fng goi la Hoa Lang di vao d trong nude la, dem dao di doan ciia Gia
td lira ddi du dd lam ngu mudi dan chung..."|Dl.58, lr.491. Cd ngudi giai
thfeh vi Iiic dd cac giao sl di ciing cac thuong gia dem ban vai hoa gidng
nhu hoa khoai lang! Cd tai lieu ndi,vi khong thao lieng Vict nen khi rua
loi cho tan long, ngudi ta hoi : Cd muon vao Idng Hoa Lang khong? Vi
ngudi ta goi Hoa Lang de chi ngudi Hoa Lan (Holand) bdi ngudi dan luc
dd nham tudng ngudi Bd Dao Nha la ngudi Hoa Lan...Song chiing loi
ddng y vdi each giai thfeh cua Hong Nhuc- NguyiSn Khac Xuyen rang,
Hoa Lang, Pha Lang hay Pha't Lang cung deu xuat phat lir halanci iheo
each goi ciia ngudi Hoi d the ky Xl-XIIl de chi ngudi Phap. Ddng ihdi
ngudi ta cung goi chung tat ca nhung ngudi den tii' chau Au la Falanci ca
(gidng nhu cd thdi ky d ta goi tat ca nhiing ngudi ra nude ngoai la di Tax
het). Cdn cac ten Gia td, Cof doe giao. Kitd giao la do phien am cac tir
.lesus, Christus qua Han ngiJ (ngudi Han goi la Ca lai tu doc) |.S8, tr.491.
Cac giao s7 ddng Ten khi den Trung Quoc muon tim mot ttj- de chi Deus
-Thuong dc trong Kinh thanh nhirng cac tii Thuang de. Thien chu, Tliien
deu da duac Nho giao, Dao giao dung rdi nen ho phai dung lii linen
Chua { Thien chu dai nhan- Chua that trdi dat). Nam 1584 Ruggicri soan
mot cudn giao ly cd ten la I Men Chua thuc luc chinh vdn va chfnh thuc
goi Deus la Thien Chua. Nam 1603 Ricci Matlheo cung cho phat hanh
cudn I hien Chiia thuc nghla, cudn sach nay duac giao sT ngudi Y ten la
Baldinolti, ngUdi dau lien dat chan den Dang Ngoai nam 1626 cho in
nam 1630 nen cd the tii Thien chiia ciing den Viel Nam lij* ihdi ky nay.


Tuy nhien cung cd nai giao sT giu nguyen tir Deus nen trong kinh cd van
cd tir" dao Chiia Deu" ( Vf du kinh: Lay cm Dixc Me Chua Deu...).
Cdn khai niem hen dao, ben gido cd le xuat hien ti^ thdi nha Nguyen

khi goi dao Cong giao la "ta dao" va ngudi theo dao nay la "duu dan" va
nguac lai theo Nho giao la chfnh dao va ngudi khong theo Cdng giao la
luang dan, turc la dan luong thien. Tuy nhien, ngay nay, cac khai niem
"lucfng, giao" khong cdn mang nguyen nghTa xua ma chi cdn nghla ndi
den ngudi theo Cdng giao va khong Cdng giao ma thdi. Cac khai niem
Thien chiia gido La md hay cong gido Rd ma la cd y phan biet vdi cac
dao Chfnh thdng. Tin lanh, Anh giao. Theo chung toi, nen goi ton giao
nay la dao Cong gido viTa phan anh duac dung tfnh chat cua cac cdng
doan dau tien d Jerusalem ma Kinh thanh cd ghi lai la "cac tfn hiiu thi
ddng due, nhimg tat ca mot Idng mot y. y\i cd cua gf, chdng bao la cua
minh niia, ddi vdi ho, moi su deu la cua chung" (Cv 4,32). ChCr Cdng
giao duac dich tir tieng Latinh: Catholica. T\i nay duac tim thay lan dau
tien trong mot birc thu ciia thanh tu dao Ignatio. La thu giVi cho cdng
doan Smyrne nam 107, trong dd cd cau: "Ubi Christus, ibi Catholica
Ecclesia" ( d dau cd Diic Kitd, d dd cd giao hoi Cdng giao). Giao sT M.
Ricci diing khai niem dao Cdng giao d Trung Quoc lan dau vao nam
1603. Nhu vay, Cdng giao la mot thuoc tfnh ciia tdn giao xuat phat tu
Dire Kitd va ve sau cdn mang nghTa la tdn giao cd tfnh phd quat nhu djnh
nghTa ciia thanh Cyrillo thanh Jerusalem viet vao cudi the ky thir II:
Giao hoi duac goi la Cdng giao vl giao hoi lan tran khap the gidi
tii" dau nay den dau kia ciia irai dat, vi giao hoi giang day mot
each pho bien, khdng loai trir tat ca cac tfn dieu con ngudi can
phai biet va ciing vi giao hoi muon cho loai ngudi. vua quan cung
nhu thudng dan, ngudi thdng thai cung nhu ke dot nal suy phuc
sir tdn sung dfch Ihiic ^1.-56, tr.34|.

•• 1 0


Cdn de chi chung cac tdn giao ciing thd Chiia Kitd, deu lay Kinh thanh

ca Cuu lan Tan ude lam nen lang nhu Cdng giao, Chfnh thdng, Tin lanh.
Anh giao nen goi la Kitd gido. Khai niem Thien chua gido 6u d Trung
Quoc va Viet Nam thucmg dung de chi dao Cdng giao, nhung theo chiing
loi, khdng nen su dung vi tren the gidi khdng ed khai niem immg hap va
d6 gay lam lan vdi mot sd tdn giao khac cung thd Thien chiia nhu Do
thai, .Anh giao va ca Hoi giao nua. Nhu vay, khai niem Kilo giao rong
hctn va duc^fng nhien Cdng giao chi la mot nhanh cua Kitd giao ma thoi.
Danh tir Cdng giao cung chfnh thiic duac nha nude ta ghi nhan cung lu
each phap nhan ciia ton giao nay va trong Sac lenh 234/SL do Chii lich
Hd Chf Minh ky ngay 14-6-1955 cung de cap den. Khai niem dao Cdng
giao de cap den trong chuyen luan nay la tdn giao thuoc giao hoi Cdng
giao Roma va duac truyen vao Viet Nam tir dau the ky XVI.
Cdn vdn hoa \'iet Nam la gi? Trudc khi ndi den khai niem nay, chiing
la hay ndi qua khai niem vdn hda.
Nhu tren da ndi, tren the gidi cung nhu Viet Nam cd rat nhieu dinh
nghla ve van hda. TS I. Walerslein d Dai hoc Oxford cdn cho dd la "moi
trong nhiJng khai niem mn hd nha't, gay tranh cai nhieu nha'l trong khc^ tii
vimg khoa hoc xa hoi loai ngudi"[l()4]. Song nhieu ngudi ddng y vdi
dinh nghla cua UNESCO duac cdng bd d Mehico thang 8-1982 Inmg dd
chi ra rang, tat ca nhiJng gia In vat chat va linh than do con ngudi sang
tao j'a do la van hda.
Giao hoi Cdng giao cung ed rat nhieu van ban ndi ve van hda. Cdng
ddng Vatican 2 da dinh nghla:
Van hda chi tat ca nhiJng gi con ngudi diing de ti'au ddi va phai
trien cac nang khieu da dang ciia lam hdn va the xac; cd gAng che
ngu ca Irai dat bang tri thuc va lao ddng: lam cho ddi song \a hoi.
ddi song gia dinh cung nhu ddi song chfnh tri trd ihanh nhan dao
hcyn nhd su lien bo trong cac lap luc va dinh che: sau hcl di^n la.

11

thdng truyen va bao tdn trong cac cdng trinh cua minh. nhiing
kinh nghiem tinh than va hoai bao Idn lao cua cac thdi dai, de
giiip nhieu ngudi va toan the nhan loai tien bd han |7(), tr.8118121.
Su khac nhau trong quan niem cua cac hoc gia Cdng giao va ngoai
Cdng giao ve van hda la d chd cac hoc gia Cdng giao nhan manh yeu td
tdn giao trong van hda. Hong y J.Ratzinger nay la Giao hoang Benedicto
XVI viet: "Trong tat ca cac nen van hda ma ta duac biet trong Ijch sir, tdn
giao ludn ludn la mot yeu td can ban ciia van hda, tham chf la linh hdn
cua van hda. Chfnh tdn giao an dinh cau triic ciia cac gia tri va do dd
hinh thanh ly le ndi tai cua cau triic a'y"[33, trl711. That ra, d Viet Nam
mot sd nha nghien eu"u van hda gan day cung coi trong thanh id tdn giao
trong cau triic van hda. GS Tran Quoc Vuang nhan xet:
O trung tam mdi tdn giao Idn deu cd hat nhan triet hoc. deu cd
chii nghTa nhan dao- la thanh tiiu van hda Idn nhat ciia loai ngudi.
Cai tir bi ciia Phat, cai bac ai cua Chiia Kitd, cai nhan nghTa ciia
Khdng Nho la nhung hat ngoc van hda dd...Nhin nhan van de tdn
giao theo quan diem van hda hoc, tdi thay the nay: xet theo quan
diem lich sii phat sinh va trudng thanh, tdn giao vira la san pham
ciia van hda, viia la thanh phan hiiu ca, mot nhan td cau thanh ciia
van hda" [99, tr.3].
Vay the nao la van hda Viet Nam? Qio den nay, chiing tdi chua tim
thay dinh nghTa Iron vcn ngay ca trong giao irinh Ca sd vdn hda \ lei
Nam do GS Tran Qudc vuang chii bien( Nxb Giao due, H.2{K)()). Ngudi
ta chi ra dac trung ciia van hda Viet Nam la song nudc va thuc vat ( van
minh thdn da). Cac hSng sd ciia van hda Viet Nam la ndng ihdn, ndng
nghiep Ilia nude va xdm lang. Nhieu tac gia chi ra ban s^c ciia van hda
Viel Nam la truyen thdng yeu nudc, tfnh cdi md va tfnh cdng ddng. Cdn
cau triic ciia van hda duac liet ke ra tdi 15 thanh td iron^ d(') co ifn

ngudng, tdn giao, ngdn ngu, phong tue tap quan, 1^ hdi, van hoc, nghe
thuat, loi song... That ra, neu coi van hda la tat ca nhirng gi la san phalm
cua eon ngudi thi chfnh tri, luat phap ciing la van hda. Cho nen, theo
chiing tdi van hda Viet Nam chfnh la nhihig gia tri vat chat va tfnh than
ma ngudi Viet da tao ra trong qua trinh dung nude va giii nudc. Tuy
nhien, de khdng "lan sSn" sang ITnh vuc khac, trong luan van nay, neu cd
ndi tdi chfnh trj cung la ndi dudi gdc do van hda ma thdi.
1.1.2 Dao Cong giao vdi su giao liru van hoa giua Viet Nam va tlie
gioi
Dao Cdng giao ra ddi lir Tieu A nhung lai phat trien manh a chau Au
va mang dam ban sac van hoa cua chau luc nay. Bdi vay khi du nhap vao
Viel Nam nd ciing mang theo ludn ca dau an van hoa, van minh cua
phuc^g Tay vao nude ta. Trong sd cac nha truyen giao den Viet Nam,
khdng ft ngudi duac dao tao bai ban liJ cac ddng lu, chiing vien ndi lieng
d chau Au. Uan niJa, dc cdng vice truyen giao cd ket qua. cac ddng lu
cung thudng tuyen chon nhirng ngudi cd kha nang ndi trdi ve ngoai ngiJ.
am hieu phong luc tap quan cac nude. Cdn cac thuctng gia cho cac giao sl
di theo khdng chi mudn giiip ve "phan hdn" trong nhirng ngay lenh denh
tren bien ca day hiem nguy, sdng gid ma cdn giiip ca du bao Ihdi tiet,
phien dich, tim hieu phong tuc tap quan dia phucmg nai ho den trao ddi.
budn ban. Tat ca nhiJng nhu cau dd la sir sang loc de lao ra doi ngu
nhimg nha truyen giao xuat sac ve nhieu linh vuc ma chiing la duac
chung kien sau nay. Ho chfnh la nhirng ngudi lam chiee cau giao luu van
hoa giiJa phuang Ddng va phU(]fng Tay. Cac lac gia cudn Anh hudng cua
cac he tu tudng vd ton gido doi vdi con ngudi Viel Nam hom nay da c6
nhan xet rat diing rang: "Ndi den nhirng anh huxmg ciia van hoa. lu ludng
d phucmg Tay d Viel Nam thi chac chan dao Thien Chiia la nhan id dau
lion trong sir anh hudng nay. Va nhu vay, Inmg lich su. ton giao ludn

'}

-


ddng vai trd la mot trong sir gia di dau trong nhung cu()c vieng tham. tiep
xuc, giao luu van hoa giira cac dan toe" [83, lr.59|.
Ban ve vai trd cau ndi, giao luu van hoa Ddng-Tay ciia dao Cdng
giao thong qua cac nha truyen giao, Giao su Phan Huy Le da nhan xet
rang:
Trong hang ngii giao sl ed nhihig ngudi ehi hoal dong vi diJc
tin va cung gdp phan truyen ba mot sd thanh tuu van minh phuo^ng
Tay vao Vict Nam. Nha loan hoc va thien van hoc Jean Baplisle
Sanna (Y), Sebatien Pices (Bd), Francoi de Lima ( Bd), Joseph
Neugebeaur (DiJc), nha y hoc Jean Sibert (Tiep), Chales Salemenski
(Hung), Jean Koffler (Tiep), Jean de Loureiro (Bd)...la nhung giao
sl da ed thdi gian giilp chua Nguyen d Dang Trong. Alexandre de
Rhodes ciing cac giao sl Francesco de Pina, Christoloro Borri,
Caspar dc Amral, Antoine de Barbosa...da dua he thdng chO cai
latinh vao Viet Nam, gdp phan sang lao ra chiJ qudc ngU, laiinh hoa
chLrVietf53, lr.l91.
That khd ma cd the ke ten het cac giao sl da gdp cdng sire cho linh
vuc truyen ba cac kien thirc khoa hoc. ky thuat van minh phuc^ng Tay vao
Viet Nam. Theo kinh nghiem ciia cac nha truyen giao lai Trung Qudc
bay gid, cac giao sl thudng diing phuang phap "ngoai giao ddng hd'\ cd
nghla la khi gap vua chiia, ho thudng tang mot mdn qua trong dd bao gid
cung cd mot chiee ddng hd chay bang banh xc, day cdt. Day la mot san
pham ciia the gidi van minh vi luc dd d la mdi cd ddng hd nude. Cac giao
sl cung ludn diing tri thiJe khoa hoc ky Ihual lam cau chuyen xa giao, gay

thien cam, vi vay cac bac vua chiia rat thfeh ihii. Nam 1627. hai giao sl la
Alexandre de Rhodes ma d la quen goi la Dac Lo va Marque/ duac vdi
(icn gap Trinh Trang, cac dng cung lang chiia mdn qua nhu vay. D'2ic Lo
ke lai:

U-


ViJa thay tdi, chiia lien cho tdi xudng thuyen ngai, rdi ngai dem
ddng hd cd banh xe va ddng hd eat tdi da dang ngai trudc day khi
ngai vao Dang Trong. Ngai hdi chiing tdi xem diing ddng hd nhu
the nao, vi chua bao gid ngai thay va khong cdn nhd nhiJng dieu
' chung tdi ndi ve each sudung... [1, tr.99|.
Trong cuoc gap gd nay, cac giao si ciing tang Trinh Trang cudn
''Ky hd nguyen ban'' cua nha toan hoc Euclide do giao sl Lai Ma Dau
dich ra chG Han, phat hanh ben Trung Qudc. Khi duac giang giai ve cudn
sach cGng nhu chiee ddng hd, chiia Trinh rat thich. Trinh Trang la ngudi
thdng minh, ham hoe hdi vi vay khi gap cac giao sl deu mudn lim hieu
nhirng dieu mdi la. Nam 1626, giao sl Badinotti (ngudi Y) ciing da duac
mdi den phii chua. Ong viet: "Chiia sai mot hoan quan la mot quan trong
phu den tim tdi de tdi giang cho chua biet cuoc van hanh cac linh lii, vi
chiia biet tdi gidi ve loan hoe...rdi chiia hdi tdi ve nhirng van de loan hoc
lien quan tdi trai dia cau" |Dl.58, lr.5|. Dac Lo cung da lien doan nhat
thuc se xay ra va cam doan rang khdng can phai gd chieng . irdng van
curu duac mat trdi. S\i vice xay ra dung nhu the khien vua chiia va dan
chiing bay gid vd cung than phuc. Mot sd giao sl ddng thdi ciing la nha v
khoa. Ho dem den phucyng phap chira benh theo loi Tay phucfng va day la
cdng lao ciia cac giao sl ddi vdi y hoc nudc ta. Tai Dang Trong cac chiia
NguyCn Hien Vuc^g (1648-1685), Nghla Vmyng (1666-1691) da trong
dung cac giao sl Da Coxla, Langerloi va cung cho xay dung mot nha

thuorng. Thdi Minh Vuang cd hai giao sl duac phong ngu y. D(') la J.B
Sanna ngudi Y va S.Piere ngudi Bd, Sanna cung lap mot nha thucmg (')
Hue. Ngay dudi thdi chiia Vd Vuctng, nam 1.570 du cd lenh true xuaT cac
giao sTnhung linh muc Jean Sibert van lap duac co' sd nhan tie m.) cdi va
tan tat de cham sdc. Ci Dang Ngoai. khi Dk' Lo truyen giao lai Kinh
thanh Ke Ch(; nam 1627, cung da ndi den vice lap mot nha ihuc-nu Jc san


sdc cho ngudi ngheo tai Cau Den ( Cau Dic^n?). Day la nhutig ca sd tir
thien va cung la nofi chiJa benh theo tay y s c ^ nhat d nudc ta.
Ve mat ky thuat, ngudi ta cung ghi nhan chfnh cac giao sT da dua ky
thuat det vai min va kho rong bang khung det mang tir nudc ngoai vao de
san xuat tai nha ddng Men Thanh gia Di Loan, Quang Trj va san pham
da dat trinh do cao khi tham gia hoi cho Paris nam 1867. Trong ky thuat
in an, trudc day, d ta in bang ban khac gd rat lau cdng. Khi cac giao sT
vao Viet Nam, ho in sach vd deu dua ra nude ngoai vi du cac tac pham
cua Dac Lo nhu Tif dien Viet Bd La, Ngilphdp tieng Viet, Phep gidng
tdm ngdy...'\x\ d Roma nam 1651 hay cudn Thdnh gido yeii ly cua Giam
muc Pigneau bang chu ndm in d Quang Chau nam 1774. Den ddi Giam
muc Jacques Longer (1752- 1831), dng da cho thanh lap nha in VTnh Tri
( Ha Nam ngay nay) vdi cac con chu rdi duoc due bang ddng hay chi va
da tao ra mot cuoc each mang \t in an d nude ta. Bang chung la cac san
pham in cd sd lucTfng \em ra ddi. Rieng Sdch ihdnh gido yeu ly cua Giam
muc Longer nam 1802 da in 1300 cudn, nam 1804 in 1566 cudn va nam
1823 in 3100 cudn. Tai VTnh Tri cd 2 co sd in chit Ndm va chu qudc ngu
rieng. Cdng vice in an cang duoc chu y phat trien dudi thdi Giam muc
Retort Pierre (tiic Lieu) va Joseph Theurel vi giao sT Theurcl da hoc nghe
in d Paris trudc khi sang Vict Nam. Khi nha in VTnh Tri hi ddt chay nam
1854, Theurel da cho lap nha in chu Ndm d Ke Nhau (Tan Do, Ha Tay),
nhung d day cung cd ca in chiJ latinh va chiJ qudc ngir vdi ky ihuat tien

tien hein VTnh Tri. Nhieu tac pham bang tieng nude ngoai da duoc dich
va in d nha in nay hoac in bang ca chiJ Ndm va chCr qudc ngir nhu cudn
Sdch day di ddng nhdn ddc tron Idnli cua linh muc Serard (Cd' Chfnh
Trung). Cdn d Nam Ky, nam 1865 hai nha in cua giac^ hdi la Nha Chung
(Imprimerie de la Missien) va Tan Dinh cung da hoal dong vdi ky thuat
in chu due rdi. Ve cay trong, vat nudi. ngudi la cung ghi nhan cdng lao
cua nhieu giao sT. Vf du vice dua gidng cifu vao viing Phan Rang lu:y linh

-16


muc Henry (ten Vict la Y thuoc MEP) khi d xu: Ha Uc (Hue') da dua cay
phi lao ve trong...
Chung ta da ndi den vai trd cua dao Cdng giao trong vice iruyen ba
nhiJng tri thurc khoa hoc, ky thuat , van minh phuong Tay vao nudc ta
nhung dao Cdng giao cung ddng gdp vao viec gidi thieu dat nude, cc^n
ngudi va van hoa Viet Nam ra the gidi ben ngoai.
Nhu tren da ndi, cac giao sT khi den truyen giao tai Viet Nam, ho
cung da tim hieu rat ky ve da't nudc con ngudi d day. Dieu ngac nhien la
mac dii sinh trudng d phuong Tay cd hoc van cao hon , lai sdng dudi che
do thuc dan nhung nhieu nhan xet cua ho kha khach quan va ifch cue.
Dac Lo rat khen ngoi viec kham chiJa benh theo phuong phap cd truyen (V
Viet Nam. Ong viet: "Tdi cd the ndi, ho chang thua gi cac bac sT cua la
va hon nua trong mot vai mdn, ho gidi hon ta nira...ho ludn diing ba
ngdn tay de bat mach va thuc ra ho rat thanh thao. Thuoc cua ho khdng
khd udng nhu cua ta, hon nira khdng dat ty nao b(Vi vl thii dat nha'l cung
chang gia hon 5 xu" . Ve phap luat, dng cung khen rang: "phap luat (V
day cdn ho'n ca cac nude phuong Tay vi khdng cd giay td i-udm ra, nghi
thiJc Idi thdi lam tdn phf thdi gid va tien bac cua ddi ben |2, tr.89|.
Mot giao sT khac ten la Bunzomi, qudc tich Y, ngudi dau lien dat

chan len Dang Trong ngay 18-1-1615 cung cd mot nhan xet rat hay ve xa
hdi Viet Nam. Ong ghi lai trong cudn Truyen xi( Ddng Kinh nhu sau:
"Nhd Khong giao xa hdi va gia dinh Viet Nam da cd mot td chuc rat cao,
ngudi dan Viet Nam cd nhung dire tfnh va phong tuc rat dang kham
phuc". Ve con ngudi Viet Nam. dng nhan xet:
Ho khdng nghieng ve van chuctng, tfnh linh khdng tham hiem nhu
ngudi Tau. Ho khdng qua nghieng ve quan bi, tfnh tinh khdng doc
ac nhu ngifdi Nhat. Ca ve tami ihudc ho khdng cao nhu ngifdi Tau.
cung khdng ihap nhu ngudi Nhat, de nghe, de tin va nhieu me u'n
:jAi HOC QUOC GIA HA N p l
RUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

_-\7-

vjAuna^


nhung ngudi dan Viet d6 nhan ra le phai, khdng kieu cang hay lu
ton nhu ngudi Tau [Dl.34, tr.55|.
Vl am hieu tam ly, tap tuc nhu vay nen ngudi ta khdng ngac nhien
cd nhung giao sl giao duac chua dac biet yeu men. Giao sl Felix MorliBe tren khu truyen giao Dang Ngoai, ngay 11-8-1647 da nhan dugc thu
khen do chfnh tay chua Trjnh thao bang chir Han tren giay hoa, c6 noi
dung nhu sau:
Ta dien ha Kien Thucmg Vuang loan quyen va tdi cao irong xiJ
Dang Ngoai. Ta gili ngudi chiimg thu chmh tay ta thao de lam
chutig ta quy men nguai, Felix bac tdn su de nhat va lien sl dao
trudng thd Chua trdi dat. Tir khi vao xur ta, ta dac biet quy men hc^
het cac ton su ngoai qudc den day day dao. Ta coi nguai nhu vuctn
ruong trong hoa hudng duc:fng quay ve mat trdi soi sang va sudi
am. Ta ciing coi nguai nhu quy tu cua ta. De bay id long la quy

men nguai, ta dat cho nguai moi ten mdi la Phuc Chan cc) nghla ia
mot ngudi chan that va cd phiic cao ca [ 1, lr.207].
Dieu dang kham phuc la cd giao sl nhu Dac Lo cdn cd lu tudng ral
A,

tien bd. Ong da kich liet chong lai nhung quan niem sai lac phai sinh lii
dau dc thuc dan la: "Ngoai chau Au ra thi hoan toan la man di moi ro"
hay tu tudng sd vanh tir "cac con trdi" d Thien trieu rang: "Trung Qudc la
tat ca nhCmg gi dep de nhat trai dat" [2, tr.l85 va 34]. Xem ra tu tudng
"trong minh khinh ngudi" khdng chi' cd noi dan chung, quan lai ma lan
sang ca gidi nghien cuu khoa hoe. Dac Lc) sau khi den Viel Nam, da
ngac nhien tu hdi: "Tdi khdng biet vi sao dat nudc rat xinh dep nay lai
khdng duoc biet tdi, vl sao cac nha dia ly chau Au khdng biet len goi va
gan nhu khdng ghi trong ban dd nao ca. Tuy ho chep day du ten cac nudc
tren the gidi" I 2, tr.l4.'^|.
Khi Dac Lo cho xual ban cac tap sach cua mnih lai Roma nam. 1651
la mot dia diem quan trong de quang ba ra chau Au va the gu'ii vi Roma

18-


hdi dd khdng nhd be nhu Vatican bay gid ma ca vung dat menh mdng
bao gom ca nude Y, mot phan cua Phap, Ao deu thuoc "Nudc Toa
thanh". Da'y la chua ke quyen hanh cua Giao hoang ddi vdi cac nudc
chau Au khac nhu Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha...Cac tac pham cua nhieu
giao sT da la mot kenh quan trong de gidi thieu Viet Nam ra the gidi ben
ngoai. Ti-udc day, khdng ft ngudi d phuong Tay cd suy nghT rang, Viet
Nam da hoan loan bi Han hoa sau ngan nam dd hd cua phong kien
phuong Bac nhung sau nhung bao cao ve nhung nghien curu dan tdc va
tdn giao Viet Nam cua linh muc L.Cadiere tai " Tiidn le ddn loc hoc tdn

gido"' 0 Luxembourg nam 1928, cd nha khoa hoc da thay ddi y kien.
Giao su Condominas viet: "Mot dan toe da biet tiep nhan vd van yeu td
Trung Hoa, bi ap dat va thu nap mot each tu nguyen, de dung len mot the
gidi cua rieng minh, va giiJ gm ban sac doc dao cua minh" |51, tr. 10].
Chac chan rang, trong the gidi ngay nay, mac du da cd ral nhieu
phucmg tien thdng tin hien dai nhung tdn giao ndi chung va Cdng giao
ndi rieng van cdn la mot kenh thdng tin quan trong dc quang ba hinh
anh dat nudc con ngudi Viet Nam vdi ban be qudc te. Chi can mot
chuyen tham muc vu cua Hong y Crescenzio Sepe - Tdng trUtVng Bo rao
giang Phuc am cho cac dan tdc ciia Toa thanh qua Vict Nam hdi cudi
nam 2005 cijng du la bang chung sdng dong de bac bd nhiJng Idi cao
budc cua phuong Tay ve tinh hinh tdn giao d nude ta. Day la van de
can quan tam nhieu hc^rn vi neu khdng lam tdt ITnh vuc nay, nd van bj loi
dung ma nhihig bao cao ve tinh hmh nhan quyCn, tdn giao hang nam ve
Viel Nam cua mot sd to churc nudc ngoai, van la Idi hang nam, nhal la
tir Hoa Ky gan day la bang chiJng.
Mot san pham tuyet vdi ve su giao luu van hoa Ddng Tay vdi cdng lao
vun trdng cua cac giao sT va su cdng tac ciia mot sd ngudi Viel la vice
sang tao ra chiJ qudc ngir.
1.L2 Dao Cong giao voi cong trinh sang tao ra chu qudc ngur

19-


Tir nua sau the ky XVI da thay xuat hien cac giao sl ngudi Bd den
Dang Ngoai nhu Anfonso da Costa,, Juan Gonsalver, Ordonez.
Ruiz...nhung cdng viec Iruyen giao khdng ed ket qua. Ruiz sau hai nam
d Thang Long ciing ehi rira toi duac cho mot dura tre dm gan chel trudc
khi di Manila nam 1586... Nguyen nhan cua cac that bai tren cd nhieu
van de nhung mot trong nhtitig ly do dau tien la khdng biet tieng ban xir.

Vl vay, mot sd giao sl da hoc tieng Viet va ngudi duac coi la gidi nhal
thir tieng "liu lo nhu chim hot" nay la Francisco dc Pina, ngudi Bd. Ong
sinh nam 1585 tai Guarda, nhap ddng Ten luc 20 tuoi, hoc than hoc d Ma
Cao va vao Dang Trong nam 1617. Ong bi chet dudi do lat ghe d Cii Lao
Cham ngay 15-12-1645, khi vijra trdn 40 tudi. Ong da day giao ly bang
tieng Viet va giai thieh "ranh re" nhung thac mdc ve khoa chiem tinh cho
mot dng nghe va quan tran thu Quang Nam Nguyen Phudc Ky nghe. Ong
cung du doan chfnh xac ngay, gid nguyet thuc lam cho moi ngudi ral
ngudng md. Nhieu lai lieu ed ndi den cudn sach giao ly cua Pina soan
bang tieng Dang Trong va theo linh muc Leopol Michel Cadierc (18691955), mot hoc gia Idi lac, thi dd la "van ban qudc ngu dau lien" ma nhd
dd cac giao sT trong dd cd Christoforo Borri ( ngudi Y), Dac Lo ( ngiroi
Phap), Caspar d' Amaral (ngudi Bd)...da tiep tuc phat trien de cdng vice
truyen giao duoc dt dang.
Chfnh Dac Lo da ndi den cudn Chinh td Viet ngir va Ngu phdp
tieng Met ciia Pina duoc viet vao nam 1622- 1623 d Hoi An. DT nhien.
mot chu viet chi dinh hinh khi cd tiT dien va ngii phap. Dac Lo da lam
cdng viec do vdi bo ba: Td dien \ let-Bd - La, Ngil phdp tieng \ let va
Phep gidng tdm ngdy deu in d Roma nam 1651. Vdi vice phat hanh cac
cudn sach tren, the gidi va ft nhat la phuong Tay da biet den mdi chii vicT
cua ngudi Viet Nam. Tat nhien, chir nay van tiep tuc duoc hoan ihicn qua
cac I'd dien Viei- La cua P. de Behain ( Ba Da Loc) in nam 1773 va Tu
dien La - I let cua Giam muc .I.L Taberl in d Seramporc nam I 838.

-20-


Muc dfch cua cac nha truyen giao khi lam ra chii" qudc ngiJ la de vice
giang dao dugc mau chong hon. The nhung, cdng vice dd lai phu hc^p vdi
tien trinh phat trien ciia lich su va dac biet la y chf doc lap tu cudng ciia
dan toe nen nd da duoc nhieu sT phu yeu nudc cung nhu ddng dao dan

chiing ddn nhan. Nha nghien ciiru Duong Quang Ham nhan xet:
Cac giao sT ngudi Au dat ra chu qudc ngir, chii y la cd dugc mot
thu" chir de viet tieng ta cho tien va diing cho vice truyen giao
cho dC\ Khdng ngd rang, vi the lich sir xui khien. chir ay nay da
thanh van tu phd thdng cua ca dan toe Viet Nam. Danh rang,
ciing nhu cac cdng trinh do ngUdi ta sang tao ra, thii chiJ ay ciing
cd vai khuyet diem, nhung ta nen nhan rang d tren hoan cau nay
khdng cd thii chir nao tien Igi va dl hoe bang thii chir ay [ Dt.60,
tr.2711.
Su ra ddi ciia chiJ qudc ngir that la mot cuoc each mang khdng chi do
thay the chir Han, chu Ndm ma cdn dem lai mot tu duy giao due mdi, md
mang dan tri cham durt Idi hoc hanh kinh vien khudn sao, cd hii trudc day
ma chfnh vua Minh Mang cung da timg phe phan: "Cai van cu nghiep chi
cau ne khudn sao, hu lau tang bdc ISn nhau. Viec hoc nhu the cha trach
gi nhan tai ngay cang kem cdi" (Dt.l9, tr.l40]. Ngudi ta tfnh ra rang.
mudn doc thdng chir qudc ngir chi can vai thang hoc tap cdn doc dugc
chu Han vdi sd vdn tdi thieu la 1200 tir, phai mat ca nam den sach. Chu'
Ndm cdn khd hofn nira. Theo bao cao cua Thdng sir Bac ky nam 1910. d
Viet Nam da cd 20.000 ngudi tre biet chiJ qudc ngir. Thanh cdng ciia
chien djch diet giac ddt sau thang 8- 1945 cung da khang dinh ifu the ndi
trdi ciia Ihii^ chir nay. Thdng ke sau 9 nam (1946 den 1954) da cd 10 trieu
ngudi thoal nan mil chir |60, tr.271-272|. Cd le, vi the ma cac chf sT ihugc
nhdm Ddng kinh nghTa thuc da neu 6 ke md mang dan tri irong dd cd ke
diing "van lunudc nha" vdi Idi le rat tha thiet:

-71


Gan day muc su ngudi Bd Dao Nha che ra chir qudc ngu, lay 20
chir cai chau Au phdi hop vdi 6 am, 11 van danh van iheo loi

hoa thanh ma dat ra tieng ta rat la gian di nhanh chdng. Pham
ngudi trong nude, di hoe nen la'y chir qudc ngir dc ghi vice ddi
xua, chep viec ddi nay va thu tir thi cd the ehudt Idi va dat y. Dd
that la budc dau trong viec md mang In khdn vay |92, tr-1801.
De khang dinh gia trj eiia chir qudc ngu va ghi nhd cdng lao ciia ngudi
sang lap, ngay 29-5-1941, Hoi Trf Tri va Hoi truyen ba chir qudc ngir Ha
Noi da dung mot bia da ghi cong lao cua Dae Lo (Alexandre de
Rhodes).Tam bia duac dung Irudc 66n Ba Kieu, Ha Noi. Van bia cd
doan: "Ngudi soan ra nhieu truyen ky di^n dich ra may thu tieng va
ngudi da xuat ban duac quyen sach bon va quyen Tir vi tieng Viet Nam,
tieng Bd Dao Nha va tieng Latinh xuat ban trudc lien- nen ngudi cdn luu
truyen vdi cdng nghiep phat minh ra chir qudc ngir". Chi liec rang, lam
bia nay bi that lac tir nam 1957 va Dac Lo bi tieng oan rang da cong lac
vdi chfnh quyen thuc dan Phap de xam chiem Viet Nam qua mot Idi kO
ciia vien thuyen trudng A.Thomazi trong cudn La conquete de
rindochine in d Paris nam 1934 : "Cha Alexandre de Rhodes da sdng d
Dang Ngoai 25 nam. Ngai ndi: Day la vi trf can phai chiem lay va chiem
duac vi In nay thi thucmg gia chau Au se tim duac ngudn lai nhuan va tai
nguyen phong phu". Doan nay duac dua han vao sach giao khoa trong
cudn Lich su Viet Nam tap I (Nxb KHXH 1971). Tu lieu nay sai. Dac
L<) dau cd d Dang Ngoai tdi 25 nam ma chi cd 3 nam 2 thang lir 19-31627 den thang 5-1630 va Thomazi sinh sau Dac Lo 300 nam lam sao cd
the nghe dng ndi? Phai chd mai den dip sinh nhal ihii' 400 ciia Dac Lo
(nam 1993-1994), nhieu bai bao. hdi thao da minh oan cho dn<\ Dudn<'
phd mang ten Dac Lo d Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh dugc tra lai va lam bia
ghi cdng tren dugc quyet dinh dung tai Thu vien Qudc gia Ha Noi. Van
de ludng da qua id rang nhu the sau cac y kien xac dang ciia ca cac nha

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