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Tải Đề cương ôn tập tiếng Anh lớp 8 học kì 2 năm 2019 - 2020 - Đề thi học kì 2 lớp 8 môn tiếng Anh có đáp án

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<b>ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP TIẾNG ANH HỌC KÌ 2 LỚP 8</b>



<b>CĨ ĐÁP ÁN NĂM 2019 - 2020</b>



<b>I. </b>

<b>Dạng bài phát âm</b>



<b>Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined. </b>


<b>1. A. wanted </b> <b>B. washed </b> <b>C. needed </b> <b>D. decided</b>


<b>2. A. ago </b> <b> B. boring</b> <b>C. explore</b> <b>D. story</b>


<b>3. A. come</b> <b> B. sot</b> <b> C. open</b> <b>D. cold</b>


<b>4. A. mention</b> <b>B. question</b> <b>C. action</b> <b>D. education</b>


<b>5. A. who</b> <b>B. when</b> <b>C. where</b> <b>D. what</b>


<b>Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined. </b>


<b>1.A. sun</b> <b> B. fun</b> <b> C. put</b> <b> D. unhappy</b>


<b>2. A. mind</b> <b> B. bike</b> <b>C. tradition</b> <b>D. tidy</b>


<b>3. A. my </b> <b>B. happy C. hobby D. factory</b>


<b>4.A. health</b> <b>B. team</b> <b>C. tea</b> <b>D. beach</b>


<b>5.A. listened B. opened</b> <b>C. wanted</b> <b>D. lived</b>


<b>Circle the words with the underlined parts pronounced differently from the others. </b>



1. A. prepares B. erupts C. stops D. photographs


2. A. typhoon B. goose C. food D. flood


3. A. looked B. suggested C. minded D. decided


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5. A. ache B. charity C. archaeology D. chaos


6. A. bear B. beard C. wear D. prepare


7. A. geology B. psychology C. classify D. photography


8. A. physical B. mythology C. rhythmic D. psychology


<b>Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined. </b>


<b>1. A. wanted </b> <b>B. washed </b> <b>C. danced </b> <b>D. played</b>


<b>2. A. goes </b> <b> B. watches</b> <b>C. misses</b> <b>D. brushes</b>


<b>3. A. come</b> <b> B. mother</b> <b>C. open</b> <b>D. some</b>


<b>4. A. mention</b> <b>B. question</b> <b>C. action</b> <b>D. education</b>


<b>5. A. who</b> <b>B. when</b> <b>C. where</b> <b>D. what</b>


<b>Circle the words with the underlined parts pronounced differently from the others. </b>


1. A. community B. sensitive C. variety D. interactive



2. A. connect B. perfect C. select D. correct


3. A. verbal B. customer C. generous D. afternoon


4. A. connection B. creation C. information D. suggestion


5. A. table B. climb C. cube D. stab


<b>Circle the words with the underlined parts pronounced differently from the others. </b>


1. A. space B. strange C. planet D. play


2. A. alien B. alive C. alien D. balloon


3. A. balloon B. moon C. flood D. proof


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5. A. mineral B. life C. pipe D. sight


<b>II. Dạng bài trọng âm</b>



<b>Find the word which has different stress pattern from the others.</b>


1. A. athletic B. historic C. dramatic D. scientific


2. A. medical B. national C. chemical D. informal


3.A. athletic B. dramatic C. scientific D. heroic


4.A. medical B. hospital C. politic D. electric



5.A. dramatic B. physical C. environmental D. medical


<b>Find the word which has different stress pattern from the others.</b>


1.A. affect B. father C. pollution D. believe


2. A. prefer B. enjoy C. dramatic D. affect


3.A. factory B. happen C. pollution D. poison


4.A. believe B. picture C. village D. factory


5.A. illustrate B. believe C. affect <b>D. village </b>


<b>Find the word which has different stress pattern from the others.</b>


1. A. person B. father C. teacher D. enjoy
2. A. prefer B. enjoy C. mother D. agree
3. A. doctor B. father C. picture D. prefer
4. A. pollution B. visit C. listen D. open
5. A. depend B. advise C. affect <b>D. listen </b>


<b> Circle the word with a different stress pattern from the others. </b>


1. A. charity B. reality C. quality D. density


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3. A. addictive B. positive C. primitive D. possessive


4. A. nationality B. mobility C. equality D. majority



5. A. transitive B. effective C. positive D. sensitive


<b>Find the word which has different stress pattern from the others.</b>


1.A. person B. father C. teacher D. enjoy


2. A. prefer B. enjoy C. mother D. agree


3.A. doctor B. father C. picture D. fancy


4.A. pollution B. visit C. listen D. open


5.A. depend B. advise C. affect <b>D. listen </b>


<b>III. Dạng bài chọn đáp án đúng</b>


<b>Choose the best answer. (A,B, C or D )</b>


1. Mi and Nick like ______________ back Mi’s home village on holiday.


A. comes B. come C. came D. coming


2. If the factory ________________ dumping poison into the lake, all the fish and other
aquatic animals will die.


A. continues B. to continue C. continued D. will continue


3.Water ________________ in the lake has made the fish die.


A. pollution B. pollute C. polluted D. polluting



<b>4.If the air wasn’t dirty, I ________________ so much.</b>


A. wouldn’t sneeze B. sneeze C. would sneeze D. to sneeze


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A. die B. to died C. dead D. will died


6. Water pollution is the ________________ in the lake has made the fish die.


A. contaminating B. contaminate C. contaminated D. contamination


7. If I were you , I ______________ that car .


A. would buy B. buy C. bought D. buying


8. If we recycle more , we ________________ the Earth.


A. help B. would help C. helping D. will help


<b>Choose the best answer. </b>


1. I don't know how_________ this game.


A. play B. played C. to play D. playing
2. I take part _________ most of the youth activities of my school.
A. on B. in C. to D. for
3.Nga______ a letter at eight o'clock last night .


A. write B. was writing C. is writing D. writes
4. Mrs Nga_____ always_____ her umbrellas.



A.were/ losing B. has/ lost C. will/ lose D. is/ losing
5.They have to______ the rice from the husk and then cook the rice.
A. separate B.take C. bring D. make
6 . Angkor Wat is one of the largest____ in the world.


A. temples B. churches C. pagodas D. tombs
7. People usually use compost to ______ their fields.


A. fertilize B. melt C. recycle D. reduce


<b>Circle the letter before the best answer of each sentence</b>


1. / It’s easy ………. the exercise


a. understands b. to understand c. understanding d.understood .
2. / Would you mind if I………down? .


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3. / People use first-aid………… ease the victim’s pain and anxiety .
a. so to as b. in order to c.so as to d. b and c are ok.
4. / The Le family was sleeping ………….. the mailman came.


a. when b.while c. for d.to.


5. / .Mount Rushmore……….. from more than 100 kilometers away.
a. see b. saw c. can be seen d.seeing.


6. / It is a contest in which participants have to cook rice. It’s a ……….. contest.
a. cook - rice b. water-fetching c. rice-cook d. rice- cooking.



7. / Nhi decided………..for a walk .


a. go b. to go c. going d.goes.
8. / Every milk bottle can be ……….thirty times .


a. reused b.to reuse c. reduced d. reducing .


<b>Choose A, B, C, D for each gap in the following sentences. </b>


1. Air..., together with littering, is causing many problems in our cities today.
A. pollute B. pollution C. polluting D. polluted


2. The road in front of my office is always ... when it rains heavily.
A. to flood B. flooding C. flood D. flooded
3. Singapore is famous for its ... and green trees.


A. cleanliness B. cleanly C. cleaning D. clean


4. In some English speaking countries, turkey and pudding are ... food at
Christmas.


A. national B. historical C. traditional D. possible


5. The USA has a population of 304 million, and it’s the third ... country in the
world.


A. smallest B. largest C. narrowest D. highest
6. The roof of the building ... in a storm a few days ago.


A. damaged B. was damaged


C. has damaged D. has been damaged
7. A severe tropical ... is called a typhoon.


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8. As soon as the floodwater ... down, people ... their houses.
A. went - cleaned B. had gone – cleaned


C. went - had cleaned D. had gone – had cleaned
9. If I were you, I ... do something to prevent him from littering.


A. would B. did C. will D. do
10. Earth ... by the gravity of the Sun and orbits around it.


A. holds B. is held C. is holding D. held
11. By the time we ... to the cinema, the film had started.


A. gets B. had got C. has got D. got
12. When the policeman came there, the robber ...


A. had left B. has left C. left D. was left


13. All people who were without homes in the flood were provided with ...
accommodation.


A. short B. temporary C. present D. instant
14. Seven of ten people prefer face-to-face ... when having a date.


A. language B. contact C. code D. sign


15. When thermal pollution happens, the water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes and
oceans ...



A. changes B. keeps C. remains D. stays


<b>Choose the best answer. (A,B, C or D )</b>


1. I like ______________ back my home village on holiday.


A. comes B. come C. came D. coming


2. If the factory ________________ dumping poison into the lake, all the fish and other
aquatic animals will die.


A. continues B. to continue C. continued D. will continue


3.Water ________________ in the lake has made the fish die.


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4. Mi and Nick like ______________ back Mi’s home village on holiday.


A. comes B. come C. came D. coming


5. If the factory continues dumping poison into the lake, all the fish and other aquatic
animals ________________.


A. die B. to die C. dead D. will die


6. Water pollution is the ________________ in the lake has made the fish die.


A. contaminating B. contaminate C. contaminated D. contamination


7. If we ______________ water carefully, more people will have fresh water.



A. will use B. would use C. using D. use


8. If the factory continues dumping poison ________________ the lake, all the fish and
other aquatic animals will die.


A. into B. to C. about D. in


<b>Choose the correct answer.</b>


1. They ……… here since last week.


a. lived b. live c. living d. have lived
2. My Dad ……….. for his company for 20 years.


a. hasn’t worked b. worked c. works d. to work
3 Lipton tea is different …………. Dilmah tea.


a. to b. from c. on d. at
4. The magazine is not ………. the newspaper.


a. as large as b. larger c. the most large d. more larger
5. This is the first time Hoa ………….. Tim’family.


a. met b. meets c .meeting d. has met
6. Would you mind ……….. in the front seat of the taxi?


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a. take b. taking c. to take d. took


<b>IV. Dạng bài chia động từ trong ngoặc</b>



<b>Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.</b>


<b>(Chia những động từ trong ngoặc đơn vào đúng hình thức).</b>


1.If we (recycle) ________ more, we will help the Earth.


2. Factories (not dump) ______________waste into rivers if the government fine them
heavily.


3. If people travel to work by bus, there (be) ______________fewer car fumes.


4. We (save) ________________thousands of trees if we don’t waste paper.


5. If we use water carefully, more people (have) ______________fresh water.


6. If the factory ( continue) ________________ dumping poison into the lake, all the fish
and other aquatic animals will die.


7.If we recycle more, we (help) ________________ the Earth.


8. If people (travel)________________to work by bus, there will be fewer car fumes.


9. We save thousands of trees if we (not waste)_______________don’t waste paper.


10. Factories don’t dump waste into rivers if the government ( fine) _______________ them
heavily.


<b>Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.</b>


1. Thousands of homes were flooded after Cyclone Komen (hit) ______________


Bangladesh.


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3. After several weeks without any drops of rain, the region (suffer) ______________ from
a severe shortage of water for people and animals.


4. Last week the landslide (occur) ______________ after it (rain) ______________ heavily
for three days in several villages in the mountainous district of Xin Man, Ha Giang
Province.


5. Earlier on August 2, the officials (say) ______________ seven people were killed in the
northern provinces of Dien Bien, Lai Chau, and Son La after rain (cause)


______________ extensive floods across the region.


6. Mount Fuji in Japan last (erupt) ______________ in 1708, and its eruption (cover)
______________ the surrounding villages with ash.


<b>Give the correct tense or form of the following verbs.</b>


1. I (watch)... a science fiction film on TV at 9.00 tonight.


2. Our teacher says that new technology (make)... many workers jobless in the
future.


3. Look at those clouds – I think it (rain)...


4. If you use robots to do the housework, you (become)... lazy and you (not
get)... enough exercise.


5. People say that technology (change) ... up entire rooms small enough to put on


destops and into wristwatches.


6. We’ll need (call)... him more often


7. This time next week, I (lie)... on the beach on Phu quoc Island


8. Thomas Edison said that none of his inventions (come)... by accident. They
(be)... all the result of hard work


9. By the time I (arrive)...the airport, my husband (wait)...for me for an
hour.


10. If the trees (be not)...watered daily, they will die.


<b>Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.</b>


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1. If he (study) ________________ harder, he can pass an exam.


2. She may be late if she (not hurry) ________________.


3.If you study harder, you (pass) ________________ the exam.


4. If you are kind to me, I (be) _______________ good to you.


5.If he (give) _______________ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well
again.


6. You (not pass) _______________ your driving test unless you drive more carefully.


7. He’ll be ill if he (not stop) ________________ worrying so much.



8. We’ll go to the beach tomorrow if it ( be) ________________ nice.


<b>V. Dạng bài đoạn văn tiếng Anh</b>



<b>Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage, using the appropriate words</b>
<b>or phrases given in the box.</b>


<i>a</i> <i>because of</i> <i>blown</i> <i>causes</i> <i>normal</i>


<i>dry</i> <i>suffer</i> <i>irrigated</i> <i>wells</i> <i>drops</i>


Drought is a condition that results when the average rainfall for a fertile area (1)
______________ far below the normal amount for (2) ______________ long period of
time. In areas that are not (3) ______________, the lack of rain (4) ______________ farm
crops to wither and die. Higher than (5) ______________ temperatures usually accompany
periods of droughts. The soil of a drought area becomes (6) ______________ and crumbles.
Often the rich topsoil is (7) ______________ away by the hot, dry winds. Stream, ponds,
and (8) ______________ often dry up during a drought, and animals (9) ______________
and may even die (10) ______________ the lack of water.


<b>Read the passage and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.</b>


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with chemicals and other substances, and damages the (4)_____ with too many fertilizers
and pesticides. Man also pollutes his surroundings (5)_____ various other ways. For
example, people ruin natural beauty by (6)_____ junk and litter on the land and in the water.


Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing mankind today. Air,
water and soil are necessary to the (7)_____ of all living things. Badly polluted air can
cause illness, and (8)_____ death. Polluted water kills fish and other (9)_____ life. Pollution


of soil reduces the amount of land that is available for growing food. Environmental
pollution also brings ugliness to man’s (10)_____ beautiful world.


1. A. means B. refers C. provides D. reduces


2. A. thick B. natural C. exhaust D. influent


3. A. purifies B. pumps C. sprays D. poisons


4. A. soil B. forests C. streets D. beaches


5. A. on B. in C. by D. with


6. A. spoiling B. leaving C. scattering D. gathering


7. A. survival B. environment C. development D. growth


8. A. so B. ever C. too D. even


9. A. animal B. marine C. human D. plant


10. A. nature B. natural C. naturally D. natured


<b>Read the following text carefully and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each</b>
<b>of the gap.</b>


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when he finished (35)... the musical, Moulin Rouge, he said, “I have never been
happier to do anything in my life”.


29. A. bear B. born C. bearing D. beared


30. A. acting B. actress C. actor D. action
31. A. made B. played C. worked D. starred
32. A. at B. on C. with D. in
33. A. directors B. actors C. actresses D. writers
34. A. a lots B. lots C. much D. some
35. A. to film B. filmed C. film D. filming


<b>Read the text and do the tasks</b>


Almost a hundred thousand people were killed and half a million homes destroyed as a
result of an earthquake in Tokyo in 1923. The earthquake began a minute before noon when
the habitants of Tokyo were cooking their midday meals. Thousand of stoves were
overturned as soon as the earth began to shake. As a result, small fires broke out everywhere
and quickly spread. The fire engines were prevented from going to help because many of
the roads had cracked open. It was impossible to use fire fighting equipment as most of the
water pipes had burst. Consequently, over ninety percent of the damage was caused by fire
rather than by the collapse of buildings


<b>These sentences are T (true) or F (false) </b>


1. A hundred thousand people were killed in Tokyo in 1923 because of an earthquake
2. The earthquake began a minute before midnight


3. The fire engines were prevented from going to help because most of the water pipes had
burst


4. Over ninety percent of the damage was caused by fire


<b>Read the passage and answer the questions.</b>



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I also remember the time when I was a student at a university. Once I was so busy with my
assignments that I did not tidy my room for two weeks. Looking at the messy room caused
me so much stress that I did not want to study. Then I decided to clean the room and put my
thing in their proper places. I also bought a small plants and placed it in a corner of the
room. These simple actions increased my motivation and helped me to focus on my
learning.


<b>Questions.</b>


1.How did the author feel when she saw the power lines?


………


2.Why did she have that feeling?


………


3. What was she busy with?


………


4. What happened when she looked the messy room?


………


5. What did she do for her room?


………


<b>Read the passage and answer these questions below:</b>



England is not a large country. No town in England is very far from the sea, and many
English families spend their summer holidays at the seaside. There are no high mountains in
England, no very long rivers and very large forests.


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fields, meadows and forests are light green or dark green, and the gardens are green , red,
blue, yellow and white with flowers.


<b>Questions</b>


1.Is England a large country?


...


2. Where do many English families spend their summer holidays?


...


3. Are there many towns in England?


...


4. What is the English countryside like?


...


<b>Fill each blank with the correct form of the word given in capital letters. </b>


<b>Life on other planets</b>



Humans have long been fascinated by (1) space, and have wondered if there are
intelligent life-forms elsewhere, which we might be able to contact. (2) , we've all seen
space creatures on our TV and cinema screens, but “aliens" like these owe more to the
(3) of using human actors to play the parts than to any real form of (4)
investigation.


However, many serious space (5) are now beginning to turn their attention to the
question of what alien life might actually look like. One early result is Arnold the Alien,
(6) by biologist, Dougal Dixon. This strange being, unlike humans, has its eyes,
ears and limbs in groups of three instead of pairs but, despite its old appearance, its
behavior not very different from our own.


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2. A. nature B. natural C. naturally D. naturalness


3. A. convenient B. convenience C. conveniention D. conveniences


4. A. science` B. scientist C. scientific D. scientificly


5. A. research B. researches C. researcher D. researchers


6. A. design B. designs C. designed D. which designed


<b>Read the passage and do the tasks that follow</b>


Alaska is perhaps the most amazing state in the USA. It has coastlines facing both
the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. This state has an incredible three million lakes.
That’s four lakes per person living there.


Many cities in Alaska cannot be reached by road, sea, or river. The only way to get in
<b>and out is by air, on foot, or by dogsled. That’s why Alaska has the busiest sea airport in the</b>


world, Lake Hood Seaplane Base. Nearly two hundred floatplanes take off and land on the
water of this airport every day. It is a really fun scene to watch.


Alaska is called the land of Midnight Sun because in summer, the sun does not set
for nearly three months. But in winter the sun stays almost unseen.


All Alaskans take special pride in their beautiful and unique state.
1. Alaska ___________.


<b>A. is another name for the USA</b>
<b>B. is an island in the Pacific Ocean</b>


<b>C. has coastlines facing both the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean</b>


2. Which statement below is NOT CORRECT?


<b>A. In Alaska, the number of lakes is bigger than that of people.</b>
<b>B. There is one lake for each person living there.</b>


<b>C. Alaska has an incredibly high number of lakes.</b>


3.Which method below can always be used to reach a place in Alaska?


<b>A. by air</b> <b>B. by road</b> <b>C. by river</b>


4. In Alaska we can always see the sun ___________.


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<b>Read the fairy tale Cinderella and do the tasks below.</b>


Once upon a time there was a young girl called Cinderella. Cinderella was living happily


with her family when her mother died. Her father married an evil widow with two
daughters. Cinderella’s stepmother and two stepsisters mistreated her. She had to wear old
clothes and work hard while the sisters wore fancy clothes and had fun. A good witch
helped Cinderella. She turned Cinderella’s old dress into a beautiful gown. Cinderella went
to a party and a handsome prince politely invited her to dance with him. He fell in love with
her and wanted to find out who she was. Cinderella left the party in a hurry and didn’t tell
the prince her name. but she left a glass slipper, and the prince used that to find her. They
got married and lived happily ever after.


<b>1. Answer true (T) or false (F).</b>


a. Cinderella was living happily with her family when her mother died.
b. Her father married a kind woman.


c. Her stepmother and two stepsisters were very kind to her.


d. The prince got married to the girl who fitted the left glass slipper.


<b>2. Answer the questions.</b>


1. What did Cinderella’s father do when his wife died?


...
2. How did Cinderella’s stepmother and two stepsisters treat her?


...
3. Who turned Cinderella’s old clothes into a beautiful gown?


...
4. What did the prince use to find Cinderella?



….………


<b>VI. Dạng bài viết lại câu</b>



<b>Rewrite the sentences below without changing their original meaning.</b>


1. Radioactive pollution is very dangerous. It can cause abnormal growth. [since]


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3. I don’t have much money now, but I want to buy a house in PhuCuong.


If ____________________________________________________________________________
4. Light pollution happens. There is a change in animals’ living patterns.


If ____________________________________________________________________________
<b>5. Acid rain is dangerous. Trees’ leaves are damaged. [because of]</b>


______________________________________________________________________________
6. The Walt Disney Studios, the famous movie company, has produced hundreds of


cartoons for children.


Hundreds of cartoons for children _________________________________________________


<b>Rewrite the sentences as long as keep the similar meaning to the original one. </b>


1. People spent more time communicating with each other in the past.


It took ______________________________________________



2. He used to write letters to keep in touch with her when he lived far from her.


Letters used to __________________________________________


3. How long has that phone been used by our teacher?


When ________________________________?


4. How about going on a picnic this weekend?


Why don't we ________________________________ ?


5. He suggested watching a comedy.


“Let’s _____________________________________” he said.


6. His friend suggested he should go to bed after taking some medicine.


"Why don't _________________________________?” said his friend.


7. Let's eat out and go to the amusement park.


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<b>Write a conditional sentence type 2 for each situation, as in the example.</b>


<b>Viết loại câu điều kiện loại 2 cho mỗi tình huống , như trong ví dụ.</b>


1.People throw rubbish in the street.The street doesn’t look attractive.


<b>If people didn’t throw rubbish in the street, it would look attractive.</b>



2.There are so many billboards in our city. People can not enjoy the view.


If ……….


3.There is so much light in the city at night.We can not see the stars clearly.


If ………


4.We turn on the heater all the time. We have to pay three million dong for electricity a
month.


If ………


5.The karaoke bar makes so much noise almost every night. The residents complain to its
owner.


If ………


6.She has a headache after work every day.She works in a noisy office.


If ………


<b>Change these sentences into passive voice. </b>


1. Vietnam sent some aid to earthquake Japanese victims in 2014.


___________________________________________________________________________


2. Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves.



___________________________________________________________________________


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___________________________________________________________________________


4. A tornado hit many houses and buildings.


___________________________________________________________________________


5. We had bought some raincoats before we heard the weather forecast. ____________________


<b>Combine each pair of sentences to make a conditional sentence type 1.</b>


<b> (Kết hợp mỗi cặp câu sau để tạo thành câu điều kiện loại 1) </b>


1.Students are more aware of protecting the environment. Teachers teach environmental
issues at school.


If ………


2.Light pollution happens. Animals change their behaviour patterns.


If ………


3.The levels of radioactive pollution decrease.We switch from nuclear power to renewable
energy sources.


If ………


4.The water temperature increases.Some aquatic creatures are unable to reproduces.



If………


5.People get more diseases.The water is contaminated.


If ………


<b>Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the first sentence. </b>


1. "Are you going by train?" she asked me.


She wanted to know _______________________ .


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She asked us _______________________ .


3. "Will you come to my party?” she said to me.


She invited me _______________________ .


4. "Don't do it again," she said to them.


She told them _______________________ .


5. "Did Mr. Brown send the potatoes to you?" she asked.


She asked _______________________ .


6. "Don't get your shoes dirty, boys," she said.


She told _______________________ .



7. “What do you want for lunch today, Peter?" Mary asked.


Mary asked _______________________ .


8. “Can I borrow your typewriter, Jean?" asked Peter.


Peter asked if _______________________ .


Mời bạn đọc thêm tài liệu Tiếng Anh lớp 8 tại đây:
Bài tập Tiếng Anh lớp 8 theo từng Unit:


Bài tập Tiếng Anh lớp 8 nâng cao:


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