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<i>"Chinh sdch thQc ddn cua Tdy Ban Nha ddi </i>
<i>vdi cQ ddn da do trin luc dia chdu My vd </i>
<i>hdu qud cda no (thi'ky XV - XVI)". Trong bfii </i>
viet dd, do gidi han ciia tU lipu nen chung tdi
mdi ehi de cfip den nhQng tac dpng tieu eUc
eiia chinh sach thUe dfin do Tay Ban Nha
gay ra cho cdc thupc dia chfiu My.
Cd the ndi, chinh sfich thUe dan cua Tay
Ban Nha dd'i vdi cdc qud'c gia d Trung va
Nam My da de lai nhieu hdu qua tieu cUc
cho eac dan tpc ndy: dd Id sU buy dipt ve
dan so' eua chau My, sU khai thfie bdc lot
triet de cae ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien
cung nhu thanh qua lao dpng cua ngUdi
dan cac nUde bi xam chiem, dd Id sii huy
diet eac nen vfin hda truyen thdng ban dia
vfi chinh sfich phan biet chung tpc da man
<i>vcH My Latinh dQdc coi Id giai doan den tdi </i>
<i>nhd't trong lich sQ lodi ngQdi, bdi vi nhQng </i>
<i>ngQdi khai hda dd dp dat quyin liic cda </i>
<i>minh lin cudc sd'ng, len lanh thd, tdn gido. </i>
<i>phQdng thQc sinh hoat vd phQcfng thQc ton </i>
<i>tai ciia tdt cd nhQng nhdm ngQdi bdn dia, </i>
<i>khdng mdt ai biit dQdc dd cd bao nhiiu bp </i>
<i>tdc bi nd dich, bi hdnh ha, bi sa ngd vd bi </i>
<i>giit chit" (1). Tuy nhien, cung cfin phai </i>
nhan thfi'y rfing: cdng cupe khai thfie thupc
dia eiia thUe dfin Tay Ban Nha d Trung vfi
Nam My da tao nen mpt so tac dpng khach
quan mang y nghia tfch cilc ddi vdi thupc
dia nhU: tao ra sU pha trdn chung tpc, tao
ra mpt sd yeu to' mdi trong nen kinh te
thupc dia cung nhU sU tiep xuc, giao lUu
vfin hoa giQa cac nUde phUdng Tay vdi Tan
The gidi... d mpt khia canh nfio dd, nhQng
tfic dpng nfiy eung mang lai nhQng thay ddi
ldn, cfin ban cho khu vUc Trung vfi Nam
My, gdp phfin tao nen mpt My Latinh vdi
nhQng dfic trUng kinh td - vfin hoa dpc dao,
<b>Tao ra sii pha tron c h u n g toe </b>
Dfiy la tac dpng dfiu tien mfi sU nhfip eU
eiia thuc dan chau Au vfio chau My dfi
mang lai. Hp qua nfiy Ifi tfit nhien, khong
the tranh khdi khi nhQng ngUdi da trfing
trfin sang xam lUpc thupc dia d mpt vung
dfi't vdn la lanh thd cua ngUdi da dd.
Theo thdng ke cd khoang 750.000 ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha dfi nhfip cU den The gidi Mdi
mot s6j6cdOng Hch eye... <sub>61 </sub>
Ngirtri da
trfing
trong thdi ky thupe dia
(2). Hp h l u het deu den tQ
nhQng vung nong nghipp
lac hfiu d phia Nam Tfiy
Ban Nha. TQ cho Ifi Ifinh
thd rieng ciia ngUdi
Indian (ngUdi da dd), chfiu
<i>My da trd thfinh chdu luc </i>
<i>cda nhQng ngQdi nhap cQ. </i>
Chinh sU nhfip eU ciia
ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha ndi
rieng, ng^di chfiu Au ndi
chung, cung vdi vipe dUa
ngUdi no le da den tQ chfiu Phi sang dfi tao
ra sU pha trdn chiing toe d cae thupc dia
chau My. Trai qua qufi trinh sinh sdng, ba
thfinh p h i n dfin eU ehinh d thupc dia Ifi
ngUdi da trfing, ngUdi Indian vfi ngUdi da
den dfi hofi trdn vdi nhau, tao ra nhQng
<i>nhdm ngUdi lai, chii yeu la ngUdi mestizo, </i>
<i>zambo vk mulatto. Cd the minh hoa sU pha </i>
trdn chiing tpc dd bfing sd dd dudi dfiy (xem
sd dd 1).
Trong so' eac nhdm ngUdi lai, ngUdi
<i>mestizo trd thfinh thfinh p h i n dfin cU chii </i>
yeu d nhieu ndi nhU Mexico, Trung My vfi
khu viic cao nguyen Andes.
Mfic du sii xam lUdc eiia thUe dfin Tfiy
Ban Nha dfi tfin sat vfi huy dipt ngUdi da
do, nhung vfio cudl thdi ky thupc dia, dfin
sd Indian da cd dfi'u hipu tfing trd lai. Theo
Ude tinh d i u the ky XIX, tdng dfin sd d cae
Trong sd 3,2 tripu ngUdi da trfing ed
khoang 150.000 ngUdi thupc nhdm
<i>SofdSl </i>
<i>Supha trdn chiing tpc dkhu vuc Trung vd Nam My </i>
NguM Indian Nguilida
den
Ngiidi
mestizo zambo Ngiriri
NguM
Mulatto
<i>peninsular (nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha </i>
sinh ra d Tfiy Ban Nha) (chiem 4,69%), cdn
<i>lai 3,05 tripu ngUdi Ifi thupc nhdm criollo </i>
<i>peninsular Ifi mpt trong nhQng nguyen </i>
nhfin dfin den cudc dfi'u tranh giai phdng
dfin tpc d My Latinh the ky XIX - XX.
<b>62 </b> <b><sub>Rghien cuu Ljch sJr. sg 4.2009 </sub></b>
<b>Tao ra m o t so y e u to mdi trong n e n </b>
<b>k i n h te t h u o c dia </b>
Ben canh tac dpng mang tinh chfi't tU
nhien Ifi sU hda trpn chung tpc, chinh sfich
thiie dan eua Tfiy Ban Nha cdn tao ra d
chau My mpt so yeu to mdi trong nen kinh
Ngay trong chuyen thfim hiem Ifin thQ
hai ciia minh (1493), Critxtdp Cdldmbd dfi
mang sang thupc dia mpt sd gidng rau vfi
con vfit nudi. Trong qufi trinh khai thfie vfi
nhfip cU, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha mang theo
nhQng dpng vfit cung cfi'p thiie phfim nhU
gfi, ldn, cQu, de, bd sQa...; nhQng gidng efiy
trdng mdi: lua mi, lua mach, mach den vfi
yen mach, nho (de san xufi't rUdu vang), cfi
phe... Theo thdng ke, ed khoang 170 loai
gidng rau vfi efiy trdng dUde ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha dUa sang chfiu My (5), trong sd dd cd
nhieu loai hipn nay trd thfinh ngudn thu
chfnh cua san xufi't ndng nghipp d chau My.
Mpt sd dpng vfit cd sQc kdo nhQ la, ngiia,
bd... eung dQde ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dem
den chfiu My. TrUdc khi cd sU xufi't hien eua
nhQng lofii dpng vfit nfiy, ngQdi ban dia d
chau My thudng dung lUng ngudi d l mang
<i>tameme), vfi chi cd lac dfi khdng bQdu Ifi </i>
dpng vfit cd sQc kdo duy nhfi't dUde sQ dung
d vung Andes.
NgUdi Tay Ban Nha ciing da mang den
chfiu My tfi't ca nhQng kinh nghipm eua hp
ve trdng trpt, trong dd ed n h i l u dieu hp hpc
tQ nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao. Hp cdn gidi thieu
cho ngUdi Indian biet den banh xe, thQ mfi
ngUdi Indian thfim chf chUa he dUde nhin
thfi'y. Bfinh xe dfi cho phdp ngUdi Indian
che tao ra xe bd, xe ngiia thay the cho sQc
kdo ciia con ngUdi trUde day.
<i>"NgQdi Indian rdt thich thu nhQng sdn </i>
<i>phdm cua nin cdng nghi chdu Au. NhQng </i>
<i>mdi ten dQdc gdn kim loai to ra Qu viit hdn </i>
<i>hdn so vdi nhQng mui tin gdn dd. Viic sdn </i>
<i>ban trd nin hieu qud hdn vdi sQ xudt hien </i>
<i>cua sung... " (6). </i>
Ben canh dd, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha trong
qufi trinh khai thae kinh te da tao ra
nhQng yeu to mdi trong nen kinh te thupc
dia. Mfic du thiic dan Tfiy Ban Nha ludn thi
hfinh chfnh sfich kim ham ddi vdi nen kinh
Trong cac nganh kinh te mdi xufi't hipn
thdi ky thupc Tay Ban Nha, khai md dfi
ddng mpt vai trd chii yeu trong sii phfit
trien cua nen kinh te thupc dia. O ndi dfiu
cd khai md, ndi dd thfinh phd mpe len vfi
phat trien thinh vUpng. Vf du nhU thfinh
phd Pdtdsi (Peru) - ndi ed md bae Pdtdsi - ed
dfin so len den 160.000 ngUdi vfio giQa the
ky XVII (7), trd thfinh thfinh phd" ldn nhfit d
chau My, bd xa ca thu dd Mexico. NhUng
den dfiu the ky XIX, khi Mexico trd thfinh
ngudn cung cfi'p khofing san chinh thi
Pdtdsi dfin thu nhd lai thfinh mpt lang vdi
dan sd chi khoang 8000 ngUdi (nfim 1800)
(8).
<i>TB<ft 56 t6c d^ngHch cvc... </i> <b>63 </b>
<i>Dfio Nha d chfiu Mf dfi cung cfip hdn 90% </i>
ngudn kim loai quy ciia the gidi (9).
N i n kinh te eiia The gidi Mdi nhanh
ehdng bfit kip vfi canh t r a n h vdi n i n kinh
t l d chfnh qudc. Trong sudt t h i ky XVI, Tay
Cdng nghiep thupc dia dUdc xfiy diing
di^a tr§n nhiing Ifing n g h i ciia ngUdi Indian
- hp vdn Ifi nhQng ngUdi the? Ifinh nghe trong
<i>vi$c d§t vai cotton vfi len, Ifim do gdm, cham </i>
khfic dfi, chd tac kim loai. Cdng nghipp dpt
phat triln sdm nhfi't vfi nhanh ehdng thfinh
cong nhfi't trong tfi't ca cfic ngfinh cdng
nghi§p. NhQng nhfi mfiy len vfi cotton mpe
len ngfiy efing n h i l u d Peru vfi Mexico. Cdng
nghiep san xufit td lya sdm bfit d i u d Mexico
vfi thinh vUdng cho den nfim 1580, khi sU
canh tranh ciia lua Trung Qudc re hdn dfi
gfiy ra sU suy giam ciia nd. O Mexico, Peru
vfi Chile, thiie dfin Tfiy Ban Nha dfi xfiy
dijtng nhQng nhfi mfiy s i n xufi't edng ey sfit,
gily, fio giap, yen cUdng ngUa vfi thuy tinh.
Cho den nfim 1800, nen cdng nghiep d
cfic thupc dia chfiu My eiia Tfiy Ban Nha dfi
dupe thiet lfip khfi tdt, chiem vi tri quan
trpng thQ ba sau nong nghiep vfi khai md.
Theo bfio cfio eiia Baron von Humboldt, d
Mexico nhQng nfim d i u the ky XIX, san
xufit ndng nghiep dat 30.000.000 peso, khai
md: 25.000.000 peso vfi cdng nghipp:
7.000.000 den 8.000.000 peso (10).
Nhu vfiy, ro rfing du tfip trung vfio muc
dfch khai thae tfii nguyen d thupc dia Ifi
chii ydu, nhUng thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha da
tao ra nhQng yeu td mdi Ifim da dang hoa
nen kinh te ban dia eiia ngUdi Indian trUdc
dfiy vdn Id n i n kinh te t h u i n nong. NhQng
ed sd kinh te ban d i u mfi ngUdi Tfiy Ban
Nha xfiy diing nen dfi tao ta n i n mdng eho
sU phfit triln sau nfiy ciia khu viic Trung
vfi Nam My.
T a o r a sii g i a o liiu vfin h o a
Nhu tren dfi ndi, sU nh^p eU Ifi ed sd cho
sii giao lUu, tidp xiic vfin hofi giQa cfic chau
lye. Trong qua trinh xam chidm vfi thdng
tri d Trung vfi Nam My, thiic dfin Tfiy Ban
Nha da tfin phfi nen vfin minh eua ngUdi da
dd, nhung ddng thdi cung tao ra nhQng
dipn mao mdi trong nen vfin hofi ciia khu
viie nfiy. De qudc thupc dia Tfiy Ban Nha d
chfiu My tdn tai khoang ba thd ky (XVI
-XVIII), gfin bfing khoang thdi gian cai tri
eiia de che Rome ddi vdi Tfiy Au. Trong
sudt thdi gian nfiy, ngdn ngQ, tdn gifio, vfin
hofi vfi t h i che chfnh tri ciia Castile dfi trfin
sang vung dfi't ldn gfi'p 20 Ifin chfnh qudic.
<b>64 </b> <i><b><sub>Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 4.2009 </sub></b></i>
<i>trpng ddi vdi sii ton tai cda ddn du muc. d </i>
<i>bdt ky ncfi ddu cd thQdng nhdn da trdng, </i>
<i>ngQdi da do rdt sdn long trao ddi hdng hod </i>
<i>vdi ngQdi da trang... NhQng nhd truyin </i>
<i>gido cd vai tro ldn trong viec thuyit phuc </i>
<i>ngQdi da do mac qudn do cua ngQdi da </i>
<i>trdng, hpc cdc ky thudt trong trpt vd ky </i>
<i>thuat cd khi, hpc dpc, viit chQ vd cdc con sd, </i>
<i>cdt tdc, tQ bo chi dp da thi, thich nghi vdi </i>
<i>phong tuc vd phQcMg thQc sinh hoat cua </i>
<i>ngQdi da trdng " (11). </i>
Cfin phai thfi'y rfing, sii chuyin giao
nhQng yeu td van hofi chau Au den The gidi
Mdi la mpt cdng viec vi dai eua thdi ky
thupc dia, la phan sU dUde nhfi thd dam
nhipm. Ngay tQ dfiu, vipe cai dao ngUdi ban
dia dupe coi Ifi mpt trong nhQng dpng cd
thdng tri ciia thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha. To
chQe nhfi thd Id mpt bp may rfit hoan thipn,
la diem tUa trong chi'nh sach cai tri ciia
nha vua Tay Ban Nha d thupc dia.
<i>- TrQdc hit, cd nhd vua vd nhd thd diu </i>
<i>rdt quan tdm din viic gido due d thupc dia. </i>
NhQng thfiy tu eiia ddng Franciscan d
Mexico vdi sU ung hp cua phd vUdng
Mendoza da xay diing nhQng trUdng hoc
ben canh moi nha thd. NhQng cfiu bd
Indian dUde day de trd thfinh thd may, thp
mpe, thd rdn, thd Ifim gifiy vfi thp sdn.
NhQng nha truyen dao Tfiy Ban Nha tin
rfing giao due se giup ngUdi Indian nhdn
thQc td't hdn ve vfin hofi Tay Ban Nha.
TrUdng hpc dfiu tien cho ngUdi Indian dUdc
thanh lfip d Texcoco vfio nam 1523 bdi
Pedro de Gante, mot thfiy tu ddng
Franciscan. Ong triie tiep lanh dao nhd
trUdng hoc khae dUdc thfinh lfip dfinh cho
con trai eua eac t u trUdng ngUdi Indian.
Nfim 1547, phd vUdng Mendoza thfinh lfip
trUdng hoc San J u a n de Letran, ndi nhQng
dQa tre Ifi eon lai dUde giao cho cfic linh
muc Franciscan day do.
Su ddng gdp de nhfin thfi'y nhfi't cua Tay
Ban Nha doi vdi nen gifio due thupc dja dd
chfnh Ifi he thdng trUdng dai hpc. Su thfinh
lfip nhQng trUdng dai hpc d cfic thupc dja
chau My eua Tfiy Ban Nha dUde bfit d i u
vfio nfim 1551 khi Charles I thfinh lfip hai
trUdng dai hpc eua "Nhfi vua vfi Giao
<i>hofing" (Royal and Pontifical Universities) </i>
<i>b Mexico va Lima. Hai trUdng dai hpc nfiy </i>
Ifi cd sd de cfic trudng dai hpc khfic dupc
thfinh lap d khfip thupc dia. Trong sud't thdi
ky thupc dia, Tfiy Ban Nha dfi thfinh Ifip 10
trUdng dai hpc ldn vfi 15 trUdng nhd hdn
(12). Tfi't ca nhQng trUdng nfiy deu do eac
<i>QT^f s6 the d$ng Hch ci/c. </i> <sub>65 </sub>
thfinh lfip nhQng trUdng cao dfing, ndi tidng
Ifi cao dfing Juli, g i n khu vUe hd Titieaea.
ChinTi nhQng tnidng dai hpc vfi cao dfing
nfiy da dfio tao ra rfi't nhieu hpc gia ngUdi
ban dia ndi tidng trong nhieu linh vUe khoa
hpc, CU t h i n h u dUpc hpc, giai phfiu hpc,
ngdn ngQ hpc, lich sii vfi n h a n chung hpc.
Trong sd dd phai ke den nhQng nhfi sii hpc
ngQdi Mexico nhU Toribio de Motolinia vdi
<i>'Historia de los Indios de Nueva Espdnd "; </i>
<i>Duran vdi 'Historia de las Indias de Nueva </i>
<i>Espdnd". NhQng hpc gia ndi tieng nhfi't </i>
ngUdi Peru la Acosta, nha s^ hpc, tac gia
<i>ciia "Natural and Civil History of the </i>
<i>Indies"; Garcillasso de la Vega, ngUdi viet </i>
ve dd che Inca vfi eupe tham hiem cua De
Soto; Sandoval, tfic gia cua nhQng cudn
sach d i u tien ve chau Phi d chau My;
Antonio Leon Pinelo Ifi ngUdi chfiu My d i u
tien sUu t i m thU muc vfi hp thdng hda
nhQng lufit tue eua ngUdi Indian.
<i>- ThQ hai, bin canh nhQng ddng gdp ldn </i>
<i>lao vi mat gido due, Gido hdi cdn nghien </i>
<i>cQu ngdn ngQ cdc tpc ngQdi bdn xQ, chQ </i>
<i>viit, phong tuc, nghi li vd viic td chQc hdnh </i>
<i>li cda ngQdi bdn xQ. Nhd dd, ngfiy nay </i>
chung ta ed tfii lieu de tim h i l u ve nen vfin
minh eua ngUdi Indian.
Bernandino de Sahagiin sinh nfim 1499,
den Mexico nfim 1529 vfi dfinh gfin 60 nfim
cho cdng vipe truyen giao ciia mpt tinh
<i>"Historical general" ra ddi, dUpc coi la mpt </i>
si^ trUng bfiy vi dai v l tdn gifio, xa hpi,
phong tuc tfip qufin, ngdn ngQ eua ngUdi
Aztec. Landa eung Ifi mpt linh mue ddng
<i>Franciscan. Tac phfim "Relacidn de las </i>
<i>cosas de Yucatdn " dUdc dng viet vfio nhQng </i>
nfim 1560, tuy khdng ehi tiet bfing tfic
phfim cua Sahagun nhUng dfiy Ifi tfic pham
nghien cQu nen vfin minh Maya tren cd sd
nghien cQu tpc ngUdi. Cobo, sinh ra d Tfiy
Ban Nha, den Lima vfio 1599 vfio tudi 70,
dng da di nhieu ndi vung cao nguyen Andes
<i>vfi viet tfic phfim "Historical del Nuevo </i>
<i>Mundo" trong khoang thdi gian tQ 1612 </i>
den 1613. Ong chfnh Ifi ngQdi nghien cQu
dfiu tien ve xfi hpi ngUdi Inca. Tfic phfim
cua dng la mpt luan an ve dia ly, lich sQ tU
nhien vd nhQng ngUdi thd dfin d Peru.
Nhu cfiu hieu bidt nhQng cfich thQc vfi
tfip tue hfinh l i cua ngUdi ban xQ d l ehdng
lai nd, coi dd nhU di giao do! vdi Cd ddc giao
cung da budc cfic nhfi truyen giao phai hoc
ngdn ngQ vfi phong tuc tien Tfiy Ban Nha.
Vi vfiy, edng cupe ehinh phuc tinh thfin gfin
liln vdi sii ra ddi eiia nhQng edng trinh
nghien cQu dan tpc hpc d Tfin The gidi.
Trong nhQng nfim dfiu ciia the ky XVI,
nhQng nhfi truyen gifio Tfiy Ban Nha da
triln khai nhieu boat dpng manh me trong
vipe nghien cQu ngdn ngQ cae tpc ngUdi ban
xQ. Nhieu tpc ngUdi khdng cd chQ. NgUdi ta
nghien cQu cfiu true ciia nhQng ngdn ngQ
chii yeu, hp thdng cac tQ viing quan trpng
vdi vipe giai nghia ehinh xfic tQng ngdn tQ.
Ngofii ra hp cdn dich nhieu tac phfim tdn
giao sang tieng ban dia, mpt sd tfic phfim
dich da dupe in. Nhd in da trd thfinh mpt
cdng cu rfi't hQu I'eh trong vipe truyen giao
cho ngUdi ban dia.
<b>66 </b> <sub>Rghi&i curu Lich siSr. s g 4.2009 </sub>
nghien cQu hofin chinh ve ddi sdng va tdn
giao ciia ngUdi Mexico, nd cho phdp nhiJng
nghien cQu sau nay tai hien dUde mpi mat
cua ddi sdng ngudi ban xQ.
<i>- ThQ ba, bin canh viic nghien cQu ngdn </i>
<i>ngQ, vdn hod, tdn gido cua ngQdi Indian, </i>
<i>cdc thdy tu dQdc sQ dong y cda nhd vua vd </i>
<i>sii ho trd cua pho vQdng dd cho xdy diing </i>
<i>rdt nhiiu cdng trinh kiin true, ehu yeu Ifi </i>
nhfi thd. Chfnh sU cfin thidt phai quy dao
eho mpt sd ddng ngUdi da khien nhQng nhfi
truyen dao dUa vao trong thiet ke cfic cdng
trinh tdn giao mpt yeu td kien tnic hofin
tofin dpc dao: nhfi nguyen md. Vdi kieu kien
true nfiy, ngudi ta ed the td chQe ngfiy l i
thanh tren nhQng khoang sfin rpng md, d
san trong eua tofi t h a n h ndi cd t h i tap hdp
mpt sd tin dd ddng hdn nhieu so vdi sd tin
dd thudng hpi hpp d ben trong nhfi thd.
Hfiu het nhQng cong trinh xay diing thdi
thupc dia deu mang phong each tdn giao,
tieu bieu nhU nhfi thd Aeolman (ddng
Thanh Augustinian) d Trung Mexico, nhd
thd Quito (Ddng Franciscian) d Ecuado va
hang trfim nha thd cdn tdn tai tren khfip
chfiu My thupc Tay Ban Nha.
Nhfi thd Chfnh tofi ldn nhfi't d Mexico
City dupe xay diing trong vdng mpt the ky,
tQ nhQng ndm 1560 den nhQng nam 1660.
<i>nhQ dd bi lang quin, tham chi d nhQng ncfi </i>
<i>vd'n thupc nhQng nin vdn minh phdt triin </i>
<i>nhdt cua ngQdi Indian, kiin true tdn gido </i>
<i>cda nhd thd con nhieu hdn cdc cdng trinh </i>
<i>kiin trdc cua ngQcfi bdn dia " (14). </i>
Cd khoang 12000 nhfi thd dupe xay diing
trong sud't ba the ky Tfiy Ban Nha thd'ng tri
d thupc dia (15). Tren moi vung Ifinh thd,
mdi ddng Thfinh de lai mdt dfiu fin khfic
nhau. NhQng kien true kieu phao dfii ddn
gian eua ddng Thfinh Francisco vdi cac
mang tudng t r a n g tri mfiu xfim bac kieu
niia dfiu the ky XVI vfi nhQng kien tnic clu
ky eiia ddng Thanh Dominican da dUdc xfiy
diing tai nhQng ndi tfip trung dan cU. Sau
dd, do qufi trinh suy giam n h a n h ehdng dfin
so' ngUdi ban xQ, nhieu diem dan cU dfi
khdng cdn ngUdi d, vi the nhiing nhfi thd
trd nen each bipt hdn trUde.
Cung vdi viec xay diing nhfi thd, thiie
dan Tay Ban Nha trong qua trinh cai tri
<i>eiia minh cung da xdy dilng rdt nhiiu </i>
<i>thdnh phd', dfic bipt ehu trpng xay diing cfic </i>
thfinh phd ven bien vi day vQa la cac trung
tfim thUdng mai hfing hai vQa Ifi hfing rfio
qufin sii chd'ng lai sii tfi'n cdng ciia nUdc
ngoai. Vf du Santo Domingo Id mpt trong
nhQng thanh phd d i u tien eua Tay Ban
Nha d thupc dia chau My dUpe xay diing
mang tinh chfit quan sU. Ve sau, khi sU
lien ket giQa nhQng vung dfit thupc dia
dQde xac lap, va khi Caribe trd thanh sU
tranh gianh qudc te va nhQng cupe tfin
cdng eua bpn cUdp bien, Havana dfi thay
the Santo Domingo vfi trd thfinh trung tfim
thUdng mai ldn nhfit cua vung Caribbe,
ddng thdi Ifi mpt thfinh phd quan sU dUpc
eung ed vQng chfic nhfi't thupe dia. Cang
Havana la mpt trong nhQng hai cang tdt
nha't tren the gidi lue bfiy gid.
<i>QTgt sg the dgng Hch ci/c. </i> <b>67 </b>
bao v$ bdi hai phao dfii. Chi cd Cartagena,
trong 80 tfit ca cfic thfinh phd ven biln ciia
vung Caribe vfi vinh Mexico Ifi cd the so
sfinh vdi Havana v l tfnh chfi't qufin sQ. Khu
vi^c thfinh phd ciia nd dupe bao hoc bdi
nhQng tudng rfio dUde ciing co vQng chfic,
cd thap cao, hfio sau vfi liic lUdng phao binh
Khac vdi nhQng thfinh phd ven biln,
Tenoehtitlan (Mexico) Ifi mpt thfinh phd d
sfiu trong dfi't liln, dfin sd ddng vfi nhieu
ngUdi Indian cdn song sdt dfi tao ra cho
thfinh phd nhQng dilm dfic bipt. Thfim chf
ngay ca Puebla, ndi thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha
thfinh lfip chi dfinh rieng cho nhQng ngUdi
da trfing dinh cU vfin mang dang dfip ciia
<i>"cd tinh bdn dia" (16). </i>
Trong cfic thfinh phd d Peru, Lima ndi
bfit len vdi vai trd vQa Ifi thu do chfnh tri
(thupc tdng trfin) vQa Ifi trung tfim thUdng
mai. Dfiy Ifi ndi phfin phdi hfing hoa ciia cfic
<i>flota (cfic ham dpi) ddn cang cudi cung ciia </i>
Tfiy Ban Nha, vfi thdng qua nhQng con
<i>dudng eiia ngUdi Inca trong giai doan "tiin </i>
<i>Tdy Ban Nha" (trUde khi Tfiy Ban Nha </i>
<i>xam chidm), nhQng flota nfiy chd hfing hofi </i>
Mdt trong nhQng dfic dilm ciia cfic
thfinh phd d thupc dia chfiu My Ifi cfic
quang trUdng dUpc bao xung quanh bdi
<i>nhQng cabildo (tofi nhfi cua Hpi ddng thfinh </i>
phd), nhfi thd vfi trung tfim thUdng mai chfnh.
tfit ca deu dfinh cho tfing Idp quy tdc da
trfing. Moi thfinh phd deu cd nhQng dUdng
phd chuyen Ifim bfinh, chuyen lam mpe,
chuyen thupc da... Thfinh phd chau Au thdi
trung cd thUdng ed nhQng dQdng phd hpp,
ehfing chit, nhQng eon phd bi gidi ban bdi
hfing rao bao quanh, nhUng d nhQng thanh
phd chau My mdi dUde dinh eU, ngUdi Tdy
Ban Nha dfi xfiy diing nhQng dudng phd
dfii, thfing ndi vdi nhau thdnh nhiing hinh
chQ nhfit. Kien true quy hoach thfinh phd d
chfiu My ve sau nay ngay efing dupe hofin
thipn hdn.
Tren dfiy Ifi mpt sd nhQng tac dpng
khfich quan dupe tao ra tQ cdng cupe khai
thfie thupc dia eua thiie dfin Tfiy Ban Nha d
Trung vfi Nam My. NhQng tac dpng nfiy
<i>"nhQng diiu khdng the phd nhdn ". </i>
<i>vi cang the giao due 6 khu hi hi... </i> 59
trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr. 941.
(7). Ho Sd so 13024.
(8). Ho sd so 13024.
(13). Nghj quyd't ciia Ban ThUcIng vy Khu uy
Khu Ty trj Vi§t Bfic, so 39-NQArB, ngfiy 9-9-1959
vl nhi^m vy phfit triln giao dye trong cfic nien
<i>kh6a 1959 vfi 1960. Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam: Vdn </i>
<i>ki^n Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 20 (1959). Nxb. Chinh trj </i>
Quoc gia, Hfi NOi, 2002, tr. 1035.
(14). Ho sd 13298.
(15). Ho sd so 13118.
<i>(16). Xem: Bp Giao dye vfi dfio tao: Ndm mUdi </i>
<i>ndm phdt trien sU nghiip gido due (1945-1995). </i>
Nxb. Giao dye, Hfi Npi, 1995, tr. 100. Dang Cpng
<i>san Vi$t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 21 </i>
<i>(1960). Nxb. Chfnh trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr. </i>
552, 553; tftp 24 (1963), Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia,
Hfi Npi, 2003, tr. 421 vfi tfip 25 (1964), Nxb. Chfnh
trj Qu6c gia, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr. 220, 221.
<i>(17). Ho sd B6 13298. </i>
(18). Ho sd so 13332.
(19). Ho sd so 13254.
(20). Ho sd so 13332.
(21). Ho sd so 13254.
(22). Ho sd so 13332
(23). Ho sd so 13364.
(24). Ho sd s^ 13592.
(25). H$ 4-^2 Ifi hpc sinh 16p 4 hpc thSm hai
nfim sU pham. H§ 7-H Ifi hpc sinh hpc Idp 7 hpc
thgm mpt nfim sU ph^im. Sau khi tot nghiep, hp trd
thfinh nhiing gifio vien cfi'p I.
(26). Ho sd so 13254
(27). Ho sd so 13298.
(28). Ho sd so 13254.
<i>CHU THICH </i>
<i>(1), (11). Alvin M. Joseph, Jr, The Indian </i>
<i>Heritage of America, Houghton Mifflin Company, </i>
1991, tr. 278, 284
(2), (6). Robert A. Divine, J.H. Breen, George
M. Fredrickson, R. Hal Williams and Randy
<i>(3), (7), (14), (16). Charles Gibson, Spain in </i>
<i>America, The University Library Harper & Row, </i>
Publishers, New York, Evanston and London,
1966, tr. 117, 125,88, 125.
<i>(Tiep theo trang 67) </i>
<i>(4). Simon ColUer, Thomas E. Skidmore, The </i>
<i>Cambridge Encyclopedia of America and the </i>
<i>Caribbean, Cambridge University Press, 1992, tr </i>
203.
<i>(5), (8), (9), (10), (12), (13). Hubert Herring, A </i>
<i>history of Latin America from the beginnings to the </i>
<i>present, Alfred A Knopf PubUsher, New York, </i>
1967, tr. 411, 199, 199, 204, 210, 210.
(15). Michael C. Meyer, William L. Sherman,
<i>The course of Mexican history, Oxford University </i>