Nghệ - Tĩnh và Thanh Hóa trong phong trào chống thuế năm 1908

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<b>NHAN VAT-SU" KIEN </b>

<b>NGHE - TiMH vA THAIW HOA </b>

<b>' • ' • . • ! : </b>

<b>TROMG PHONG TRAO CHONG THUE NAM 1908 </b>

<b>GS DINH XUAN LAM* </b>

<b>I,)-. </b>

C

udc van ddng Duy Tan d Trung Ky

(1906-1908), diu tien d Quang Nam
la mdt phong trao yeu nudc cd tinh cai each
tiieo khuynh hudng tu san do cac sT phu tiln
bd tieu bieu nhu Phan Chau Trinh, EluyrJi
Thiic Khang, Tran Quy Cap khdi xudng.
Cudc van ddng yeu nudc dd da diin ra tren
nhieu mat: lap hdi budn, trai cay, md tiordng
hpc, cai each phong tuc... Tir khdng khi sdi
ndi ciia cac cupc van ddng thuc nghiep, hd
hao bai trir hu tijc, luu hartii tho van yeu nudc
cua cac chi sT ducmg thdi, phong trao ngay
cang di sau vao quan chiing, rdi tir dd thj, thj
tran lan dan ve thdn que. Ngudi ndng dan
miln Trung biy lau dang cam hon vi suu cao,
thue nang, nay cd ngpn gid dan chii thdi tdi da
diy len mdt ccm Idc phan khang, trong dd ve
dn hda ciia cudc van ddng Duy Tan da nhanh
chdng bj tiiay thi. Tir phong trao cit tdc ngin,
cit vat ao dai, xe ao lam, dap bai nga... da

din dan xuat hien nhung khau hieu dau tranh
titiet than vdi ngudi ndng dan, nhu ddi bai bd,
giam bdt suu thul.

Thang Gieng nam 1908, phong trao chong
tiiul bimg nd tai huyen Dai Lpc (Quang Nam

* Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi

- Da Nang), que huong cua Phan Chau Trinh.
Liic diu chi la mdt cudc bieu tinh dn hda ciia
nhan dan, nham phan ddi bpn cudng hao an
tiln trong viec phan bd ngudi di dap con
<i>dudng rai da tir huyen len tinh. Dhn thang 3 </i>
nam dd thi phong tiao thuc sir thanh hinh, vdi
hang loat cac cudc bieu tinh Idn diu tien xuit
hipn trong Ijch sir each mang can dai Viet Nam.
Quan chiing da bao vay cac phii huyen, tda Sii,
dua yeu sdch, chit vin, tham chi timig tii bpn
tay sai gian ac, xd xat vdi binh linh. Cd noi, cd
<i>liic da thap thoang hinh thai bao ddng cudp </i>
chinh quyln. Tir Quang Nam, phong tiao chdng
thul lan din vao Quang Ngai, Binh Djnh, Phii
Yen, ra tdi C^uang Binh, Nghe - Tinh va cuoi
cimg la Thanh Elda vao thang 5-1908.

Phong trao chdng thul Trung Ky (1908) la
mdt sir kien dang luu y ti-ong Ijch sir each
mang can dai Viet Nam vl ca hai phuang dien
quy md ciing nhu tinh chit. Phong trao nay da

dugc nghien ciiu kha ty my d cac dja ban
trung tam. Nhung giai doan cuoi cua phong
trao khi lan ra tdi Nghe - Tirih va Thanh Hda
thi cdn dugc it ngudi chii y, ngoai vai ddng
ghi chep so sai cua Huynh Thiic Khang va
Phan Chau Trinh trong cac tac pham cac cy
vilt vl thdi ky nay.

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<b>NHAN VAT - SU* KIEN </b>

Trudc het xin ndi ve Nghe - Tinh, que
huong ciia cu Phan Bdi Chau la ngudi cam
diu xu hudng bao ddng d Viet Nam diu the
ky XX, dja ban chien luge ciia Duy Tan hdi.
Trong liic tap trung mgi cd gan dua ngudi
xuat duong hpc tap de chuan bj vii trang bao
ddng, Phan Bdi Chau van khdng tir bd nhiing
hinh thiic hoat ddng vdn dugc coi la dac trung
cua xu hu(ing cai each. Tren <3at Nghe - Tinh
liic dd cd cac hdi budn cua cac sT phu it rtiiieu
thudc phai cai each (hdi budn Mong Hanh cua
Le van Huan d Chg Trd - Diic Thg; hdi budn
ciia Le Dinh Phuong d Xuan Tan - Can Lpc;
Trieu Duong thuong quan cua Ngd Diic Ke,
Dang Nguyen Can d Vinh).

Mot dac diem cua Nghe - Tinh la ben canh
nhirng hoat ddng chu yeu ciia Duy Tan hdi cd
xu hucing bao ddng, chiing ta thay rat rd sir hd
trg ciia cac hoat ddng cai each. Day la mdt

trong nhung co sd khi danh gia phong trao
chdng thue d Nghe - Tirih. Huynh Thiic
Khang da nhan xet: "Nghe - Tinh va Nam
Ngai, tii phai van hoc den phai Can Vuong
nghTa hpi thudng mdt mach cau thdng vdi
nhau. Den phong trao tan hpc, cai each cimg
Ddng hgc can diii trdng mdt nhjp vdi nhau,
dan Nghe - Tinh hd reo nhu gid dua dieu"'.
Cdn nha nghien ciiu Nguyen Van Xuan thi
khang djnh: "Dii sao chimg ta thay duy nhat d
Thanh - Nghe hai phai Quang Phuc va Duy
Tan cdn cd su lien ket vdi nhau. Cdn nhu d
Quang Nam va Ha Ndi, hai phai tach rdi han
nhau de de lam viec, chi giiip nhau tren mdi
mot khoan bi mat tien bac cho du hgc sinh,
nhung ciing cd noi cd, noi khdng"'^.

Khac vdi cac dja phuang, d Nghe - Tii
ngay trudc khi phong trao bimg nd, phan
cac sT phu thudc nhdm cai each lanh
<i>phong trao deu bj bit. Doc cac Chau bdn trieu </i>
Duy Tan, dugc bilt thang 11-1907, Ngd Diic
<i>K I la ngudi bj bat dhu tien^, rdi den lupt Lfi </i>
van Huan, Dang Van Ba, Dang Nguyen Caa
Vay thi ai la ngudi ddn ca hdi nay d Nghe
-Tinh? Cd thi khing djnh rang nhirng nguoi
lanh dao phong trao chdng thul d Nghe - Tinh
thuc sir la cac thanh vien hdi Duy tan theo xu
hudng bao ddng.

De che mat djch, Duy Tan hdi da nam lay
cac sT phu tre diy nhiet huyet, de thdng qua hp
lanh dao phong trao chdng thue va hudng
phong ti-ao di theo y dd ciia minh. Cho nen
tren be mat cua phong trao d Nghe - Tinh dS'
ndi bat len loai nhan vat dd ma tieu bieu nhat
la Nguyen Hang Chi (Can Ldc) va Trinh •
Khac Lap (Nghi Xuan). Nguyin Hang Chi'
hoat ddng rat tao bao vi cd hau thuin la Duy
Tan hdi, dng da dan diu hon 600 ndng dan!
bieu tinh, keo len huyen ly, tri huyen hoang so
phai bd trdn. Sau dd keo ca doan ve tinh ly,
nhung bj chan dudng, dan ap du dpi, rdi giai
tan, ban than Nguyen Hang Chi bi vay bat.
Cdn Trinh Khic Lap, ngay 22-5-1908 dng da
dien thuyet ngay giira chg Giang Dinh (Nghi
Xuan) keu ggi ddng bao ung hd Nguyin Hang
Chi, van dpng nhan dan len huyen, len tinh
keu suu. Ngay hdm sau (23-5), phdi hgp vdi
Nguyen Hang Chi d Can Ldc dng ciing cim
diu doan bieu tinh hon 200 ngudi lam nao
ddng chg biia, keo tdi huyen dudng, bit ti-di
tri huyen giai ve tinh keu suu, nhung dpcj

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<b>NHAN VAT - SI/ KIEN </b>

dudng cac thii ITnh deu bj bit va doan bilu
tinh bj giai tan. Thdi gian nay, d nhilu dja
phuong ti-ong tinh ciing nd ra cac cudc bilu tinh
keu suu d cac mire dp khac nhau. Nhung kit

qua cudi cimg la sau khi phong trao d Can Ldc
va Nghi Xuan bj d ^ tit titi lan lupt phong trao
cac noi deu ndi tiep nhau bj giai tan.

Ndi tdm lai, tren dja ban Ha TTnh da lien
tiep nd ra nhieu cudc bieu tinh keu suu, my
<i>quy md khdng \an nhu d trong Nam - Ngai, </i>
nhung da cd sir td chiic kha thdng nhat cua
Duy Tan hdi. Cac cudc bieu tinh dd lai sdm
tan ra khi vip phai sir ddi phd cua ke thii. Kit
qua nay do nhieu ly do, nhung co ban vi sir
lien he cua Duy Tan hdi vdi va, thieu chat che.

Cd mdt diem nira can dugc nhan manh, dd
la nhirng cudc bieu tinh chdng thue d Ha Tiiih
tuy nd ra mudn, nhung rat quyet liet va dac
biet cd su chuan bj tii trudc, khdng tu phat
nhu d Nam - Ngai. Thuc ra dd chi la be mat
ciia mdt am muu kh<M nghTa do cac dang vien
Duy Tan hdi trong tinh chu tri.

Tir dau nam 1908, trong liic d ngoai nudc
(Nhat Ban va Tnmg Qudc) thuc dan Phap
dang rao riet tim each dap tat phong trao
Ddng Du, thi cac thii ITrih Duy Tan hdi d
Nghe - TTnh da chuan bj lire lupng, danh iip
cac tinh thanh d day, danh thanh Nghe An,
tiianh Ha Tinh, cd ke hoach cudp trai linh, pha
nguc giai thoat cac tii nhan. Tuy nhien, do td
chiire Idng leo nen cac co hdi chinh tii ma

phong trao chdng thue tao ra da khdng dugc
Duy Tan hdi sir diong cd hieu qua. Rd rang la
sir kit hgp chat che giiia cac cudc bieu tinh
chong thul dn hda vdi hinh thirc khdi nghTa

vu trang la net dac sac nhat cua phong trao yeu
nudc d Nghe - TTnh trong tiiang 5-1908. Giao
su Tran Van Giau nhan xet:"... He cang xa tiii
cang mat (Ja, nhung din Nghe An thi phong
trao bien tiianh khdi nghTa vii trang.. ."^.

Phong trao chdng thul d Nghe - TTnh thi
hien su ket hgp lire lugng ciia hai phai bao lire
va cai luong. Do dd, mac dii phong trao nd ra
mudn, sd lugng cac cudc bieu tinh khdng Idn,
nhung lai bj dich dan ap rat dii dpi. Thuc dan
Phap Cling Igi dung co hdi nay de dan ap da
man phong trao yeu nudc Nghe - TTnh. Nghe
<i>- TTnh la dja phuong cd con sd chju an lan </i>
nhat, trong sd dd cd nhieu ngudi bj phat phdi
ra Cdn Dao, mire myen an ciing nang hon cac
ncri khac, tir chung than den khd sai 9 nam.
Dac biet cd hai an tir hinh la Nguyen Hang
Chi va Trinh Khic Lap.

Tren da lan truyen, phong trao yeu nudc
<i>mien Tnmg cudi ciing ra tai Thanh Hda </i>
(tiiang 5-1908). Nhan xet diu tien la phong
trao yeu nudc tinh Thanh Hda nd ra mudn
hon so vdi phong trao cac tinh khac, liic

phong trao chung toan mien dang trong tiidi
ky suy yeu din, mat din tinh bao ddng kjch
liet nhu phong trao Nam - Ngai hay phong
trao Nghe - TTnh ma ngay cang mang dam
tinh cai each. Dieu nay ciing dl giai thich.
Vao nhirng nam dau the ky XX, sau khi
phong trao Cin Vuong chdng Phap ciia
Thanh Hda thit bai, hiu nhu cac co sd va luc
lugng bao ddng cua Thanh Hda deu da bj triet
ha va trong hoan canh ljch sir mdi phong trao
yeu nudc tinh Thanh Hda ngay cang chuyen
sang xu hudng cai each. Dd la chua ndi rang

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<b>NHAN VAT - SU" KIEN </b>

ban than phong trao yeu nudc tinh Thanh Hda
ciing cd nhirng chuyen bien ben trong, do cac
<i>dieu kien mai, khach quan vai chii quan quyet </i>
djnh. Cii xem cac thanh phan tham gia phong
trao Thanh Hda Iiic nay thi thay, ngoai mdt sd
van tiian nho sT nhu d Nam Ngai va Nghe
-Tirtii (nhu cac cir nhan Hoang Van Khai,
Nguyen Soan, Le Trong Nghj, Nguyin Xiing,
tii tai Le Nguyen Thanh, Le Duy Ta, Nguyin
<i>Lgi Thiep,...) da cd mdt sd nhan vat mai xuat </i>
hien trong xa hdi Viet Nam hdi diu thi ky
XX, nhu thdng sir Nguyen Chi Tin (Tien), la
con cua Nguyen Du Ham, ngudi xa Ddng
Ngae, tinh Ha Ddng, vao lam viec tai Thanh
Hda. Nguyen Du Ham lai la mdt hdi vien tich

cue cua phong trao Duy Tan d ngoai Bac, ma
ti-ung tam liic dd la Ddng Kiitii NghTa Thue.
Nguyen Chi Tin (Tien) con cu Nguyen Du
Ham, la re cu Luong Van Can, Hieu trudng
Ddng Kinh NghTa Thuc. Rd rang la do cac
dieu kien gan lien vdi Thanh Hda, nen viec
chju anh hu<!mg tinh bao ddng ciia phong ti-ao
chdng thue ciia Nam - Ngai va Nghe - TTnh da
yeu di va nghieng ve phia duy tan cai each.
Trong van de nay, anh hudng cua Ddng Kinh
NghTa Thuc tir ngoai Bac tran vao cd y nghTa
quyet djnh. Tat nhien la mdt phong trao duy
tan, cai each nhu Ddng Kinh NghTa Thuc tren
budc dudng phat trien, (3at trong hoan canh
Viet Nam ma mau thuan dan tdc v(3i de qudc
la khdng the dieu hda thi cudi cimg se di tdi
<i>bao ddng, thuc dan Phap da sam nhan thiy </i>
rang: "... khdng cdn gi nghi ngd nira, Ddng
Kinh NghTa Thuc da la cai Id philn loan d Bic
Ky" nen tiling tay dan ap mdt each quylt liet.

Chi cd thi mdi cd till giai thich duge hii
tugng la phong trao Thanh Hda khdng dien ra
quyet liet vdi rtiiiing hmh thire bao ddng, true
dien diu tranh nhu bilu tinh, xung dot, bat ti-di
quan lai..., nhung nhirng ngudi bj bat deu bi
ket an rat nang, xii trugng, tram giam hau, sau
cai khd sai dai han, day ra Cdn Dao.

Phong trao yeu nude tinh Thanh Hda diu

till ky XX, do vay chua duge nghien ciiu sau
sac, phan vi thdi ky hoat ddng ciing ngan,
<i>nhung chu yeu vi cho tai nay van cdn it tu </i>
lieu. Trudc mat, chiing ta - nhirng ngudi yeu
men va tu hao ve Ijch sir dau tranh anh himg
cua dan tpc, di sau tim hieu ljch sir phong trao
diu tranh yeu nudc each mang cua dan tdc, cd
nhiem vu nang ne, nhung ciing vd cimg vinh
quang la day sau hon viec nghien ciiu lich sii
Nghe - TTnh va Thanh Hda hdi diu thi ky XX
vdi nhung sir kien va nhan vat tieu bieu, dl
tren co sd dd gdp phan lam phong phii, sinh
ddng hon Ijch sir phong trao yeu nude ciia dan
tdc trong nhiing nam diu thi ky.

<i>1. N.Q.Thing: Huynh Thiic Khdng, con </i>

<i>ngudi vd tha vdn, Sai Gdn, 1972, tr.321 </i>

<i>2. Nguyen Van Xuan: Phong trdo Duy Tan, </i>
NXB La Bdi, Sai Gdn, 1970

<i>3. Nguyen The Anh: Phong trdo khdng chien </i>

<i>mien Trung ndm 1968 qua cdc Chau bdn triiu Duy </i>

7a«; Ban an sd 43a, Sai Gdn, 1973, tr. 133-135
<i>4. Tran Van Giau: He thirc tu sdn vdsuthdt bai </i>

<i>cua no trudc cdc nhi^m vu lich sir, H, 1975, tr.33. </i>

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