Nghiên cứu phát triển con người trên thế giới và kiến nghị cho nghiên cứu phát triển con người ở Việt Nam

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=1>

VA KIEN NGHI CHO NGHIEN CtJtJ PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/Ol

6 VIET NAM'

<i>- .^ " • •••"'•' '•- '' ^'*''' :-^5 K,.;: :</i>

N G U Y £ N

HONG ANH*

Vdi each tiep can "coi con ngudi khdng chi la muc tieu ma edn la dgng luc cua phat

trien", vao nhiing nam 80 cua the ky XX, edc hgc gia tren the gidi da hudng tdi xu

hudng nghien ciiu mdi ve phat trien - do la nghien cttu phat trien eon ngudi (PTCN).

Trong sd eae hgc gia nay, kinh te gia Pakistan Mahbub ul Haq^ va kinh te gia An Do

Amartya Sen dugc coi la nhiing ngudi dau tien dat nen mdng cho nghien cttu phat trien

con ngudi. Hai nha kinh te nay ciing la nhiing ngudi cd ddng gdp to ldn cho viec xay

dung Bao cao Phat trien Con ngudi cua Lien hgp qudc (LHQ) d cap do toan cau tu nam

1990. Den nay, su xuat hien cua hang tram Bao cao Phat trien Con ngudi cua toan cau,

khu vuc vd cac qudc gia cung vdi rat nhieu cdng trinh nghien cihi ve phat trien con

ngudi tren the gidi da khang dinh them y nghia va hudng di dung dan cua xu hudng

nghien cuu ve Phat trien eon ngudi.

<b>1. Nghien ciru ly luan </b>

Phdt trien con ngudi khdng phai la mgt hgc thuyet hay mgt sang kien mdi, bdi y tudng

ve hanh phuc con ngudi da dugc trinh bay trong cac tac pham cua Aristole, hnmanuel

Kant, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill... Tuy nhien, khi xem xet lai khai niem nay vdi cd

gang thao tac hoa, cu the hod va lugng hod phat trien con ngudi thdng qua chi sd phat

trien con ngudi (HDI), cac hgc gia nhu Mabuh ul Haq, Amartya Sen, Martha

Nussbaum... da gdp phan dinh hinh mgt triet ly phat tridn mdi nham khac phuc nhiing

han chd cua cac triet ly ve phat trien trudc do nhu triet ly tdi da hoa lgi ich va triet ly ve

nhu cau co ban. Cung vdi nhiing co gang ban dau cua cac hgc gia tren nham xay dung

triet ly phat trien mdi, sd lugng nghien cuu ve phat trien con ngudi ngay cang tang, dac

biet la sau khi Bao cao Phat trien con ngudi lan dau tien dugc ra ddi nam 1990. Cac

nghien cuu ly luan ve PTCN trong tihiing nam qua tap trung vao phan tieh, danh gia, thao

tac hoa cac van de, cac khai niem nhu: (1) con ngudi la trung tam cua phat trien hay ndi

each khac, phat trien phai "do con ngudi, vi con ngudi va bdi con ngudi"; (2) each tidp

can nang lire va so sanh each tiep can nay vdi each tiep can nhu cau eo ban va tdi da hoa

lgi ich, (3) thao tac hod khai niem tiep can nang luc; (4) lam ro khai niem tinh chu thd, tu

do; (5) phan tieh, so sanh "phdt trien con ngudi" vdi "quyen con ngudi", "an ninh con

* ThS.; Vi6n Nghien cuu Con nguoi.

<i>' BM viet dua tren kit luan va kiin nghi cua dg tai cip Vien cua Vien Nghien cuoi Con ngu6i Tmh hinh </i>

<i>nghien cim PTCN din ndm 2007 do tac gia \km chii nhiem. </i>

<i>^ Ong Mahbub ul Haq da qua dexi nam 1998, va Bdo cao Phat triSn Con nguiri toan chi nam 1999 da danh </i>
<i>nhung 16i tran trong dg tuong nhd toi ong, trong db ghi nhan ong chinh \k nguoi dat ngn mong cho Bdo </i>
cdo Phdt trien Con ngu6fi.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=2>

<i>Nguyin Hdng Anh </i>

ngudi... Cac nghien cuu PTCN nhin chung ddi hoi each tidp can da nganh va lien nganh

cua nhidu nha khoa hgc nhu: khoa hgc giao due, khoa hgc y td, khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan

van (trong do phai ke den kinh te hgc, luat hgc, xa hgi hgc, tridt hgc, van hoa hgc...),

khoa hgc chinh tri... nham dem lai mgt cai nhin da chidu vd phat trien con ngudi.

2. Nghien cmi tac dong chinh sach - Cac bao cao PTCN

Ben canh nhiing nghien cuu ly luan ve PTCN, su ra ddi cua hon 500 Bao cao PTCN

d eae cap do toan eau, khu vuc, quoc gia va dia phuong (trong tung qudc gia) tu nam

1990 chinh la nhiing chttng ctt khoa hgc quan trgng cho viec xay dung chinh sach cua

cac quoc gia. Cac bao cao tuy hudng tdi nhiing chu de khac nhau nhu: van hod, giao

due, y td, mdi trudng, xa hgi, kinh te, xoa ddi giam ngheo, gidi, su tham gia cua ngudi

dan... nhung deu mang nhftng thdng diep quan trgng nham thay ddi chinh sach theo

hudng ed lgi cho con ngudi, dac biet la nhftng nhdm ngudi dd bi tdn thuong trong xa hgi

nhu ngudi ngheo, nhdm ngudi thieu sd, ngudi tan tat, phu nu... Chinh vi vay, khac vdi

cac bao cao khac cua UNDP nhu Bao cao Mue tieu phat tridn thien nien ky. Van ban

chidn lugc giam ngheo, Bao cao danh gia qudc gia thudng nidn, Khudn khd hd trg phat

tridn cua LHQ, Bao cao PTCN la nhiing cdng cu van dgng chinh sach vdi muc tieu ro

rang: "chuyen hudng tap tnmg tu thu nhap quoc gia sang cac chinh sach dat con ngudi

vao trung tam cua phat trien" (Bao cao PTCN nam 1990). Trong nhung nam qua, LHQ

da tap hgp dugc mgt sd bao cao PTCN dugc danh gia la cd tac dgng, y tudng va tinh sang

tao. Ben canh nhiing vide da dat dugc dd, theo chiing tdi trong thdi gian tdi, cac bao cao

PTCN can xay dung mgt khung ly thuyet rd rang ve PTCN va cac van de nghien cuu

cung nhu lam rd ngi ham va thao tac hod mgt so khai niem liham khang dinh y nghia va

vai trd cua phat trien con ngudi trong hoach dinh cac chinh sach cua qudc gia.

3. Nghien cii-u ve Chi so phat trien con ngirdi:

Trong nd luc danh gia phat trien eon ngudi, viec thiet lap ndn cac chi sd do ludng

phat trien con ngudi cd vai trd rat quan trgng va cd y nghia. Mac du eae qudc gia ton tai

trong cac mdi trudng ehinh tri va trong didu kidn kinh te - van hda - xa hgi khac nhau

nhung nhd vao cac chi sd, chi bao phat trien eon ngudi, ngudi ta cd dugc nhiing thude

do chung de danh gia mttc do phat trien con ngudi cua cac qudc gia trong mdi tuong

quan vdi the gidi. He bao cao PTCN cua LHQ cd thd coi la ngudn du lieu quan trgng

cung cap btte tranh kha toan didn vd tinh hinh PTCN trdn the gidi, khu vuc, qudc gia va

dia phuong thdng qua cac ehi sd, chi bao ve cac chieu canh phat trien eon ngudi. Cac

chi sd lien quan deri phat tridn con ngudi dugc dd cap tdi trong he bao cao phat tridn con

ngudi cua UNDP bao gdm ba ngi dung chinh: (i) Chi sd phat tridn eon ngudi (HDI); (ii)

Cac chi so lien quan den phat trien con ngudi dugc xay dimg trong he bao cao phat tridn

con ngudi cua UNDP (ben canh chi sd HDI, eae bao cao phat tridn eon ngudi eua

UNDP da xay dung nen each tinh toan va do ludng 04 chi sd nham phan anh sau sic

hon su phat trien con ngudi, do la Chi so ngheo khd t6ng hgp HPI; Chi sd phat trien con

ngudi lien quan ddn gidi GDI; Chi sd trao quydn vd gidi GEM va Chi sd thanh tim cdng

nghd TAI); va (iii) Cac ehi sd, chi bao khac dugc tap hgp, thdng ke trong cac bao cao

PTCN cua UNDP de phan anh toan didn va sau sic hon vd tinh trang phat tridn con

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=3>

ngudi cua cac qudc gia tren thd gidi. Qua xem xet cac nghien eiiu chi sd PTCN, cd the
nhan thdy mgt so didm cdn luu y sau:

• Cung vdi sir phat tridn chung ve kinh td - xa hgi cua toan the gidi, trong tuong lai
khdng xa, cac qudc gia se tung budc dat dugc nhiing ngudng cao hon trong cac hgp
phan cua chi sd phat tridn con ngudi (ve kinh td, y te, giao due). Do dd, ehi sd phat tridn
con ngudi hien nay cd thd khdtig phan anh dugc rd net btte tranh ve phat trien con
ngudi. Do vay, can tang cudng bd sung vide do ludng cac chidu canh khac cua phat
trien con ngudi dd chi sd phat trien eon. ngudi phan anh tdt hon tinh trang phat tridn con
ngudi cua cac qudc gia, dac bidt la cac chieu canh lien quan den quydn con ngudi.

• Ben canh dd, tuong tu nhu chi so Ngheo kho tdng hgp HPI, vide do ludng chi so
Phat trien con ngudi HDI ndn cd su tach bidt rieng cho hai nhdm cac qudc gia phat tridn
va cac qudc gia dang phat trien. Ddi vdi cac qudc gia phat tridn - nhiing qudc gia da dat
dugc nhiing thanh tim dang kd vd tudi thg, xda mu chu d ngudi ldn, ty le nhap hgc
chung eae cap deu cao - thi can bd sung thdm nhiing chi bao khac vd y td, kinh te, giao
due hoac cac chidu canh khac vao do ludng phat tridn con ngudi.

<b>4. Cac CO" quan, to chirc, dien dan nghien ciru ve PTCN </b>

Du mdi dugc thanh lap cudi nhiing nam 90 va dau nhiing nam 2000, eae td chuc, co
quan nghien cttu ve PTCN ddng vai trd ldn trong vide td chuc, kdt ndi va phd bien cac
nghidn ciiu vd PTCN. Hau het cac td chttc, co quan nay ddu xuat ban tap chi Phat trien
eon ngudi, trong dd tap hgp nhiing bai vidt hgc thuat vd phat tridn eon ngudi va cac van
dd lidn quan. Cac td chuc nghien cuu mang tinh qudc td nhu Hidp hgi Phat trien con
ngudi va Nang lire (HDCA) la noi quy tu cua nhidu hgc gia quan tam tdi ITnh vuc phat
tridn con ngudi nhu Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum, Frances Stewart. HDCA cGng
thudng xuyen phdi hgp vdi Dai hoc Oxford (Anh) to chttc cac hgi thao qudc td, cac

khod dao tao ngan han hang nam ve Phat trien eon ngudi. HDCA hidn dang trong qua
trinh xay dung chuong trinh giang day ve Phat trien con ngudi. Cung vdi HDCA, Trung
tam nghien cttu ngheo ddi va phat trien eon ngudi cua Dai hgc Oxford (The Oxford
Poverty and Human Development Initiative - OPHI) do Tien sy Sabina Alkire la Giam
doc da va dang thuc day each tidp can PTCN trong giai quydt van dd giam ngheo thdng
qua cac nghien cttu eo ban va da nganh.

Ben canh cac td chuc qudc td, eae eo quan nghien eiiu ve PTCN eiing da dugc thanh lap
d nhieu qudc gia. Vien Nghien ciiu Phdt tridn con ngudi An Do la mgt trong nhiing co quan
cd uy tin vdi nhidu ddng gdp hgc thuat ve phat trien con ngudi. Vien da cho xuat ban nhieu
ddu sdeh, thudng xuydn td chuc cac cudc hgi thao vd Phat tridn eon ngudi eiing nhu trao
giai cho cac nghidn cttu cd tinh sang tao va xuit sic cho cac nghidn cttu vien tre. Khac vdi
md hinh hoat dgng cua Vien Nghien cuu Phat tridn con ngudi An Do, td chuc mang ludi
Phat tridn con ngudi Phillipines (HDN) tap hgp dugc su tham gia eua nhidu ben lien quan
nhu cac nha nghien cttu, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, td chttc phi chinh phu va cac td
chuc xa hgi... HDN chinh la td chuc dieu phdi cac hoat dgng chudn bi cho su ra ddi cua
Bao cao PTCN cua Phillipines, van dgng chinh sach, xuat ban cac nghien cttu ehinh sach vd
PTCN Cling nhu giang day, dao tao vd phdt tridn con ngudi.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=4>

<i>Nguyin Hdng Anh </i>

Ngoai edc td chttc, eo quan nghien cuu ve PTCN trdn, cac mang ludi didn tu vd
PTCN nhu Mang ludi Bao cao Phat tridn con ngudi (HDR-Net), Mang ludi vd Thdng
ke Bao cao Phat tridn eon ngudi (HDRStat-Net) va Mang ludi Phat tridn con ngudi khu
vuc chau A - Thai Binh Duong (AP-HD Net) chinh la nhirng dien dan trao ddi, chia se
thong tin, thao luan cac vdn dd va quy trinh eua Bao cao PTCN hidu qua. Va gdn day
nhat, su ra ddi cua Bao cao PTCN khu virc chau A - Thai Binh Duong vdi tua dd "Giai
quydt tham nhiing, thay ddi cudc s6ng", dien dan lai trd thanh phuong tien truyen thdng
htiu ich cho cac ben lien quan nhu cac nhd hoach dinh chinh sach, cde nhd nghien ciiu,
cac td chttc qu6e td, cac t6 chttc phi chinh phu va nhiing ca nhan quan tam ddn Phat

tridn con ngudi

<i>5. Nghien ciru PTCN d Viet Nam </i>

Nghidn cuu PTCN d Viet Nam da dugc co quan khoa hgc nhu Vidn Nghidn cuu Con
ngudi thuoc Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi (KHXH) Viet Nam quan tam va tridn khai thanh mgt
hudng nghien cuu eo ban cua Vidn. Dieu nay ed the nhan thay qua khdi lugng cac dd tdi
cdp Nha nudc, cdp Bg va edp Vien ciing nhu thdng qua he thdng cac bai tap chi, cac bai
tham luan hgi thao trong thdi gian qua. Ngoai ra, Vidn KHXH Viet Nam da cd vai tro
rdt quan trgng trong viec tridn khai td chttc thuc hidn Bao cao PTCN trong nhiing nam
qua va trong thdi gian tdi. Tai cac dia phuong d Viet Nam, quan diem phat trien con
ngudi va chi sd phat tridn eon ngudi da dugc tidp can va stt dung, van dung bang nhieu
eon dudng, hinh thttc, d nhidu cdp do khac nhau. Dac diem ndi bat la d cac dia phuong
d Viet Nam, quan didm phat trien con ngudi va ehi sd phat trien eon ngudi da dugc
nghien cttu va cd su gan kdt chat che giua qua trinh, kdt qua nghien cttu va van dung
vao thuc tidn d ca cap qudc gia vd cap cac tinh, thanh phd. Qua trinh gan kdt chat che
nghien ciiu va van dung vao thuc tien tuy rat khd khan do thidu nhan luc, kinh phi, do
van de mdi me song da budc dau gay dung dugc mgt co sd du lieu cho vide theo doi,
giam sat cac qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, phat tridn eon ngudi tai nhieu dia
phuong. Qua qua trinh nay, mgt lue lugng ddng dao can bg nhidu nganh, nhidu cap da
dugc tiep can va van dung eae quan diem phat trien eon ngudi va chi sd phat tridn con
ngudi - mgt cdng cu mang tinh hgi nhap vao thuc tidn dia phuong, phuc vu cho qua
trinh chu dgng hgi nhap quoc td cua dia phuong va ca nudc.

Tu thuc td nghien cttu PTCN trdn thd gidi ciing nhu d Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua,
<i>bai viet nay de xudt mdt sd kiin nghi nhdm day mgnh cdng tdc nghiin eitu vd xdy dung </i>
<i>Bdo cdo PTCN d Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi: </i>

(1) Mac du chi bidu hidn bdi mgt con sd nhung cho den nay, chi sd phat tridn con
ngudi HDI van dugc cdng nhan la mgt cdng cu quan ly kinh te - xa hgi cd tinh hgi nhap

qudc te, phan anh tdng hgp ca thanh tuu kinh td va thanh tim xa hgi vd ca sd lugng va
chat lugng. Trong qua trinh thuc hien cac kd hoach phat trien kinh td - xa hgi eua cac
dia phuong, cdn xac dinh cac bidn phap tieh cue va khan truong nang gia tri HDI thdi
ky 2006 - 2010, tao ndn tang gdp phdn dat dugc nhiing muc tidu cua Chidn lugc phat
tridn kinh td - xa hgi 2001 - 2010 va cac Muc tieu Phat tridn Thien nidn ky vao nam
2015 cua canudc ta mgt each ben viing. ' . '

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=5>

(2) Cac nghien ciiu PTCN cua Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua chu ydu tap trung vao
do dac cac chi sd PTCN (HDI) d cac dia phuong. Tuy nhidn, ciing can phai khang dinh
rd rang, khai niem vd phat tridn con ngudi rong hon nhidu so vdi chi sd phat trien con
ngudi hay ndi each khac, chi sd phat tridn con ngudi chua the the hien mgt each toan
dien muc do va tinh trang phat tridn eon ngudi cua mgt cgng dong, dia phuong, qudc
gia hay khu vuc nhat dinh. Vi vay, vide tridn khai cac nghien cttu ly luan vd phat tridn
con ngudi nham lam rd ngi ham khai nidm, thao tac hoa cac khai nidm la hdt sttc can
thiet. Ben canh do, eae nghien cttu thue chttng vd cac van de cua qudc gia dua tren each
tiep can phat tridn eon ngudi la mgt hudng nghien cttu ma Viet Nam can day manh
trong thdi gian tdi.

(3) Tinh ddn nay, Viet Nam mdi ehi xay dung dugc mgt bao cao Phat trien con
ngudi duy lihat nam 2001. Viet Nam dang trong qua trinh xay dung bao cao Phat trien
con ngudi nam 2010. Nhu vay, cd thd thay rang so vdi cac qudc gia trong khu vuc nhu
Thai Lan, Phillipines, hay cac qudc gia kem phat trien nhu Lao, Campuchia, sd lugng
bao cao PTCN cua Viet Nam edn rat khidm tdn. Ket qua nay cung cho thay nhiing han
che trong qua tritih didu phdi, xay dung Bao cao Phat tridn con ngudi. Theo nhu
E.A.Wattez, Dai didn thudng tru Chuong trinh Phat tridn LHQ tai Viet Nam da ndi
<i>trong Ldi gidi thiiu ciia UNDP Viet Nam ve Bdo cdo Phdt triin con ngudi Viet Nam </i>
<i>2001: "Xet vd nhidu phucaig didn, qua trinh xay dung Bao cao cdn quan trgng hon ca </i>
ngi dung Bao cao..." bdi le qua qua trinh xay dung bao cao phat tridn eon ngudi, qua
trinh nghien ctiu HDI, nang luc nghien cuu cua cac nghidn cuu vidn, nang luc quan ly
didu hanh eua eae nha hoach dinh chitih sach va cua can bg dia phuong da dugc nang

len dang kd. Chinh vi vay, trong thdi gian tdi, cac co quan lien quan d Viet Nam can
chu trgng den cdng tac didu phdi, td chuc chuan bi bao cao PTCN, ciing nhu quan tam
tdi nang cao nang luc cua cac bdn lidn quan. Ben canh do, can xem xet thiet lap mgt eo
quan, td chttc nghidn ctiu vd PTCN, kdt hgp md hinh eua Vidn Nghien cttu Phat trien
con ngudi An Do (manh vd nghidn cttu han lam) vdi md hinh cua Td chttc mang ludi
PTCN (chu trgng tdi xay dimg bao cao PTCN, van dgng chinh sach va dao tao) nhdm
tao dung nen mdng viing chae cho nghien cttu PTCN ciing nhu xay dimg nhiing bang
chttng khoa hgc cho vide hoach dinh chitih sach.

(4) Tang cudng giao luu, hgp tac vdi eae eo quan, to ehue nghien cttu Phat trien con
ngudi nham thao luan, cap tihat cac xu hudng, cac van de nghien cttu PTCN tren the
gidi, d cac qudc gia va Viet Nam; ddng thdi trao ddi, chia se cac thdng tin vd cac khoa
dao tao, cac hgi thao qudc td vd phat trien con ngudi, vd quy trinh xay dung bao cao
PTCN... Vide tham gia tieh cue trdn cac didn dan PTCN eua cac nghidn cuu vien, cac
nha hoach dinh ehinh sach ciing nhu cac td chttc phi Chinh phu Viet Nam eiing hdt sttc
cdn thidt nhdm nang cao hidu bidt vd PTCN va tinh hinh nghien ctiu PTCN cGng nhu
chia se tinh hinh P'TCN va nghien cttu PTCN d Viet Nam cho cgng ddng qudc td. Ngoai
ra, nguon tai lieu vd PTCTN tai cac co quan nghien cttu edn rdt han chd ndn vide ddu tu
xay dimg co sd du lieu vd PTCN nay la hdt sue cdn thidt.

</div>

<!--links-->