Nhận thức về nhân quyền và quan điểm về dân chủ của sinh viên một số trường đại học ở Hà Nội

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NHAN

THLTG V E

NHAN QUYEN VA QUAN DIEM VE DAN CHU

<i>CUA SINH VEEN MOT SO TRUING DAI HOC 6 HA NOI' </i>

V U M P ^ H C H I

VU THI THANH" & NGUYEN THI ANH DAO""

<b>Mffdau </b>

Nhan thiic ve nhan quyen la mdt trong nhtrng ydu td cd y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi
viec thuc hien quydn eon ngudi. Cho dii cae quydn da dupe bao dam bang kliudn klid
phap ly v i mdi trudng kinh td du didu kien thuc hien nhung bau kbdng khi xa hdi (van
hda nhin quydn) khdng img hd thi vide thue hidn quydn con ngudi cting khdng the dat
dupe hieu qua nhu mong mudn, tham ehi lam cho vide thuc hien di ddn chd that bai.
Tuy nhidn, nhiing nghien curu dat trpng tam vao mat van hda, nhan thirc ve quyen con
ngudi cdn it dupe quan tam chii y d nudc ta, nhat la vd mat thuc chimg. Trong bdi canh
do, nghien cim nay mudn tim hieu mdt each thuc chimg nhan thirc eua sinh vien ve
quyen con ngudi va quan diem eiia hp ve dan chii, va trong pbam vi mdt bai viet, chiing
tdi tap tmng gidi thieu ket qua phan tich nhan thuc va quan diem cua sinh vien ve
Quyen con ngudi va Dan ehii, tren ea sd dir lieu eudc dieu tra sinh vien cua de tai cap
Bd (Vien NC Con ngudi nam 2008) vdi dung lupng miu la 380 ngudi, dupe lua chpn
ngau nhien ed chii dich tir cac trudng Dai hpc Cdng doan (46.6%o); Dai hpc Kinh td (Dai
hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi) (21.3%); Dai hpc Luat H i Ndi (18.9%)) va Dai bpc Bach khoa
(13.2%). Chii dich nghia la chpn sinh vidn d bai nhdm trudng khac nhau, mdt ben lien
quan den cdng tac quin chiing, tidp xuc vdi dan, va chuyen nganh luit so vdi mdt ben la
chuyen nganh ky thuat, kinh td, cd the it am hieu hon ve luat. Vide phan tich dupe tien
hanh theo mdt sd tidu chi xac dinh ciing nhtrng bien sd ddc lap khac nhu trudng, gidi, cd
kha nang tac ddng dang kd den nhan thirc ciia sinh vidn. Ket qua khao sat ciing dupe so
sanh vdi sd lieu ciia Didu tra Gia tri Thd gidi (WVS-2006), tidn hanh trdn ddi tupng N>
2000 ngudi dan Viet Nam cd dp tudi trung binh la 44, tao ea sd tim hieu su thay ddi
quan diem, thai dp giira cac the he.

<b>1. Nhan thuc ciia sinh vien ve Quyen con nguoi </b>

<i>(1) Nhdn thirc vi vdn di quyin con nguoi Trudc hdt, ddi vdi cau bdi de nghi kd ten </i>
cac quydn co ban ciia con ngudi, quyen dupc sinh vidn lira chpn nliidu nhat la quyen ve
tu do (bao gdm tu do hdn nhan, ydu duong, ket ban; tu do tdn giao, tu do ngdn luan, tu
do cu tru, di lai) chidm 23,5%o tdng sd lira chpn. Tidp theo la quyen binh dang, khdng

<i>' Phan tich ket qua dilu tra ti8n hanh trong khuon khd De tai eip Bo NliiTiig vdn de ca bdn thirc hien quyen </i>

<i>con ngu&i vi miic lieu phdt triin con ngudd - Vien KHXH Viet Nam do TS. Vu Minh Chi chu nhiem. </i>

TS.; Vien Nghien ciru Con ngucri.
ThS,; Vien Nghien ciru Con ngucri,

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<i>Vu Minh Chi, Vu Thi Thanh & Nguyin Thi Anh Ddo </i>

phan biet ddi xir, chidm 16,4%o tdng sd lira chpn; quydn muu ciu banb phiic chiem
9,8%o, quyen sinh tdn va quyen dupe giao due ddu dat 8,3%). Ty Id sinh vidn kd tdn eae
<i>quyen khac chiem ty Id khdng dang ke, bau bet deu dudi 6% nhu bang 1 thd bidn. </i>

Cae quydn con ngudi dupc sinh vidn kd ra tren day hau bet ddu la nhting quydn ma
sinh vidn cam thiy quan trpng ddi vdi ban than, bdi khi dupe ydu eau ke tdn It nhat 5
quydn quan trpng vdi ban than, quydn dupe lira chpn ddu nam trong sd nhiing quyen
nay, chi cd mdt didu khac bidt duy nhat la quydn vd giao due dupe lira chpn nhieu hon
(cd ty Id cao thti 3 trong sd cae quydn quan trpng ma sinh vidn ke ra). Cu the, sd lupt lira
chpn cac Quydn tu do chiem 21,7%); Quydn binh dang 15,8%); Quydn dupe giao due

-11,4%; Quydn muu cau hanh phuc - 8,l%o; Quydn dupe sinh tdn - 6,4%o.

Bang 1. Ke ten cac quyen co"

Ten cac quydn
Cae quydn vd tu do

Cac quyen vd binh dang, khdng phin bidt ddi xir
Quyen dupc muu cau hanh phuc

Quyen sinh tdn

Quyen dupc giao due, hpc tap
Quyen cbinh trj

Quyen dupe lao ddng. ed vide lam
Quydn xa hdi

Cae quyen bau cu, img eir, tranh eir

Quyen dupc hudng lpi ich, thanli qua lao ddng
Quyen dupc tdn trpng

Quydn tham gia cac boat ddng xa hdi
Quyen cdng dan

Quyen sd hiiu (tai sin. tri tud)
Quydn dupc cham sdc sirc khde
Quyen ddc lap; tu quydt

Quyen dupe bao vd. dupe an toan
Quyen dupe nghi ngoi. vui chai giai tri

Quyen bat kha xam pham vd than thd
Quyen dupe cdng hidn, sang tao
Cac quyen khac

Tdng sd lupt tra ldi

3an cua con nguoi

Sd luat lua chon
304
212
127
107
107
85
57
65
42
25
18
17
11
11
11
10
8
7
7
6
55

1.292

Ty Id (%)
23,5
16,4
9,8
8,3
8,3
6,6
4,4
5,0
3,3
1,9
1,4
1,3
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,5
4,3
100,0

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<i>Nhdn thuc ve... </i>

ra, nhdm quydn dupc sinh vien xdp hang cao nhit la quydn tu do, tidp ddn la quydn binh
dang, cac quydn xa bdi, quyen ehinh trj va cac quyen nhan lpi ich.

Theo tieu ehi tmdng va gidi, vide xdp hang cac nhdm quyen quan trpng tuy khdng cd
khac biet dang kd trong viec lira chpn cac quydn quan trpng thir nhit, thir hai, nhung ddi
vdi lira chpn quyen quan trpng tbii ba, lai cd sir khac biet dang kd giiia sinh vien cac
tmdng khac nhau: ty Id sinh vien lira chpn Quydn xa hdi (chidm 32,2%) nhidu nhit d
Dai hpc Cdng doan; Quyen nhan lpi Ich nhieu nhit d Dai bpc Kinh te (Dai hpc Qudc gia
Ha Ndi) va Dai bpc Bach Khoa (chidm ty le lin lupt la 35,8% va 32,0%)), Cac quydn
khac (chidm 32,4%o) nhidu nhit d Dai hpc Luat (vdi P = 0.003).

Tuong tu nhu viy, khdng cd khac biet dang ke vd tuong quan gidi ddi vdi lira chpn
quyen quan trpng tbii nhat, tbii hai, (P>0.05), nhung ddi vdi lua chpn quydn quan trpng
thir ba thi ed sir khac biet dang ke giiia nam va nir. Ty le lira chpn nhidu nhit d nam la
Quyen xa hdi (chiem 31%o) trong kbi d nii la Quyen nhan lpi ich va quyen chinh tri
(cimg chidm 25,4%o), vdi P = 0.017.

Nhan thirc ve quyen con ngudi cdn dupc xem xet d quan diem ddi vdi mdt sd vin dd
cu the cd lien quan, vi du vdi eau hdi "Ngudi da bi tudc quydn cdng dan ed edn quyen
con ngudi khdng", phin ldn sinh vidn tra ldi "ed". Dieu nay cho thay sinh vien phin
biet rd rang giiia quyen cdng dan va quyen con ngudi mac dii theo didu 50 ciia Hien
phap Viet Nam, quyen eon ngudi dupe the hidn thdng qua eae qu\'en cdng dan. Tuy
nhien, vin edn mdt sd lupng khdng nhd tra Idd "khdng". Cu the, tra ldi "cd" chiem
74,3%), va 25,7%) cdn lai tra ldi "khdng". Ket qua nay kha ddng nhat ve gidi tinh
(P>0.05) nhung khac bidt dang kd giira cac trudng. Dai da sd sinh vidn Dai hpc Luat va
Dai hpc Bich khoa cho rang ngudi hi tudc doat quyen cdng dan van cd quyen con
ngudi (chiem ty le lan lupt la 90,l%o v i 80,0%o). Trong kbi dd, lira chpn nay d sinh vien
Dai hpc Kinh te v i Dai hpc Cdng doan ddu thap hon (ty Id lan lupt la 72,0%o va 66,9%,
P = 0.02)

Ve van dd ap dung an tir hinh, tren the gidi cd nhirng nod (nhu mdt sd bang d My) luat
phap khdng ap dung hinh thirc tir hinh dd trtmg tri tdi pham nhung phan ldn cac nude

khac (trong dd ed Viet Nam) coi tir binh la mdt hinh thiic trimg tri cao nhat ddi vdi cac tdi
pham nguy hidm. Dieu dd dupe phap luat quy dinh va dupc thuc hien d Viet Nam tir kha
lau, bdi vay, kbdng ngae nhien khi phan ldn sinh vien deu lira chpn phuong an "khdng"
(chiem 75,l%o) vdi ciu hdi "Tir hinh cd phai la vi pham quydn eon ngudi khdng?". Tuy
nhien, eiing gidng vdi cau hdi "Ngudi da bj tudc quyen cdng dan cd cdn quydn con ngudi
khdng", ty Id tra ldi ed sir khac nhau dang quan tam giiia cac tmdng. Cu the, ty le eoi tu
hinh la khdng vi pham quyen con ngudi eao hon lai thudc ve sinh vien Dai hpc Luat va
<i>Dai bpc Cdng doan (chiem ty Id lan lupt la 79,2%o va 19,6%), trong khi d Dai hpc Bach </i>
Khoa vi Dai bpc Kinh td ed phin thip ban (75,5% va 62,5%o, vol P = 0.026).

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<i>va Minh Chi, Vii Thi Thanh & Nguyin Tlii Anh Ddo </i>

Dai bpc Bach khoa cung kha eao (lin lupt la 88,6%o va 80,0%o) trong kbi rit ding quan
tam la ty le d Dai hpc Luat chi la 33,3%o. Phai chang chinh vi dang bpc nganh Luit, da
cd hidu bidt vd nhan quydn m i da sd sinh vien Dai hpc Luat da khdng coi giao due
quyen eon ngudi la can thiet?

Vd ehii thd cd vai trd eao nhat trong giao due quyen con ngudi, cd tdi 171 trong tdng
so 369 tmdng hpp tra ldi (chidm 46,3%)) cho rang vai trd nay thupc ve Nha nudc. Ty Id
sinh vidn danh gia cao vai trd ciia gia dinh va cdng ddng tuong ddi bang nhau, lan lupt
la 28,5%o va 25,2%o. Ket qui niy ed sir khac bidt k h i ldn giu:a eae tmdng: phan ldn sinh
vien Dai hpc Cdng doan va Dai hpc Luat cho rang traeh nhiem nay la thudc ve Nha
nudc, edn sinh vidn Dai bpc Kinh td lai chpn chu the l i gia dinh va sinh vien Dai hpc
Bach Khoa chpn chii the la cdng ddng (P = 0.000).

<i>(3) Quan diem cita sinh vien doi vol viec thuc hien quyen con nguoi. Dieu dang chu </i>
y trudc tidn trong danh gia muc dp tdn trpng quyen con ngudi li, phan ldn sinh vien
(87,2%o) cho rang quyen ca nhan hidn nay dupe tdn trpng (d hai mtie dp "phin nao" va
"rat tdn trpng") va mdt sd khdng nhd khac cho rang ehua dupe tdn trpng (d hai mirc
"khdng tdn trpng" va "khdng tdn trpng chut nao"). Ve ehi tidt, chi ed 22% danh gia d

miic rat tdn trpng, 65,l%o danh gia d mirc tdn trpng phin nao, va 11,8%) danh gia d miic
khdng tdn trpng va 1,1 %o khdng tdn trpng cbiit nao (hinh 1).

Khia canh thuc hien quyen cdng din dupc xem xet qua vide thuc hien quydn biu eir:
phan ldn sinh vidn ddu thuc hidn quydn ehinh tri tap tmng nhit d vide di biu cir lin gan
day nhat (88,9%o). Tuy nhien, ed hai dieu rat dang quan tim, mdt la nam gidi cd xu
hudng coi trpng va thuc hien quyen di bau cir cao hem so vdi ntr gidi (ty Id nam gidi di
bau la 93,0%o so vdi nit gidi chi cd 86,0%o; P = 0.05); va hai la vd hinh thire di bau cir, ty
Id sinh vien true tidp di biu khdng phai la eao (ehi ed 296/tdng so 360 trudng hpp tra
ldi, chiem 82,2%). Sd cdn lai (16,7%o) thi Chu hd dai didn di bau (11,9%)) hoac Nhd
ngudi khac di bau (5,8%)).

<b>Hinh 1. Danh gia mirc do quyen ca nhan dirffc ton trong hien nay (%) </b>

65,1

D Rat ton trong quyen ca nhan

D Ton trong quyen ca nhan phan nao

D Khong ton trong quyen ca nhan may

D Khong ton trong quyen ca nhan chut
nao

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<i>Nhdn thirc ve... </i>

hdi, hay khac biet ve gidi tinh, tdn giao v.v... Vd chong phan bidt ddi xir theo gidi, khi
lira chpn nhtmg van de eip bach (thii nhit va thii hai) ciia Viet Nam, ty le sinh vien lira
chpn "Phan biet ddi xir vdi tre em gai va phu ntr" chidm ty Id kha eao, dimg d vi tri nhit,

nhi trong 5 van de cap bach dupc dua ra (chi sau Ddi ngheo va thidu thon). Cu thd,
24,2%) sinh vien cho ring phan biet ddi xir vdi tre em gai va phu ntr la vin dd cap bach
thir nhit va thii hai trong 5 van de, dieu nay phan nao thd hien six quan ngai ciia sinh
vien ddi vdi tinh trang phan biet doi xir vdi phu nii va tre em gai d Viet Nam.

Dieu nay cting dupe the hien rd ban khi so sanh vdi sd lieu didu tra eiia
WVS-2006 (bang 2) vdi npi dung tuong tu: vin dd phan bidt ddi xu vdi tre em gai va phu
nu chi dupc ngudi dan xep thii tu trong 5 vin dd eip bach ciia Viet Nam va so ngudi
lira chpn cung chidm ty Id khiem tdn ban, 9,2%). Rd rang la, thd he tre nhu sinh vien
cd xu hudng quan tam ban ddi vdi van de phan biet ddi xir theo gidi. Va cd mdt dieu
thii vj d day la, ty le nam gidi lira chpn Phan biet ddi xir vdi tre em gai va phu ntr la
van de cap bach cua Viet Nam edn eao ban ca ty le ciia nii gidi lira chpn (52,8% so
vdi 45,7%>).

Ve nhan djnh Giao due dai hpc ddi vdi nam quan trpng han ddi vdi nir, dai da sd sinh
vien (93,1%)) bieu Id khdng ddng tinh, trong dd, miic Rat khdng tan thanh chidm 53,l%o
va Khdng tan thinh chidm 40,3%). Ddi vdi quan diem "Lam ngudi ndi trp, pbu nir cting
phat huy dupe kha nang nhu di lim an luong", ty Id sinh vien tan ddng vdi y kidn nay la
63,1%), trong dd, Rat tan thanh chiem 13,9%) va Tan thanh chidm 49,3%o. Nhiing danh
gia nay nhin chung khdng cd khac bidt ve trudng bpc, gidi tinh (P>0.05), cac ket qua
deu cho thay quan diem kha tien bd, khdng phan biet gidi d sinh vien cao hon so vdi cac
tang ldp dan cu Viet Nam ndi chung.

<b>Bang 2. Lya chon cac van de cap bach thu nhat va thir hai cua Viet Nam </b>

Cac van de cap bach eiia Viet
Nam

Ddi ngheo va thieu thdn
Phan bidt ddi xir vdi tre em

gai, phu ntr

Giao due cdn nhieu van dd
Dieu kidn ve sinh thap kem
0 nhiem mdi tmdng
Tdng (lupt lira chpn)

Ddi tupng sinh vien trong
mau Khao sat sinh vidn

<i>So luot </i>
<i>lua chon </i>

213
176

142
105
86
722

<i>Tyle </i>

29,5
24,4

19,7
14,5
11,9
100

Ddi tupng ngudi dan
Viet Nam trong WVS

<i>So luot </i>
<i>lua chon </i>

1201
267

397
611
431
2.907

<i>Tyle </i>

41,3
9,2

13,7
21,0
14,8
100

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<i>va Minh Chi, VU Thi Thanh & Nguyin Tlii Anh Ddo </i>

(7) Ngudi hi HIV/AIDS; (8) Ngudi nghien ma tiiy; (9) Ngudi dong tinh luydn ii va (10)
Ngudi khac ehiing tdc.

Nhdm ngudi nghien va cd tidn an l i nhdm sinh vien khdng mudn lam bang xdm
<i>nhit, trong dd ngudi nghien ma tiiy chiem 12,9%, ngudd nghien rupai nang chiem 68,4%) </i>
va ngudi cd tidn an chiem 65,3%o. Tiep theo, nhdm ddng tinh luyen ai va ngudi bj
HIV/AIDS Cling la ddi tupng cd ty Id sinh vien lira chpn khdng mudn lam bang xdm kha
eao (lin lupt la 62,%) va 43,7%o), cho thiy sir ky thj, phin bidt eiia sinh vidn ddi vdi
nhiing nhdm xa hdi nay edn kha nang ne va mac dti la ting ldp ed kidn thtic cao hem so
vdi mat bing chung ciia xa hdi, nhung sinh vidn van ehju inh hudng nang ne eiia nhtrng
quan nidm cii, cd xu hudng ddng nhat sai lam nhdm te nan xa hpi vdi nhtrng ngudi ddng
tinh luydn ai v i ngudi cd HIV/AIDS, nhdm ngudi cd quyen eon ngudi nhu nhung ngudi
binh thudng nhung can nhin dupc sir quan tim dac biet hon bdi hp de bi tdn thuong do
sir ky thj xa bdi. Vdi ty Id sinh vidn khdng mudn lim hing xdm vdi cie ddi tupng nay
cdn kha cao nhu vay cd thd thay rang cae boat ddng tuydn tmyen, keu gpi chdng ky thj,
phan biet ddi xir vdi nhirng ngudi cd HIV/AIDS hidn dang dupe tridn khai rdng rai dd
giiip hp ed thd tai hda nhip cpng ddng ehua thu dupc hieu q u i cao, chua tac ddng dang
ke tdi tang ldp sinh vien.

Ngoai ra, nhdm ngudi it bi phan bidt ddi xir nhit la ngudi khic chung tdc, ngudi
nhap cu,cdng dan nudc ngoai (chi cd 8,7%) va 5,5%) chpn khdng mudn lam hang xdm);
nhung dang chii y la van cdn mdt sd khdng it sinh vidn ed thai dp phan bidt ddi xir vd
mat tdn giao, thd hidn d ty Id chpn khdng mudn lam hang xdm vdi ngudi Co ddc giio v i
ngudi Hdi giao chiem ty Id khdng nhd (lin lupt l i 19,7%o v i 21,l%o). Kdt q u i lira chpn
ngudi khdng mudn lam hang xdm ciia cae nhdm sinh vien cdn ed sir khie bidt kha ldn
gitra trudng bpc va gidi tinh. Cu the, ty Id sinh vien nam so vdi sinh vidn nii trong chpn
khdng mudn lam hang xdm ddi vdi dan nhap cu eao gan gip ba lan (9,2%) so vdi 3,9%);
P=0.043), ddi vdi ngudi dong tinh ciing cao hon kha nhidu (74,0%o so vdi 54,8%)).

Sir khac bidt edn thay kha rd gitra sinh vidn cae trudng dai bpc khac nhau (kidm djnh
thdng kd Chi-square ludn cho thiy miic y nghia (P<0.05), nhin chung ty Id cao nhit
thude ve sinh vidn Dai bpc Bach khoa, ngupe lai, sinh vien Dai hpc Cdng doin cd xu
hudng It ngin ngai va phin bidt khi lam hang xdm vdi cae doi tupng niy the hien d ty le

thudng la thap nhat. Nhung ridng vdi hai ddi tupng la Ngudi cd tinh cam kbdng dn djnh
va Ngudi ddng ti'nh luyen ii, ty Id khdng mudn lam hang xdm thip nhit lai thupc vd
sinh vidn Dai bpc Luit.

<b>2. Quan diem cua sinh vien ve Dan chu </b>

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<i>Nhdn thtfc ve. </i>

miic dp hai Idng nay cd anh hucmg rat ldn (cd y nghia vd mat thdng kd) tdi muc dp hai
Idng eiia sinh vien vdi each bd may nha nudc giai quyet cac van de ciia dat nudc. Cu
the, trong tdng sd 334 sinh vien tan thanh vide them tir "dan ehii" vao muc tieu ciia dat
nudc, cd tdi 182 trudng hop (54,5%)) hai Idng vdi each bd may nha nudc giai quyet
cic vin de eiia dat nudc. Trong khi dd, trong sd 32 sinh vidn khdng tan thanh \iec
them cum ttr "dan chii" vao muc tidu phat tridn cua dat nudc, chi cd 9 trudng hpp
(chiem 28,1 %o), P = 0.004 hai long vdi each bd may nha nudc giai quydt cac van de
ciia dat nudc.

Lien quan tdi vide darui gia che dp dan ehii, phan ldn sinh vien deu ung hd thdng qua
tan thanh nhan djnh "Cac nude dan ehu ed the cd vin de nhung cdn tdt ban bat ky hinh
thiic lanh dao nao" vdi hai miic, "Rat tan thanh" chiem 16,9%o va "Tan thanh" chiem
55,6%). Ngupe lai, ty Id sinh vien lira chpn nhtrng danh gia tieu cue ve dan chu (tan
thanh nhtrng nhan djnh khdng tich cue ve dan chii nhu "Cae nudc dan ehii khdng quyet
doan va ed qua nhidu dieu tranh cai"; "Cac nudc dan chii duy tri trat tir khdng tdt"; "(3
nudc dan ehu, he thdng kinh te boat ddng tdi" deu chiem ty Id khdng cao. Cu the, 83,9%
khdng ddng tinh vdi nhan djnh tieu cue ve dan chu. Ty Id khdng ddng y cao nhat d dac
trung "Cae nudc dan chii duy tri trat tu khdng tdt" (chidm 87,7%o), tiep dd la dac trung
" d nudc dan chii, he thdng kinh te hoat ddng tdi" (chidm 86,0%o) va dac trung "Cac
nudc dan chii khdng quydt doan va cd qua nhieu dieu tranh cai" (chidm 77,8%)). Ddi vdi
vide danh gia tim quan trpng cua vide sdng trong mdt dat nude dan chii ddi vdi su phat
trien con ngudi theo thang diem 10, kdt qua khao sat cho thay sinh vien dinh gia kha

cao vai trd ciia dan chu (diem tmng binh la 7,83).

(2) Danh gia ve dac trung eiia dan ehii theo thang diem 10, loai dac trung dan chii
dupe sinh vien danh gia cao nhit la "Nir gidi cd quydn nhu nam gidi" va "Nhan dan
chpn cac nha lanh dao ciia minh thdng qua bau cir tu do" (diem trung binh lan lupt la
8,6 va 8,14). Loai dae trung dupc danh gia thap nhat la "Nhan dan cd the thay thd luat le
thdng qua trung ciu dan y" va "Chinh phii danh thud ngudi giau. trp giup ngudi ngheo"
(didm trung binh lan lupt la 6,42 va 5,71). So sanh vdi ket qua dieu tra trdn ddi tupng
ngudi dan ndi chung trong WVS-2006, diem trung binh trong danh gia cae dac trung
cua dan chii d sinh vien nhin chung thap. Vi du, sinli vidn danh gia khdng cao ddi vdi
dac trung dan chu "Nhan din chpn cac nha lanh dao ciia minh thdng qua bau cir tu do"
so vdi sir danh gia ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam ndi chung (6,42 so vdi 9,39). Ket qua danh
<i>gia dae trung din chii ciing ed khac biet ve gidi va trudng: Ntr tan thanh cao ban nam \e </i>
dae trung dan ehii "Nir gidi ed quydn nhu nam gidi" (8,76 so vdi 8,35 didm, P=0.025);
Kinh td phat tridn (7,24 so vdi 7,03, P=0.036) va "Chinh phii danh thud ngudi giau. trp
giup ngudi nghdo" (5,92 so vdi 5,36, P=0.042).

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=8>

<i>va Minh Chi, Vu TJii Tlianh & Nguyin Thi Anh Ddo </i>

(3) Quan didm ciia sinh vidn ve danh gii dan chii d Viet Nam. Ddi vdi yeu ciu sinh

vidn danh gia "Nudc ta hien nay dupe dieu hanh dan cbii den mirc nao" theo thang diem

tir 1 ddn 10, didm tmng binh la 6,31 nhung cd sir khac biet ldn ve tmdng: diem tmng

binh ciia sinh vidn Dai bpc Cdng doan vi Dai bpc Bach khoa deu trdn 6 trong khi Dai

hpc Kinh te va Dai bpc Luit ddu dudi 6 diem; P = 0.000.

Ddi vdi ydu ciu danh gia "Dat nudc hidn nay dupc didu hanh nbu the nao", phan ldn

sinh vidn cho ring dit nudc dupe dieu hanh mdt each dan ehii. Cu the, 74,3%) tan thanh

vdi nhan djnh "Dit nudc dupe dieu hanh bdi mdt sd ngudi ed ciing quyen loi vi lpi ich

ciia ngudi dan". Ty Id nay eao gip gin bdn lin so vdi sd lupng sinh vien tan thanh nhan

djnh "Dit nudc didu hanh bdi mdt sd ngudi cd chung quyen lpi muu eau lpi ich rieng"

cho minh" (25,7%o). Cac kdt qui niy khdng cd sir khac bidt vd gidi tinh vi trudng hpc

(P>0.05) nhung miic dp quan tam ddn ehinh tri ciia sinh vidn cd anh hudng dang kd ddn

each danh gia. Cu thd, nhirng sinh vien cd ban luin vd chinh trj vdi nhting ngudi xung

quanh (thudng xuydn vi thinh thoang) thi ty Id tan thinh nhan dinh "Dat nudc dupc

didu hanh bdi mdt so ngudi cd citng quydn lpi vi lpi ich cua ngudi dan" li khi cao (lin

lupt la 75,0%o vi 76,3%o), cdn sinh vidn khdng bao gid bin luin vd vin dd ehinh tri thi ty

Id tan thanh chi chidm gin mdt nira (47,8%o), P = 0.049. Nhu vay, sir quan tim, bin luan

ve cbinh trj eua sinh vien ed xu hudng anh hudng ddi vdi dinh gia tich circ cua hp vd sir

dieu hanh ciia bd may nhi nudc.

<b>Bang 3. So sanh lya chon muc tieu uu tien thir nhat va thir hai qua hai cuoc </b>

<b>khao sat </b>

Muc tieu uu tidn eua Viet Nam

Mirc dp tang trucmg kinh td cao
Ngudi din ed quyen ban nhieu bon ve
each thirc cdng vide dupe tien hanh tai
noi lam vide va tai cdng ddng

Dam bao dat nudc ed lire lupng vti trang
vting manh

Cd gang lim cho thanh phd va midn que
eua minh giau dep

Tdng

Sinh vidn

<i>So luat </i>
<i>lira chon </i>

353
191

97

112

753

<i>Tyle </i>
<i>(%) </i>
46.9
25.4

12.9

14.9

100

Ngudi din
(WVS)
<i>So luijt </i>
<i>lua chon </i>

1108
562

696

539

2905

Tyle

(%)

38.1
19.3

24.0

18.6

100

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(9)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=9>

<i>Nhdn thuc ve... </i>

562/2.905 lupt lira chpn, chidm 19,3%o), sau "Miic dp tang tmdng kinh td cao" (38,1%)
va "Dam bao dat nude cd lire lupng vti trang vting manh" (24%). Bang 3 cho tbay, khi
lira chpn uu tien, sinh vien nhan manh muc tieu dan cbii nhidu ban ngudi dan ndi chung.
Hinh 2 ciing cho thay, khi lira chpn muc tieu uu tien thir nhat va thir hai ciia dat nudc,
ty le sinh vien lira chpn "Cho phep ngudi dan cd tieng ndi hon trong cac quyet djnh eiia
chinh phii cao thii bai" (30,0%)), chi sau muc tieu "Duy tri trat tu qudc gia" (33,6%)).

<b>Hinh 2. Cac van de quan trong ciia Viet Nam (%) </b>

13.6

3 3 . 6

• IXiy tri tr$t t i / qu6c gia 1
a Oio ph6p ngu'6'i dSn c6 ti^ng n6i han trong c^c quy^t dinh cua chinh phu

O GiSi quy^t SI/ gia tang giS cS

D B^o v0 quy^n ty do ngSn lu$n

(4) Vin dd thuc hien dan ehii. Trong bdn loai boat ddng thuc hien dan chu, nhu bang
17 cho thiy, loai hinh boat ddng ma sinh vien "da lam" nhieu nhat la "Ky don kien nghi"
(22,9%). Diy eiing la loai boat ddng ma sinh vidn cd khi nang se tham gia kha eao (vdi
73,6%) eiing vdi loai boat ddng sinh vien "ed thd lam" cao nhat la "Tham gia bieu tinh
hop phap" (79,2%o). Loai boat ddng ma sinh vien ed xu hudng "khdng bao gid lam" la
"Tham gia tiy chay" va "Tham gia dinh cdng" khdng cbinh thirc (64,0%o va 58.8%).

Ddi vdi cac boat ddng "Ky don kidn nghi"; "Tham gia tiy chay" va "Tham gia bieu tinh
hop phap", so sanh vdi sd Ueu ciia WVS cho thiy, t>' Id sinh vien da lam/cd the lam cac boat
ddng nay cao ban so vdi ngudi dan ndi chung. Cd thd do dac tinh van hda "di hoa vi quy"
cua ngudi Viet ma phin ldn ngudi dan khdng mudn tham gia vao nhirng boat ddng nay,
nhung cd mdt didu dang luu tam vd chidu hudng tbay ddi d thd he tre, khdng e ngai tham
gia kidn nghj, tiy chay, bidu tinli hop phap, thd hidn d tra ldi "cd thd tham gia" kha cao.

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(10)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=10>

<i>va Minh Chi, Va Thi Thanh & Nguyin Thi Anh Ddo </i>

<i><b>Bang 4. Hoat ddng phan doi ciia sinh vien va ngu-M dan qua hai mau khao sat (%) </b></i>

<i>LTinh thirc hogt dong </i>

Ky don kidn nghj
Tham gia tiy chay
Tham du bidu tinh
hpp phap

Thamgia dinh cdng
khdng ehinh thiie

Ddi tupng sinh vien trong
khio sat

<i>Dd </i>
<i>ldm </i>
22.9
3.3
6.3

3.0

<i>Co the </i>
<i>ldm </i>
73.6
32.7
79.2

38.1

<i>Khong bao </i>

<i>gia ldm </i>

3.5
64.0
14.5

58.8

Ddi tupng ngudi dan
trong WVS
<i>Da </i>

<i>ldm </i>
5.5
0.5
1.0

<i>Co the </i>
<i>lam </i>
19.8
12.9
19.4

<i>Khong bao </i>
<i>gia ldm </i>

<i>1.1 </i>
86.7
79.7

So sanh hinh thirc Tham gia dinh cdng khdng cbinh thiie cd su khac bidt dang ke
gitra cac tmdng: Ty Id sinh vien da tham gia cao nhat la Dai bpc Bich khoa (8,0%o); ty le
sinh vidn ed the tham gia eao nhat la Dai hpc Luat (51,4%o); ty Id sinh vien khdng bao
gid tham gia eao nhit d Dai bpc Cdng doin (66,5%o, P=0.011.)

<b>Mot vai nhan xet thay ket luan </b>

Trong nghien cim niy, nhan thirc ve nhin quyen dupc khao sit qua vide yeu ciu sinh
vidn neu ten mdt sd quyen co ban ciia eon ngudi ndi chung va mpt sd quydn quan trpng
nhat ddi vdi ban thin ndi ridng, kdt qui cho thiy sinh vien nhan thiic tuong ddi tdt.
Nhdm quydn dupe sinh vidn dd cap v i coi trpng nhieu nhat Ii eae quydn tu do, quyen
binh dang, quydn giao due, quyen sinh tdn va quyen muu ciu hanh phiic. Cd thd ly giai
vd didu nay la do anh hudng kha phd bien eiia ban Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap cua Ho Chii
Tjeh ddi vdi da sd ngudi dan Viet Nam ("quydn sdng, quyen tir do va quydn muu ciu
hanh phiic"). Tuy nhien, trdn thuc te, it sinh vien tir giac ring nhan quydn la quyen cu
the, ban than minh ciing la mdt chu thd mang quydn. Vi viy, khi dupe yeu ciu djnh
nghia ve quydn con ngudi, cho dii hau hdt mpi ngudi ddu nghi ngay tdi cic quydn dupc
ndu trong Tuydn ngdn Ddc lap nhung khi dupc hdi b i n than ed quydn gi thi khdng tri
ldi dupe ngay: Hiu bet sinh vidn deu ndu dupe 3, 4 quydn nhung ddn quyen thti nam thi
ed tdi gan 50%o khdng ndu dupe. Cd le vi sinh vidn chua cd co hdi hpc cu thd vd quyen.
Didu niy phin nio eung dupc phin anh d mdt thuc td ed lien quan ddn vide thuc hien
mdt quyen cdng dan rat quan trpng la quydn biu cir, dang cbii y van cdn cd mdt sd
khdng nhd sinh vien khdng true tidp di biu, cho thay cdng tac biu cir cdn mang tinh
hinh thirc.

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(11)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=11>

<i>Nlian thilc ve... </i>

thudng dupc thay thd bang giao due cdng dan, giao due dao diic va giao due mdt each
hinh thiie ve hidn phap. Luat phap lien quan ddn nhan quydn la nhung luat quan trpng
dupe hinh thanh theo chd dp lap phap qudc hdi vdi sir iiy thae cua toan dan hay ndi khac

di la yeu cau cua xa hdi cdng dan. Vi vay giao due nhan quyen do nha nudc tien hanh
can dupc ngudi dan giam sat, ngudi dan cd quyen lpi va nghla vu tham gia vao giao due
nhan quydn ve ndi dung va phuang phap, cd trach nhiem ddng gdp y kidn kbi ein thidt.
Tire la, giao due nhan quydn pbai la su nghiep eua toan dan, trong dd vai trd eiia gia
dinh ve giao due quyen eon ngudi ngay tir khi cdn nhd, vai trd eua cdng ddng, td chirc
dan sir trong vide giam sat giao due quydn la vd cimg quan trpng.

Sinh vien hien nay nhan thue kha tdt vd quydn binh ding va cd thai dp khdng phan
biet ddi xir vd gidi, eoi binh dang gidi la mdt trong nhiing van de rat quan trpng va uu
tien hang dau cua Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, sinh vien lai the hien thai dp ky thi ddi vdi mdt
sd nhdm xa hdi de bi tdn thuong rat can sir quan tam cua xa hdi, dac biet la nhdm ngudi
cd HIV/AIDS. Thuc td nay cho thay can nhan manh vide tdn trpng quyen ciia cac ddi
tupng nay, hidu rd ve HIV/AIDS khdng phai la mdt td nan ma la mdt benh ly. khdng
phai mpi ngudi cd HIV/AIDS deu la nhiing ngudi cd ldi sdng thieu lanh manh, tir dd ed
cai nhin va thai dp tdn trpng quyen ban ddi vdd nhung ngudi kem may man nay.

Ve quan diem din chii, phan ldn sinh vidn nhan thire dupc nhtrng dac trung mang
tinh tich cue, anh hudng quan trpng ctia dan cbii ddi vdi sir phat tridn eon ngudi, do vay
da phan deu img hp va de cao the che dan chii. Nhin chung, so vdi nhting the he di
trudc, sinh vidn td ra it ngan ngai hon ddi vdi vide tham gia cac hoat ddng phan ddi nliu
kien nghj, tay chay, dinh cdng, bieu tinh hop phap. Dieu dd phan nao cho thay sinh vien
hieu va dam thd hidn mdt each cdng khai quydn dan ehu ciia minh. Cac muc tieu mang
tinh dan ehii cua dat nudc thudng dupc sinh vidn iing hd va dd cao. Sinh vien ciing kha
thang than trong vide danh gia mire dp dan chii d Viet Nam.

Tai lieu tham khao

<i>1. Lien hop qudc, Cdng udc ve xda bd tdt cd cdc hinh thitc phdn biet ddi xic dot v&i phu nu; </i>
Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, 2002.

<i>2. Vien Nghien cuu Con ngudi, Sd heu khao sat Dieu Ira gid tri the gi&i WVS 2006. </i>
<i>3. Todd Landman, Studying Human Rights, Routledge, 2006. </i>

<i>4. Vu Minh Chi, "Giao due nhan quyen la giao due tinh chii the ddi vdi quyen", Tgp chi </i>
<i>Nghien cuv Con ngu&i sd 5/2008. </i>

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