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<b>Thdi can dai, Xiem dugc coi la nudc duy </b>
nhat d khu vye Ddng Nam A khdng rai vao
ach thdng tri tryc tiep cua chu nghTa thye dan
phuang Tay. Xung quanh van de nay cd rat
nhieu each tiep can khac nliau. Bai viet nay thu
dua ra mgt each tiep can mang tinh chat dac
trung cua trieu dinh phong kien Xiem thdi can
dai de lam rd hien tugng mang tinh chat dgc
dao nay, au cung la mdt viec lam can thiet va
hiiu ich. Dd la viec Vuong qudc Xiem thye
hien chinh sach ngoai giao "ddi dat lay boa
binh".
Kliac vdi cac nudc trong khu 'vyc, trong
quan he vdi cac nudc phuong Tay thdi can dai,
Vuong qudc Xiem la nudc duy nhat thye hien
chinh sach md cua rdng rai. Chinh sach md
Vuong qude Xiem ciing san sang md ciia de
tiep nhan cac thuyen budn phuang Tay ma trai
lai trong nhiing thdi diem nhat dinh, Vuong
qudc Xiem ciing thye hien chinh sach ddng
cira nham loai trir anh hudng cua cac nudc
phuang Tay tren lanh thd Xiem. Nhiing nam
dau the ky XIX, lgi dung cac nudc chau Au
dang phai duong dau vdi cuge chien tranh vdi
Napoleon Bonaparte, Vuong qudc Xiem da
day len phong trao tay chay hang boa nudc
ngoai va chdng lai sy lung doan cua cac nudc
tu ban Ha Lan, Anh va Phap.
ban Anh. Hiep udc Anli - Xiem duac ky kit
vao ngay 10 thang 6 nam 1826 ghi rd: Xiem cd
quyen kiem tra tau thuyen va thao dd dai bac
ciing cac loai vu khi cua Anh trudc khi sd tau
nay dugc phep di vao cira sdng Chaophoraya.
Rd rang la trong nhung nam dau cua the
ky XIX, Xiem da tan dyng dugc tdi da lgi the
so sanh trong quan he vdi cac nude phuang
Tay de mdt mat md rdng pham vi anh hudng
ciia minh ra ben ngoai nhung ddng thdi mdt
mat khac ban che tam anh hudng cua cac nudc
phuong Tay tren dat Xiem. Tuy nhien, din
nhirng nam 50 cua the ky XIX, dudi ap luc cua
chu nghTa thye dan phuong Tay, cac hiep udc
dugc ky ket giiia Xiem vdi cac nudc phuong
Tay khdng cdn mang tinh chat binh dang niia.
Hiep udc Anh - Xiem dugc ky ket vao ngay
18 thang 4 nam 1855 vdi nhiing dieu khoan
hoan toan bat lgi cho Xiem. Theo ngi dung cua
hiep udc nay, Anh dugc hudng cac dac quyen
- Anil dugc quyen ty do budn ban tren
toan bg lanh thd cua Xiem;
- Anh dugc lap sir quan d Bangkok va cac
cdng dan Anh dugc hudng quyen lanh sy tai
phan;
- Ngudi Anh cd quyen sd hiin dat dai
trong khu vyc cd ban kinh bang 24 gid di
thuyen each trung tam Bangkok;
- Tau chien Anh cd quyen vao cira sdng
Chao Pharaya tdi tan cang Pac Nam;
- Thue quan danh vao tat ca cac loai hang
hoa cua Anh la 3%.
Nam 1856, giiia Xiem va Anh cdn ky
them mgt ban Cdng udc, trong dd cd dieu
khoan het sire quan trgng la cho phep cae cdng
dan Anh cd quyen nhap canh vao Xiem.
ngudi Phap dugc ty do boat ddng budn ban ma
khdng gap phai bat ky su can trd nao. Ngoai
ra, cac giao sT Phap dugc ty do truyen dao tren
toan bg lanli thd Xiem
Trong khi tao ra mgt "tam giac ngoai
giao" quan trgng Anh - Xiem - Phap, chinh
quyen phong kien Xiem ma cy the la nha vua
Mongkut tiep tyc ky mgt loat hiep udc bat binli
dang vdi cac nudc tu ban phuang Tay khac
nliu Dan Mach (1856), Bd Dao Nha (1859),
Ha Lan (1860), Phd (1862) va Thuy Diln, Na
Uy, Bi(1868).
Bang viec ky cac hiep udc tren, Xiem
hy vgng mdt mat se duy tri dugc nen dgc lap
cua minh, nhung mat khac tao dieu kien
thuan lgi cho Xiem tham gia vao viec phan
chia pham vi anh hudng d khu vyc ban dao
Malacca va Ddng Duang. Tuy nhien, tir nua
sau nhiing nam 60 cua the ky XIX, tinh hinh
qudc te va khu vyc dien bien ngay cang nguy
hiem cho nen dgc lap cua Xiem. Nudc Anh
tu ban dang md rdng anh hudng cua minh d
khu vyc Ddng Nam A, dac biet la da thiet lap
dugc mgt sd ca sd d Penang va Kodak,
chiem Singapore va lam chu hoan toan mien
Nam Myanma, cdn thye dan Phap chiem 3
tinh mien Ddng Nam Ky Viet Nam va dang
banh trudng sang Lao va Campuchia. De
tranh cang thang trong quan he vdi Phap,
Xiem huge phai tir bd quyen bao hd ddi vdi
Campuchia. Hiep udc Phap - Xiem dugc ky
ket vao ngay 15 thang 7 nam 1867 bao gdm
lai, Phap thira nhan anh hudng cua Xiem doi
vdi cac tinh bien gidi phia tay ciia
Campuchia la Battambang va Siam Riep.
Nhu vay, Hiep udc nam 1867 khdng
nhirng dugc coi la mdc md dau cho sy riit lui
tirng budc cua Xiem ra khdi lanh thd ciia
Campuchia ma cdn danh dau mdc md dau
cho viec thuc hien chinh sach "ddi dat lay
hoa binh" cua cac trieu dai phong kien Xiem.
Mac du chinh quyen phong kien Xiem di
<i>tix nhugng bg nay den nhugng bd khac nhung </i>
hai nudc Anh, Phap van khdng tir bd tham
vgng xam chiem Xiem. O phia tay, vao nam
1886, thye dan Anli da ddc chiem Mianma va
ap dat ach thdng tri len cac xuntan d Ma Lai va
tien sat bien gidi phia nam cua Xiem. 0 phia
ddng, Phap chiem Viet Nam, Campuchia va
dang tien sat den bien gidi cua Xiem. Dinh cao
cua sy cang thang trong quan he Phap - Xiem
la viec Phap dieu phao ham den cira sdng Chao
Phoraya va dua ra cac yeu sach ve lanh tho
phia trai sdng Mekong cua Xiem. Trudc ap luc
1893 vdi cac ndi dung chu yeu sau:
- Phia tay sdng Mekong 25 km dugc coi
la khu phi quan su;
- Phia ddng sdng Mekong dugc cat
nhugng cho Phap;
<i><b>QfUtin lai ehinh ideli ngoai tfJao. </b></i>
- Phap cd quyen chiem ddng Chantabury
cua Xiem.
Vdi Hiep udc nay, quyen lye va anh
hudng cua Xiem ddi vdi cac nudc trong khu
vyc khdng nhung bi thu hep ma chu quyen cua
Xiem ciing bi de doa. Dieu can nhan thay la
trong khi chinh quyen phong kien Xiem tim
mgi each de tranh xay ra nhiing xung dot
khdng can thiet thdng qua viec thuc hien chinh
sach "ddi dat lay hoa binh" thi Anh, Phap da
dat dugc sy thoa thuan trong viee phan chia
quyen lgi d Xiem. Ngay 15 thang 1 nam 1896,
hiep udc Anh - Phap dugc ky ket d Luan Ddn
da chinh thirc boa viec bien Xiem thanh khu
Dimg trudc tinh hinh dd, chinh quyen
phong kien Xiem da sir dyng lgi the "nudc
dem" de tien hanh cudc dau tranh ngoai giao
nham thu tieu cac dieu khoan bat binh dang ma
cac chinh quyen tien nhiem da ky vdi cac nudc
phuang Tay. Sau nhieu lan dam phan, ngay 13
thang 2 nam 1904, Hiep udc Phap -Xiem dugc
ky ket vdi cac dieu khoan sau day:
- Cac tinh thudc bun ngan sdng Mekong
nhu Meldparay, Tdngleperu, Batxae va hai
viing Krat, Danxai phai nhugng lai cho Phap
cimg vdi mgt sd dat dai dgc sdng Mekong de
xay dyng hai cang;
- Phap phai tra lai cho Xiem tinh
Chantabury (Phap chiem nam 1893) va cdng
nhan chu quyen cua Xiem d biin ngan sdng
Mekong thudc dnh Luang Prabang.
Sau sy kien tren, ngay 23 thang 3 nam
1907, Phap va Xiem lai ky mgt hiep udc mdi.
Trong khi nhugng bd Phap lien quan den
chinh sach "ddi dat lay boa binh" thi Xiem
ciing ddng thdi thye thi chinh sach tren ddi vdi
Anh. Thang 6 nam 1909, Hiep udc Anh
-Xiem dugc ky ket vdi cac dieu khoan nhu sau:
- Xiem nhugng lai cho Anh cac Xuntan
Hdi giao Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedak va
Perils; va sap nhap cac tieu qudc Hdi giao nay
vao lanh thd thudc dia cua Anh d tren ban dao
Malacca cd tdng dien deh khoang 40.000 km^;
- Anh phai tir bd quyen lanh sy tai phan d
Xiem va cho Xiem vay 4.000.000 bang Anh de
xay dyng tuyen dudng sat d ban dao Malacca.
Nhin lai chinh sach ngoai giao "ddi dat
lay hoa binh" do nha vua Mongkut khdi
xudng va dugc ke tyc, hoan thien trong sudt
dieu ma mdt sd qudc gia cung thdi trong khu
•vyc khdng thye hien dugc. Hon niia, trong
viec thuc hien chinli sach ngoai giao "ddi dat
lay hoa binli", chinh quyen phong kien Xiem
lai cd lgi the ban so vdi cac nudc trong khu
virc la Xiem lay dat cua cac nudc lang gieng
nliugng lai cho cac nudc phuang Tay, trong
khi dd cac nude trong khu vuc lai cat dat cua
miiili cho nen da klidng bao ve dugc nen dgc
lap dan tgc va rai vao ach thdng tri true tiep
cua chu nghTa thye dan phuong Tay.
Rd rang la chinh sach ngoai giao "doi
dat lay hoa binh" cua cac chinh quyen phong
kien Xiem tir nua sau nhiing nam 60 cua the
ky XIX den nhirng nam dau the ky XX dugc
coi la mgt trong nhiing net dac trung trong
chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Xiem thdi can dai.
Nhd chinh sach dd, Xiem khdng nhirng bao
toan dugc toan ven lanh thd, duy tri dugc
nen ddc lap dan tdc va chu quyen qudc gia
ma cdn giii viing boa binh an ninh cua dat
nudc.
Tai lieu tham khao
<i>1. Dd Diie Hung. Xiem Lu md ciea qua </i>
<i>con mdt sie thdn Viet Nam, Tap chi Quan he </i>
Qudc tl, thang 7/1992.
<i>2. Vii^ Duong Ninh. Mot sd chuyen di </i>
<i>lich sic the gidi, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha </i>
Ndi, 2001.
<i>3. Le Van Quang. Lich sic vuang quoc </i>
<i>Thdi Lan, Nxb Tp. Hd Chi Minh, 1995. </i>
4. Pham Viet Trung, Nguyen Xuan Ky,
<i>Do Viet Trung. Lich sie Cdmpuchia, Nxb Dai </i>
hgc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep. Ha Ndi,
1982.
<i>5. Statepapers of Kingdom of Siam 1664 </i>
<i>- 1885, Comp. By the Siamese lagation in </i>