Những di sản văn hoá và thiên nhiên nổi tiếng của Ethiopia.

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NHCNG DI SAN VAN HOA

VA THIEN NHIEN NOI TIENG CUA ETHIPIA

C

dng hda Ddn chii Lien bang
Ethiopia la mdt qudc gia nam d
Ddng Phi. phia bac gidp vdi
Eritrea, phia ddng bac gidp Djibouti, phia
ddng gidp Somalia, phia lay gidp Sudan vd
phia nam gidp Kenya. Ethiopia cd dien lich
1.127 nghin k \ dan sd ban 60 trieu ngirdi
ihudc 200 sac tdc. ndi 83 Ihir lieng. thu dd la
Addis Ababa. Day da timg Id viing ddt cua
vua chiia vd lir xua da ndi lieng vdi nhung
vudn cay xanh luai ciing cac lau ddi. nhd thd
trdng le.

Theo tieng H>' Lap. Ethiopia cd nghTa Id
khudn mat bdng chay do phdn Icm lanh thd
nudc nay Id sa mac. Cbinb tren sa mac
Danakil - mdl dai sa mac Icm nhdt Ethiopia
cdch thi Iran Lalibela linh Wollo 200 km.
ngudi la da phat bien dugc b(5 xuang ngudi
Boza ciing Id bd xuang ngudi hda thach dau
lien ciia the gidi. cho Ihay Ethiopia chinh Id
mdt cdi ndi cua lodi ngudi cdch ddy 5.15
trieu nam.

Ngudi Ethiopia rdt tu bdo Id ddn tdc cd
nhirng sy tich quan Irgng ciia ibe gidi. Mdt
vi du theo kinh thdnh, Chiia da xay dung khu

vudn Dia dang Eden nam dau dd gan con
sdng Ghion. tire Id sdng Nile Xanh cua
Ethiopia bay gid. Eloac nbu theo kinb Cyu

<i>Cfoc. nir hoang Sbeba cila Ethiopia da timg </i>

lap nen mdl tuyen dudng 1cm ndi nudc nay
vdi thdnh dja Jerusalem, vd bang doan lac da
chd gia vi. vdng bac den Jerusalem bieu lang
dire vua Salomon. Nhd van Ba Tu the ky thir
111 da ghi lai: tren mdnh dat nay la Ethiopia,
ed mdt de che cue ky biing manh. dd la
Abyssinia - nicDt trong bdn vuong qudc cd
dai Idn nhat the gidi gdm Ba Tu, Abyssinia,
La Ma vd Trung Qudc. Abyssinia ciing la
nhd nudc Idu ddi nhdl d chau Phi can
Xahara. De che ndy ndi tidng vd lua Id, gdm
vdc, hd lieu, tram huang vd nbimg dieu miia
bung hdp dan Nhidu chuyen kd rdng, gido
boang Alexandre 111 da timg vidt thu trd
chuyen vdi dire vua xu Abyssinia la Prestor
John; birc thu nay sau dd gdn 250 nam da
dugc ngudi Bd Ddo Nha tim thdy kbi hg tcVi
du Ijcb tai Ethiopia. Nam 615. phu nhan gido
chii Hdi gido Mohammed da ddn chai va
nghi ngai d Ethiopia... Ngudi Ethiopia cdn
lin rang chiec hdm dung Phdp dien ciia
ngudi Do thdi xua ma hodng tir Moses Ai

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Cap lam de chira 10 dieu ran cua Chiia cung
dang dugc cat giii tai mdt nhd ihd bi dn a tbi

tran Aksum phia bac ddt nudc vd do nhung
ngudi bd phdp trdng coi.

Hien nay. Ethiopia la cao nguyen dd 1cm

nhdl chau luc. Tir cao nguyen ndy. ede ddng

sdng tudn chay xudng phia dudi vd Id ngudn

sdng cua nhieu qudc gia lan can bao gdm Ai

Cap. Kenya vd Sudan. Dae biet. hd Tana Id
khai tbiiy cua con sdng Nile Xanh himg vT lu

ngdn xua da Id nai dien ra cdc bdn tinh ca

ljch su d ede vuong trieu ven sdng.

Vi truyen thdng ljch sir. vi phong canh

thien nhien diem le vd nhieu dieu k}' thu.

hang nam ed rat nhieu du khdch den

Ethiopia. Cira ngd budc vao huyen thoai

Ethiopia la thj Iran Lalibela nam phia bac ddt

nudc, tren do cao 2.500m so vdi mat bien.

each thil dd Addis Ababa 640km. Ddy Id mdt

trung lam ton gido lin ngirdng linh thieng

nhat nudc ndy, cd gdn 15 nghin ddn, chii veu

Iheo dao Co ddc cbinb thdng. Thi Iran dugc

the gidi biet ldi Ian ddu lien bdi cdi ten la

Roha vao the ky XIl-XIlI dudi thai vua ddng

thdi la thdnh Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, iiicit

hoang de eudi eiing cua trieu dai Zagwe cai

Irj mien bac Ethiopia sudi 200 nam. Chu) en

ke rang, kbi dire vua sinh ra, ed mdl bdv ong

tir dau keo tdi bao quanh dng, ngudi dan cho

rang dd Id diem bdo dng sau nay se tro thanh

vua cua Ethiopia. Kbi len ngdi vd sau lan

Iham vieng thdnh phd Jerusalem (nav thudc

dat nucVc Israel), ncTi dugc menh danh Id

nianh ddt thdnh cua ngudi Hdi gido, dire \ ua

da quyet djnb xav- dung Roha tra thdnh mdt

Jerusalem thir hai, dng cting dat ten eho

nhieu lau dai. cone trinh, cau cdng iheo

nhirng cdi ten trong kinh thanh \a a

Jerusalem. Mdt edng trinh dd so ma diic \ ua

cho xdv- dung cdn ton lai den na\ Id quan the

nhd thd dao Co ddc bang dd do \ a Id long

hda eua nhieu trucmg phdi bdv gid. Roha \d

sau ndv la Lalibela da tra thdnh thu dd eua

Ethiopia sudi hai the kv \d nav la mgt diem

du lich van hda ddng kbdeb nhat ca nuci-c.

0 Lalibela, trdi nhieu nang. do dd mgi
ngudi thucmg phai mang theo d che nang.

Ngudi dan an v-dn rat dc;p, trang phuc cd
iruv-en la khan quan, khan ddng \ a khan che

mat. Nhieu ngudi sdng bang nghe hudn ban
hang hod. Ndi bill la tram hu'crng - chat nhua

cua mgt loai gd quy hoiic nhu rircni lej. mgt
loai nudc giai khdt lam tir niiit ong \a nircic
hoa qua dimg trong nhung cai binh nho biing

biin khd. Ke dd la rau cjua. re cu. thao du'cTc
lav- tir tren rirng.

1-Thiopia cd den 8 khu di san the gicVi.

trong do duoc _\eu ihieh nhat la 6 khu di san

xan hda \a thien nhien sau dii\:

<i>1. 7 J nhd thd hdng dd khdi dirdi trieu vua </i>

<i>Lalibela (1167 - 120^) a Lalibela. duac </i>

L'NESCO cdng nhan la di san the giiri niim
1978. Vdo nam 1187. dire vua Lalibela quvet

dinh kien thiet thu dd thanh mdt thdnh phd
gidng het Jerusalem vd cho xav dung tai ddv

<i>13 nha thd bang da, kien true kieu .W Cap. </i>

vdi cdt keo Hv- Lap, cua sd Arab, cae dieu

khae hinh chir van vd ngdi sao David... Cac
cdng trinh can tdi 4.000 thg \-a phai lam lir

thdi vua Lalibela den bet 100 nam. Chiing
deu nam dudi long ddt, phia tren la rirng keo:

nhieu gido dudng dugc deo ggi tir da niii luii
cd nbtmg bdng cdt mdu do. \ a thdng iiluiu

bang nhirng hdnh lang ddi rgng.

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Quan the nhd thd dd gdm bdn nhdm:
Nhdm phia bac cd nha thd Chiia cim the
Bete Medbane Alem, la lrung lam cua dao
Ca ddc Lalibela cung la nhd thd Icm nbal irdi
ddt. cdng trinh dugc dyng tren 36 iru dd md
phdng theo sd lugng nhirng tin dd dau lien di
theo Chua; nhd thd Bele Maryam la cdng
trinh cd nhat the gidi: nha thd Bele Golgotha
la noi dat lang md vua Lalibela va nha thd
Selassie dat lang md Adam. Nhdm phia ldy
gdm nhd Ihd Bete Giyorgis, cdn ggi Id nha
thd thanh George vd Id nhd thd cdn bao ldn
nguyen ven. Nhdm phia ddng cd nhd thd
Bete Amanuel xua la nha ihd hodng gia; nhd
thd Bele Merkorios khd nang trudc do Id mdt
trai lii; nhd thd Bete Abba Libanos vd Bele
Gabriel-Rufael la cdc cung dien lien ke mdt

Id nudng bdnh. Cudi ciing Id tu vien Asbetan
Maryam vd nha thd Yimrebane Krisios cd
the da dugc xay dung vao the ky XI theo
kieu Aksumite vd trong ddng. Ngudi chdu
Au ddu lien chiem ngudng nai ndy Id nhd
ibdm hiem Bd Ddo Nha Pero de Covilba
(1460-1526) vd nha Iruyen gido ddng thdi
eung Id dai sir Bd Ddo Nha Erancisco
Alvares (1465-1540). Han 800 nam qua, nai
ddy Id noi nhdn ddn cdu nguyen bang ngdy.
Trong giao dudng ludn thap nen sang, linh
muc quan khan xep, that lung in binh boa;
cdc tin dd chdn Iran, do trang dai vang bdng
ngdy lung niem trong khdi huong ma bd
trdm mac.

<i>2. Qudn thi Idu ddi Easil Ghebbi tgi tinh </i>
<i>Gander tdy bdc Ethiopia, cdch Ihii dd Addis </i>

Ababa 760 km dugc UNESCO cdng nhan la
di sdn thd gidi nam 1979. Day Id mdt thdnh
phd - pbdo dai bao bgc cdc cung dien va nhd
ihd vdi mdl birc ludng tbanb ddi khodng

<i>900m vd Id nai thiet trieu, nai a cua dire vua </i>
Easiladas vd ngudi ke vj trong the kv XVll
-XVIIL Do da chdn kieu ddi dd lien tue eua
lien hodng, nam 1636 boang de Easiladas da
quyel djnh chgn Gonder Id thu dd bdnh
chinh. Nam 1650 dng da cho xdy dung mdt

Idu ddi khdng Id md nay ggi Id Idu ddi
Easiladas hda iron nhieu phong each kien
iriic nhu Hindu An Do, Nubia, Arap,
Baroque Bd Ddo Nha vira buyen bi vira hien
dai, trong dd cd nhiing Ida thdp cao. nhung
Id chdu mai rdng de nhtrng khau than cdng
vd cd ld'i 12 cdng. Tiep luc sau dd Id 7 nhd
thd vd 7 cdy cau. Cdc vi vua sau ndy lan lugt
xdy dung them 5 lau ddi. cung dien ciing
hang ehuc nhd thd vd lu vien 1cm nhd khdc.
Tat ca deu dugc xdy bang da vdi Iron vdi
ldng irimg. Tuy khdng cd may dieu hda nhiet
do song nhd quanh nam md cira sd vd lai
nam dudi bdng bach dan nen ludn mat dju,

tham tho. <b>"Ii </b>

<i>3. Thdnh phd cd Aksum tinh Tigray cue </i>
<i>bdc Ethiopia, sdt bien gidi phia bac nudc nay </i>

vdi cdnh ddng bia (ddi luang niem) bdng da.
dugc UNESCO cdng nhan Id di sdn ihd gidi
nam 1980. Aksum vdn la mdt vuang qudc
cue thinh. ddi trgng giua de chd La .Ma
phuang Ddng vd Ba Tu. Day dugc lin Id nai
sinh nir boang Sbeba vd cat gitr hdm Phdp
dien cua hodng tir Moses Ai Cap nhidu the
ky trudc Cdng nguyen, va ngay tir thd kv thir
nhat da Id trung tam budn bdn vdng bac va
ngd voi cua chdu Phi vugt bien Hdng Hai tdi

La Ma. Vdo thd ky IV. hodng dd Ezana cua
Aksum da cbinb phuc thung liing sdng Nile,
trj vi cd chau A lan chdu Phi. One da cho
xdy dung nhieu cdng trinh v T diii ddn nav \ an
cd ve dep ddc dao bao gdm nhtrng laim md

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va dai tudng niem (la nhting tam bia ICTU dat

trudc lang md). Ke luc dng. cdc vj vua da
xay dung dugc nhtrng cdnh ddng bia dd gdm

176 tam bia Idn quay mat ve hudng nam cao
gan 25ni. ndng 16 tan (ldm bia 1cm nhdl cao

32.9m nang 517 tdn). chdp dinh trdn. tren
mat trudc vd sau vd canh cd khae nam qua

cdu. dinh dTa ddng vd nhirng ddng chu dugc
lin la nhung bdi tbanb kinh ciia dao Ca ddc

budi ddu du nhdp Elhiophia dudi thai vua
.•\ksum cdch ddy khoang 1.600 nam. Cac

khai qua! d Aksum bal dau lir nam 1906 do
lien sT Enno Littman thyc bien. Sau dd den

ihap nien 80, vien nghien ciru Ddng Phi eua
Anh cting bat dau khai qudt nc7i ndy. Ve cdnh

dong bia dd. ed ba phdn: ddng bia a phia bac

la nai cd lam bia ldn nbal. ddng bia lrung

lam vd ddng bia Gudit c7 phia tdv lay ten
mpt hodng hau cd dai vdi cbu y(}u la cac ngdi
mg the ky thir IV. Ve cdc cdng trinh van hda

khae cd nhd thd Dire me Marv- of Zion xdv
dung nam 1665 dugc lin diing cat giir hdm

Phap dien. cdc bao ldng khao ed \-d ddn tgc.
Hon dd Ezana tren cd viet chir Sabaean. Ge

ez va Hy Lap cd dai vdi y ngliTa lucmg tu
nhu hdn dd Rosetta. lang md v ua Bazen. nhd

tam cua nir hodng Sbeba. cung dien Taakha
xay dyng thd ky IV vd eung dien Dungur ihe

k\ VI. lu vien Abba Penlalewon \ a Abba
Liqanos ciing nhirng birc iranh da Lioness

Gobedra...

<i>4. Cdng vien qudc gia Thung limg song </i>
<i>Awash, tmh Shewa. ddng Elhiopia. edeh ibu </i>

dci Addis Ababa 200 km. dugc UNESCO

cong nhdn Id di siin the gidi nam 1980.
Ngoai phong canh thien nhien luvet dep.

nhieu thde nudc. sdng sudi ddi 100 km. ddng
ihirc Viit phong pbii trong hem 30 nam qua tai

dav da pbdl hien dugc nhieu cd \al cua

ngudi lien su nhu dung cu eat ggi bang da
eudi \ a nhd bep cd nhdl ihe gicVi cimg nhieu

hda ibacb xuong ddng v at bi ghe vd ed ludi
ddi 2.5 trieu nam. TUN el \di hem ca la \ao

ngdy 24 ihdng 11 ndm 1974. hai nhd khoa
bgc Donald Jobanson \ d Tom Grii\ da pbdl

bien dugc nhung mdu boa ihach ddu lien eua
lodi ngudi. md liic ddu la mdl xircmg cang
lay phai. xuong sg. xucmg diii. xuong sudii.

xuong chdu vd xuong hdm ducii. Sau dd bai
tudn Id nbimg manh xircmg quan trgng khdc

giiip tai lao den 40% bd xuong cua ngudi
nguv en ibuv-.

<i>5. Cong vien quoc gia Thung liing sdng </i>

<i>Omo tdy nam Ethiopia, each ihu dd .Addis </i>

Ababa 870 km. duc^c UNl-SCO cdng nhiin la

di san the gidi nam 1980. Da> la mgt \iing

thien nhiC-n cue k\ hoang da. cach biet \di
ben ngoai nhc'r mgi da\ mii cua l-'lhiopia cao

ldi 4.500 m. he dam lii\ sdng Nile phirc tiip
\a sa niiic bae Ken_\a. Noi na> ciing tim thay

nhic'U hoa thach hem bdn trieu tudi cua ngirdi
lien su Homo Gracilis. Thung limg cung la

<i>noi du> nhdl a 1-Thiopia \d ea chau Phi tap </i>
trung da sac tgc. Trong dien tich ehirng 15

nghin kiir ed tcVi hc7n 10 dan tgc ndi 10 ngdn
ngu khdc nhau phan ehia thdnh hai nhdm

ngdn ngir Id Nilo-Sahara (Sahara sdng Nile)
<i>\ a .Vtro-.Asiatic (.\ Phi), trong dd nhdm </i>

Sahara sdng Nile gdm ede dan tgc Bume.
<i>Mursi. Surma. Nhdm \ Phi gdm ngucri </i>

Karo. Banna. Bashada. Haniar \a Di/i...
Mdi ddn tdc cd ban sac rieng song dac diem

chung Id deu sdng du muc. thich \ e miii. Xiim
minh. lam cdc kieu tdc. mat nil. nha> muii....

Hg cung tuan theo lap luc ddnh dau dc) tudi

gdn lien vdi nhimg le nghi phirc Uip.

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<i>6. Cdng vien quoc gia Simien tinh </i>
<i>Gonder. dugc UNESCO cdng nhdn la di san </i>

the gidi nam 1978. La mdl quan the phong
cdnh ly nhien boanh trang. nam ben man
ddng ciia cao nguyen Geech ihudc bia lay
Dai san Simien (Massif) - mdl khdi da basalt
75 irieu ludi. Trong cdng vien cd nhieu dinh
niii. deo vd vuc sau lam cham. ket qua ciia
nbimg Iran nui lua phun cdch day 40 irieu
nam va sy xdi mdn dat keo ddi hang nghin
nam. Dac biet la nggn nui Ras Deshen cao
nhat Ethiopia va cao thir thir tu d chdu Phi (
4.620m), ciing mdl ranh sau - Ke nut Lcin xe
dgc ddt nudc. Hang nam nai nay cd hai miia
nang vd hai miia mua. Trong bai miia mua tir
ihdng hai den thdng ba vd lir ibdng bay den
thdng chin, lugng mua lrung binh la 1.550
mm. Nhiet do thap nbal tir - 2.5^C ddn 4" C
va cao nhdt tir 1 l"C den 18*^0. Do chenh leeb
do cao nen mac dii d gan dudng xich dao.
tren niii vdn cd suong khdi va tuyet.

Trong cdng vien cd ba viing cay cdi khdc
nhau. Sudn nui thdm thap la nai ngudi ddn
trdng trgt. Len ldi 3.600m la cdc rimg thdng.
bach ddn vd keo. Tren ntra la ddng cd vdi
lodi cd dudi trdu. ihacb lam. co lira vd cay

lobelia... Rdi rac khap niii ciing cd nhieu hoa
iham nhu lam xudn. buong thao. bdch xii.

ngii sdc... Thdng 9 miia mua. hoa dai na
thdm sudn nui. thu hut nhieu tay chup anh.
Cd 21 loai ibu gdm 7 loai dac htm. quy hiem
nhdl la lodi de rimg walia. khi ddu chd
gelada vd sdi Simien. Ngodi ra la cdc loai khi
colobus. linh cau. linh mieu. linb duang. chd
rirng. bdo. Ign cd. son duong van.... Cd 137
loai chim gdm 16 loai dac hiru nhu cd quam.
sdu Maribou. qua den md day. vet xanh. se
vdng. sao dd. chim hel. gd gd. ken ken. dai
bdng - lodi chim ldn thu hai chau Phi ciing
Id lodi chim bay cao nbal chdu luc cimg
nhieu loai cdn triing. than lan vd ludng cu.

Quanh niii ngu cu nhieu dan lgc. md ddng
nbal Id 2.500 ngudi dan Ambara. vd bg diing
tdi 50 - 80% dien tich cdng vien de sinh
sdng. canh tdc. Dudi chdn nui Id mdt ngdi
lang nhd song rat ndi lieng. la nai dire vua
Haile Selassie vd ntr boang Elizabeth II da
timg den ibani quan vd nghi mat vdo nam
1960. Trong Idng cd nhieu qudn phuc vu ca
phe dang vd lanh. bdnh injera Idm tir ke niii
chdm vdi nudc sdt huong dja lan... Nhd
khdng kbi mdt me, cay cdi xanh luai. ddng
vat phong pbii, bang ngdy deu cd bang tram
ngudi ldi tham quan, tha didu, di khinh khi

cdu bav qua niii cao thi dua ciing nhtrng cdnh
chim ngcpp irdi.

<i><b>Chu Mgnh Cudng </b></i>

<b>Cong tac vien Tap ehi Nghien ciru Chau Phi va Trung Dong </b>

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