Trung Quốc trên con đường cải cách, mở cửa và hội nhập: nhìn từ dòng chảy lịch sử

Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (207.55 KB, 9 trang )

(1)<div class='page_container' data-page=1>

TRUNG QUOC TREN CON DlTflTNG CAI CACH, MOT CUTA VA HOI NHAP:

NHIN TUT DONG CHAY LICH SUT

NGUYEN VAN VlfgNG*

I. Chau A tru-dc trao Itfu "Can dai 
ho4"(l)

Mdt hoc gia nghien ciin ve hien dai hod
ciia Trung Quoc Id La Vinh Cii' da suy doan
ve 3 lan sdng Idn trong tien trinh hien dai
hod the gidi, dd Id:

"Ldn sdng hien dai hod the gidi Idn thii
nhat tir cudi the ky XVIII den giiia the ky
XIX, bat dau tir each mang cdng nghiep
Anh, sau dd tien trinh cdng nghiep boa lan
rdng ra Tdy Au.

Ldn thii hai tir niia cudi the ky XIX den
ddu the ky XX, cdng nghiep hod lan rdng ra
Chdu Au, sang cd Bde My, ddng thdi san
xuat dugc tang cudng d "the gidi phi
phuang Tay"(2), keo theo sy khdi dau hien
dai hod ciia "the gidi phi phuang Tdy".

Ldn thir ba bat ddu tir cudi the ky XX. Nd
la thdi ky phat trien thinh dat cua cdng
nghiep the gidi, da ldi cudn tat cd cac qude
gia tren the gidi tham gia vao qua trinh cdng
nghiep hoa"(3).

Nhu vay, neu theo suy doan tren thi Chu
nghTa tu ban vdi vii khi hien dai hod da dp
dat vdo Chdu A trong ldn sdng hien dai hod
thi gidi ldn thii hai. Thdi can dai, Chau A
cdn chua "gidt minh tinh ngu " vd dang chim 
ddm trong xa hdi phong kien vdi che do
chuyen chi trung uong tap quyen, thi d Chau
Au, Chii nghTa tu ban da ra ddi ngay trong
Idng chi do phong kiln, giai cap tu san ngdy

Nghien ciJu sinh Dai hoc Van Nam, Trung Quoc

cdng ldn manh thdng qua cdc cugc phat kiln
dia ly va cac phong trdo chinh tri. Trong qua
trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua Chii nghTa
tu ban, vdi nhu cau ve thi trudng va ngudn
lao ddng, Chii nghTa tu ban da bat ddu qua
trinh tham hiem, md cac cugc phdt kiln dia
ly vd sau dd la dp ddt van minh phuang Tay
vdo nhii'ng vung dat hg vira tim thdy. Mot
trong nhiing khu vyc md ngirdi phuang Tdy
sdm dat chdn den la Chau A. Den day, lich
su Chau A ndi rieng vd lich sii the gidi ndi
chung budc sang trang mdi, thdi dai ma

"nong thon phdi phuc tiing thdnh thi, 
phuang Dong phu thuoc vdo phuang Tdy",

vdi sue manh cua minh, giai cap tu san

phuang Tdy da "ldi cudn den cd nhirng ddn

toe dd man nhdt vdo trdo Itni vdn 
minh....nhung trong phdo bdn thiing tdt cd 
nhung birc Van ly tnrang thdnh vd budc 
nhung nguai dd man nhdt ciing phdi hdng 
phiic"(4). Chinh do nhiing tac ddng khach

quan tir ben ngodi vdi sy xdm luge ciia
chii nghTa thuc ddn phuang Tdy, ket hgp
vdi nhu edu ndi tai chii quan ciia tii'ng
nudc Chdu A, da ddn tdi yeu edu phai tiln
hanh cai each de tim dudng hdi nhap.

Sy banh trudng ciia chii nghTa thyc dan
phuang Tdy thdi can dai cung dem din
cho ngudi Chdu A nhii'ng thdch thiic vd
nguy CO, ddng thdi ciing tao cho Chdu A
nhung thdi co vd co hdi d l hdi nhap.
Chinh tir nhung thdi co va nguy co dd nen

</div>
(2)<div class='page_container' data-page=2>

vdo giiia the ky XIX, cdc qude gia Chdu A
deu cd 2 muc tieu vd nhiem vy cu the
gidng nhau la:

1- Bdo ve ddc lap chu quyen, an ninh va
todn ven lanh thd qude gia - dan tdc.

2- Cdi each, duy tdn, ty cudng, tang
cudng siic manh ndi lye vd tii'ng budc

ndng cao uy tin, vi tri vai trd qude gia
-dan tdc tren the gidi.

Cd the thdy rang, trong lich sir hien dai
hod the gidi, ban ddu Chii nghTa tu ban
cdng ra siic "md rong mo hinh hien dgi

hod" (defusive modernization) thi cdng

nhdn dugc sy "khdng cu mo hinh hien dgi

hod" (defensive modernization) ciia "the 
giai phi phirang Tdy "(5). Tuy nhien,

phuang thiic, dudng ldi, dieu kien vd ca
sd gidi quyet ciia mdi qude gia Chdu A lai
khac nhau. Theo Samuel Hungtington, cd
3 khuynh hudng phdn iing lai hien dai hod
cua cdc qude gia Chdu A trudc sire ep cua
phuang Tdy thdi can dai: thir nhdt, ehdi 
bd (ddng ciia ddt nudc); thir hai, ddn nhdn 
hien dai hod vd khudc tir phuang Tdy hod;

thu ba, ddn nhdn cd hien dai boa va

phuang Tdy hoa(6). Tuy nhien, theo quan
dilm ciia chiing tdi thi cd 3 khuynh hudng
nay deu dien ra d cdc nudc Chdu A nhung
vdo nhung thdi diem khdc nhau. Vdo thdi
gian nay, van minh phuang Tdy dugc hieu

nhu mdt nen vdn minh tien tien, gdn vdi
nhiing thdnh tyu khoa hgc ky thuat, vdi

r \ r 
tinh uu thang ciia nen sdn xudt cdng
nghiep vd cdc phuang tien tieu dimg hien
dai. Do vay, ciing cd quan diem cho rdng
qua trinh "cong nghiep hod" 
(industralisation) dugc hieu ddng nghTa

vdi "phuang Tdy hod" (westernisation) va 
"hien dgi hod " (modernisation)(7). Cd the

khang dinh rdng, trudc nguy co ciia chu
nghTa thuc ddn phuang Tdy, iing xir cua
mdt sd qude gia tieu bieu nhu Nhdt Bdn,
Trung Qude, Thai Lan, Trieu Tien, Viet
Nam... la deu thi hdnh chinh sdch ddng
cira dat nudc, ddng thdi tien hanh cac
cugc cdi each nham canh tdn dat nudc.
Rieng Nhat Ban vd Thai Lan sau thdi gian
ddng cua da biet md cua dimg liic nen da
thdnh cdng, cdn Trung Qude va Viet Nam
khdng nhdn thii'c dugc xu the hdi nhap nen
da trd thdnh thude dia cua chii nghTa thyc
dan. Ro rdng, cong cuoc cdi cdch vd duy

tdn ddt nuac khong nhung dua vdo yeu to 
tdc dong cua the gidi ben ngodi md cdn 
phu thuoc rdt lan vdo khd ndng linh hogt

trong chinh sdch dong - ma cira cua moi 
qude gia.

Nhu vay, trudc thdch thiic ciia chii
nghTa thyc ddn phuang Tdy vd nhirng ddi
hdi ndi sinh trong nudc, vdo giiia the ky
XIX, d Chdu A da xudt hien hang loat cac
cugc cdi each vd tu tudng cdi cdch. Nhdt
Ban tien hdnh cdi cdch Minh Tri Duy Tan
nam 1868; Thdi Lan cd cugc cdi each cua
Chulalongcon (1851-1868); Trung Quoc
cd phong trdo Duy Tdn cdi cdch ciia
Khang Hiiu Vi - Luang Khdi Sieu; Viet
Nam xudt hien cdc tu tudng cdi each ciia
Pham Phii Thii, Nguyen Trudng To,
Nguyen Ld Trach... Nhin chung, cdc cugc
cdi each da dugc thyc hien d mdt sd nudc,
nhung ciing cd nhiing tu tudng cdi cdch
khdng dugc thyc hien ma mai mai chi nam
tren gidy td. Cd nhirng cugc cai each da
thdnh cdng d Nhdt Bdn vd Thai Lan, cd
nhiing cugc cdi cdch vd tu tudng cdi each
khdng thdnh cdng d Trung Qude vd Viet
Nam. Viec thdnh bai ciia cac cugc cdi cdch

</div>
(3)<div class='page_container' data-page=3>

Nghien citu khoa hgc

va tu tudng cai cdch da cd tac ddng khdng
nhd tdi chdng dudng tiep theo ciia mdi ddn
tdc. Phong trdo cai cdch giii'a thi ky XIX

phan dnh xu the vd nhu edu ciia thdi dai,
vdi khat vgng ty cudng ddn tdc, thoat khdi
nguy CO ngoai bang, hdi nhap dl tiln kip
vdi trdo Iuu the gidi. Diing nhu PGS.
Nguyen Van Hdng da nhan dinh "phong

trdo Duy Tdn, cdi cdch ma cira chinh Id 
phdn dnh khdt vong chuyen minh hoi Iuu

thai dgi cua cdc quoc gia chdu A" va 
"Duy tdn - cdi cdch, cdi cdch de hoi nhgp 
vd ma cira"{%).

2. Trung Qude tren con dudng cai each, 
md cua va hoi nhap

Chdu A nua ddu the ky XIX da diln ra
mdt loat cac cugc cdi each. Cac cugc cdi
each ndy xudt phdt tir hai nguyen nhdn
chinh: thir nhdt, trudc nguy co xdm luge 
va banh trudng ciia Chii nghTa tu ban
phuang Tdy, nen ddc lap ciia cac qude gia
Chdu A hi de doa; thir hai, che do phong 
kien dd gid nua, cdn trd sy phat trien ciia
xd hdi, trong khi do yeu edu hdi nhap dang
dugc ddt ra. Mdt trong nhirng qude gia
tieu bieu tien hdnh rdt nhieu cac cugc cdi
cdch nham muc dich chdn hung ddn tdc,
bao ve nen ddc lap cho ddt nude Id Trung
Qude. Qua trinh cdi cdch cua Trung Qude

cd nhieu diem khu biet. Ban ddu, Trung
Qude ngdn cdn phuang Tdy boa bode hien
dai hod, nghTa Id ddng ciia ddt nude. Mac
du cdc nhd truyen dao Ca Ddc giao dugc
phep vdo Trung Qude tir nam 1601, nhung
lai bi dudi ra vdo nam 1722; rdi chinh
sach " B I quan toa cdng" dudi thdi Minh.
Chinh sach ehdi bd ciia Trung Qude chii
ylu bdt ngudn tir y thiic ty coi minh la
vuong qude trung tdm vdi niem tin sat da

vdo tinh uu viet cua nen van hod Trung
Hoa tdt han tdt cd cdc nen vdn boa ciia cac
dan tdc khdc. Khi Trung Qude sau mdt
con ngu me Idu ngdy da "gidt minh tinh

gidc", thay dugc sy tbua kem ciia minh

trudc phuang Tdy ve khoa hgc ky thuat vd
nhdn thdy dat nudc Idng gieng Nhdt Ban
dang hien dai hod thdnh cdng, phong trdo
Duong Vu hgc tap khoa hgc ky thuat ciia
phuang Tay, nghTa la nhdn thiic dugc nhu
edu phdi hien dai hod nhung khdng chdp
nhdn phuong Tdy boa. Trung Quoc khdng
mudn thay ddi che do, khdng mudn tir bd
quyen Igi ca nhdn ciia giai cap phong kien.
Khi khdu hieu cua ngudi phuang Tdy cdt
len "Neu muon thdnh cong, cdc ban phdi

gidng chung toi, con dudng chiing tdi di Id 
con dudng duy nhdt "(9), ngudi Trung

Qude lai sg phdi tir bd mgt nen van boa da
tirng tdn tai hang nhilu thi ky d l thay vdo
dd mdt nen van minh hoan toan mdi. Lya
chon nay Id cd gang ket hgp hien dai boa
vdi viec giu gin gia tri vdn hod vd cdc thi
che cdt ldi ciia nen vdn hod bdn dia.

Chien tranh Nha philn vdi sy cd mat
cua cac nudc de qude d Trung Qude va
Chien tranh Trung - Nhdt da ldm cho
Trung Qude ddn sdu vdo con dudng nd
dich, khdi nghTa ndng ddn "Thdi Binh
Thien Qude" - ldi cdnh bdo cho sy muc
nat ciia chinh quyin nhd Thanh. Tdt cd
nhirng thay ddi trong nudc dd da tao nen
mdt bdi canh lich sii quan trgng vd ciing Id

"nhdn to quan trong ddn den cdc phong 
trdo cdi cdch" (10) d Trung Qude. T h i ky

XVIII, Trung Qude bi suy thoai va bi Man
Thanh xdm luge vdo nam 1640. Chu nghTa
tu ban phuang Tdy din gd cira ddi Trung
Qude md ciia vd hdi nhap. Lich su ddt ra

</div>
(4)<div class='page_container' data-page=4>

edu hdi budc phdi trd ldi. Chiln tranh Nha
phien 1840 thyc chdt la cai cd, la chia

khoa de md ciia Trung Qude. Trung Qude
tbua trdn, edu tra ldi ddu tien cho edu hdi
hdi nhap cua Trung Qude da khdng thanh
cdng. Trung Qude phdi md cira vdi thai do
cam chiu, bi ddng vd bdo thii.

Nhdn dan Trung Hoa, dac biet Id giai
cap ndng ddn sdng trong che do phong
kien dudi trieu Man Thanh da bi bde lot
nang ne, nay sy cd mat ciia chu nghTa thyc
dan cang lam cho cugc sdng vd khdng khi
chinh tri them ngdt ngat. Mdt bd phdn giai
cdp ndng dan tap trung tinh thdn ddn tdc
Trung Hoa da cd edu trd ldi bang phong
trao "Thai Binh Thien qude" (1851-1864),
mong mudn xdy dyng mdt qude gia thai
binh, mot xa hdi ma mgi ngudi ciing binh
dang - "xd hdi dai ddng". "Men say" ciia
chien thdng, mdu thudn giira nhirng ngudi
lanh dao phong trdo da lam cho phong
trao thdt bai sau 14 ndm khdng chien va
xdy dyng. Thai Binh Thien qude Id tieng
chudng thirc tinh Trung Qude vd la edu trd
ldi thii hai thdt bai ve con dudng hdi nhap.

Trong xa hdi phong kien Trung Quoc,
hai giai cap co bdn mdu thudn vdi nhau Id
giai cap ndng ddn dai dien cho giai cap bi
tri vd giai cdp phong kien dia chu dai dien
cho giai cdp thdng trj. Sau khi thdy giai

cap ndng dan len tieng nhung khdng thdnh
cdng trudc van menh ciia ddt nudc, giai
cdp phong kien Trung Hoa, dai dien Id
tdng Idp quan lai Man Thanh ciing gdp
tieng ndi de cimg trd ldi edu hdi hdi nhap
cua dat nudc. Khdc vdi giai cdp ndng ddn,
tang Idp quan lai Man Thanh nhdn thiic
thdy rang "tdu Tdy nhanh han, sung Tdy

mgnh han", nghTa Id Trung Qude tbua

phuang Tdy d hai thir dd. Trung Qude
nhdn thirc dugc rdng sire manh phuang
Tdy khien cho cdc xa hdi phuang Ddng
khdng the bam mai vdo chien luge thudn
tuy bdi ngoai. Vii khi ciia ngudi phuang
Ddng la thanh quach vd cung ten ldm sao
chdng lai ndi phudng Tdy vdi tdu Tdy vd
dai bae. Vi vay da phdt ddng phong trdo
Duong vu hgc tap phuang Tdy ve siing
dan de chdng lai phuang Tdy. Phong trdo
Duong vu da cdng khai vd chu truang tiep
nhdn Tdy hgc, mong mudn dung khoa hgc
ky thuat cua phuang Tdy de bd sung
nhung thieu sdt cua van hda Trung Hoa.
Vdi ton chi ty cudng, "nhd Thanh da thu

cuu, khdng chiu thay ddi, khong tien hdnh 
cdi cdch che dd"{\\), phong trao ndy bi

that bai trong cugc dg siing vdi Nhdt Ban
tai cuoc chien tranh Giap Ngg

(1894-1895). Con dudng md giai cap thdng tri
Man Thanh thyc hien da khdng dap iing
dugc dieu kien phdt trien ciia lich sir. Cdu
tra ldi cho con dudng md ciia vd hdi nhap
ciia Trung Qude ldn thii ba bi ddng sap lai,
nhung phong trdo Duong vu da "ma ddu

tien trinh hien dgi hod ciia Trung Quoc"

(12).

Khi Nhdt Ban dang canh tdn ddt nudc
thanh cdng vd phat trien manh me thi
Trung Qude vdn dang nam trong che do
phong kien lac hdu, ddt nudc dang bi xdu
xe. Trudc tinh hinh dy, nhieu nhd yeu
nudc Trung Qude noi guang Nhdt Bdn
Duy Tan, chu truang hgc tap phuang Tdy
de thiic ddy su phat trien ciia ddt nudc.
Tieu bieu cho trdo Iuu ndy Id hai nhd yeu
nudc Khang Hiiu Vi vd Luang Khai Sieu.
Sdm nhdn thiic dugc nguy ca cua ddn tdc,
thang 6/1896, Khang Hiru Vi dang thu len

</div>
(5)<div class='page_container' data-page=5>

Nghien citu khoa hgc

vua Quang Ty xem xet ke hoach bien

phdp vd dugc Vua ddng tinh iing hd.
Thdng qua 6 biic thu Khang Hiru Vi giri
len Vua Quang Ty, cd the ndi rdng ddy la

"ldn ddu tien Trung Quoc dua ra phirang 
dn cdi tgo todn dien the che ddt nudc 
Trung Hoa phong kien, thudn vdi trdo Iuu 
phdt trien cua thai dgi"(l3). Gidi tri thu'c

Trung Qude da hgc tap Nhdt Bdn, theo md
hinh Nhat Ban de Duy Tdn cdi each,
Trung Qude da hgc tap gido due vd khoa
hgc ky thuat Nhdt Bdn. Hg be nguyen md
hinh Nhdt Ban vdo Trung Qude, dua vua
Quang Ty ra ldm lye lugng chinh tri (nhu
Thien hodng Nhat Bdn). Bien phap Mdu
Tudt diln ra tir ngdy 11/6 - 21/9/1898,
dugc lich sir Trung Qude ggi Id "Bdch
nhdt Duy tan", vdi nhiing ndi dung co bdn
Id:

1 - Cdi each che do chinh tri
2 - Cdi cdch kinh te

3 - Cdi cdch gido dye vd ddo tao nhdn
tdi...

Trudc lan sdng cdi cdch manh me vd
tuong ddi todn dien cua phong trdo, cac
the lye bdo thii trong trieu dinh Man

Thanh da phdn iing quyet liet. Trudc sy
trdn dt da man cua phdi bao thu, diing dau
Id Tir Hi Thdi Hdu, vua Quang Ty bi bat
giam, Khang - Luang phai chay trdn,
phong trdo that bai. Tuy thdt bai nhung
Duy tdn Mdu Tudt Id cdu trd ldi cua gidi
tri thiic, dai dien cho tu tudng tien bd
Trung Qude liic bdy gid trudc nhu cdu hdi
nhap ciia Trung Qude. Cdu tra ldi dy vdn
chua dap iing dugc yeu cdu ciia lich sii,
nhung nd Id "budc dot phd, Id sir tuyen

r F F '

chien quyet liet vdi che do phong kien, 
chuyin mot nin kinh te tu nhien sang mot

nen kinh te mang tinh chdt hdng hda tu 
bdn chu nghia"(\4). Cdc hgc gid ciia

Trung Qude cdn cho rdng: Duy tan Mdu
Tudt la "cuoc thir nghiem can dgi hda tu

bdn chii nghTa lan dau tien a Trung 
Qude" (15).

Trong khi tdt cd cdc phong trdo cdi each
va ddu tranh cua nhan ddn Trung Qude
chdng lai deb dp birc ciia chu nghTa thyc
dan vd bde lot cua phong kiln diu thdt bai

thi Tdn Trung Son da xudt hien. Vdn xudt
thdn tir tang Idp tieu tu sdn, dng dd nhdn
thiic rang khdng the hi vgng vdo trilu dinh
phong kien, tir dd dng riit ra kit ludn:
Trung Qude phdi di theo con dudng phat
trien ciia lich sir "trieu sdng the giai cudn

cudn ddng, thudn ddng thi sdng, nguac 
ddng thi chet"(16). Ong da de ra hoc

thuyet "Tam ddn" de tien hanh each mang
dan chii tu sdn. Cugc cdch mang Tdn Hgi
1911 cd phdn thang Igi, cd mat ban che, vi
vay cd nhd nghien ciiu cho rdng "Cdch

mang Tdn Hai Id mot cuoc cdch mgng 
nhung chi dirng lai a mot cuoc cdi 
cdch"{\l). Tyu chung vdn chua trd ldi mot

cdch day du ve cdu hdi hdi nhap vd con
dudng phdt trien ciia Trung Quoc trong
hien tai va tuong lai.

Sau khi Tdn Trung San mdt vdo nam
1925, Trung Qude dien ra mdt thdi ky hdn
loan keo ddi. Nhiing mdm mdng ddu tien
cua giai cdp tu sdn da dugc cdy vdo trong
xd hdi phong kien niia thude dia dudi su
khai thac bde lot vd thdng tri ciia Chu
nghTa tu bdn. Giai cdp vd san dudi anh

hudng ciia each mang thdng Mudi Nga
ndm 1917 ciing da dugc hinh thdnh. Tir
ddy, trsn con dudng di ciia Trung Qude dd
xudt hien hai giai cdp. Ndm 1921, Ddng

</div>
(6)<div class='page_container' data-page=6>

Cdng sdn Trung Qude ra ddi. V l thyc
chdt, tren chien hao each mang, hai giai
cdp tu sdn vd vd san cd liic di ke ben
nhau,song cd liic ddu tranh vdi nhau quyet
liet. Ddng Cdng san Trung Qude ngay
cdng ldn manh tren budc dudng ddu tranh
each mang, khang dinh dudng ldi ciia chu
nghTa Mdc - Lenin. Thdng 8 - 1927, Bd
Chinh tri Dang Cdng sdn Trung Qude md
rdng, Mao Trach Ddng gidnh dugc vi tri
lanh dao. Mao Trach Ddng chii truang
nam lay cai gde cua cdch mang Id ndng
ddn, nhd dd Dang Cdng san gianh dugc
nhieu thang Igi trudc Qude ddn Dang.
Ngdy 1 - 1 - 1949, Ddng Cdng sdn Trung
Quoc chiem dugc Bde Kinh, sau do ngay

1 - 10 - 1949, nudc Cdng hod Nhdn ddn

Trung Hoa ra ddi, Trung Qude di len xdy
dyng Chii nghTa xd hdi. Cugc cdch mang
Van hod (1966 - 1976) lam cho Trung
Qude lam vdo khiing hoang, Trung Qude
mat di nhieu co hdi de hdi nhap.

Ddng Tieu Binh da xuat hien va ra soat
lai dudng ldi ciia Dang, dua vdn de kinh te
trd thdnh nhiem vy trung tdm, vdn de khoa
hgc ky thuat la lye lugng hang ddu, lay
thyc tien de kiem nghiem chdn ly, Idy giao
due Id ke ldn lau ddi cho ddn tdc. Hdi nghi
Trung uong 3 khoa XI Ddng Cdng sdn
Trung Qude nam 1978, quyet dinh thyc
hien dudng ldi cdi each, md cira todn dien
ddt nudc, Trung Qude da cd nhirng budc
tien dang ke, tao dieu kien co ban cho
cdng cugc hien dai hod ddt nudc. Nam
2001, Trung Qude gia nhap td chiic
thuang mai ldn nhdt todn cdu, danh ddu
mdc son trgng dai tren con dudng xdy
dyng ddt nudc, la cdu trd ldi thdnh cdng
tren con dudng hdi nhap.

Nhu vay, toan bd tien trinh lich sii tir
cugc Chien tranh thude phien nam 1840
den nam 1978, Trung Quoc mdt gdn mdt
the ky rudi tim cho minh mdt con dudng
di len, qua trinh dd dugc ddnh ddu bdng sy
thii nghiem cua cdc tu tudng. Thuc chdt

do Id qud trinh chuyen minh ciia Trung 
Quoc de hdi Iuu ciing thai dgi - mot nhu 
cdu tdt yeu ciia lich sir.

3. Nhirng can trd tren con du'dng cai

each, md' cu'a va hoi nhap ciia Trung 
Quoc

Theo Peter Nolan, tren con dudng tiep
theo ciia minh, Trung Qude diing trudc 8
thach thirc co ban Id: ngheo khd vd bdt

binh ddng, cuoc cdch mgng kinh doanh 
todn cdu, mdi truang, ndng luc vd vai trd 
cua nhd nudc, cdc mdi quan he quoc te, 
nhirng thdch thuc trong ndi bd Ddng Cong 
sdn Trung Quoc, thdch thirc tdm ly, tdi 
chinh{lS). Dd Id nhiing thach thiic trudc

mat. Mdt cdu hdi dugc ddt ra la tai sao
Trung Qude tim dudng hgi nhap vdi the
gidi lai mdt mdt thdi gian dai gdn 2 the
ky? De trd ldi cdu hdi dd, chiing ta phdi
quay lai tim hieu nhiing trd ngai chii yeu
ddi vdi tien trinh hdi nhap ciia Trung
Qude.

3.1. Nhan thirc ve hpi nhap Id mpt qud 
trinh

Bat ky mdt tu tudng mdi nao xudt hien
Cling deu khdng the cd chd diing ngay
trong xa hdi. Giai cdp thdng tri vi quyen
Igi ciia minh se khdng de dang chdp nhdn
nhung tu tudng cai each, md dudng cho

mdt phuang thiic sdn xudt mdi de rdi ddi
lap vdi chinh minh. "Hdi nhap" la mdt
khai niem mdi ciia cdc nudc phuang Ddng
trudc can Idc thi trudng ciia phuang Tdy.

</div>
(7)<div class='page_container' data-page=7>

Nghien citu khoahpc

C) phuang Tdy, hdi nhap Id tdt yeu vd nhu
cdu hdi nhap da xudt hien ngay trong qua
trinh hinh thdnh vd ra ddi ciia Chu nghTa
Tu ban. Khdi niem hdi nhap chi cd d cac
nudc lac hdu dimg de chi mdt qud trinh
tham gia vdo thi trudng the gidi, neu
khdng se khdng tdn tai dugc, bdi vi ddy Id
mdt tdt ylu lich sir. Khi phuang Tdy den
gd cira ddi Trung Qude md cua va hdi
nhap thi Trung Qude ddng cira vd sau dd
la bi cudng hire hdi nhap. Khi nhdn tbire
ra nhu cdu phai md ciia thi nhirng nhan
thiic diing dan dd lai bi han che bdi giai
cdp phong kien. Chinh vi vay, nguyen
nhdn ddu tien khien cho Trung Qude mdt
nhilu thdi gian tim kiem con dudng hdi
nhap chinh la vi nhdn thirc ve hdi nhap la
cd mdt qua trinh, nd qua thyc khdng dan
gidn vdi Trung Qude, mdt ddt nudc ludn
coi minh Id nhdt, khdng mudn hgc hdi ben
ngodi.

3.2. Rdo cdn ciia yeu to lich su

Con dudng hdi nhap ciia Trung Qude
thdi can dai vira mang tinh tdt yeu, vira
mang tinh lich sir. Hdi nhap Id Id yeu cdu
khach quan khdng the cudng lai dugc va
ban chat ciia hdi nhap Id khdng that bai.
Qua trinh toan cdu hod hien nay thyc chdt
Id mdt cdch nan cho cho nhdn loai di diing
chieu quay ciia banh xe lich sir. Chii nghTa
Tu ban phuang Tdy da lay ddng vd tao co
hdi cho cac qude gia tren the gidi hdi
nhap. Tinh tat yeu ciia hdi nhap ddt ra cho
tdt cd cac qude gia nhung khdng phdi khi
ndo vd liic nao ciing hdi nhap thdnh cdng
-nghTa Id nd mang tinh lich su. Hdi nhap
thanh cdng khdng chi phu thuoc vao sire
manh, tien de, dieu kien vat chdt vd tinh
thdn ben trong dii d l cho ca thi ddt nudc

cd the diing virng trudc sy canh tranh
khdc liet cua thi trudng thi gidi, ciing nhu
tao ra mdt mdnh ddt tdt d l trdng cdy, Iuu
giir nhirng thanh tuu ben ngoai; ma nd cdn
phu thude vao dilu kien thi gidi vd quan
he vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Trong khi cai
each, md cua hdi nhap vdo thi trudng thi
gidi, Thdi Lan da Igi dung sy kiem toa ciia
cdc nudc de qude de tang cudng vi the ciia
minh d khu vyc Ddng Nam A. Nhdt Ban
thyc hien cdi each tren co sd cdu true

chinh tri xd hdi da thay ddi ve co ban. Do
la chinh quyen phong kien Mac Phu - luc
lugng cdn trd cdng cugc canh tan dat nudc
da bi xod bd. Cugc each mang tu san
thdnh cdng xod bd dugc cdc hiep udc bat
binh dang vdi phuang Tdy, trong chien
tranh Nga - Nhdt, Trung - Nhdt, Nhdt Ban
chien thang ldm tang dia vi Nhdt Ban tren
trudng qude te. Trung Qude tren con
dudng hdi nhap ciia minh da bd qua qua
nhieu co hdi de cd the riit ngdn con dudng
hdi nhap, md ciia vdi the gidi ben ngoai.
Khi gidi tri thiic Trung Qude nhdn thiic
dugc con dudng thdnh cdng cua Nhdt Ban
da be nguyen md hinh ciia Nhdt Bdn vac
Trung Qude thi liic dy pham trii lich sir
khdng cho phep thdnh cdng. Cdi each cua
Quang Ty tien hdnh trong dieu kien dat
nudc chua cd sy thay ddi ve co cdu chinh
tri xa hdi ma vdn giiJ nguyen cdu true xa
hdi cu. Sau ndy each mang Tdn Hgi nd ra,
tuy chinh quyen phong kien Man Thanh bj
xod bd, nhung xa hdi vdn giii nguyen tinh
chdt mdt nudc phong kien nira thude dja.

3.3. Diim xudt phdt thdp

Ngudi ta so sdnh rdng, thdi can dai, tren
thi gidi tdn tai mgt sd xd hdi rdt hien dai
va mdt sd xd hdi rat lac hdu, mang sdc thai

</div>
(8)<div class='page_container' data-page=8>

truyen thdng. Braudel nhdn xet: "Trung

Qude thai nhd Minh chdc chdn gdn vdi 
Phdp thai Valois, han vdi Trung Qude 
thdi Mao Trach Ddng vdi nudc Phdp thai 
Cong hod De «gM"(19). Trung Qude tien

vdo cudc dua tranh vdi the gidi vdi mdt
nen chinh tri mang the che phong kien ldi
thdi, lac hdu vd bao thii; mdt nen kinh te
ndng nghiep vdi ky thuat thd so; ddc biet,
Trung Qude chua cd mdt ca the khoe
manh khi chua trdi qua cudc cdch mang tu
san. Cach mang Tan Hgi nd ra vao nam
1911 nhung khdng triet de do mam mdng
tu bdn ma phuong Tdy cdy vdo qud yeu dt.
Cudc cdch mang tu sdn nd ra se gidi quyet
dugc nhieu vdn de, trudc bet la vdn de
cdng nghiep boa, cugc each mang dd se
nap vdo xa hoi nhieu yeu td ddn chii, md
mudn hdi nhap thi phai hien dai hod ddt
nudc, va hien dai boa Id mdt cudc each
mang dugc vi vdi "su chuyen hien tir xd

hdi nguyen thuy sang xd hdi vdn minh"

(20).

3.4. Keo theo toa tdu nong ddn qud l&n

Ddt nudc Trung Qude rdng ldn vdi 70
-80% dan sd Id ndng ddn da trd thdnh lye
lugng quan trgng va ddng ddo trong qua
trinh ddu tranh chdng gidc ngoai xdm,
nhung ciing Id mgt vdn de ldn gdy can trd
qua trinh xdy dyng dat nudc. Ngdn hang
the gidi udc tinh rdng, Trung Qude cd gdn
70% ddn sd d ndng thdn, trong nam 1995
cd 716 trieu ngudi (chiem 58% dan sd) cd
thu nhap dudi 2 USD/ngay vd khoang 280
trieu ngudi sdng vdi dudi lUSD/ngdy(21).
Trong dien vdn man nhiem vdi tu each Id
Thu tudng Trung Qude, Chu Dung Co da
cdnh bdo: "Cdc vdn de ciia ndng nghiep,

Idng xd vd ndng thdn lien quan tdi tinh

hinh tdng the ciia cdi cdch, ma cita vd 
hien dgi dgi hod cua Trung Qude. Chung 
ta khdng the sao nhdng hoac lai long bdt 
ky luc ndo. Neu chung ta khdng thay ddi 
nhirng dieu kien ndy thi chung se cdn trd 
nghiem trong vd de dog sire khoe chung 
ciia nen kinh te qude gia "(22). Tren con

dudng hdi nhap cua minh, Trung Qude da
phai keo theo mdt toa tau ndng ddn qua
ldn da tao nen siic y lich sii.

3.5. Luc luang dong minh mdng yeu

Tren con dudng hdi nhap ciia minh,
Trung Qude khdng tim ra cho minh mdt
ddng minh phuang Tdy thdn can de giiip
dd, khdng tao ra dugc cdc mdi quan he
qude te cdn thiet. Trdi lai, cdc nudc tu bdn
thyc ddn phuang Tdy da lien tuc xdu xe
Trung Qude, bien Trung Qude thdnh mdt
thi trudng cd lap, khdng thdng nhdt. Hdi
nhap Id mdt qua trinh vd phdi dien ra mdt
each todn dien, nhung vdi Trung Quoc lai
dien ra d nhiing mat rieng le, cdi each ddt
nudc dugc thyc hien do mdt nhdm ngudi,
d tirng dia phuang, khdng dien ra tren
todn qude, do dd khdng ldi keo dugc nhieu
ngudi tham gia ung hd. Thyc chdt nhirng
xu hudng cdi cdch xudt hien d Trung Qude
cudi the ky XIX - ddu the ky XX khdng
the trd thdnh trao Iuu chinh thdng, khdng
ddng dugc vai trd chu dao trong dudng
hudng phdt trien ciia quoc gia.

Tdm lai, cdi cdch - md cira - hdi nhgp 
Id mdt qua trinh bien chiing, gdn ket chat
che vdi nhau. Duy tan de cdi each, cai
each de md ciia, md cira de hdi nhap, hdi
nhap de phat trien ciing thdi dai. Hien nay,
tren budc dudng thdnh cdng cua minh, cd
the gidi dang ngudc nhin Trung Qude vdi

con mat day thdn phuc.

</div>
(9)<div class='page_container' data-page=9>

Nghiervctiujihoahoc^

Chu thich:

1. Can dgi hod la cum tir dugc nhieu nha 
nghien cu'a lich sir dimg de chi phong trao hien
dai hoa thdi can dai (Modemization in the
course of the modem history), mang noi dung
hien dai hoa thdi ky cuoi thi ky XIX - dau the
ky XX.

2. Khai niem phuang Tdy dugc nhieu hoc 
gia nhin nhan co 3 thanh phan chinh: Chau Au,
Bde My va My La Tinh. Do dd, khai niem phi 
phuang Tdy co nghTa la chi cac quoc gia phuang

Dong, chu yeu bao gom: Chau A, Chau Phi.
(Xem them Samuel Hungtington, Su va chgm 
ciia cdc nen vdn minh, Nxb Lao dong, 2005, 
tr.32-54).

3. La Vinh Cir (1993), Ludn gidi mdi ve 
hien dgi hod, Nxb Dai hoc Bae Kinh, tr.4 (ban 
tieng Trung).

4. C. Mac - Angghen: Tuyen ngdn ciia 
Ddng Cong sdn, trich Chu nghTa xa hoi Khoa 
hoc (1979), NXB Sach giao khoa Mac - Lenin,

tr.11-12.

5. H6 Phuc Vinh (chu bien) (1994), Tiin 
trinh lich sir hien dgi hod Trung Quoc, An Huy 
Nhan dan xuat ban xa, tr.84-85. (ban tilng
Trung).

6. Samuel Hungtington (2005), Su va chgm 
ciia cdc nen vdn minh, Nxb Lao dong, tr80.

7. Vu Duong Ninh (2003), Phuang Ddng 
trong su hoi nhgp vdn hod. Tap chi Nghien ciru 
Trung Quoc (so 3), tr.43.

8. Nguyen Van Hdng (2004), Phong trdo 
Duy Tdn d chdu A, khdt vong chuyen minh hdi 
Iuu thdi dgi, trich Ddng A - Ddng Nam A: 
Nhiing vdn de lich sir vd hien tgi, Nxb The gidi, 
HaNoi, tr.75.

9. Samuel Hungtington(2005), Su va chgm 
ciia cdc nen vdn minh, Sdd, tr.81.

10. Phung Thi Hue (2007), Phong trdo cdi 
cdch a Trung qude cudi thi ky XIX - ddu thi ky 
XX, trich Phong trdo cdi cdch d mot sd nudc 
Ddng A cudi thi ky XIX - ddu thi ky XX, Vu 
Duong Ninh (chu bien), Nxb Dai hoc Qu6c gia
HaNoi.

11. Luong Chi Minh (2003), Lich sic van 
hod vd hien dgi hod Ddng Nam A, Nxb KHXH 
Hong Kong, tr.427. (ban tilng Trung).

12. Luang Chi Minh (2003), Lich sir van 
hod vd hien dgi hod Ddng Nam A, Sdd, tr.422.

13. Dao Duy Dat (2003), Cuang linh bien 
phdp Duy tdn cua Khang Hiru Vi qua sdu bite 
thu ddng Hodng de Quang Tu, Tap chi nghien 
cim Trung Quoc (so 4), tr.48.

14. Nguyin Van Hdng (2001), 100 ndm 
phong trdo Duy Tdn Mdu Tudt (1898 - 1998) 
ciia Trung Qude, trich Mdy vdn de lich sir chau 
A vd lich sir Viet Nam mot cdch nhin, Nxb Van 
hoa Dan toe, Ha Noi, tr.235.

15. Mdu Tudt duy tdn van ddng nghien cicu 
ludn vdn tap (1988), Quang Dong Khang Luang 
Nghien ciiu hoi, tr.7, (ban tieng Trung).

16. Tdn Trung San tuyen tap (1962), Nhan 
dan xuat ban xa, Bae Kinh. (ban tieng Trung).

17. Vu Duong Ninh (12/2006), y kiln trong
cupc noi chuyen vdi sinh vien chuyen nganh
Lich sir thi gidi, DH KHXH&NV, Ha Noi.

18. Peter Nolan (2005), Trung Quoc trudc

ngd ba dudng, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 
tr. 17-91.

19. Samuel Hungtington (2005), Su va 
chgm ciia cdc nin vdn minh, Sdd, tr.74.

20. Samuel Hungtington (2005), Su va 
chgm ciia cdc nen vdn minh, Sdd, tr.73.

21. Ngan hang Thi gidi, WDR, 2001: 236.
22. Samuel Hungtington (2005), Su va 
chgm ciia cdc nen vdn minh, Sdd, tr.l9.

</div>

Trung Quốc trên con đường cải cách, mở cửa và hội nhập: nhìn từ dòng chảy lịch sử

<b>TRUNG QUOC TREN CON DlTflTNG CAI CACH, MOT CUTA VA HOI NHAP: </b>

<b>NHIN TUT DONG CHAY LICH SUT </b>

<i>Nghien citu khoa hgc </i>

<i>Nghien citu khoa hgc </i>

<i>Nghien citu khoahpc </i>

<i>Nghiervctiujihoahoc^ </i>

Tài liệu liên quan

Tài liệu bạn tìm kiếm đã sẵn sàng tải về