Tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh về một nhà nước kiểu mới.

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<b>HQC TAP VA LAM THEO</b>

<b> T A M G U O N G</b>

<b> DAO DUG HO CHf MINH </b>

<b>TITTUDNGHOCHiMINHVEMOT </b>

<b>NHA NUOC KIEU MOI </b>

iDAITA,TS.TRANNAMCHUANn

M

ot trong nhung tu tudng Idn ciia
Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh la xay dung
mot nha nude kieu mdi - nha nude
phap quyen ciia dan, do dan va vi dan. Day la
tu tudng dpc dao, sang tao ciia Bac Hd va eua
Dang ta trong qua trinh lanh dao each mang
Viet Nam, da dupe mirih chimg va kiem nghiem
trong Ijch su dau tranh gianh ehinh quyen va
xay dung chinh quyen nha nude dan chu nhan
dan. Theo Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, nha nude kieu
mdi - nha nude phap quyen phai la nha nude
ciia dan, do dan va vi dan; dd la tu tudng, y chi
nhat quan cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh.

Sinh thdi, Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh la ngudi yeu
nude, thuong dan ndng nan tha thiet. Ngudi den
vdi chii nghTa Mae - Le-nin bang niem tin manh
Net: "Bay gid hpc thuyet nhieu, nhung ehu nghTa
Chan chinh nhat, chac chan nhat la ehii nghTa
Le-nin" va eon dudng duy nhat mang lai dpc lap
cho dan tdc, tu do cho ddng bao la con dudng
each mang vd san, diing bao lue each mang de
gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan. Chinh
quyen la van de co ban ciia mpi cude each

mang nhu V.I.Le-nin da ehi rd: "Ciing vdi viec td
chirc xay dung Dang each mang thi trong cude
dau tranh nay, trudc het phai cd Dang each
menh"'", "Dang cd virng each menh mdi thanh
cdng"'^'. Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh da xay dung nen
tang tu tudng cho dudng idi ehien lupe, sach
lupe va phuong phap each mang. Trong dd tu
tudng ciia Ngudi ve vain de chinh quyen nha
nude hinh thanh kha sdm va rd net. Theo Chu
tjch Ho Chi Minh, trong xay dung nha nude kieu
mdi, trude het b§t ngudn tir dudng Id'i each

<i><b>(') Vien Chien luge quan su, Bg Quoc phong </b></i>

mang eiia Dang. Mot mat, Ngudi khang djnh
ban chat giai cap cdng nhan ciia nha nude, mat
khae Ngudi cung khang djnh su thdng nhat giura
ban chat giai cap cdng nhan, tinh chat nhan
dan va dan tdc eua nha nude phap quyen vi nd
la dai dien cho toan the nhan dan va toan dan
tdc.

Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve xay dung mot nha
nude phap quyen, nha nude kieu mdi eua dan,
do dan va vi dan la mot he thdng quan diem tu
tudng tren nhieu ITnh vue va nhieu td chirc trong
bp may nha nude, gan lien vdi hoat ddng thue
tien khdng met mdi ciia Ngudi ve xay dung bd
may nha nude.

Nam thang se qua di, song tu tudng Hd Chi
Minh ve xay dung mot nha nude kieu mdi va
mot dang cam quyen van eon giur nguyen gia
tri, ed y nghTa thue tien sau sac va lau dai. Hien
nay, trudc yeu cau eiia cdng cude ddi mdi, trudc
su thoai hoa, bien chat eiia mot bp phan can
bd, dang vien, trude am muu ehdng pha eiia ke
thii nhSm chia re Dang vdi dan, vdi Nha nude
hdng lam bien chat nha nude, tien tdi thii tieu va
xoa bd che dp xa hdi chii nghTa, xoa bd vai trd
lanh dao ciia Dang tren dat nude ta, chiing ta
can tiep tuc hpc tap, tim hieu them tu tudng eiia
Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh ve van de nha nude kieu
mdi, nhat la viec van dung vao thue hien cac
nghj quyet ciia Dang ve xay dung nha nude
phap quyen, thuc su la nha nude ciia dan, do
dan va vi dan.

Nha nude ta dupe thanh lap sau Cach mang
Thang Tam nam 1945 la nha nude dan ehii
nhan dan dau tien d Viet Nam va d Ddng Nam
Chau A, dua tren nen tang cdng ndng do giai
cap cdng nhan lanh dao. Ban Hien phap nam
1946 d nude ta ra ddi la mdc son quan trpng

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danh dau qua trinh bat dau xay dung mot nha
nude phap quyen. Dd la nha nude ciia dan, do
dan va vi dan, theo Chii tich Ho Chi Minh "dan
la chii, Chinh phii la day td"'^'. Day la mot trong
nhung van de het sire can ban trong xay dung

nha nude kieu mdi, phan anh mdi quan he giira
nha nude va cdng dan eua nha nude kieu mdi
ma Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh het sire coi trpng xay
dung. Trong thu giri Uy ban hanh chinh cac bd,
huyen, lang xa ngay 17/10/1954, Ngudi viet:
" C P quan Chinh phii tir toan qud'e den eae lang
la day td eiia dan, nghTa la de ganh vac viee
ehung chir khdng phai de dau dan nhu trong
thdi ky dudi quyen thd'ng trj cua thuc dan Phap
va phat xit Nhat"'"'.

"Dan la ehu thi Chinh phii la day td, neu
Chinh phii lam hai dan thi dan cd quyen dudi
Chinh phii di"'^'. Mdi quan he giua nha nude vdi
cdng dan dupe the hien eu the trong mdi quan
he giira quyen va nghTa vu. Nha nude cd nghTa
vu vdi cdng dan ddng thdi ed nhirng quyen theo
quy djnh eua phap luat de thuc thi cdng quyen
ma nhan dan giao phd; ngupe lai cdng dan vira
ed quyen, ddng thdi ed nghTa vu cdng dan dd'i
vdi nha nude. Ngudi viet: "nhung khi dan diing
day td de bao ve cho minh thi phai giiip dd, neu
Chinh phii sai thi phai phe binh, phe binh khdng
ed nghTa la ehui""^'. Tren tinh than dd, Hien phap
nam 1992 eiia Nude Cong hoa xa hdi chii nghTa
Viet Nam cd nhirng quy djnh rat cu the ve
quyen han va trach nhiem ciia cac co quan
trong bd may nha nude, ddng thdi cung danh
toan bd Chuang V vdi 34 dieu (tir Dieu 49 den
Dieu 82) quy dinh quyen va nghTa vu co ban

cua cdng dan.

Dd'i vdi can bp, dang vien, nhan vien nha
nude, Ngudi gpi dd la "cdng bpc"'" ciia dan,
each gpi ay that la dan da ma sau sac. Trong
buoi dau thanh lap ehinh quyen, khi thuyet
phuc cu Huynh Thiic Khang ra lam Bd trudng
Bd Ndi vu, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da tam su vdi
cu Huynh Thuc Khang:"... Khi xua lam quan la
hudng dinh ehung, bay gid chiing ta lam viec
cho dan, cho nude gpi la cdng bde"'°'. Khi Qud'e
hdi tin nhiem bau Ngudi lam Chii tjch nude
-ngudi dirng dau Chinh phii, Ngudi tra Idi cac
nha bao: "Tdi tuyet nhien khdng ham mudn
cdng danh phii quy chut nao. Bay gid ganh vac
chirc Chii tjch la vi ddng bao uy thae thi tdi phai
ggng lam, cung nhu mot ngudi linh vang lenh

qud'e dan ra trudc mat tran"'". Ngudi cam ghet
thdi cay quyen, cay the, chia re, kieu ngao,
tham d, lang phi, quan lieu, mdc ngoac, tham
nhung... vi nd "la ke thu cua nhan dan, eiia dan
tdc, cua Chinh phu. Nd la ke thu kha nquy
hiem, vi nd khdng mang guom siing, nd nam
trong td chirc cua ta, nd la giae ndi xam de lam
hdng cdng viec ciia ta"''"'.

Ngudi day: "Com cija chiing ta an, ao eua
chiing ta mac, vat lieu chiing ta diing deu la mo
hdi nude m i t cua nhan dan ma ra. Vi vay chiing

ta phai den on xirng dang cho nhan dan. Cho
vac mat lam quan each mang de dan ghet, dan
khinh, dan khdng ung hd"'"'. Dieu dd khdng
nhung khang djnh: Ho Chi Minh la nha lap phap
ma cdn chirng td Ngudi rat coi trpng xay dung
he thdng phap luat tao hanh lang phap ly cho
mpi hoat ddng ciia nha nude ta trong su nghiep
khang chien va kien qudc. Chii tjch Ho Chi
Minh cung rat cuong quyet vdi nhirng hanh vi vi
pham phap luat va trirng tri nghiem khae nhirng
ke pham tdi, dii ngudi dd d cuong vj nao. Trong
tra Idi chat van cua Qud'e hdi vao nam 1946,
Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh ndi: "Chinh phii het sire
lam guong, neu lam guong khdng xong thi se
diing phap luat ma trj nhirng ke hdi Id, da trirng
trj, dang trirng trj va se trirng trj cho ky het""^'.
Hd Chii tjch da bac dan xin an xa giam an tir
hinh cua nhieu ke pham tdi dac biet nghiem
trpng, dii dd la can bd eao cap eua Dang, Nha
nude; Ngudi cho rang: "Khdng diing xir phat
cung la khdng diing, song viec gi cung diing
den xir phat cung khdng diing""^'.

Theo Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, cd luat phap
cung chua dii, dieu quan trpng la phap luat ciia
nha nude phai di vao cude sdng, phai trd thanh
hoat ddng tu giae eiia mdi ngudi trong xa hdi, vi:
cdng bd luat chua phai da la xong, phai tuyen
truyen, giao due lau dai.

Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh rat coi trpng viee xay
dung, ban hanh, thuc thi phap luat trong hoat
ddng ciia bd may nha nude, ddng thdi Ngudi
khdng bao gid xem nhe cac hinh thire, bien
phap khae, nhat la trong van ddng td chirc quan
ehiing, trong viee tuyen truyen giao due, viec
neu guong trude quan chiing eiia dpi ngu can
bd dang vien, dac biet la viec giao due truyen
thdng tdt dep ciia dan tdc va dao dire each
mang, bdi tae dung Idn lao eiia nd ddi vdi ho^t
ddng quan ly eiia nha nude va thuc hien quyen

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dan chii ciia cdng dan. Cude ddi ciia Chu tjch
Hd Chi Minh la tam guong mau mue ve chap
hanh phap luat, ve dao dire, phong each ma
chiing ta mai mai hpe tap, noi theo.

Ve van de dang cam quyen va lanh dao nha
nude kieu mdi, ngay tir nam 1925 trong tae
pham "Dudng Kach menh" khi de cap den md
hinh nha nude trong tuong lai va nhiem vu eiia
nd, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh viet: "Dang Cdng san
cam quyen, td chirc ra Chinh phii cdng ndng
-binh, phat dat cho dan cay, giao cdng xudng
cho thp thuyen... ra sire td chirc kinh te mdi de
thue hanh the gidi dai ddng"""'. Den trude khi
vTnh biet ddng bao, ddng ehi, Chii tjch Hd Chi
Minh cdn can dan: "Dang ta la mot Dang cam
quyen. Mdi dang vien va can bd phai thue su
tham nhuan dao dire each mang, thuc su can

kiem, liem, ehinh, ehi cdng vd tu. Phai giir gin
Dang ta that trong sach, phai xirng dang la
ngudi lanh dao, la ngudi day td that trung thanh
ciia nhan dan""^'.

Nhu vay, tu tudng ve Dang cam quyen.
Dang lanh dao chinh quyen la tu tudng nhat
quan eiia Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh trong sudt
cude ddi hoat ddng each mang khi dat nude
chua gianh dupe ehinh quyen cung nhu khi ed
ehinh quyen dan ehu nhan dan. Chii tich Ho
Chi Minh thudng nh§e nhd cac td chirc dang va
dang vien: Dang cam quyen chir khdng phai
dang tri, mpi can bd dang vien ciia Dang phai
biet tdn trpng nha nude dan chii nhan dan,
guong mau chap hanh Hien phap va phap luat
eua nha nude.

Su lanh dao eiia Dang dd'i vdi Nha nude da
dupe the che hoa trong Hien phap - Dao luat co
ban eiia Nha nude ta. Dieu 4, Hien phap nam
1992 viet: "Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, dpi tien
phong eua giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam, dai
bieu trung thanh cho quyen Ipi eua giai cap
cdng nhan, nhan dan lao ddng va eiia ea dan
tdc, theo ehii nghTa Mac - Le-nin va tu tudng Hd
Chi Minh la luc lupng lanh dao nha nude va xa
hdi. Mpi td chirc eiia Dang hoat ddng trong
khudn khd Hien phap va phap luat". Nghi quyet
Dai hdi Ian thir X cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam

(thang 4/2006) cung danh gia nhirng thanh tuu
rait quan trpng dat dupe trong dudng idi ddi mdi
ciia Dang ta la diing d&n, sang tao; con dudng
di len chii nghTa xa hdi ciia nude ta la phii hpp
vdi thue t i l n Viet Nam. Qua 78 nam lanh dao

each mang Viet Nam, Dang ta ngay eang tich
luy them nhieu kinh nghiem; nhan thire ngay
eang sang td hon, sau sac hon ve mot dang
cam quyen va eon dudng di len ehii nghTa xa
hdi d nude ta; giir vCrng ban chat each mang va
khoa hpe, trung thanh vdi giai cap va dan tdc,
kien djnh trude mpi thach thire, virng vang lanh
dao su nghiep each mang nude ta. Van dung
sang tao tu tudng ciia Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh,
Dang da khdng ngirng ddi mdi va hoan thien
phuang thire lanh dao eiia Dang, nang eao vai
trd lanh dao va sire ehien dau cua Dang, phat
huy hieu luc, hieu qua quan ly eiia nha nude,
tich cue, ehii ddng sang tao eiia Mat tran Td
qudc, cac doan the nhan dan. Dang khdng lam
thay cac co quan nha nude, bao dam hoat ddng
trong khudn khd Hien phap va phap luat eiia
Nha nude Cong hoa xa hdi chu nghTa Viet Nam.

Song dieu quan trpng cd y nghTa quyet djnh
den su lanh dao eiia Dang ddi vdi nha nude va
xa hdi la d ehd: ngoai Ipi ich cua dan tdc va giai
cap. Dang khdng cd Ipi ich nao khae, la su hy
sinh phan dau cua Dang sudt hanh trinh 78

nam qua vi mue tieu dpc lap dan tdc, dan giau
nude manh, xa hdi cdng bang dan ehii van minh
theo eon dudng xa hdi ehii nghTa ma Dang, Bac
Hd va nhan dan ta da lua chpn, dupe nhan dan
va toan dan tdc thira nhan. Trong cdng eudc ddi
mdi hien nay, eiing vdi tien trinh phat trien ciia
each mang, ndi dung, phuang thire lanh dao
ciia Dang ddi vdi nha nude phap quyen ngay
eang phat trien, dupe cu the hoa trong nhieu
Nghi quyet eiia Dang, trong cac hoat ddng lanh
dao eua Dang ddi vdi nha nude.

Duong nhien, nhu Dang ta khang djnh, de
khdng ngirng nang eao hieu luc lanh dao eiia
Dang ddi vdi Nha nude trong tinh hinh mdi.
Dang cung khdng ngirng tu chinh ddn va ddi
mdi cho ngang tam vdi yeu cau lanh dao eiia
thdi ky mdi - thdi ky cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai
hoa dat nude trong su nghiep xay dung va bao
ve Td qudc nhu tinh than Nghj quyet Dai hdi dai
bieu toan qudc Ian thir X cua Dang da de ra.D

<b>Ghi chu: </b>

Tir (1) den (14) Hd Chi Minh toan tap
(1995), tap 4, 5, 6, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha
Ndi, Tr.247, 346, Tr 201-410, Tr.161, 162.

(15) Di Chile ciia Chii tich Ho Chi Minh (1969).

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