Tư tưởng Swaraj của R.M Gandhi và tư tưởng "Độ lập, Tự do" của Hồ Chí Minh
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<b>TU</b>
<b> T U 6 N G</b>
<b> SWARAJ CUA R.M GANDHI </b>
<b>VA TU T U 6 N G "DOC LAP, TU DO" </b>
<b>CUA HO CHI MINH </b>
DO MINH CAO*
V
iet Nam va An Do cd mdi quan hehdp tac hflu nghi truyen thd'ng tdi
dep. Cdi ngudn cila moi quan he nay da
xua't hien ngay tfl nhflng ngay hai nflde
khdi ddu cudc dau tranh gianh ddc lap
cua minh. Hai vi nhan da khdi ngudn va
lanh dao cudc da'u tranh lau dai gian khd
nham mang lai nen ddc lap tfl do quy gia
cho dan tdc minh la M. Gandhi va Hd Chi
Minh. Nam 2009, nhan dip 100 nam xua't
ban tac pham Hind Swaraj bat hii ciia
Thanh Gandhi ma tinh than cd ban ciia
nd da cd anh hfldng sau rdng den cuoc dau
tranh gianh dgc lap cua An Do ddng thdi
cd nhflng anh hfldng tinh than to ldn de'n
cudc da'u tranh gianh ddc lap cua nhan
dan Viet Nam, chflng ta cd dieu kien nhin
nhan lai ta't ca nhflng ngudn mach ket
dting nen moi quan he hflu nghi truyen
thd'ng Viet Nam - An Do. Dd cung chinh la
trgng tam ma bai viet dfldi day tap trung
phan tich.
Cuoi the ky XIX- nhflng nam dau the'
ky XX, trong quan he qud'c t e t r e n the gidi
ndi chung va tai chau A ndi rieng, the gidi
chflng kien nhieu nghich canh la nhieu
nflde de qud'c Idn thflc thi chinh sach thtic
dan, di chiem ddng nhieu nflde khac,
trong Iflc dd nhieu nUdc khac hi chinh
sach thflc dan lam cho nhflng ngfldi dan
vd tdi rdi vao canh lam than, dau khd.
Tinh hinh nay dien ra d nhieu ndi trong
dd cd chau A. Ddng thdi, the gidi cflng
chflng kien nhflng cudc dau tranh anh
dflng cua phong trao giai phdng gianh dgc
lap cho dan tgc va sfl xua't hien cua
nhflng VI nhan cua cd nhflng y tfldng Idn,
di dau va tim each lanh dao nhan dan da't
nflde minh gianh lai dgc lap tfl do cho da't
nflde minh.
<i>a. Hai ddn toe vd hai nhd tit tUdng ldn </i>
vao thdi gian ke tren, mgt so' nflde tai
Nam A va Ddng Nam A chiu anh hfldng
nang ne cua chinh sach chiem ddng thtic
dan ma An Do va Viet Nam la hai vi dti
dien hinh. An Do bi thflc dan Anh chiem
ddng (tfl the'ky XVIII de'n nam 1947), Viet
Nam bi thflc dan Phap xam Iflclc (1858
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58 <i>Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 </i>
1954). Nhan dan d ca hai nflde da vflng len
da'u tranh vi nen ddc lap dan tgc va tfl do
cua minh. 0 mdi nflde deu cd mgt con
ngfldi vi dai, ganh tren vai minh trach
nhiem to Idn tim ra con dfldng da'u tranh
va tfl minh lanh dao nhan dan di theo con
dfldng dd gianh dgc lap cho dan tdc minh.
6 An Do dd la R.M Gandhi (1869-1948)<i)
cdn d Viet Nam dd la Hd Chf Minh
(1890-1969)'^'. Tuy hai nflde d xa nhau, nhflng
tai hai nflde dd la hai dan tdc kien cfldng.
Cflng bi thflc dan chiem ddng, nhflng lich
sti va thdi dai da san sinh ra hai con ngfldi
vi dai la M. Gandhi va Hd Chi Minh. Tuy
hai ngfldi di theo nhflng bien phap dau
tranh khac nhau nhflng cudi cflng deu dat
dfldc miic dich la giai phdng che nhan dan
da't nflde va te qud'c than yeu. Nguyen
nhan cd ban la d chd ca M. Gandhi va Hd
Chi Minh deu la nhflng nha tfl tfldng Idn.
d M. Gandhi dd la Swaraj ("Tfl tri" - Tie'ng
Anh la "self-rule" hay "self-
determina-tion") cdn d Hd Chi Minh dd la tfl tfldng
Dgc lap, Tfl do. Xua't phat tfl chinh nhflng
tfl tfldng dflng dan dd va cflng chinh la
phfldng cham chinh tri quan trgng da dem
lai nhflng ket qua ma ca hai dan tdc deu
mong muo'n.
<i>b. Swaraj cua R.M. Gandhi vd Tit </i>
<i>tudng dgc lap, tU do cda Hd Chi </i>
<i>Minh-sU gap gd cda nhUng tU tudng ldn </i>
Mdt tram nam trfldc day, nam 1909,
M. Gandhi da viet cud'n sach ndi tieng
Hind Swaraj (tam dich la "Nen tfl tri cua
An Do"), sau nay trd thanh "cudn sach
kinh dien ve tinh than", tham chi dfldc cei
la cud'n sach vi dai nha't dflcic viet trong
the ky XX'^\ Cud'n sach la kim chi nam
cho cudc dau tranh gianh dgc lap cua
nhan dan An Do. Tfl tfldng quan trgng
nha't cua cud'n sach chinh la Swaraj. Vay
Swaraj la gi? M. Gandhi viet: 'Tren thtic
te dieu dd cd nghia la: chung tdi can mgt
luat le Anh nhflng khdng cd ngfldi Anh.
Cac anh can ban chat cita con hd chfl
khong phai la con hd; dieu dd cd nghia la
cac anh mud'n bien An Do thanh mgt nflde
mang tinh cha't Anh. Va khi da trd thanh
Anh thi khong dflcic ggi la Hindustan ma
la Eglistan. Dd khdng phai la Swaraj (Tti
tri) ma tdi mud'n"^'*^
Nhu vay, theo M. Gandhi thi Swaraj
phai la mdt nen tfl chu dich thtic, An Do
phai do ngfldi An Do lam chu, ngfldi An
Do tfl minh quan ly da't nflde minh, khong
can tdi ngfldi Anh. Ngfldi Anh nen ve
nflde. Sau nay bang phfldng phap dau
tranh bat bao ddng - Ahimsa, dflcic danh
gia la tfl tfldng quy bau trong kho tang
van hoa cua nhan loai, ong da cflng nhan
dan An Do dat dflcic muc dich cudi cflng la
gianh lai ddc lap cho An Do vao nam 1947.
Nam 1950 nflde Cdng hoa An Do dflcic
thanh lap.
Sinh ra gan nhfl cflng thdi vdi M.
Gandhi d An Do, Hd Chi Minh cua Viet
Nam cung da tflng trai qua nhflng nam
thang ma ca da't nflde Viet Nam phai chiu
ganh nang dd hg cua thilc dan Phap. Cflng
gid'ng nhfl M.Gandhi, Hd Chi Minh da
phai bdn ba "nam chau, bd'n bien" de tim
dudng cflu nflde.
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<i>DS Minh Cao - Tu tudng Swaraj ciia R.M Gandhi vd tu tifdng "dgc Mp, ludo"... </i> <sub>59 </sub>
n h a n tha'y nhflng ngfldi ngheo khd deu hi
bdc lot va a p bfle gid'ng n h a u . Ngfldi hieu
ro ndi d a u cdn ap bfle bdc lot, cdn che dot
thflc d a n thi ndi dd ngfldi ngheo cdn bi d a u
khd doa
day.
Hd Chi M i n h da gap gd n h i e u n h a n v a t
ndi tie'ng d a n g da'u t r a n h cho ddc lap tfl do
cua d a n tdc m i n h ndi r i e n g va cd tfl tfldng
giai phdng cho n h a n loai ndi chung. Trong
so' nhflng n h a n v a t a'y cd M. N e h r u - ngfldi
t h a n can va tha'm n h u a n tfl tfldng Swaraj
cila M . G a n d h i . Cudc gap gd cua h a i n h a n
v a t Idn cua Viet N a m va An Do dien r a tai
Bi n a m 1927, t r o n g "Dai hgi cac d a n tdc bi
ap bfle". Cudc gap gd n a y la mdt da'u mdc
q u a n trgng, d a n h d a u sfl khdi d a u cho mdi
q u a n he hflu nghi tdi dep gifla h a i ngfldi
ndi rieng va gifla h a i d a n tdc Viet N a m va
An Do ndi chung.
C h a n g dfldng tim c h a n ly de giai phdng
dan tdc cua Hd Chf M i n h da cd ket qua
q u a n trgng. Ngfldi tha'y chu n g h i a qud'c te
vd san, chu nghia Mac-Le nin chinh la con
dfldng cflu nflde n h d m giai p h d n g cho d a n
tgc Viet N a m t h o a t khdi ach dd hd cua
thtic d a n P h a p . Vdi Ngfldi, hoa binh, dgc
lap, til do la cai dich cudi cflng p h a i d a t
dfldc cho d a n tdc. Khdng nflde ngoai nao cd
the dflng chinh quyen va phfldng p h a p
q u a n ly cua m i n h t h a y t h e ngfldi Viet
Nam q u a n ly sfl p h a t trien cua Viet N a m .
Sau nay ngfldi Viet N a m h i e u rdng: "...Tfl
tfldng Hd Chi Minh ve hda b i n h ludn la sdi
chi dd xuyen sudi mgi h a n h ddng cua
Dang, Chfnh p h u va n h a n d a n ta n h a m
gianh lai va cung cd' hda binh cho d a t
nflde, tfch cflc gdp p h d n vao sfl nghiep hda
binh the gidi". "Dd la chien Ifldc, chien
t h u a t va nghe t h u a t v a n dgng each m a n g
n h a m miic dich giai phdng dan tdc, khdi
phtic va citng cd'hda binh de xay dting, bao
ve va p h a t t r i e n da't nflde, gdp p h a n vao
cudc da'u t r a n h c h u n g ciia n h a n dan the
gidi vi hda binh, ddc lap dan tgc, dan chu
va tien bd xa hdi. Hd Chu tich la mgt thien
tai ve n h a n nhflcing cd nguyen tac, da ket
hcip n h u a n n h u y e n tinh nguyen tac vdi tri
linh boat, s a n g tao de flng phd vdi mgi
t i n h huong theo phfldng cham "di b a t
bien, flng v a n bien", dem lai hda binh cho
da't nflde, h a n h phflc cho n h a n d a n ta, gdp
p h a n tich ciic vao sfl nghiep bao ve hda
binh ben vflng cho n h a n loai"'^*.
Vdi Hd Chi Minh, dgc lap, tfl do "khdng
chi ddn t h u a n la d a i nflde dfldc ddc lap,
n h a nflde cd chu quyen va cd quyen tii do
p h a t ngdn, b o a t ddng tren trudng qudc te,
ma phai la thfl tfl do dflgc tflng ngfldi dan
ca ngdi"'^'.
Nhflng dieu t r e n cho thay, ca hai ngfldi
M. G a n d h i cua An Do va Hd Chi Minh cua
Viet N a m deu m a n g chf ldn: tim chan ly
va con dfldng cflu nflde, cflu dan. Trong bdi
canh qud'c te thdi a'y, ca hai ngfldi deu
n h a n tha'y chi cd hoa binh va dgc lap thflc
sfl mdi dem lai h a n h phflc cho n h a n dan
va dan tdc nflde minh. M.Gandhi chu
trfldng Tfl tri, tfl chu - Sawraj, tfl tfldng
s a n g tao vi dai dfldc de r a trong cudn sach
ndi tieng cflng ten Hind Swaraj ma nam
2009 nay chflng ta dang ky m e m 100 n a m
ngay x u a t ban, cdn Hd Chi M m h thi chu
trUdng ddc lap, tU do la muc dfch cud!
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60 <i>Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 512009 </i>
N a m . Sfl gap gd gifla h a i n h a tfl tfldng
dflcic k i n h t r g n g nha't cua h a i d a n tdc An
Do va Viet N a m la d cai t a m vi d a n tdc, d
n h a n thflc dflng d a n vi h a n h phflc cua
n h a n d a n . T r o n g sti n g h i e p da'u t r a n h vi
h o a b i n h t a i Viet N a m , Hd Chi M i n h cd
p h a n chiu a n h hfldng cua M. G a n d h i . Mdt
t r o n g so' nhflng ngfldi nflde ngoai n g h i e n
cflu va h i e u s a u sac Ho Chi M i n h la
<i>B e r n a r d F a u l l da viet: "Ho Chi Minh mdt </i>
<i>phdn la Gandhi, mgt phdn Id Lenin, tdt cd </i>
<i>Id Viet Nam". O n g giai thfch p h a n </i>
M . G a n d h i t r o n g Hd Chi M i n h chinh la sii
t h a n g t h a n bdc t n i c cua M. Gandhi^^^
Cho den nay, tU tUdng Swaraj vi dai va
ddc l a p tti do ciia h a i vi n h a n h i e n v a n la
sdi chi dd, phfldng c h a m q u a n t r g n g nha't
t r o n g p h a t t r i e n ciia h a i nflde. T r o n g bdi
c a n h hdi n h a p t o a n cau hien tai, t r o n g bdi
c a n h sfle m a n h m e m n g a y cang q u a n
t r g n g t r o n g p h a t t r i e n va c a n h t r a n h cua
t h e gidi t h i Swaraj cua An Do h a y dgc lap,
tfl do cua Viet N a m c h i n h la l a m sao duy
t r i v a p h a t t r i e n n e n v a n hoa thd'ng nha't
nhflng da d a n g d ca h a i d a n tdc. T r u y e n
t h d n g v a n hoa, v a n m i n h p h o n g phfl, da
d a n g cila An Do va Viet N a m , k h o t a n g
v a n h o a t r i thflc d a n gian, tfl tfldng
S w a r a j va ddc lap, tfl do cua h a i d a n tdc do
h a i n h a tfl tfldng vi dai M. G a n d h i va Hd
Chi M i n h de ra, y thflc d a n tdc, tti cfldng
cila ca h a i d a n tgc se m a i m a i la n e n t a n g
vflng chac d a m bao cho sti p h a t t r i e n b e n
vflng ciia An Do v a Viet N a m . Dd c u n g la
n e n t a n g vflng chac d a m bao cho mdi q u a n
he hflu nghi gifla h a i d a n tgc, h a i d a t nflde
An Dd va Viet N a m ludn ben c h a t va cd
t r i e n vgng t r o n g tfldng lai.
Ky n i e m 100 n a m n g a y cud'n sach
H i n d S w a r a j dflcic xua't b a n , la dip nhae
n h d n h a n d a n h a i nflde An Do va Viet
N a m cflng nhfl ta't ca nhflng ngfldi yeu
c h u d n g h o a b i n h t r e n t h e gidi h i e u rdng
chi cd tti chit, ddc l a p , tti do v a hoa binh
mdi cd t h e d e m lai h a n h phflc thiic sti cho
ta't ca mgi ngfldi./.
<b>C H U T H I C H </b>
1. Gandhi, ten day du la Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi, sinh ngay 2/10/
1869 d Porbandar, mgt tieu vfldng quo'c
thugc Kathiawar, nay la Gujarat. Dong
doi Gandhi thugc dang cap Bania nhflng
ca cha va ong ngi Gandhi deu la thu tu6ng
(chief ministers) ci Kathiawar
2. Ho Chi Minh ten that la Nguyin Tat Thanh
sinh ngay 19 thang 5 nam 1890, tai lang
Kim Lien, huyen Nam Dan, tinh Nghe An,
Viet Nam. Cha la mot nha nho yeu nU6c.
<i>3. Iyer, Raghavar, 2000, The moral and </i>
<i>politi-cal thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Oxford </i>
University Press, New Delhi, T. 24.
4. M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, Chap. IV
(M.K.Gandhi. Nen Tii tri An Do, ChUdng IV)
5. Tga dam "Bac Hd vdi sfl nghiep bao ve hoa
binh"
6.
hp?t=176221
<i>7. Bernard Fall vd Ho Chi Minh on </i>
<i>Revolution. </i>
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