Vấn đề xác định thời điểm thiết lập chủ nghĩa thực dân Phương Tây ở Đông Nam á

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<b>>v' </b> <i><b>^ </b></i>

<b>VAN OE XAC OINH THOI DIEM THIET LAP </b>

<b>• • </b>

<b>CHU NGHiA THUC DAN PHUONG TAY </b>

<b>• </b>

<b>6 DONG NAM A </b>

<b>TRAN KHANH* </b>

C

flng nhfl cac nganh khoa hgc khac,
nghien cflu, bien soan lich sii ludn
can cd sfl doi mdi nham tiep can gan hdn
vdi chan ly. Nhieu van de cua lich sif da
va dang gay tranh luan trong viec danh
gia cac qua trinh, bien cd' lich sif, tfl viec
xac dinh cac hinh thai va sfl bien ddi kinh
t e - xa hdi, cac nen van hoa, van minh cho
de'n danh gia tflng trieu dai, nhan vat, sfl
kien lich sif cu the v.v.. Ddi vdi lich sif
phfldng Ddng, trdng dd cd Ddng Nam A,
thi van de cdn phflc tap, gay tranh cai hdn
nhieu khdng chi bdi sfl khac nhau ve ca'u
trflc xa hdi truyen thdng va con dfldng
phat trien gifla phfldng Ddng va phfldng
Tay, ma cdn chfnh sfl da dang va phong
phu cua khu vfle rdng ldn nay. Nhieu cau
hdi ldn dang tiep tuc dat ra la cd tdn tai

mgt "phfldng thflc san xua't chau A"
khong ?, cd con dfldng phat trien rieng chd
phfldng Ddng va phfldng Tay khdng?, d
phfldng Ddng cd cd lich sit can dai nhfl d
chau Au khdng?, neu cd thi bat ddu tfl khi
nao, tfl dau the'ky XVI hay the'ky XIX, va
ket thflc khi nao, sau Cach mang thang
10 Nga hay de'n 1945, hay chfla ket

thuc.v.v. Tie'p de'n la cac va'n de lien quan
den chu nghia thUe dan va phong trao giai
phdng dan tdc; Lieu chu nghia thtic dan cd
phai la hien tflcing phd quat, ta't yeu cua
lich sii nhan loai hay chi la sif hflu rieng
cua chu tfl ban, de qud'c?, Trong boi canh
tien tdi "mdt the gidi phang" nhfl hien nay
thi cd can da'u tranh chdng lai chu nghia
thflc dan va duy tri ban sac qud'c gia-dan

tdc nfla khdng? v.v. Tren day la nhflng
cau hdi ldn, can dfldc day cdng nghien
cflu. Trong khudn khd bai viet nay chit
yeu de cap de'n va'n de xac dinh thdi diem
thiet lap che do thudc dia hay chu nghia
thuc dan cua phfldng Tay d Ddng Nam A,
tfl dd dfla ra mdt vai nhan xet lien quan
den lich sif can hien dai ciia khu vfle nay.
Thiet nghi, van de dfla ra la khong mdi,
nhflng van cdn cd y nghia khoa hgc va
thflc tien cao, ddng thdi cdn tie'p tuc gay

nhieu tranh luan.

<b>1. Vai net lien quan den khai niem </b>
<b>"thuoc dia" va "chu nghia thiic dan" </b>

De cd the hieu rd hdn ve va'n de da neu,
trfldc het can Ifldt qua met so' khai niem.

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<i>Trdn Khdnh - Vdn de xdc dinh thcYi diem thiel lap chit nghTa thifc ddn. </i> <i><b>11 </b></i>

<i><b>Tfl "thudc dia" b a t ngudn tfl chfl Latinh la </b></i>

<b>"Colonia" (Colony) cd nghia la mdt cum </b>
d a n cU dfldc h i n h t h a n h t r e n mdt vflng dat
mdi, ngoai l a n h thd dan tdc minh. Trong
<b>qua t r i n h p h a t trien, k h a i niem nay dfldc </b>
<b>hieu rdng ra la cac vflng dat, lanh thd bi </b>
ngoai b a n g xam chiem va cai tri. Tfl dd
<b>dien ra qua t r i n h thugc dia boa, tflng budc </b>
lam t h a y ddi vflng da't chiem dfldc. Toan
bd chfnh sach tfl xam chiem, rdi den khai
thac, nd dich, bien t h a n h thugc dia ciia
cac ldn, p h a t trien hdn ddi vdi cac nflde
<i>nhd, kem p h a t t n e n hdn ggi la "chii nghla </i>
<i>thiic ddn" (Colonialism). Tfl khi chu nghia </i>
<b>tfl ban ra ddi, chinh sach thdn tinh va cai </b>
tri cua cac nflde tfl ban, de qudc doi vdi
dan "ngoai vi" dfldc hoan thien n h a n h ,
<b>hinh thanh nen "chu nghia thflc dan" vdi </b>
<b>y nghia sau rdng va m a n g tfnh thdi dai. </b>

Tuy nhien, thudc dja va chu nghia thflc
dan dfldc bieu hien va ton tai d nhieu
dang, mflc do khac n h a u , tuy thugc nhieu
<b>vao vao tfnh c h a t dinh cfl va thugc dia hoa </b>
cua chinh quyen thflc dan. Tam thdi cd
the p h a n loai boa cac dang dac thfl cua
thudc dia nhfl sau;

a) Chiem d u n g va bien t h a n h sd hflu
cua minh cac vflng dat mdi, nhflng ndi
chfla cd hoac khdng d a n g ke cd ngfldi sinh
sd'ng, va trfldc dd h a u nhfl chfla xac dinh
<b>quyen sd hflu vflng lanh thd dd thudc ve </b>
ai. 0 ndi 0 mdi nay, ca'u true xa hgi, n h a t
<b>la luat phap va Idi so'ng phfldng Tay dfldc </b>
ndi dai, ap d u n g h a u nhfl hoan toan d
<b>vflng dai mdi. Tieu bieu cho trfldng hop </b>
<b>nay gdm cd Bdc My, Otxtraylia, Niu-Dilan </b>
<b>va phan nao dd la d Nam Phi. Day la loai </b>
<i><b>dien hinh cua "thugc dia di ddn". 0 Dong </b></i>
Nam A hau nhfl khong tdn tai dang nay.

b) Di cfl va-cbiem d u n g nhflng vflng d a i
vdn da cd nen van m m h truyen tho'ng cua
cfl dan b a n dia vdi ca'u trflc n h a nflde kha
p h a t trien ma tieu bieu la cac nflde vflng
T r u n g va N a m My. 0 Ddng Nam A, kieu
thugc dia nay ft nhieu cd lien quan vdi
trUdng hdp Philippin. Ngudi Bd Dao Nha,
sau dd la Tay Ban N h a va My khong chi

ap dat che do chinh tri, ma cdn chu dgng
du n h a p ton giao, Idi sd'ng va hdp n h a l
chiing tdc cua hg vdi ngfldi b a n dia. Ldp
ngfldi lai (Metico) la san p h a m dac trflng
ciia qua trinh hdp nha't ve chung tgc va
van boa. Day la mgt md hinh lai ghep kha
uyen chuyen gifla phfldng Tay va phi
phfldng Tay trong cai tri thudc dia. Day la
<i>dang thudc dia "vda di ddn vda ddng hod </i>
<i>vd khai thdc". </i>

c) Thugc dia boa nhflng vflng dai bet
sfle lac hau, r a t yeu kem ve phan boa
giai-ca'p xa hdi, gdn nhfl chfla binh t h a n h ca'u
trflc nha nflde. Dien binh cua dang nay la
p h a n ldn cac nflde d chau Phi, nhieu dao
cua Indonexia va Nam Thai Binh Dfldng.
Thiic dan phfldng Tay chu yeu chfl trgng
khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien, p h a t
trien thfldng mai, ke ca budn ban nd le.
Cuoc sd'ng cua thd dan It thay ddi. Nhieu
nhdm tdc ngfldi trd nen bdn cflng boa bdi
mdi trfldng sd'ng bi t a n pha. H a u qua cua
kieu bdc lot thugc dia nay cd tac dgng tieu
cflc lau dai ddi vdi cfl dan b a n dia. Day la
<i>dang thudc dia "nghieng ve khai thdc vd </i>
<i>ddng hod". </i>

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<b>28 </b> <i>Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009 </i>

giau truyen thd'ng van hoa-van minh nay,
thflc dan phfldng Tay thfldng ket hdp
nhieu bien phap cflng mdt lflc, nhfl sif
dung vfl luc de bep sii chong ddi, buon ban
va ngoai giao ket hdp vdi mua chuoc, du
dd cac thu linh, quan lai ngUdi ban dia va
sau dd thilc hien "Au chau boa" tflng
phan, tflng bg phan cua ddi sd'ng kmh
te-xa hdi, chfnh tri va van hoa cac nflde hi
xam chiem. Khac vdi cac cac dang thugc
hoa d tren, dac biet la kieu 1 va 2, thi
ngfldi phfldng Tay cfl tru la cdng dong
thieu sd, chiem ty le nhd so vdi dan ban
dia. Trong khi tien hanh Au hoa, hg chu
trfldng duy tri mot phan ca'u true xa hdi
truyen thd'ng, ke ca sit dung md hinh quan
ly xa hdi cua ngfldi ban dia. Day la each
lam truyen thd'ng, dang dac trUng ma
ngfldi phfldng Tay thfldng ap dung vdi hau
bet cac nflde phfldng Dong, trong dd cd
Ddng Nam A. Vdi md hinh nay, chu nghia
thflc dan phfldng Tay dfldc bieu hien rd
net, mang tfnh tdng hdp va khai quat
nha't trdng ta't ca cac dang cua thudc dia
<i>hoa. Day la dang dien hinh cua "thudc dia </i>
<i>khai thdc". </i>

<b>2. Khi nao chu nghia thuoc dia </b>
<b>phifdng Tay difdc thiet lap d Dong </b>
<b>Nam A? </b>

Md dau cho sU xam nhap va thdn tfnh
thudc dia cua phfldng Tay ddi vdi Ddng
<i>Nam A la sfl kien Bd Ddo Nha chinh phuc </i>
Malacca vao nam 1511. Den gifla nhflng
nam 60-70 cua the ky XVI, Bd Dao Nha
md rdng budn ban va xay diing dflcic kha
nhieu cd sd thfldng mai cua minh d mien
Bac va mien Trung Philippin cung nhfl
mgt so'ndi khac thugc khu viic dao hfldng

lieu phfa Ddng- Nam Inddnexia ngay nay.
Tren thiic te, khoang tren dUdi mgt the
ky, Bd Dao Nha chu yeu dflng lai d mflc do
"tham hiem", bfldc dau ky ket mdt sd'tboa
thuan thfldng mai vdi cac tieu qud'c Hdi
giao trong vflng. Ngay ca d Malacca, thugc
dia "kieu mau" ciia hg cflng chf gidi ban
trong quy md nhd, khu vfle trung tam ngi
thanh sat cang bien vdi kie'n trflc va loi
sd'ng kieu chau Au thdi dau can the. Con
cac khu vfle lan can, anh hfldng cua
phUdng Tay hau nhfl khdng dang ke. Luc
dd Bd Dao Nha cflng chfla kiem soat dflgc
cac tieu Hdi qud'c xung quanh, ma mdi chi
thiet lap dfldc mgt so' diem budn ban tren
mgt sd' dao ctia cac nflde Ddng Nam A hai
dao,

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<i>Trdn Khdnh - Vein de xdc dinh thdi diem thiel lap chii nghia thifc ddn. </i> 29

la d dao Luzon va dao Visayas) trong the
ky XVI-XVIII chu yeu gdn lien vdi sfl
b a n h trfldng cua m a u dich t h u y e n m a n h
ldn do n h a nflde (hoang gia) Tay Ban Nha
q u a n ly, trong dd Philippin (chu yeu la
Manila) trd t h a n h diem t r u n g chuyen Idn
t r e n con dUdng thfldng mai gifla Ddng A
va Mehied. Nhflng t h a y ddi ldn trong
chinh sach k i n h te cua xfl thugc dia nay
chi b a t dau tfl h a i t h a p nien cudi cua the
ky XVIII, khi chfnh quyen thugc dia ndi
long sti ca'm doan trong ndng nghiep (cho
ndng dan dfldc tfl Ifla chgn vat nudi, cay
trdng cua minh), khuye'n khfch ngfldi dan
trdng cac cay hoa m a u t h u nhieu lgi
n h u a n nhfl thud'e la, mfa dfldng, gai
dau.v.v. Ve cdng nghiep khuye'n khfch md
rdng cac n g a n h che bien va k h a i thac md
cung nhfl bd ddc quyen cua n h a nflde
trong thfldng mai (sfl ddc quyen cua n h a
nflde trong budn b a n b a n g t h u y e n m a n h
chi dflcic bai bd vao n a m 1815; ddng thdi
de'n 1834 mdi chfnh thflc cdi trdi t a i ca cac
b a n che tfl do thfldng mai ddi vdi tfl b a n
trong va ngoai thugc dia cita hg). Hdn
nfla, tfl cudi the ky XVIIl- dau the ky
XIX, hinh thflc bdc lot tien tfl ban, trong
dd cd ca budn b a n no le mdi dflcic t h a y the
dan b a n g h i n h thflc tfl b a n chu nghia (vf

du nhfl bai bd che do phong thfldng cho
q u a n chflc t h a y b a n g Ifldng bdng theo
ngach bac; che do Ifla chgn chflc trfldng
lang kieu cha t r u y e n con thay b a n g b a u
cif (tfl 1786); h i n h thflc q u a n ly kieu cac
cac don t r a n g ((encomienda) va lang xa
(barangay) chuyen d a n s a n g cac dOn vi
h a n h chfnh tfl ca'p xa de'n huyen, tinh,
Nhfl vay, cho t a n cudi t h e ky XVIII, ddu
the ky XIX, d Philippin mdi h i n h t h a n h
nen he thd'ng cai tri trflc tie'p cua ngfldi

Tay B a n N h a t r e n h a u h e t cac lanh thd
ciia da't nflde nay, mac ddu qua trinh Au
hoa, nha't la ve v a n hoa da dien ra h a n g
t r a m n a m trfldc dd. Cflng tfl thdi gian
nay, tac dgng cua thflc tien thugc dia doi
vdi sfl t h a y ddi ca'u trflc xa hgi truyen
tho'ng cua Philippin mdi thflc sU dien ra
m a n h me; Cd cau k i n h te - xa hgi dang
thugc dia mdi dUdc h i n h t h a n h .

Su r a ddi ciia Cdng ty Ddng An cua
Anh, Ha L a n d ddu the ky XVII va cua
P h a p vao nifa sau the ky XVII md ra giai
doan canh t r a n h quyet liet trong thUdng
mai va thdn tfnh thugc dia ciia phUdng
Tay t r e n p h a m vi toan the gidi, trong dd
cd Ddng N a m A. Tfl nhflng t h a p nien dau
<i>ciia the ky XVII, Hd Lan da thay the Bd </i>

Dao N h a kiem soat h a u bet cac dao cua
Inddnexia (nam 1630 Ha Lan chiem h a u
nhfl loan bd cac dao cua Inddnexia, trfl
Ddng Timo. Den n a m 1641 hg chiem ludn
t h a n h phd' Malacca vd'n la thudc dia cua
Bd Dao N h a tfl 1511). Tuy nhien, cho de'n
tan nifa sau the ky XVIII, boat ddng cita
ngfldi Ha Lan, ma t n i c tiep la Cdng ty
Dong An ciia hg (VOC) hfldng chu yeu vao
muc tieu budn b a n hdn la chinh phuc hay
thdn tinh l a n h thd cflng nhfl truyen ba
van boa (cai dao ngfldi b a n dia). Hg chfla
q u a n t a m nhieu de'n cai tri trflc tiep hay

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<b>30 </b> <i>Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009 </i>

manh me cua hai tieu Hdi qud'c tren dao
Java la Bantam d phia Tay va Maratam d
Trung tam va phfa Ddng, ngUdi Ha Lan
danh dfla ngUdi ciia hg len cai tri ca hai
tieu vfldng nay va tfl dd dao Java va nhieu
ndi khac cua Inddnexia trd thanh muc
tieu thiet lap che do cai tri trflc tiep ciia
ngfldi Ha Lan. O nhflng ndi cai tri trflc
tiep, ngfldi ndng dan huge phai trdng cay
phuc vu cho xua't khau. Chfnh vi vay, tfl
nita sau the ky XVIII, ca phe, dUdng mfa
va cay cham trd nen quan trgng ngang vdi
gia vi. Tfl thdi diem nay mdi bat dau hinh
thanh nen mgt so'nganh cdng nghiep che

bien thflc pham tai qud'c gia da dao nay.
Tuy nhien, den dau the ky XIX, nhal la
sau Hiep fldc Anh - Ha Lan nam 1824, sfl
cai tri tiep cua Ha Lan mdi dfldc cung cd
va md rdng ra nhieu dao ldn nhd cua
Inddnexia ngay nay. Tfl thdi gian dd, chfl
nghia thtic dan thflc sfl bieu hien rd net
tren ta't ca cac mat, tfl kinh te - xa hgi,
chi'nh tri va van hoa va cd tac dgng manh
me, lam thay ddi dang ke cd ca'u xa hgi
truyen thdng cua ngfldi dan da't nflde nay.
Ndi tdm lai, cho den cudi the ky XVIII,
ddu the ky XIX, chmh phuc ciia ngfldi Ha
Lan d Inddnexia chu yeu phuc vu phat
trien thfldng mai. Viec xam chiem lanh
the cd didn ra, nhflng chfla phai la muc
tieu chfnh, chi dien ra d mdt so'vflng thudc
cac dao nhfl Java, Banda, Moluccas v.v..
Che do cai tri trflc tiep cua hg chi ap dung
d quy md hep, d nhflng ndi cd vi tri chie'n
Iflclc. Chinh vi vay, dnh hfldng cua Ha Lan
del vdi cd ca'u xa hdi va nen ndng nghiep
truyen thd'ng cua Inddnexia chfla nhieu.
Dieu nay chi dien ra manh me tfl sau khi
Ha Lan khdi phuc lai quyen cai tri cua hg
tfl tay ngfldi Anh nam 1816 va dac biet tfl

nhflng 30 cua the'ky XIX, khi chfnh quyen
thudc dia thi hanh "che do trdng trgt".

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<i>Trdn Khdnh - Van de xdc dinh llidi diem thiet lap chii nghla thuc ddn. </i> 31

cita hg luc dd la md rdng thfldng mai, ho
trd cho phdng thti thudc dia d An Dd va
tim each chiem ddc quyen thfldng mai tai
T r u n g Qud'c, chfl khdng phai la chiem
thudc dia d Ddng N a m A. Tuy nhien tfl
nfla sau the ky XIX, dac biet tfl nhflng
n a m 70 trd di, khi thflc d a n P h a p tang
cfldng sfl hien dien va gia t a n g canh t r a n h
thudc dia tai k h u vfle nay thi thflc dan
Anh mdi rao riet day n h a n h qua t r i n h
thdn tinh cac vflng da't khac bdng viec
bien toan bg M a l a y a va Mien Dien t h a n h
xfl thugc dia ciia minh. Tfl thdi diem nay,
tac ddng cua chu nghia thflc dan Anh ddi
vdi Malaya, Mien Dien mdi thflc sfl bieu
hien rd net t r e n ta't ca cac phfldng dien, tfl
kinh te-xa hdi den cd ca'u chinh tri-quyen
lflc va van boa d a n tgc.

Tfl the ky XVII, dac biet tfl nifa sau the
ky XVII, ddu the ky XVIII, ngfldi P h a p da
tfch cflc ddm ngd s a n g phfldng Ddng. Tuy
nhien, ngay tfl dau, ngfldi P h a p hi ngfldi
Ha Lan, s a u dd la Anh chen ep. Cong ty
Ddng An cua P h a p t h a n h lap vao n a m
1664 cflng cd chflc n a n g tfldng tfl nhfl
VOC va EIC, nhflng khong cd nhieu
quyen h a n h bdi sfl chi phcl va can thiep

ldn tfl phia n h a nflde, trfldc bet la nha vua
va cac can t h a n . Hdn nfla, ngfldi Phap cd
nhieu phdn gid'ng ngfldi Bd Dao Nha va
Tay Ban Nha la thiidng ket hdp budn ban
vdi truyen giao. Chfnh qua chfl trgng den
viec cai dao, t r u y e n ba van hoa tinh thdn
da gdp p h a n lam cho boat dgng thfldng
mai cua ngfldi P h a p it hieu qua hdn ngfldi

<b>Ha Lan va ngfldi Anh trong giai doan ddu </b>
<b>tim kiem thudc dia, Tfl nifa sau the ky </b>
XIX, n h a l la tfl cudi the ky XIX, ngfldi
P h a p vdi sfle m a n h q u a n sfl, kinh te va

khoa hgc ky t h u a t d a n g trdi day da n h a n h
chdng chiem dfldc n h i e u thugc dia d Dong
Nam A. Tuy cham, nhflng chu nghia thilc
dan cua P h a p dUdc trien k h a i mgt each
dong bg vdi quy md ldn t r e n mgi mat cua
ddi sd'ng xa hgi cac nUdc thugc dia. Chinh
dieu nay da lam t h a y ddi tUdng ddi n h a n h
chdng cd ca'u k i n h te-xa hdi ciia cac nude
Ddng Duong trong nhflng t h a p nien dau
ciia the ky XX.

<b>3. N h a n x e t c h u n g </b>

Tfl cd sd ly l u a n va thflc tien lich sif da
dien ra, cd the di den mdt vai n h a n xet sd
bd nhfl sau:

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<b>32 </b> <i>Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009 </i>

<i>Thd hai, thfldng mai gifla phfldng Tay </i>
va Ddng Nam A trong thdi ky dau xam
nhap va thdn tfnh thugc dia mang tfnh
chat bat can xflng, nhflng dfla lai mgt
nguon ldi nhuan khdng 15 ddi vdi phfldng
Tay. Hg chit yeu dfla Vang, Bac, cac loai
vfl khf de ddi lay cac nong phdm, hfldng
lieu quy cua vflng nhiet ddi. Cdn cac mat
hang khac nhfl dd gd'm sfl, do td lua chi la
mat hang thfl yeu, trong do Ddng Nam A
chu yeu ddng vai trd trung gian, tram
chuyen tiep tren con dfldng budn ban gifla
phfldng Tay vdi Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban va
An Do.

<i>Thd ba, tfl the ky XIX, nha't la tfl nifa </i>
sau the ky XIX, qua trinh xam chiem va
ap dat che dg cai tri bang chfnh tri, luat
phap phfldng Tay dfldc xfle tien manh me
tren toan cdi Dong Nam A, tfl vflng hai
dao cho den luc dia. Tfl thdi gian nay, chu
nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay mdi thflc sfl
bieu hien met each rd net tren tai ca cac
mat vdi toe do va quy md ldn. Tac ddng
cua khai thac thudc dia mdi bat dau cd sfle
lan toa ldn ca chieu sau va chieu rdng.
ca'u trflc xa hdi va chinh tri truyen thd'ng

cua Ddng Nam A hi pha vd. Tfl thdi gian
nay mdi thflc sfl bat ddu hinh thanh nen
cd ca'u kinh te-xa hdi va chii nghia tfl ban
dang thugc dia d Dong Nam A, trong dd tfl
ban phfldng Tay chinh thflc ddng vai trd
chfnh va cd vi the ndi trdi trong nen kinh
te; tfl ban ngfldi Hoa ddng vai trd trung
gian-mdi gidi trong thfldng mai, cdn tfl
ban ngfldi ban dia cd vi trf tha'p kem nha't,
hi tfl ban phfldng Tay va tfl ban ngfldi Hoa
chen ep. Nhfl vay chu nghia thflc dan hay
giai doan thugc dia cua phfldng Tay d
Ddng Nam A vdi dflng nghia cua nd dfldc
xac dinh tfl ddu the ky XIX. Doi vdi cac

nflde Ddng Nam A liic dia, cac nflde tieu

vfldng qud'c thudc Malaixia ngay nay thi
qua trinh nay dien ra mudn hdn, chfnh

xac hdn la tfl niia sau the ky XIX. Thdi ky
thudc dia cua phfldng Tay keo dai tdi tan

gifla the ky XX, khi hdu het cac qudc gia
trong khu vfle gianh dflcic ddc lap.

<i>Thd tu, tfl tac ddng thflc tien ciia thugc </i>

dia, d hau het cac nflde Ddng Nam A vao
cudi the ky XlX-ddu the ky XX xua't hien

cac tdng Idp, giai cap mdi cua ngfldi ban
dia, trdng dd cd dgi ngfl tri thflc dfldc dao

tao 0 cac trfldng Tay va tang Idp ddanh
nhan. Tdng Idp tinh hoa nay khdng chi

gdp phan quan trgng thflc tinh tinh than
dan tdc chu nghia, ma la Iflc Ifldng chinh

lanh dao phong trao ehd'ng thflc dan,
phong kien d nhieu nflde Ddng Nam A,

nha't la trong thdi ky "Thflc tinh chau A".
Cac phong trao nhfl "khai sang" va each

mang Philippin do Rizal lanh dao; cai
each mang tfnh tfl san d Thai Lan dfldi
thdi vua Chulalongcon, phong trao Hdi

giao cap tien Sarekat Islam d Inddnexia,
sfl hinh thanh Hiep hdi Thanh nien Phat

Giae Mien Dien (YMBA) va phong trao
Dong kinh nghia thtic d Viet Nam v.v. la

nhflng minh chflng ve sti ndi len ctia
phong trao dan tdc chu nghia d Ddng Nam

A d cudi the ky XlX-nhflng thap nien dau

the ky XX. Cd the, tfl thdi diem nay Ddng

Nam A mdi chfnh thflc bfldc vao lich sif
can dai cua minh, Lich sfl can dai ctia

Dong Nam A cdn dfldc tiep dien ke ca tfl
sau 1945. Day chi la y kien ca nhan. Van

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