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SU' NGHIEP VA TU" TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
<b>'^''^•'••' ' " ' " ' ' ' • " • • "^ T S L E V A N T H I N H * </b>
Chii tich Ho Chf Minh trong Le ky tuyen b6' chung tai Hoi nghi 81 Dang C6ng san
va Cong nhan quoc te hop 6 Matxeova (11-1960)
<i>Trong di sdn tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, dodn ket qudc te Id mgt trong nhung ngi </i>
<i>dung rdt quan trgng, liin quan den nhieu vdn de ve chien lugc vd sdch lugc cua </i>
<i>cdch mgng Viet Nam. Dodn kit qudc te Id de tap hgp luc lugng bin ngodi, tranh thu </i>
<i>su ddng tinh iing hg ciia nhdn logi tien bg, tgo siec rngnh tdng hgp de thuc hien </i>
<i>thdng lgi cdc nhiem vu vd muc tiiu cdch mgng. Tu tudng dodn ket qudc te cua Hd </i>
<i>Chi Minh bao gdm mdt he thdng nhiing quan diem ve ddi tugng, muc tieu, phucmg </i>
<i>chdm vd phucmg phdp dodn ket; ve vai trd, vi tri cua dodn kit... Trong do, ndi lin </i>
<i>hdng ddu la nhiing vdn de mang tinh nguyen tdc trong xdy dung khdi dodn kit qudc </i>
<i>te vi thdng lgi cua su nghiep cdch mgng Viet Nam vd cdch mgng the gidi. Tu tucmg </i>
<i>do dugc hinh thdnh ciing vdi qud trinh tim dudng cim nudc vd tim kiem bgn ddng </i>
<i>minh cho su nghiep gidi phdng ddn tgc vd phdt trien ddt nudc ciia Hd Chi Minh, </i>
<i>dugc Ngudi lien tuc hodn thien vd bd sung nhitng lugn diem mdi, phii hgp vdi su </i>
<i>van dgng, phdt trien khdng ngimg cua cdch mgng Viet Nam trong quan he vdi the </i>
<i>gidi sau thdng lgi ciia Cdch mgng xd hdi chii nghia Thdng Muoi Nga ndm 1917. </i>
* Dai hge Qude gia Ha Ndi
SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
Khi danh gid ve vai trd cfla doan ket
Ddi tugng xay dung khoi doan ket quoc
tl tiong tu tudng Hd Chf Mfnh rat phong
phu, song tap tiung chu yeu vao ba lyc
<i>lugng: phong trdo cgng sdn vd cdng nhdn </i>
<i>qudc ti; phong trdo ddu tranh gidi phdng </i>
<i>ddn tdc vd phong trdo hod binh, ddn chu </i>
<i>the gi&i, trudc het la phong tiao chdng </i>
chien tranh cfla nhan dan cac nudc dang
xdm lugc Viet Nam. Sinh thdi, Hd Chf
Minh da ddnh nhieu thdi gian vd tdm lyc
phdn ddu khdng met mdi cho viec xdy dung
vd cflng cd tinh hiiu nghj, sy dodn ket hgp
tdc gifla cdc lyc lugng nay vdi each mang
Viet Nam. Nghien cflu tu tudng dodn ket
qudc te cfla Hd Chf Mfnh vd nhiing boat
dgng cfla Ngudi tiong viec xdy dung khdi
dodn ket dd, chflng ta thdy ndi bat len mgt
so vdn de mang tinh nguyen tdc sau day:
<i>Mdt Id, thuc hiin dodn kit trin ca s& </i>
<i>thdng nhdt muc tiiu vd lgi ich. </i>
Thdng nhdt mye tieu vd lgi ich Id vdn dl
cdt tfl tiong tap hgp lyc lugng, xdy dyng
khoi doan ket cfla Ho Chf Mfnh. Tfl rdt
sdm, Hd Chf Minh da de cap tdi van dl
ndy, coi each mang Viet Nam la mgt bg
phan cfla tien tiinh cdch mang thl gidi, kit
hgp lgi fch cfla cdch mang Vfet Nam vdf
mye tieu chung cfla thdf dai vd nhdn thuc
ve nghTa vu cfla Viet Nam ddi vdi sy
nghiep ehung cfla lodi ngudi tien bg.
<i>Ddi v&i phong trdo cdng sdn, cdng nhdn </i>
<i>qudc ti, lyc lugng ndng cdt, tien phong cfla </i>
cdch mang the gidi va Id hat nhdn cfla dai
dodn ket quoc te, Hd Chf Minh giuang cao
<i>nggn cd ddc lap ddn tdc gdn lien v&i chu </i>
<i>nghTa xd hgi, thyc hien dodn ket thdng nhdt </i>
gifta cdc dang cgng san va cdng nhan tien
nen tang cfla chfl nghTa Mac - Lenin va chu
nghTa quoc te vd sdn tiong sang.
Hd Chf Minh cho rdng, de thyc hien
doan ket thong nhat tiong phong tiao cgng
sdn cdng nhdn quoc te thi dodn ket gifta cac
dang "Id dieu kien quan tigng de bdo dam
cho phong tiao cgng san vd cdng nhdn toan
thdng tiong cugc dau tianh vT dai cho tuong
lai tuai sang cfla todn the loai ngudi "I
<b>SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG hO CHi MINH </b>
chfl nghTa Mdc - Lenin vd chfl nghTa qudc
tl vd sdn, "cd ly", "cd tinh".
<i>"Cd ly" ddi hdi cdc dang phdi tudn thfl </i>
nhung nguyen tdc co ban cfla chu nghTa
Mdc - Lenin, phaf xudt phdt tfl Igf fch
chung cfla cdch mang thl gfdi. Tuy nhfen,
vfec trung thdnh vdi chfl nghTa Mac - Lenin
ddi hdi mdi ddng phdi van dung sdng tao,
cd hieu qud nhflng nguyen Iy cfla chfl nghTa
<i>"Cd tinh" la sy thdng cdm, tdn tigng Ian </i>
nhau tren tinh thdn, tinh cam cfla nhiing
ngudi cung chung Iy tudng, cflng chung
muc tieu dau tianh; phdi khdc phuc tu
tudng sdvanh, "nudc ldn", "ddng Idn";
khdng "dp dat", cdng kfch nhau, hodc dung
cdc giai phap ve chfnh trj, kinh te.. .gay sflc
ep vdi nhau. "Cd tinh" ddi hdi trong mgi
vdn dl phai chd dgi nhau cung nhdn thflc,
cung hanh dgng vi ilgi fch chung. Lgi fch
cfla mdi qudc gia, dan tgc, mdi ddng phdi
dugc tdn trgng. Song lgi fch do khdng duge
phuang hai din lgi fch chung, cflng nhu lgi
<i>Ddi v&i cdc ddn tdc trin the gien, de </i>
thyc Men dai dodn ket, Hd Chf Minh
<i>giuang cao nggn cd ddc lap tu do vd quyin </i>
<i>binh ddng giUa cdc ddn tdc. </i>
Dgc lap ty do cho mdi ddn tgc Id tu
tudng nhdt qudn, dugc Ho Chf Minh coi la
chdn ly, la "Ie phdi khdng ai ehdi cai
dugc". Tu tudng do dugc Ngudi khang
<i>djnh tiong Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap: "... tdt cd </i>
cdc ddn tgc tien the gidi deu sinh ra binh
ddng; ddn tgc nao cflng cd quyen sdng,
quyen sung sudng va quyen tu do""*. Thdng
2 - 1947, khi tia ldi cdc nhd bdo, Ngudi tiep
tuc khang djnh: "... ty do dgc lap la quyen
tidi cho cfla moi dan tgc"^. Sau nay Ngudi
khdi quat thanh khau hieu cd y nghTa thdi
<i>dai: "Khdng cd gi quy hem ddc lap tie do". </i>
Hd Chf Minh khdng chi suot ddi ddu
SU' NGHIEP VA TU" TU'ONG H 6 CHi MINH
lanh tho va quyen tu quyet cfla tat ca cdc
quoc gia, dan tgc tien the gidi, dong thdi
mong muon cdc quoc gia, dan tgc tien the
gioi quan he hgp tdc, hflu nghj vdi Viet
Nam tien co sd nhirng nguyen tdc dd.
Nhiing quan diem tren dugc Ngudf the
chi hod sau khi Viet Nam gianh dugc dgc
lap. Thdng 9-1947, trd ldi nhd bdo My S.
Eli Mdysi, Ho Chf Minh tuyen bo: Chfnh
sach ddi ngoai cfla nudc Viet Nam Id
"Ldm ban vdi tat ca mgi nuac ddn chfl vd
khdng gay thfl odn vdi mgt ai"^. Thang
1-1950, Ngudi tuyen bo vdi cdc nudc tien
the gidi: "Can cfl tren quyen lgi chung,
Chfnh phfl Viet Nam Dan chfl Cgng hod
san sang dat quan he ngoai giao vdi Chfnh
phfl nudc ndo tigng quyen binh dang, chfl
quyen lanh thd vd chfl quyen qudc gia cfla
Hd Chf Mfnh khdng chi Id nha td ehflc,
ma cdn la ngudf cd vfl va flng hg nhiet
thanh nhdt cugc dau tianh cfla cac dan tgc
vi cac quyen dan tgc co ban. Neu cao tu
tudng dgc lap ty do vd quyln binh ddng
gifta cdc ddn tgc, Hd Chf Mfnh tid thanh
ngudf khdi xudng va la hien than cfla
nhftng khdt vgng cfla cdc dan tgc trong
viec khdng djnh bdn sdc dan tgc cfla minh,
dong thdi thuc diy cho sy hilu biet Idn
nhau, thyc hien doan kit, hflu nghj gifla
cdc dan tgc tren the gidi vdi Viet Nam vi
thang Igi cua each mang mdi nudc.
<i>Ddi v&i cdc luc lugng tiin bd trin the </i>
<i>gi&i, de thyc hien dai doan ket, Hd Chf </i>
<i>Mfnh giuang cao nggn cd hod binh trong </i>
Giuang cao nggn cd hoa binh, chdng
chien tianh xdm Iugc Id mgt trong nhung
ngi dung quan trgng, bat di bdt djch trong
tu tudng Ho Chf Mfnh. Tu tudng dd bdt
ngudn tfl truyen thong hod hieu cfla dan
tgc Viet Nam ket hgp vdi chfl nghTa nhdn
dao cgng sdn vd nhflng gia tij nhdn van
nhdn Ioai.
Trong sudt cugc ddf minh, Hd Chf
Mfnh ludn ludn giuong cao nggn cd hoa
binh va dau tianh cho hod binh. Song do
khdng phai la mgt nen hod binh trim
tugng, ma Id "mgt nen hod binh chdn
chfnh xay tren cdng binh va ly tudng dan
chfl"^, mgt nen hod binh that su cho tdt cd
cdc ddn tgc - "hod binh tiong dgc lap ty
do""^. Suot 24 nam dflng ddu Nhd nudc.
Ho Chf Minh da lanh dao hai cugc khdng
chien chong thuc dan Phdp va chdng de
quoc My vi dgc lap vd thong nhat ddt
nudc. Song cflng trong suot hai cugc
khdng chien than thdnh nay, Ngudi ludn
nd lyc tim kiem mgi giai phdp de gin gifl
hod binh vd van hdi hod binh.
Sau thing lgi cfla Cdch mang Thang
Tdm ndm 1945, tiirdc da tam xdm luge cfla
SU" NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG H 6 CHi MINH
thyc ddn Phdp, tren co sd kien tri muc tieu
dgc lap ddn tgc, Hd Chf Mfnh da cd nhung
nhdn nhugng cd lgi cho Phdp de trdnh mgt
cugc chien tranh cd thl xdy ra. Ngudi ndi:
"ddn Viet Nam khdng mudn do mdu, dan
Viet Nam yeu chugng hod binh"". Khi
chien tranh bung nd, Hd Chf Mfnh van
trjnh trgng tuyen bd: "Chung tdf mudn hod
binh ngay de mdu ngudi Phap va Viet
ngimg ehdy. Nhirng ddng man do chung
tdi deu quy nhu nhau"'^. Nhd ngoai giao
Phdp GidngXanhtoni (J.Sainteny), dai dien
cho Chfnh phfl Phdp tryc tfep ky Hfep djnh
So bg ngdy 6-3-1946 vdf Hd Chf Mfnh da
thfla nhdn: "Nhirng Idi ndi, nhiing hdnh
dgng, thdi do cfla Ngudi, tat cd deu thuyet
phuc Id Ngudi khdng mudn dung gidi phdp
bao luc"'\
Nghien cflu ljch sfl ngoai giao cfla cdc
qudc gia trong thdi ky hien dai, dde biet Id
sau ndm 1945, chflng ta thay Ho Chf Mfnh
la mgt trong nhirng ngudi ddu tien dua ra
quan diem giai quyet nhflng bat dong
<i>tiong quan he qudc te bdng cdch lay ddi </i>
<i>thogi thay cho ddi ddu, thuang lugng hod </i>
<i>binh thay cho chiin tranh. Chi tu thdng </i>
Luyldy (ngudi Due) nhan xet: "Quan diem
cfla Hd Chi Mfnh rdt phfl hgp vdi quan
diem ngdy nay trong viec gidi quyet cdc
xung dot quoc te... Chfnh Hd Chf Minh,
ngay tfl nhiing ngay dau Cdch mang
Thang Tdm nam 1945 d Viet Nam, ludn
mong mudn hod binh dam phdn vdi Phdp.
Hod binh hanh phflc cho nhdn ddn, dd
chfnh la y nguyen suot ddi cfla Ngudi"''*.
Vdo dau nhflng nam 60, khi phai tien
hanh khdng chien chong My, cflu nudc, tid
ldi mgt nha bdo nudc ngoai, Hd Chf Minh
tiep tuc khdng djnh: "Nhdn dan Viet Nam
rdt yeu chugng hod binh, nhung hod binh
khdng the tdch rdi dgc lap dan tgc"'^. Ddng
thdi, Ngudi tuyen bd: "Neu Chfnh phfl My
that mudn gfdf quyet hod binh, thi hg
phdi... chflng td dieu do bang viec lam that
<b>SU" NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH </b>
dudng dl My rflt khoi cugc chiln tianh
tiong danh dy"''. '^
Quan dilm hod binh tiong cdng ly; long
thilt tha mong mudn hod binh frong su tdn
frgng dgc lap va thdng nhdt ddt nudc cfla
Hd Chi Minh da Idm rung dgng frdi tim
nhdn loai; cd tdc dung cdm hod, Idi keo cdc
<i>Hai Id, thuc hiin dodn kit trin ca sa ddc </i>
<i>lap, tuchu, tuluc, tu cudng. </i>
Trong tu tudng Hd Chf Minh, muon
doan ket qudc te, phai cflng co dai doan ket
dan tgc vd, dai dodn ket ddn tgc Id co sd
cfla doan ket qudc te. Chinh vi vdy, Ngudi
thudng xuyen nhac nhd, Dang phai cd
dudng ldi dgc lap, tu chfl vd phuong phdp
each mang dung ddn mdi tap hgp dugc luc
lugng. Trd ldi mgt phdng vien nudc ngodi,
Ngudi ndi: "Dgc lap nghTa la chung tdi
dieu khien Idy mgi cdng viec cfla chflng tdi,
khdng cd sy can thiep d ngoai vao"'^.
Trong quan he gifta cdc dang, Ngudi xde
djnh: "Cdc dang du Idn dfl nhd diu dgc lap
va binh ddng, ddng thdi doan kit nhdt tri
giup da ldn nhau"'^.
Doan ket qudc te la de tranh thu ngudn
ngoai lyc, gia tang them ngi lyc, nhdm
thyc hien thdng lgi cdc nhiem vu cdch
Ngudi cho rang, trong cac ngudn lyc, ngi
luc Id nhdn td quylt djnh, cdn ngoai lyc
chi cd thl phat huy tdc dung thong qua ngi
lyc. Tfl quan dilm dd, trong ddu tranh
each mang, Hd Chf Minh luon neu cao
<i>phuang chdm: "Tu luc cdnh sinh, dua vdo </i>
<i>siec minh Id chinh ", "mudn ngudi ta giup </i>
cho, thi trudc minh phdi ty giflp lay minh
da". Trong dau tranh gidnh chfnh quyen,
Ngudi chfl truang "dem sflc ta ma gidi
phdng cho ta". Trong khdng chien chong
thuc ddn Phap, Ngudi chi rd: "Mgt ddn tgc
khdng ty luc canh sinh ma cfl ngdi chd
dan tgc khdc giflp dd thi khdng xflng ddng
dugc dgc ldp"^°. Trong quan he qudc te,
Ngudi nhdn manh: phdi cd thyc lyc, thyc
lyc la cdi chieng, ngoai giao la cdi tieng,
chieng cd to, tieng mdi ldn....
Ljch su chiing td rang, vdi nhirng quan
diem dung ddn vd tdi ndng xudt chung
trong boat dgng doi ngoai, Hd Chf Mfnh
khdng chi Id Ifnh hon md cdn Id kien true
su cua khoi dai doan ket quoc te cfla Viet
Nam trong suot nhung ndm Viet Nam tien
hanh cugc khang chien chong thuc ddn
Phap va de qUoc My xdm lugc. Cung vdi
SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
Ddnh gid vai frd va nhflng cdng Men cua
Ho Chf Minh frong cdng tdc tap hgp lyc
lugng, xay dyng khdi dai dodn kit qudc te,
Rdmet Chandra, nguyen Chfl tjch Hgi ddng
hod binh the gidi cho rdng: "Bdt cu noi ndo
chien ddu cho dgc lap, tu do, d do cd Ho
Chf Minh vd nggn cd Hd Chf Mfnh bay
cao. Bat cu d ddu chien ddu cho hda binh
va cdng ly, d do cd Hd Chf Minh vd nggn
ed Hd Chi Minh bay cao. Bdt cfl d dau,
nhan ddn chien ddu eho mgt the gidi mdi,
chdng lai ddi ngheo, d do cd nggn cd Hd
Chf Minh bay cao"^'.
Thye tien each mang Viet Nam hien
nay da vd dang chflng minh sflc song ky
tigng ldn nhau, binh dang va cung cd lgi;
chfl truang cflng co va tdng cudng quan he
vdi tat ca cac dang cgng sdn, cong nhan,
dang cdnh td, cdc phong trdo dgc lap dan
tgc, each mang vd tien bg tren the gidi.
Chfl dgng vd tfch cyc hgi nhdp kinh te
qudc te tren co sd cfla nen kinh te dgc lap
va tu chu, ddng thdi md rgng hgp tdc quoc
1, Xem Ha Binh Nhuo'ng: "Trai tim nhan ai",
<i>tap chi Nhd van, so 3-2000, tr.20 </i>
<i>2, 19. Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, </i>
2000, T.10,tr. 235,235
3, 8.-S^^, T.S, tr. 499, 5
<i>4 , 9 , 11. Sdd,T.A,\x. 1,66,91 </i>
<i>5, 6, 12, 18. Sdd, T.S, tr. 7, 220, 19, 136 </i>
<i>7, 20. Sdd, T.6, tr. 8, 522 </i>
<i>10, 16, 17. Sdd, T.U, tr. 109, 33, 488-489 </i>
<i>13. Dan theo Nguyen Dy Nien: Tu tudng </i>
<i>ngogi giao Hd CM Minh, CTQG, H, 2002, tr. 130 </i>
<i>14. Hgi thdo quoc te ve Chu tich Ho Chi </i>
<i>Minh, NXB Khoa hoc xa hpi, H, 1990, tr. 57 </i>
<i>15. Hd CM Minh Todn tap, T.l 1, tr. 500 </i>
21-5-1980.